1번. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true? People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports. But this internal filter can easily create the impression that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency. The truth of the matter is that they are less common now than in the past; in fact, the murder rate in the United States has declined by almost 50 percent over the past 30 years. So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on accurate information?”

① the role of crime news in preventing social fear
② the need for fact-based judgment about social conditions
③ the causes of rising murder rates in modern society
④ the dangers of ignoring violent crime in the media
⑤ the influence of shocking reports on memory formation

2. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis.

① limits of outsider objectivity in cultural research
② rise of applying anthropology to one’s own society
③ dangers of studying exotic cultures without fieldwork
④ reasons for the failure of western banking systems
⑤ influence of corporate culture on financial regulation

[STEP 0: 지문 논지 분석 및 선지 설계]

- Topic (핵심 소재): business innovation and the conditions that make it effective
- 고빈도 핵심 키워드 (함정용): innovation, employee autonomy, creativity, structure, goals, support, measure progress
- Main Idea (필자의 주장/요지): 기업 혁신은 단순한 자율성 확대에서 자동으로 나오지 않으며, 분명한 목표·관리 지원·성과 측정 체계 같은 구조적 기반이 있어야 실질적이고 실행 가능한 혁신으로 이어진다.
- Logical Structure (논리 전개 방식): 통념 제시 → 사례 제시 → 통념 반박 → 대안적 핵심 조건 제시 → 그 이유 설명
- 선지 배치 계획 (난이도 상 반영):
* ①번 선지: 부분요지 - developers, current projects, different ideas를 활용해 특정 사례 수준의 내용으로 축소
* ②번 선지: 역방향 - autonomy, creativity, breakthrough ideas를 활용해 통념을 그대로 정답처럼 위장
* ③번 선지: 부분요지 - management support와 measuring progress만 부각하여 전체 논지를 일부 요소로 축소
* ④번 선지: 정답 - 표면 키워드인 autonomy, developers 대신 broader terms인 organizational guidance, workable novelty로 추상화
* ⑤번 선지: 지문外 - innovation, business model 키워드를 유지하되 consumer demand analysis 같은 지문 밖 맥락으로 이탈

[실전 변형 문제]

3. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint. Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas. The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products.

① freeing skilled developers from existing project demands
② the value of broad autonomy in creative work
③ the roles of management support and progress checks
④ the need for organizational guidance in useful innovation
⑤ the effects of consumer analysis on product innovation

4. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?). In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion. This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to fake.

① the role of actors in studying emotional speech
② the effects of vocal cues on hiding emotions
③ the need for clearer labels of complex feelings
④ the differences between speech tones and vocal bursts
⑤ the reasons for confusion in online emotion tests

5. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain. However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.” This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license.

① the popularity of costly digital ownership certificates
② the dangers of weak legal control over NFT trading
③ the benefits of blockchain records for art collectors
④ ways to prevent duplicate tokens in online markets
⑤ the growth of minting as a fair sales method

6. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later. It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun.

① the structure of transparent spheres in the Ptolemaic universe
② the historical shift in models of the universe
③ the reasons Earth was fixed at the center
④ the influence of stars on planetary rotations
⑤ the ways Copernicus proved the Sun-centered system

7. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures. He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called “music.” That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds. For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce a single note. The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of “silence,” the audience would find that there was not silence at all; they would become aware of the ambient sounds around them that would typically be ignored. Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation.

① the limits of silence as an artistic experience
② the effects of strict forms on musical creativity
③ the reasons experimental music often angers audiences
④ the value of reframing unnoticed sound as music
⑤ the need for unusual instruments in modern composition

8. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

“Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly…” Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time. Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has been applied to the good. But are these terms this simple? Why must “ugly” have a negative connotation? After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing. By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece. They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is a key characteristic of compelling art anyway.

① the effects of social values on artistic judgment
② the need for fixed standards of artistic beauty
③ the limits of moral meaning in visual techniques
④ the value of unsettling art in shaping reflection
⑤ the reasons beautiful art gains wider public support

9. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

That which is forgotten is not always lost. Research shows that memories remain stored even if we can’t readily retrieve them. Take the brain activity of numerous university students who were observed during memory formation and recall. When students were asked to remember as much as they could about a list of words they’d been given earlier in the study, fMRI scans showed that the brain activity throughout recall was the same as in the course of the learning process. Even when students had forgotten most of what they had learned, the original neurological patterns were still picked up, illustrating that the memories were still there despite being unattainable. Much is still unclear regarding how long memories persist, but evidence like this has shown that it might be longer than we think. Therefore, it would not be wrong to say that memories are just archived in the less accessible parts of our brains.

① brain activity during word-list learning and recall
② limits of fMRI in measuring stored memories
③ reasons forgotten memories disappear from the brain
④ persistence of memory beyond conscious access
⑤ ways to improve retrieval of archived information

10. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Assistive technologies allow disabled individuals to perform an array of tasks without the aid of another person, thereby increasing their level of independence. Although recent developments have improved the functionality of assistive technologies, the corresponding increase in complexity necessitates that sufficient training be offered to the people with disabilities who will use them. While some devices can be easily incorporated into a person’s life with a minimum of instruction, others are more sophisticated and require a significant amount of knowledge to be utilized effectively. In fact, a number of studies have shown that people who avoid new assistive technologies report feeling intimidated by the complex interfaces and many optional features, which leads them to believe that they are unqualified to operate them. Fortunately, individuals who are provided with access to ongoing support have an increased likelihood of overcoming this barrier and integrating new assistive technologies into their day-to-day routine, greatly enhancing the overall quality of their life.

① benefits of simple interfaces in daily assistive devices
② limits of optional features in assistive technology design
③ need for sustained guidance in adopting advanced aids
④ risks of replacing human help with digital equipment
⑤ reasons for rapid progress in assistive technology research

[STEP 0: 지문 논지 분석 및 선지 설계]

- Topic (핵심 소재): 사회적 기대와 도덕 판단을 이끄는 양심의 역할
- 고빈도 핵심 키워드 (함정용): self-interest, expectations, empathize, conscience, impartial spectator
- Main Idea (필자의 주장/요지): 인간은 자기이익에 이끌리기도 하지만, 타인의 기대와 공감 능력, 그리고 내면의 공정한 관찰자를 통해 사회적으로 승인되는 도덕적 행동을 하게 된다.
- Logical Structure (논리 전개 방식): 인간의 기본 성향 제시 → 사회 속 반응 인식 → 공감과 도덕적 책임 의식 제시 → 양심의 기능 설명 → impartial spectator의 사회적 역할로 결론
- 선지 배치 계획 (난이도 상 반영):
* ①번 선지: 부분요지 - self-interest와 personal passions를 앞세워 인간 행동의 동기를 좁게 제시
* ②번 선지: 지문外 - 사회적 비난을 피하는 구체적 방법 제시처럼 꾸미되 해결책 강요형으로 설계
* ③번 선지: 정답 - 도덕 판단이 사회적 기준과 내면화된 평가 시선의 상호작용으로 형성된다는 상위 개념화된 표현 사용
* ④번 선지: 역방향 - conscience가 오히려 자기 일에 더 몰두하게 만든다고 방향 반전
* ⑤번 선지: 부분요지 - empathy와 moral accountability만 강조하여 전체 주제를 포괄하지 못하게 설계


[실전 변형 문제]

11. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

In Adam Smith’s 1759 work The Theory of Moral Sentiments, he posited that, although everyone is driven to a certain extent by self-interest and personal passions, we act in accordance with others’ expectations. As members of society, we are keenly aware of what behaviors are considered objectionable to the majority and what are not based on the reactions we receive or witness. Because we have a natural ability to empathize and want others to see us as morally accountable, we are taught that we must do what is perceived as the right thing. To help us determine whether we are doing the right thing, Smith suggested that we each have a conscience that informs us of how our behavior will be interpreted. This “impartial spectator,” as he called it, prevents us from being overly interested in our own affairs and causes us to do things that are worthy of society’s praise rather than its reproach.

