1. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true? People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports. But this internal filter can easily create the impression that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency. The truth of the matter is that they are less common now than in the past; in fact, the murder rate in the United States has declined by almost 50 percent over the past 30 years. So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on accurate information?”

① the need for fact-based judgment beyond fear-driven impressions
② the rise of violent crime in modern American society
③ the influence of murder news on public safety policies
④ the reasons people remember reports of serious crimes
⑤ the dangers of ignoring all emotional responses to news

2. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis.

① benefits of outsider status in cultural research
② risks of studying familiar groups without neutrality
③ emergence of inward-looking inquiry through field methods
④ ways to prevent crises in the banking sector
⑤ influence of exotic cultures on western anthropology

3. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint. Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas. The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products.

① effects of employee freedom on software quality
② need for organizational frameworks for useful innovation
③ value of removing developers from current projects
④ limits of management support in creative business work
⑤ ways to measure consumer response to new applications

4. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?). In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion. This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to fake.

① the role of online testing in classifying vocal bursts
② the limits of actors in expressing genuine emotions
③ the social value of hiding feelings in conversation
④ the effects of vocal cues on revealing inner states
⑤ the need for controlling sighs and exclamations

5. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain. However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.” This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license.

① the growing popularity of costly blockchain-based collectibles
② dangers of weak legal control over digital ownership claims
③ benefits of minting tokens for photos and artwork sales
④ reasons for collectors seeking unique ties to artworks
⑤ ways to protect artists through stricter NFT market rules

6. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later. It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun.

① roles of transparent spheres in moving heavenly bodies
② changes in models of the universe’s center
③ reasons for placing stars at the edge of space
④ limits of mathematical models in ancient astronomy
⑤ effects of Copernicus on modern scientific methods

7. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures. He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called “music.” That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds. For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce a single note. The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of “silence,” the audience would find that there was not silence at all; they would become aware of the ambient sounds around them that would typically be ignored. Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation.

① effects of musical silence on blood circulation
② value of silence in revealing unnoticed sound
③ dangers of breaking established musical structures
④ ways to compose controversial experimental music
⑤ importance of audience approval in modern performance

8. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

“Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly…” Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time. Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has been applied to the good. But are these terms this simple? Why must “ugly” have a negative connotation? After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing. By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece. They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is a key characteristic of compelling art anyway.

① reasons ugly art has become morally unacceptable
② limits of beauty in provoking critical reflection
③ ways fine art techniques create visual harmony
④ importance of fixed standards for beauty and ugliness
⑤ effects of social change on artistic definitions

9. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

That which is forgotten is not always lost. Research shows that memories remain stored even if we can’t readily retrieve them. Take the brain activity of numerous university students who were observed during memory formation and recall. When students were asked to remember as much as they could about a list of words they’d been given earlier in the study, fMRI scans showed that the brain activity throughout recall was the same as in the course of the learning process. Even when students had forgotten most of what they had learned, the original neurological patterns were still picked up, illustrating that the memories were still there despite being unattainable. Much is still unclear regarding how long memories persist, but evidence like this has shown that it might be longer than we think. Therefore, it would not be wrong to say that memories are just archived in the less accessible parts of our brains.

① limits of fMRI scans in tracking stored memories
② reasons forgotten words quickly disappear from the brain
③ effects of university learning on long-term brain activity
④ the persistence of memories beyond conscious retrieval
⑤ ways to improve students’ recall through word lists

10. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Assistive technologies allow disabled individuals to perform an array of tasks without the aid of another person, thereby increasing their level of independence. Although recent developments have improved the functionality of assistive technologies, the corresponding increase in complexity necessitates that sufficient training be offered to the people with disabilities who will use them. While some devices can be easily incorporated into a person’s life with a minimum of instruction, others are more sophisticated and require a significant amount of knowledge to be utilized effectively. In fact, a number of studies have shown that people who avoid new assistive technologies report feeling intimidated by the complex interfaces and many optional features, which leads them to believe that they are unqualified to operate them. Fortunately, individuals who are provided with access to ongoing support have an increased likelihood of overcoming this barrier and integrating new assistive technologies into their day-to-day routine, greatly enhancing the overall quality of their life.

① the limits of optional features in daily devices
② the need for continued guidance in technology use
③ the reasons disabled users reject personal independence
④ the effects of simple interfaces on product popularity
⑤ the risks of replacing human aid with machine support

11. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

In Adam Smith’s 1759 work The Theory of Moral Sentiments, he posited that, although everyone is driven to a certain extent by self-interest and personal passions, we act in accordance with others’ expectations. As members of society, we are keenly aware of what behaviors are considered objectionable to the majority and what are not based on the reactions we receive or witness. Because we have a natural ability to empathize and want others to see us as morally accountable, we are taught that we must do what is perceived as the right thing. To help us determine whether we are doing the right thing, Smith suggested that we each have a conscience that informs us of how our behavior will be interpreted. This “impartial spectator,” as he called it, prevents us from being overly interested in our own affairs and causes us to do things that are worthy of society’s praise rather than its reproach.