① the power of self-interest in shaping moral sentiments
② ways to avoid social reproach through public behavior
③ the role of inner judgment in meeting social morality
④ the effects of conscience on deepening personal interests
⑤ the importance of empathy for moral accountability

1. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true? People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports. But this internal filter can easily create the impression that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency. The truth of the matter is that they are less common now than in the past; in fact, the murder rate in the United States has declined by almost 50 percent over the past 30 years. So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on accurate information?”

요약문:

Because the mind gives extra weight to alarming signals, people may mistake psychological ___(A)___ for social ___(B)___ unless they test their impressions against evidence.

① bias …… collapse
② bias …… stability
③ vigilance …… collapse
④ vigilance …… stability
⑤ denial …… uncertainty

2. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis.

요약문:

Anthropology has moved beyond treating distance as a guarantee of truth, showing instead that even familiar institutions can yield hidden patterns when approached with disciplined ___(A)___, enabling unusually ___(B)___ insight.

① detachment …… foresighted
② detachment …… superficial
③ conformity …… foresighted
④ conformity …… routine
⑤ immersion …… superficial

3. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint. Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas. The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products.

요약문:

In business, novel ideas are less likely to emerge from unlimited ___(A)___ than from an environment where creativity is guided toward ___(B)___ value through direction, support, and accountability.

     (A)           (B)
① discretion …… commercial
② discretion …… symbolic
③ compliance …… commercial
④ compliance …… symbolic
⑤ isolation …… decorative

4. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?). In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion. This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to fake.

요약문:

Even when words attempt to build a ___(A)___ around our inner state, the unintended sounds woven into speech often create enough ___(B)___ for others to infer what we truly feel.

① shield …… transparency
② shield …… ambiguity
③ performance …… transparency
④ performance …… ambiguity
⑤ impulse …… resistance

5. 다음 글의 요약문으로 가장 알맞은 것은?

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain. However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.” This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license.

요약문: While NFTs make ownership seem ___(A)___ by assigning a singular digital claim to a work, the absence of legal oversight leaves that same system ___(B)___ to misuse by those with no rightful authority.

① secure …… vulnerable
② secure …… transparent
③ exclusive …… vulnerable
④ exclusive …… transparent
⑤ symbolic …… reversible

6. 다음 글의 요약문으로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later. It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun.

요약문:

For centuries, the cosmos was understood through a framework that granted Earth ___(A)___ and preserved that worldview through an elaborate structure, until a later model reassigned that ___(B)___ to the Sun.

① primacy …… centrality
② primacy …… permanence
③ stability …… centrality
④ stability …… permanence
⑤ symmetry …… balance

7. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures. He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called “music.” That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds. For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce a single note. The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of “silence,” the audience would find that there was not silence at all; they would become aware of the ambient sounds around them that would typically be ignored. Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation.

요약문:

By presenting a performance stripped of intentional notes, Cage sought to shift listeners from treating music as a fixed object to experiencing hearing itself as an act of ___(A)___, in which what seems empty becomes newly ___(B)___.

① perception …… audible
② perception …… decorative
③ preservation …… audible
④ preservation …… decorative
⑤ imitation …… ornamental

8. 다음 글의 요약문으로 가장 적절한 것은?

“Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly…” Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time. Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has been applied to the good. But are these terms this simple? Why must “ugly” have a negative connotation? After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing. By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece. They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is a key characteristic of compelling art anyway.

요약문:

Rather than being a fixed measure of worth, judgments of beauty are ___(A)___ codes, and art marked as “ugly” can become a catalyst for ___(B)___ by unsettling inherited standards.

① communal …… conformity
② communal …… reflection
③ innate …… reflection
④ innate …… conformity
⑤ decorative …… passivity

9. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

That which is forgotten is not always lost. Research shows that memories remain stored even if we can’t readily retrieve them. Take the brain activity of numerous university students who were observed during memory formation and recall. When students were asked to remember as much as they could about a list of words they’d been given earlier in the study, fMRI scans showed that the brain activity throughout recall was the same as in the course of the learning process. Even when students had forgotten most of what they had learned, the original neurological patterns were still picked up, illustrating that the memories were still there despite being unattainable. Much is still unclear regarding how long memories persist, but evidence like this has shown that it might be longer than we think. Therefore, it would not be wrong to say that memories are just archived in the less accessible parts of our brains.

요약문:

What seems to have vanished from consciousness may in fact remain in mental ___(A)___, suggesting that forgetting often reflects limited ___(B)___ rather than true disappearance.

① reserve …… access
② reserve …… decay
③ circulation …… access
④ circulation …… decay
⑤ erosion …… blockage

10. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Assistive technologies allow disabled individuals to perform an array of tasks without the aid of another person, thereby increasing their level of independence. Although recent developments have improved the functionality of assistive technologies, the corresponding increase in complexity necessitates that sufficient training be offered to the people with disabilities who will use them. While some devices can be easily incorporated into a person’s life with a minimum of instruction, others are more sophisticated and require a significant amount of knowledge to be utilized effectively. In fact, a number of studies have shown that people who avoid new assistive technologies report feeling intimidated by the complex interfaces and many optional features, which leads them to believe that they are unqualified to operate them. Fortunately, individuals who are provided with access to ongoing support have an increased likelihood of overcoming this barrier and integrating new assistive technologies into their day-to-day routine, greatly enhancing the overall quality of their life.

요약문:

Assistive technology can expand autonomy, but unless users are guided past the ___(A)___ created by increasingly intricate systems, its potential may remain ___(B)___ in everyday life.

① hesitation …… unrealized
② hesitation …… transferable
③ accessibility …… unrealized
④ accessibility …… transferable
⑤ efficiency …… reversible

11. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것은?

In Adam Smith’s 1759 work The Theory of Moral Sentiments, he posited that, although everyone is driven to a certain extent by self-interest and personal passions, we act in accordance with others’ expectations. As members of society, we are keenly aware of what behaviors are considered objectionable to the majority and what are not based on the reactions we receive or witness. Because we have a natural ability to empathize and want others to see us as morally accountable, we are taught that we must do what is perceived as the right thing. To help us determine whether we are doing the right thing, Smith suggested that we each have a conscience that informs us of how our behavior will be interpreted. This “impartial spectator,” as he called it, prevents us from being overly interested in our own affairs and causes us to do things that are worthy of society’s praise rather than its reproach.

요약문:

Smith suggests that social life works by turning public judgment into an inner ___(A)___, so that people restrain private desire in pursuit of ___(B)___.

① compass …… approval
② compass …… isolation
③ impulse …… approval
④ impulse …… alienation
⑤ instinct …… isolation

1. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true? People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports. But this internal filter can easily create the impression that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency. The truth of the matter is that they are less common now than in the past; in fact, the murder rate in the United States has declined by almost 50 percent over the past 30 years. So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on accurate information?”

① making people block out all reports except those about murders
② leading people to believe violence is rising more than it really is
③ causing violent crimes to occur more often in modern society
④ encouraging people to depend only on facts from crime news
⑤ proving that society is getting worse in nearly every respect

2. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis.

① turning attention to the societies they already belong to
② physically changing the direction of an observing device
③ refusing to remain neutral toward unfamiliar foreign groups
④ expanding anthropology into every field of modern science
⑤ examining only exotic cultures from a Western viewpoint

3. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint. Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas. The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products.

① giving workers complete freedom from formal control
② setting clear aims and systems for guided development
③ trusting developers to pursue unusual ideas independently
④ measuring progress after products are launched successfully
⑤ encouraging management to avoid influencing creative work

4. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?). In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion. This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to fake.

① physically moved you away from your friend
② made your real emotional state noticeable to others
③ helped your statement sound more honest and clear
④ caused your friend to ignore your vocal expression
⑤ kept your inner feelings hidden from other people

5. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain. However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.” This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license.

① being unable to identify the current owner of the token
② having their work tokenized by others without authorization
③ losing the chance to display their work in online markets
④ being required to duplicate their own digital certificate
⑤ having no way to connect their work to a blockchain

6. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later. It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun.

① remained accepted for many centuries after his time
② kept Ptolemy physically alive far beyond his age
③ proved that transparent spheres moved more accurately
④ was rejected immediately once later astronomers appeared
⑤ explained how all scientific models always stay unchanged

7. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures. He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called “music.” That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds. For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce a single note. The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of “silence,” the audience would find that there was not silence at all; they would become aware of the ambient sounds around them that would typically be ignored. Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation.

① the physical noise made by musical performance itself
② the complete absence of any sound in a closed space
③ the hidden sounds normally unnoticed in daily surroundings
④ the steady rhythm required by established musical structures
⑤ the private emotions that only silence can produce

8. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

“Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly…” Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time. Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has been applied to the good. But are these terms this simple? Why must “ugly” have a negative connotation? After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing. By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece. They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is a key characteristic of compelling art anyway.

① a condition in which viewers are willing to reconsider what they have believed
② a moment in which beauty and ugliness are judged by fixed moral standards
③ a process of making fine art look more beautiful through careful technique
④ a situation in which viewers reject unusual works without thinking deeply
⑤ a tendency to define all artistic value by socially shared ideas of beauty

9. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

That which is forgotten is not always lost. Research shows that memories remain stored even if we can’t readily retrieve them. Take the brain activity of numerous university students who were observed during memory formation and recall. When students were asked to remember as much as they could about a list of words they’d been given earlier in the study, fMRI scans showed that the brain activity throughout recall was the same as in the course of the learning process. Even when students had forgotten most of what they had learned, the original neurological patterns were still picked up, illustrating that the memories were still there despite being unattainable. Much is still unclear regarding how long memories persist, but evidence like this has shown that it might be longer than we think. Therefore, it would not be wrong to say that memories are just archived in the less accessible parts of our brains.

① being erased once they can no longer be consciously recalled
② being physically moved to remote areas inside the brain
③ remaining stored in a form that is difficult to reach
④ being replaced by new patterns formed during later learning
⑤ remaining active only while people are trying to recall them

10. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Assistive technologies allow disabled individuals to perform an array of tasks without the aid of another person, thereby increasing their level of independence. Although recent developments have improved the functionality of assistive technologies, the corresponding increase in complexity necessitates that sufficient training be offered to the people with disabilities who will use them. While some devices can be easily incorporated into a person’s life with a minimum of instruction, others are more sophisticated and require a significant amount of knowledge to be utilized effectively. In fact, a number of studies have shown that people who avoid new assistive technologies report feeling intimidated by the complex interfaces and many optional features, which leads them to believe that they are unqualified to operate them. Fortunately, individuals who are provided with access to ongoing support have an increased likelihood of overcoming this barrier and integrating new assistive technologies into their day-to-day routine, greatly enhancing the overall quality of their life.

① physically unable to turn the devices on by themselves
② not sufficiently prepared to use the devices properly
③ unwilling to include the devices in their daily routine
④ prevented from receiving training for technical features
⑤ required to depend on another person at all times

11. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

In Adam Smith’s 1759 work The Theory of Moral Sentiments, he posited that, although everyone is driven to a certain extent by self-interest and personal passions, we act in accordance with others’ expectations. As members of society, we are keenly aware of what behaviors are considered objectionable to the majority and what are not based on the reactions we receive or witness. Because we have a natural ability to empathize and want others to see us as morally accountable, we are taught that we must do what is perceived as the right thing. To help us determine whether we are doing the right thing, Smith suggested that we each have a conscience that informs us of how our behavior will be interpreted. This impartial spectator, as he called it, prevents us from being overly interested in our own affairs and causes us to do things that are worthy of society’s praise rather than its reproach.

① a public observer who directly judges our conduct in society
② an inner standard that lets us assess ourselves from a detached viewpoint
③ a social rule that forces all people to suppress their personal passions
④ a moral habit of seeking praise from the majority in every situation
⑤ an emotional response that makes us share other people’s reactions immediately

1. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true? People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports. But this internal filter can easily create the impression that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency. The truth of the matter is that they are less common now than in the past; in fact, the murder rate in the United States has declined by almost 50 percent over the past 30 years. So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on accurate information?”

① Why Violent Crimes Seem to Rise
② Murders in News: A Growing Social Crisis
③ Looking Beyond Fear to Test Our Beliefs
④ How the United States Reduced Murder Rates
⑤ Trusting Instinct over Facts in Hard Times

2. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis.

① Banking Risks and the Road to the 2008 Crisis
② Why Outsiders Always Understand a Society Best
③ Turning Anthropology Toward the World Within
④ Corporations: The New Center of Western Anthropology
⑤ How Western Researchers Studied Exotic Cultures

3. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint. Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas. The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products.

① Why Employee Autonomy Always Produces Breakthrough Ideas
② Creative Freedom: The Fast Track to Business Innovation
③ When Boundaries Become the Engine of New Ideas
④ Software Developers and Their Search for Groundbreaking Applications
⑤ Management Support Alone Guarantees Commercial Success

4. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?). In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion. This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to fake.

① Vocal Bursts: Twenty-Four Clues to Human Emotion
② Why Tone of Voice Rarely Reflects True Feelings
③ When Feelings Leave Traces Beyond Words
④ How Actors Produce Recognizable Emotions Worldwide
⑤ The Need to Control Sighs in Daily Conversation

5. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain. However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.” This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license.

① Blockchain Records and the Rise of Art Collectors
② Why NFTs Guarantee Safe Copyright Protection
③ Ownership on Shaky Ground: A New Market Without Rules
④ How Minting Turns All Artwork into Public Property
⑤ Expanding NFT Use in Videos, Photos, and Design

6. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later. It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun.

① Why Did Transparent Spheres Rule the Universe?
② Earth at the Center of All Celestial Motion
③ From a Lasting Order to a Recast Cosmic View
④ Copernicus and the Birth of Modern Planet Science
⑤ The Celestial Sphere and the Edge of the Stars

7. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures. He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called “music.” That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds. For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce a single note. The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of “silence,” the audience would find that there was not silence at all; they would become aware of the ambient sounds around them that would typically be ignored. Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation.

① 4’33”: A Failed Attempt to Create True Silence
② Hearing What Habit Usually Leaves Unnoticed
③ How Unconventional Instruments Changed Modern Music
④ Can Silence Exist Without Any Ambient Sounds?
⑤ The Blood Circulation Behind Musical Structures

8. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

“Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly…” Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time. Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has been applied to the good. But are these terms this simple? Why must “ugly” have a negative connotation? After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing. By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece. They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is a key characteristic of compelling art anyway.

① Beautiful Art and the Moral Value of Goodness
② Why Ugly Art Often Inspires Deeper Reflection
③ Can Beauty Exist Without Social Agreement?
④ Ugly Images: A Barrier to Artistic Communication
⑤ The History of Beauty in Western Fine Art

9. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

That which is forgotten is not always lost. Research shows that memories remain stored even if we can’t readily retrieve them. Take the brain activity of numerous university students who were observed during memory formation and recall. When students were asked to remember as much as they could about a list of words they’d been given earlier in the study, fMRI scans showed that the brain activity throughout recall was the same as in the course of the learning process. Even when students had forgotten most of what they had learned, the original neurological patterns were still picked up, illustrating that the memories were still there despite being unattainable. Much is still unclear regarding how long memories persist, but evidence like this has shown that it might be longer than we think. Therefore, it would not be wrong to say that memories are just archived in the less accessible parts of our brains.

① Brain Scans and the Process of Word Learning
② Why Forgotten Memories Truly Disappear with Time
③ Memory Recall: A Match to Learning Patterns
④ What Is Buried May Still Endure Within
⑤ Storing Words Longer Through Repeated Brain Training

10. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Assistive technologies allow disabled individuals to perform an array of tasks without the aid of another person, thereby increasing their level of independence. Although recent developments have improved the functionality of assistive technologies, the corresponding increase in complexity necessitates that sufficient training be offered to the people with disabilities who will use them. While some devices can be easily incorporated into a person’s life with a minimum of instruction, others are more sophisticated and require a significant amount of knowledge to be utilized effectively. In fact, a number of studies have shown that people who avoid new assistive technologies report feeling intimidated by the complex interfaces and many optional features, which leads them to believe that they are unqualified to operate them. Fortunately, individuals who are provided with access to ongoing support have an increased likelihood of overcoming this barrier and integrating new assistive technologies into their day-to-day routine, greatly enhancing the overall quality of their life.

① Why Do Complex Interfaces Scare Users Away?
② Ongoing Support as a Bridge to Greater Autonomy
③ Assistive Technologies: More Features, Fewer Benefits
④ Optional Features and Interfaces in Modern Device Design
⑤ New Technologies for All Disabilities in Every Field

11. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

In Adam Smith’s 1759 work The Theory of Moral Sentiments, he posited that, although everyone is driven to a certain extent by self-interest and personal passions, we act in accordance with others’ expectations. As members of society, we are keenly aware of what behaviors are considered objectionable to the majority and what are not based on the reactions we receive or witness. Because we have a natural ability to empathize and want others to see us as morally accountable, we are taught that we must do what is perceived as the right thing. To help us determine whether we are doing the right thing, Smith suggested that we each have a conscience that informs us of how our behavior will be interpreted. This “impartial spectator,” as he called it, prevents us from being overly interested in our own affairs and causes us to do things that are worthy of society’s praise rather than its reproach.

① Society’s Reactions and the Limits of Self-Interest
② Conscience as an Inner Court of Public Judgment
③ Why Personal Passions Should Rule Moral Choice?
④ Empathy: The Key to Winning Social Praise
⑤ How the Majority Defines Every Human Value

1. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true? People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports. But this internal filter can easily create the impression that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency. The truth of the matter is that they are less common now than in the past; in fact, the murder rate in the United States has declined by almost 50 percent over the past 30 years. So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on accurate information?”

① 사람들은 사회 위기를 판단할 때 범죄 통계를 우선 확인해야 한다.
② 사람들은 두려운 사건에 대한 기억 편향을 경계해야 한다.
③ 사람들은 사회 현실에 대한 판단을 사실에 근거해 내려야 한다.
④ 사람들은 뉴스가 주는 위기감을 지나치게 신뢰하지 말아야 한다.
⑤ 사람들은 과거보다 안전한 사회 변화에 더 주목해야 한다.

2. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis.

① 인류학은 이국 문화보다 자문화 분석에 더 적합한 학문이다.
② 인류학은 자신이 속한 사회도 낯설게 보게 할 수 있다.
③ 객관적 외부자 관점은 사회 연구의 정확성을 높여야 한다.
④ 금융권의 위기는 현장 몰입형 관찰로만 예측 가능하다.
⑤ 기업 문화 연구는 전통 사회 연구보다 중립성이 더 중요하다.

3. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint. Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas. The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products.

① 혁신을 위해서는 개발자에게 최대한의 자율성을 보장해야 한다.
② 의미 있는 혁신에는 목표·지원·측정의 구조가 필요하다.
③ 혁신적 아이디어는 소비자의 상상력을 우선 자극해야 한다.
④ 경영진은 실용적 아이디어만 선별해 실행에 옮겨야 한다.
⑤ 현재 프로젝트에서 벗어나야 획기적 발상이 가능해진다.

4. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?). In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion. This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to fake.

① 목소리의 한숨과 감탄은 복합 감정을 세밀히 구분해 낼 수 있다.
② 사람들은 무의식적 음성 신호로 감정을 드러내 숨기기 어렵다.
③ 감정 전달력은 말의 내용보다 배우의 연기력에 더 좌우된다.
④ 온라인 평가는 음성 단서의 감정 판별 정확도를 높이는 방식이다.
⑤ 비언어적 음성 표현은 문화권마다 다르게 해석될 가능성이 크다.

5. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain. However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.” This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license.

① NFT의 희소성은 디지털 예술품의 가치를 높이는 핵심 요소이다.
② NFT 거래 인기는 작품과의 특별한 연결감에서 비롯된다.
③ NFT 시장은 저작권 침해를 막을 제도 마련이 시급하다.
④ NFT 민팅은 창작자만 수행하도록 기술적으로 제한해야 한다.
⑤ 블록체인 기록은 디지털 작품의 진정한 소유를 완전히 보장한다.

6. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later. It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun.

① 프톨레마이오스는 천체의 회전을 수학적으로 정교화한 인물이다.
② 우주는 고정된 투명한 구체들의 결합으로 이해되어야 한다.
③ 지구 중심 우주관은 오랫동안 유지되다 태양 중심설로 대체되었다.
④ 항성천은 우주의 경계를 이루는 가장 거대한 구체이다.
⑤ 코페르니쿠스는 행성의 운동을 새롭게 설명하는 구체를 제시했다.

7. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures. He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called “music.” That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds. For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce a single note. The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of “silence,” the audience would find that there was not silence at all; they would become aware of the ambient sounds around them that would typically be ignored. Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation.

① 전통 음악의 틀을 깨는 실험은 논란을 감수해야 한다.
② 침묵의 시간은 주변의 소리를 새롭게 인식하게 한다.
③ 음악은 악기와 성악이 소리를 내야만 성립하는 것이다.
④ 무향실의 극단적 침묵은 예술적 영감을 제공할 수 있다.
⑤ 비전통적 연주는 기존 음악 구조를 해체하는 데 유효하다.

8. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

“Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly…” Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time. Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has been applied to the good. But are these terms this simple? Why must “ugly” have a negative connotation? After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing. By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece. They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is a key characteristic of compelling art anyway.

① 예술은 미와 추의 도덕적 구분을 분명히 해야 한다.
② 추하게 보이는 예술은 관람자의 사고를 자극할 수 있다.
③ 예술의 가치는 사회가 정한 미의 기준을 따라야 한다.
④ 추한 예술은 기존 미의 관념을 흔들며 성찰을 이끌 수 있다.
⑤ 아름다운 예술일수록 새로운 생각을 받아들이게 한다.

9. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

That which is forgotten is not always lost. Research shows that memories remain stored even if we can’t readily retrieve them. Take the brain activity of numerous university students who were observed during memory formation and recall. When students were asked to remember as much as they could about a list of words they’d been given earlier in the study, fMRI scans showed that the brain activity throughout recall was the same as in the course of the learning process. Even when students had forgotten most of what they had learned, the original neurological patterns were still picked up, illustrating that the memories were still there despite being unattainable. Much is still unclear regarding how long memories persist, but evidence like this has shown that it might be longer than we think. Therefore, it would not be wrong to say that memories are just archived in the less accessible parts of our brains.

① 기억은 쉽게 떠오르지 않아도 뇌 속에 더 오래 저장될 수 있다.
② 기억 형성과 회상 과정의 뇌 활동은 거의 동일하게 나타난다.
③ 잊힌 기억은 적절한 자극이 주어지면 대부분 복원되어야 한다.
④ 기억의 지속 기간은 아직 불분명하므로 단정은 피해야 한다.
⑤ 뇌는 학습한 정보를 접근이 어려운 영역으로 옮겨 보관한다.

10. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Assistive technologies allow disabled individuals to perform an array of tasks without the aid of another person, thereby increasing their level of independence. Although recent developments have improved the functionality of assistive technologies, the corresponding increase in complexity necessitates that sufficient training be offered to the people with disabilities who will use them. While some devices can be easily incorporated into a person’s life with a minimum of instruction, others are more sophisticated and require a significant amount of knowledge to be utilized effectively. In fact, a number of studies have shown that people who avoid new assistive technologies report feeling intimidated by the complex interfaces and many optional features, which leads them to believe that they are unqualified to operate them. Fortunately, individuals who are provided with access to ongoing support have an increased likelihood of overcoming this barrier and integrating new assistive technologies into their day-to-day routine, greatly enhancing the overall quality of their life.

① 보조기술의 복잡성은 사용자에게 심리적 위축을 줄 수 있다.
② 새로운 보조기술은 최소한의 설명만으로도 충분히 익힐 수 있다.
③ 보조기술의 효과를 높이려면 지속적 지원과 훈련이 필요하다.
④ 보조기술은 타인의 도움 없이 다양한 과업 수행을 가능케 한다.
⑤ 보조기술 사용을 꺼리는 이유는 선택 기능의 과도한 수에 있다.

11. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

In Adam Smith’s 1759 work The Theory of Moral Sentiments, he posited that, although everyone is driven to a certain extent by self-interest and personal passions, we act in accordance with others’ expectations. As members of society, we are keenly aware of what behaviors are considered objectionable to the majority and what are not based on the reactions we receive or witness. Because we have a natural ability to empathize and want others to see us as morally accountable, we are taught that we must do what is perceived as the right thing. To help us determine whether we are doing the right thing, Smith suggested that we each have a conscience that informs us of how our behavior will be interpreted. This “impartial spectator,” as he called it, prevents us from being overly interested in our own affairs and causes us to do things that are worthy of society’s praise rather than its reproach.

① 사람은 공감을 통해 다수의 비난받을 행동을 익히게 된다.
② 사람은 양심의 판단으로 사회 기대에 맞게 행동하게 된다.
③ 사람은 타인의 반응을 보며 자신의 열정을 절제해야 한다.
④ 사람은 도덕적 책임을 인정받기 위해 옳게 보여야 한다.
⑤ 사람은 자기이익보다 사회적 칭찬을 더 우선시해야 한다.

1. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true? People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports. But this internal filter can easily create the impression that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency. The truth of the matter is that they are less common now than in the past; in fact, the murder rate in the United States has declined by almost 50 percent over the past 30 years. So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on accurate information?”

① 사람들은 사회 문제를 판단할 때 위기 사례를 우선 살펴야 한다.
② 사람들은 사회 현실을 볼 때 사실에 근거해 판단해야 한다.
③ 사람들은 사회 불안을 줄이기 위해 범죄 뉴스 노출을 피해야 한다.
④ 사람들은 사회의 폭력 감소를 보여 주는 통계만 신뢰해야 한다.
⑤ 사람들은 사회 인식의 오류를 막기 위해 살인율부터 확인해야 한다.

2. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis.

① 연구자들은 자신이 속한 사회도 문화인류학적으로 분석해야 한다.
② 연구자들은 외부 사회를 더 오래 현지에서 관찰해야 한다.
③ 연구자들은 금융권의 위험 신호를 조기에 수치화해야 한다.
④ 연구자들은 낯선 문화를 이해할 때 비교 연구를 강화해야 한다.
⑤ 연구자들은 기업 조직의 의사결정 구조를 세밀히 기록해야 한다.

3. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint. Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas. The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products.

① 기업은 혁신을 위해 직원 자율성을 최대한 보장해야 한다.
② 기업은 혁신을 위해 명확한 목표와 지원 체계를 마련해야 한다.
③ 기업은 혁신을 위해 유능한 개발자를 기존 업무에서 분리해야 한다.
④ 기업은 혁신을 위해 소비자 관심을 끌 아이디어를 우선 발굴해야 한다.
⑤ 기업은 혁신을 위해 아이디어의 실행보다 발상을 먼저 장려해야 한다.

4. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?). In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion. This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to fake.

① 우리는 감정을 감추려면 표정보다 말투를 먼저 통제해야 한다.
② 우리는 감정을 해석할 때 한숨 같은 음성 신호에 주목해야 한다.
③ 우리는 감정을 숨길 수 있다고 쉽게 믿지 말아야 한다.
④ 우리는 감정을 전달할 때 비언어적 감탄사를 적극 활용해야 한다.
⑤ 우리는 감정을 판단할 때 온라인 평가 방식의 한계를 고려해야 한다.

5. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain. However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.” This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license.

① NFT 거래자는 블록체인 기록의 희소성을 우선 고려해야 한다.
② NFT 구매자는 작품과의 정서적 유대에 주목해야 한다.
③ NFT 시장은 저작권자만 발행하도록 제도를 마련해야 한다.
④ NFT 예술가는 자신의 작품을 적극적으로 토큰화해야 한다.
⑤ NFT 판매자는 고가 작품의 진위 여부를 먼저 공개해야 한다.

6. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later. It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun.

① 우리는 우주의 구조를 설명한 고대 이론의 지속성을 주목해야 한다.
② 우리는 프톨레마이오스 체계의 수학적 정교함을 우선 평가해야 한다.
③ 우리는 천동설과 지동설의 차이를 행성 운동 중심으로 이해해야 한다.
④ 우리는 우주론의 변화가 장기간 유지된 관념을 뒤집었음을 인식해야 한다.
⑤ 우리는 천구 개념이 별의 배열을 설명한 방식을 상세히 검토해야 한다.

7. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures. He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called “music.” That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds. For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce a single note. The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of “silence,” the audience would find that there was not silence at all; they would become aware of the ambient sounds around them that would typically be ignored. Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation.

① 청중은 전통적 기준으로 음악의 가치를 판단해야 한다.
② 청중은 침묵 속에서 주변의 소리를 새롭게 인식해야 한다.
③ 청중은 비전통적 연주 기법의 구조를 분석해야 한다.
④ 청중은 무음의 시간을 통해 자신의 신체음에 집중해야 한다.
⑤ 청중은 작곡가의 실험 정신보다 형식을 우선해야 한다.

8. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

“Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly…” Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time. Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has been applied to the good. But are these terms this simple? Why must “ugly” have a negative connotation? After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing. By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece. They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is a key characteristic of compelling art anyway.

① 예술가는 아름다움의 기준을 시대별로 복원해야 한다.
② 예술가는 추함의 부정적 의미를 재고해야 한다.
③ 예술가는 미와 추의 도덕적 구분을 유지해야 한다.
④ 예술가는 불쾌한 예술의 독창성만 강조해야 한다.
⑤ 예술가는 아름다운 작품의 수용성을 높여야 한다.

9. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

That which is forgotten is not always lost. Research shows that memories remain stored even if we can’t readily retrieve them. Take the brain activity of numerous university students who were observed during memory formation and recall. When students were asked to remember as much as they could about a list of words they’d been given earlier in the study, fMRI scans showed that the brain activity throughout recall was the same as in the course of the learning process. Even when students had forgotten most of what they had learned, the original neurological patterns were still picked up, illustrating that the memories were still there despite being unattainable. Much is still unclear regarding how long memories persist, but evidence like this has shown that it might be longer than we think. Therefore, it would not be wrong to say that memories are just archived in the less accessible parts of our brains.

① 우리는 기억의 저장 기간을 더 짧게 가정해야 한다.
② 우리는 기억이 사라졌다고 쉽게 단정하지 말아야 한다.
③ 우리는 기억 회상 시 학습 전략만 반복해야 한다.
④ 우리는 fMRI로 기억의 존재를 직접 판별해야 한다.
⑤ 우리는 접근 어려운 뇌 영역보다 망각을 중시해야 한다.

10. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Assistive technologies allow disabled individuals to perform an array of tasks without the aid of another person, thereby increasing their level of independence. Although recent developments have improved the functionality of assistive technologies, the corresponding increase in complexity necessitates that sufficient training be offered to the people with disabilities who will use them. While some devices can be easily incorporated into a person’s life with a minimum of instruction, others are more sophisticated and require a significant amount of knowledge to be utilized effectively. In fact, a number of studies have shown that people who avoid new assistive technologies report feeling intimidated by the complex interfaces and many optional features, which leads them to believe that they are unqualified to operate them. Fortunately, individuals who are provided with access to ongoing support have an increased likelihood of overcoming this barrier and integrating new assistive technologies into their day-to-day routine, greatly enhancing the overall quality of their life.

① 장애인에게는 보조기기의 선택권을 폭넓게 보장해야 한다.
② 장애인에게는 보조기기 사용 교육과 지속 지원을 제공해야 한다.
③ 장애인에게는 복잡한 보조기기보다 단순한 기기를 보급해야 한다.
④ 장애인에게는 보조기기의 다양한 부가 기능을 제한해야 한다.
⑤ 장애인에게는 보조기기 인터페이스를 의무적으로 표준화해야 한다.

11. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

In Adam Smith’s 1759 work The Theory of Moral Sentiments, he posited that, although everyone is driven to a certain extent by self-interest and personal passions, we act in accordance with others’ expectations. As members of society, we are keenly aware of what behaviors are considered objectionable to the majority and what are not based on the reactions we receive or witness. Because we have a natural ability to empathize and want others to see us as morally accountable, we are taught that we must do what is perceived as the right thing. To help us determine whether we are doing the right thing, Smith suggested that we each have a conscience that informs us of how our behavior will be interpreted. This “impartial spectator,” as he called it, prevents us from being overly interested in our own affairs and causes us to do things that are worthy of society’s praise rather than its reproach.

① 우리는 사회의 비난보다 공감을 얻는 행동을 우선해야 한다.
② 우리는 타인의 기대보다 자신의 감정에 더 충실해야 한다.
③ 우리는 양심의 판단에 따라 옳게 보일 행동을 해야 한다.
④ 우리는 사회의 칭찬을 받는 기준을 먼저 학습해야 한다.
⑤ 우리는 공감 능력을 길러 타인의 반응을 세심히 살펴야 한다.

1번. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true? People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports. But this internal filter can easily create the impression that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency. So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on ________?”

① social fears
② vivid memories
③ accurate information
④ emotional reactions
⑤ public impressions

2. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of ________ that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis.

① distance
② familiarity
③ involvement
④ admiration
⑤ anxiety

3. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint. Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas. The key to meaningful innovation is ________ — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products.

① compliance
② structure
③ expansion
④ independence
⑤ motivation

4. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?). In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion. This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to fake because vocal signals often expose our ________.

① emotional scripts
② social intentions
③ inner states
④ verbal habits
⑤ public images

5. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain. However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.” This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a ________.

① contract
② trademark
③ patent
④ permit
⑤ license

6. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later. It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun. In short, Copernicus replaced a(n) ________ view of the cosmos with a different organizing principle.

① earth-bound
② solar-driven
③ star-filled
④ planet-sized
⑤ moon-centered

7. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures. He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called “music.” That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds. For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce a single note. The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of “silence,” the audience would find that there was not silence at all; they would become aware of the ambient sounds around them that would typically be ignored. Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation. In this way, Cage treated apparent silence as a form of ________ rather than emptiness.

① auditory discipline
② hidden resonance
③ musical obedience
④ public distraction
⑤ total absence

8. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly. Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time. Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has been applied to the good. But are these terms this simple? Why must “ugly” have a negative connotation? After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing. By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece. They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is a key characteristic of compelling art anyway. Thus, making art appear “ugly” can function as a form of artistic ________.

① conformity
② provocation
③ decoration
④ reassurance
⑤ imitation

9. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

That which is forgotten is not always lost. Research shows that memories remain stored even if we can’t readily retrieve them. Take the brain activity of numerous university students who were observed during memory formation and recall. When students were asked to remember as much as they could about a list of words they’d been given earlier in the study, fMRI scans showed that the brain activity throughout recall was the same as in the course of the learning process. Even when students had forgotten most of what they had learned, the original neurological patterns were still picked up, illustrating that the memories were still there despite being unattainable. Therefore, it would not be wrong to say that memories are just ________ in the less accessible parts of our brains.

① erased
② reconstructed
③ archived
④ weakened
⑤ transferred

10. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Assistive technologies allow disabled individuals to perform an array of tasks without the aid of another person, thereby increasing their level of independence. Although recent developments have improved the functionality of assistive technologies, the corresponding increase in complexity necessitates that sufficient training be offered to the people with disabilities who will use them. While some devices can be easily incorporated into a person’s life with a minimum of instruction, others are more sophisticated and require a significant amount of knowledge to be utilized effectively. In fact, a number of studies have shown that people who avoid new assistive technologies report feeling intimidated by the complex interfaces and many optional features, which leads them to believe that they are unqualified to operate them. Fortunately, individuals who are provided with access to ongoing support have an increased likelihood of overcoming this barrier and integrating new assistive technologies into their day-to-day routine, greatly enhancing the overall quality of their life. From this, it can be inferred that continuous support functions as a catalyst for ________ rather than a source of confusion.

① technical mastery
② interface overload
③ user hesitation
④ feature expansion
⑤ operational failure

11. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

In Adam Smith’s 1759 work The Theory of Moral Sentiments, he posited that, although everyone is driven to a certain extent by self-interest and personal passions, we act in accordance with others’ expectations. As members of society, we are keenly aware of what behaviors are considered objectionable to the majority and what are not based on the reactions we receive or witness. Because we have a natural ability to empathize and want others to see us as morally accountable, we are taught that we must do what is perceived as the right thing. To help us determine whether we are doing the right thing, Smith suggested that we each have a conscience that informs us of how our behavior will be interpreted. This “impartial spectator,” as he called it, prevents us from being overly interested in our own affairs and causes us to do things that are worthy of society’s ________ rather than its reproach.

① affection
② guidance
③ praise
④ control
⑤ attention

1. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true? People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports. But this internal filter can easily create the impression that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency. So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on __________________________?”

① dramatic reports that dominate public memory
② statistics rather than emotionally charged impressions
③ murders that make other reports easier to forget
④ social fears that prove society is in crisis
⑤ frightening events that facts eventually confirm

2. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis. This suggests that anthropological insight can emerge most powerfully when researchers __________________ rather than standing outside unfamiliar worlds.

① treat their own institutions as foreign terrain
② study foreign societies to validate corporate norms
③ adopt local customs to avoid detached judgment
④ rely on outsider status to secure neutrality
⑤ examine banking culture to confirm rising profits

3. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint. Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas. The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products. In short, breakthrough thinking is most likely to emerge when workers operate within __________________ rather than unlimited independence.

① a framework that channels ideas toward execution
② a system that gives managers more creative freedom
③ an environment that removes all limits on exploration
④ a culture that prizes originality over practical value
⑤ a process that rewards developers for leaving projects

4. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?). In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion. This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, __________________________, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to fake.

① our deliberate words teach listeners which emotion to assign
② others can read those involuntary cues with surprising accuracy
③ speakers carefully select sounds to hide what they truly feel
④ each sigh means the same thing in every conversational setting
⑤ online participants created emotions by labeling random noises

5. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain. However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.” This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license, _________________________.

① while ownership is guaranteed by the copyright holder
② because blockchain records automatically prove lawful authorship
③ even though the token may bear no legal blessing
④ so artists can freely mint copies of others' creations
⑤ since regulations prevent unauthorized tokens from appearing

6. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later. It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that __________________________.

① the Sun and the planets circle Earth together
② the stars define the edge of Earth’s motion
③ Earth joins the other planets in circling the Sun
④ transparent spheres carry the Moon around the Sun
⑤ Earth remains fixed while the heavens rotate around it

7. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures. He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called “music.” That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds. For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce a single note. The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of “silence,” the audience would find that there was not silence at all; they would become aware of __________________________ that would typically be ignored. Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation.

① the hidden acoustic texture of ordinary surroundings
② the musical structure of tones and rhythms onstage
③ the noises performers intentionally create for listeners
④ the complete absence of sound in the hall
⑤ the bodily sounds that replace all outside noises

8. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

“Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly…” Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time. Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has been applied to the good. But are these terms this simple? Why must “ugly” have a negative connotation? After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing. By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece. They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is __________________________ anyway.

① what allows art to reinforce shared moral judgments
② what often gives art its persuasive force
③ what makes viewers accept beauty without question
④ what compelling art is ultimately marked by
⑤ what turns ugliness into a fixed aesthetic standard

9. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

That which is forgotten is not always lost. Research shows that memories remain stored even if we can’t readily retrieve them. Take the brain activity of numerous university students who were observed during memory formation and recall. When students were asked to remember as much as they could about a list of words they’d been given earlier in the study, fMRI scans showed that the brain activity throughout recall was the same as in the course of the learning process. Even when students had forgotten most of what they had learned, the original neurological patterns were still picked up, illustrating that the memories were still there despite being unattainable. Much is still unclear regarding how long memories persist, but evidence like this has shown that they may __________________________ rather than vanish altogether.

① survive in storage beyond conscious reach
② fade because recall keeps them active
③ return only when new learning rewrites them
④ depend on students retrieving every detail
⑤ disappear once most of the list is forgotten

10. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Assistive technologies allow disabled individuals to perform an array of tasks without the aid of another person, thereby increasing their level of independence. Although recent developments have improved the functionality of assistive technologies, the corresponding increase in complexity necessitates that sufficient training be offered to the people with disabilities who will use them. While some devices can be easily incorporated into a person’s life with a minimum of instruction, others are more sophisticated and require a significant amount of knowledge to be utilized effectively. In fact, a number of studies have shown that people who avoid new assistive technologies report feeling intimidated by the complex interfaces and many optional features, which leads them to believe that they are unqualified to operate them. Fortunately, individuals who are provided with access to ongoing support have an increased likelihood of __________________________, greatly enhancing the overall quality of their life.

① mastering complex interfaces without formal guidance
② turning technical hesitation into daily adoption
③ rejecting advanced features despite repeated assistance
④ needing less knowledge as devices become sophisticated
⑤ proving their qualifications through optional features alone

11. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

In Adam Smith’s 1759 work The Theory of Moral Sentiments, he posited that, although everyone is driven to a certain extent by self-interest and personal passions, we act in accordance with others’ expectations. As members of society, we are keenly aware of what behaviors are considered objectionable to the majority and what are not based on the reactions we receive or witness. Because we have a natural ability to empathize and want others to see us as morally accountable, we are taught that we must do what is perceived as the right thing. To help us determine whether we are doing the right thing, Smith suggested that we each have a conscience that informs us of how our behavior will be interpreted. This “impartial spectator,” as he called it, prevents us from being overly interested in our own affairs and causes us to __________________________ rather than chase private advantage alone.

① seek approval by mirroring common moral standards
② judge society by protecting our strongest passions
③ expect praise because conscience obeys our desires
④ defend ourselves from reactions we merely witness
⑤ follow rules only when punishment seems likely

1. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true?

(가) But this internal filter can easily create the impression that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency. The truth of the matter is that they are less common now than in the past; in fact, the murder rate in the United States has declined by almost 50 percent over the past 30 years.

(나) People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events.

(다) This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports. So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on accurate information?”

① (가)－(나)－(다)
② (나)－(가)－(다)
③ (나)－(다)－(가)
④ (다)－(가)－(나)
⑤ (다)－(나)－(가)

2. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens.

(가) Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis. (나) Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. (다) Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of.

① (나)－(다)－(가)
② (나)－(가)－(다)
③ (다)－(나)－(가)
④ (다)－(가)－(나)
⑤ (가)－(나)－(다)

3. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers.

(가) Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas. The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress.

(나) To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint.

(다) All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products.

① (나)－(가)－(다)
② (나)－(다)－(가)
③ (가)－(나)－(다)
④ (다)－(가)－(나)
⑤ (다)－(나)－(가)

4. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement.

(가) In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion.

(나) This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to fake.

(다) According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?).

① (가) - (다) - (나)
② (나) - (가) - (다)
③ (다) - (가) - (나)
④ (다) - (나) - (가)
⑤ (가) - (나) - (다)

5. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time.

(가) However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.”

(나) Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain.

(다) This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license.

① (나) - (가) - (다)
② (나) - (다) - (가)
③ (가) - (나) - (다)
④ (다) - (가) - (나)
⑤ (다) - (나) - (가)

6. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe.

(가) This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later. It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun. (나) Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. (다) The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe.

① (나)－(다)－(가)
② (나)－(가)－(다)
③ (다)－(나)－(가)
④ (다)－(가)－(나)
⑤ (가)－(나)－(다)

7. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures.

(가) For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce a single note. The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of “silence,” the audience would find that there was not silence at all; they would become aware of the ambient sounds around them that would typically be ignored.

(나) He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called “music.” That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds.

(다) Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation.

① (나)－(가)－(다)
② (나)－(다)－(가)
③ (가)－(나)－(다)
④ (다)－(가)－(나)
⑤ (다)－(나)－(가)

8. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

“Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly…” Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time.

(가) By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece. They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is a key characteristic of compelling art anyway. (나) Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has been applied to the good. But are these terms this simple? Why must “ugly” have a negative connotation? (다) After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing.

① (나)－(다)－(가)
② (나)－(가)－(다)
③ (다)－(나)－(가)
④ (다)－(가)－(나)
⑤ (가)－(다)－(나)

9. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

That which is forgotten is not always lost. Research shows that memories remain stored even if we can’t readily retrieve them.

(가) Even when students had forgotten most of what they had learned, the original neurological patterns were still picked up, illustrating that the memories were still there despite being unattainable. Much is still unclear regarding how long memories persist, but evidence like this has shown that it might be longer than we think.

(나) Take the brain activity of numerous university students who were observed during memory formation and recall. When students were asked to remember as much as they could about a list of words they’d been given earlier in the study, fMRI scans showed that the brain activity throughout recall was the same as in the course of the learning process.

(다) Therefore, it would not be wrong to say that memories are just archived in the less accessible parts of our brains.

① (가)－(나)－(다)
② (나)－(가)－(다)
③ (나)－(다)－(가)
④ (다)－(가)－(나)
⑤ (다)－(나)－(가)

10. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

Assistive technologies allow disabled individuals to perform an array of tasks without the aid of another person, thereby increasing their level of independence.

(가) While some devices can be easily incorporated into a person’s life with a minimum of instruction, others are more sophisticated and require a significant amount of knowledge to be utilized effectively. In fact, a number of studies have shown that people who avoid new assistive technologies report feeling intimidated by the complex interfaces and many optional features, which leads them to believe that they are unqualified to operate them.

(나) Although recent developments have improved the functionality of assistive technologies, the corresponding increase in complexity necessitates that sufficient training be offered to the people with disabilities who will use them. Fortunately, individuals who are provided with access to ongoing support have an increased likelihood of overcoming this barrier and integrating new assistive technologies into their day-to-day routine, greatly enhancing the overall quality of their life.

(다) Fortunately, individuals who are provided with access to ongoing support have an increased likelihood of overcoming this barrier and integrating new assistive technologies into their day-to-day routine, greatly enhancing the overall quality of their life. Although recent developments have improved the functionality of assistive technologies, the corresponding increase in complexity necessitates that sufficient training be offered to the people with disabilities who will use them.

① (나)－(가)－(다)
② (가)－(나)－(다)
③ (가)－(다)－(나)
④ (다)－(가)－(나)
⑤ (다)－(나)－(가)

11. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

In Adam Smith’s 1759 work The Theory of Moral Sentiments, he posited that, although everyone is driven to a certain extent by self-interest and personal passions, we act in accordance with others’ expectations. As members of society, we are keenly aware of what behaviors are considered objectionable to the majority and what are not based on the reactions we receive or witness.

(가) To help us determine whether we are doing the right thing, Smith suggested that we each have a conscience that informs us of how our behavior will be interpreted. This “impartial spectator,” as he called it, prevents us from being overly interested in our own affairs and causes us to do things that are worthy of society’s praise rather than its reproach.

(나) Because we have a natural ability to empathize and want others to see us as morally accountable, we are taught that we must do what is perceived as the right thing.

① (가) - (나)
② (나) - (가)
③ (가) - (나) - (가)
④ (나) - (가) - (나)
⑤ (가) - (가) - (나)

1번

다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

But this internal filter can easily create the impression that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency.

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true? ① People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. ② This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports. ③ The truth of the matter is that they are less common now than in the past; in fact, the murder rate in the United States has declined by almost 50 percent over the past 30 years. ④ So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on accurate information?” ⑤

①
②
③
④
⑤

2. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of.

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. ① Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. ② Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” ③ Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis. ④ ⑤

①
②
③
④
⑤

3. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas.

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. ① To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint. ② The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. ③ All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products. ④ In many organizations, leaders mistakenly believe that less oversight will automatically lead to better results. ⑤ Without clear direction, however, even talented workers may struggle to turn their ideas into viable outcomes.

①
②
③
④
⑤

4. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?

This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to fake.

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. ① According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?). ② In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. ③ All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion. ④ ⑤

①
②
③
④
⑤

5. 다음 글에서 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.”

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. ① Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain. ② However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. ③ This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license. ④ ⑤

①
②
③
④
⑤

6. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later.

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. ① According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. ② The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. ③ It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun. ④ ⑤

①  
②  
③  
④  
⑤  

7. 다음 글에서 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds.

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures. ① He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called “music.” For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce a single note. ② The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of “silence,” the audience would find that there was not silence at all; they would become aware of the ambient sounds around them that would typically be ignored. Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, ③ but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation. ④ ⑤

①
②
③
④
⑤

8. 다음 글에서 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

But are these terms this simple?

“Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly…” Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time. Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has been applied to the good. ① Why must “ugly” have a negative connotation? After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. ② In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing. ③ By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece. ④ They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is a key characteristic of compelling art anyway. ⑤

①
②
③
④
⑤

9. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

Therefore, it would not be wrong to say that memories are just archived in the less accessible parts of our brains.

That which is forgotten is not always lost. Research shows that memories remain stored even if we can’t readily retrieve them. ① Take the brain activity of numerous university students who were observed during memory formation and recall. When students were asked to remember as much as they could about a list of words they’d been given earlier in the study, fMRI scans showed that the brain activity throughout recall was the same as in the course of the learning process. ② Even when students had forgotten most of what they had learned, the original neurological patterns were still picked up, illustrating that the memories were still there despite being unattainable. ③ Much is still unclear regarding how long memories persist, but evidence like this has shown that it might be longer than we think. ④ ⑤

①
②
③
④
⑤

10. 다음 글에서 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

In fact, a number of studies have shown that people who avoid new assistive technologies report feeling intimidated by the complex interfaces and many optional features, which leads them to believe that they are unqualified to operate them.

Assistive technologies allow disabled individuals to perform an array of tasks without the aid of another person, thereby increasing their level of independence. Although recent developments have improved the functionality of assistive technologies, the corresponding increase in complexity necessitates that sufficient training be offered to the people with disabilities who will use them. ① While some devices can be easily incorporated into a person’s life with a minimum of instruction, others are more sophisticated and require a significant amount of knowledge to be utilized effectively. ② Fortunately, individuals who are provided with access to ongoing support have an increased likelihood of overcoming this barrier and integrating new assistive technologies into their day-to-day routine, greatly enhancing the overall quality of their life. ③ Assistive technologies allow disabled individuals to perform an array of tasks without the aid of another person, thereby increasing their level of independence. ④ Although recent developments have improved the functionality of assistive technologies, the corresponding increase in complexity necessitates that sufficient training be offered to the people with disabilities who will use them. ⑤ While some devices can be easily incorporated into a person’s life with a minimum of instruction, others are more sophisticated and require a significant amount of knowledge to be utilized effectively.

①
②
③
④
⑤

11. 다음 글에서 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

This “impartial spectator,” as he called it, prevents us from being overly interested in our own affairs and causes us to do things that are worthy of society’s praise rather than its reproach.

In Adam Smith’s 1759 work The Theory of Moral Sentiments, he posited that, although everyone is driven to a certain extent by self-interest and personal passions, we act in accordance with others’ expectations. As members of society, we are keenly aware of what behaviors are considered objectionable to the majority and what are not based on the reactions we receive or witness. ① Because we have a natural ability to empathize and want others to see us as morally accountable, we are taught that we must do what is perceived as the right thing. ② To help us determine whether we are doing the right thing, Smith suggested that we each have a conscience that informs us of how our behavior will be interpreted. ③ ④ ⑤