① effects of majority reactions on objectionable behavior
② dangers of self-interest in shaping personal passions
③ need for empathy in building social relationships
④ role of internal moral judgment in social conduct
⑤ ways to earn praise and avoid society’s reproach

1번. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true? People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports. But this internal filter can easily create the impression that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency. The truth of the matter is that they are less common now than in the past; in fact, the murder rate in the United States has declined by almost 50 percent over the past 30 years. So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on accurate information?”

요약문: Because the mind gives extra weight to alarming cases, people may ___(A)___ social reality as more dangerous than it is; this makes ___(B)___, rather than instinctive impression, essential in judging whether society is truly worsening.

① distort …… evidence
② distort …… urgency
③ stabilize …… evidence
④ stabilize …… urgency
⑤ intensify …… momentum

2. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis.

요약문:

Anthropology has begun to generate insight not by preserving ___(A)___ from one’s own world, but by making the familiar appear ___(B)___ enough to be examined without cultural blinders.

① remoteness …… unfamiliar
② remoteness …… predictable
③ intimacy …… unfamiliar
④ intimacy …… predictable
⑤ authority …… transparent

3. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint. Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas. The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products.

요약문:

In business, inventive outcomes are less likely to emerge from ___(A)___ exploration than from an environment where ideas are guided toward ___(B)___ value through coordinated direction and support.

① unrestricted …… strategic
② unrestricted …… symbolic
③ spontaneous …… strategic
④ spontaneous …… symbolic
⑤ isolated …… decorative

4. 다음 글의 요약문으로 가장 알맞은 것은?

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?). In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion. This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to fake.

요약문:
Because emotion leaks through involuntary vocal signals, inner states remain hard to ___(A)___ and relatively easy for others to ___(B)___.

① conceal …… decode
② conceal …… suppress
③ exaggerate …… decode
④ exaggerate …… dismiss
⑤ neutralize …… suppress

5. 다음 글을 읽고, 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain. However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.” This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license.

요약문:

NFTs have turned digital collecting into a form of ___(A)___ backed by blockchain records, but the absence of legal oversight leaves that same system vulnerable to ___(B)___ by people with no rightful claim to the work.

① exclusivity …… appropriation
② exclusivity …… preservation
③ transparency …… appropriation
④ transparency …… preservation
⑤ anonymity …… distortion

6. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later. It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun.

요약문: For centuries, the cosmos was interpreted through a framework that granted Earth absolute ___(A)___ within a layered structure, until a later model stripped it of that ___(B)___ by relocating the center to the Sun.

① centrality …… privilege
② centrality …… stability
③ permanence …… privilege
④ permanence …… symmetry
⑤ isolation …… stability

7. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures. He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called “music.” That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds. For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce a single note. The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of “silence,” the audience would find that there was not silence at all; they would become aware of the ambient sounds around them that would typically be ignored. Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation.

요약문:

By presenting a work that seems to erase music altogether, Cage sought to shift listeners from judging art by convention to recognizing that what appears empty can still be full of ___(A)___, and that attention itself can create ___(B)___.

① presence …… meaning
② presence …… conformity
③ novelty …… meaning
④ novelty …… conformity
⑤ restraint …… hierarchy

8. 다음 글의 요약문으로 가장 알맞은 것은?

“Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly…” Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time. Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has been applied to the good. But are these terms this simple? Why must “ugly” have a negative connotation? After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing. By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece. They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is a key characteristic of compelling art anyway.

요약문:

Rather than being a fixed measure of artistic worth, ugliness may serve as a ___(A)___ that unsettles inherited judgments and opens viewers to ___(B)___ engagement with art.

① catalyst …… reflective
② catalyst …… passive
③ ornament …… reflective
④ ornament …… passive
⑤ barrier …… decorative

9. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

That which is forgotten is not always lost. Research shows that memories remain stored even if we can’t readily retrieve them. Take the brain activity of numerous university students who were observed during memory formation and recall. When students were asked to remember as much as they could about a list of words they’d been given earlier in the study, fMRI scans showed that the brain activity throughout recall was the same as in the course of the learning process. Even when students had forgotten most of what they had learned, the original neurological patterns were still picked up, illustrating that the memories were still there despite being unattainable. Much is still unclear regarding how long memories persist, but evidence like this has shown that it might be longer than we think. Therefore, it would not be wrong to say that memories are just archived in the less accessible parts of our brains.

요약문:

What seems to have vanished from awareness may actually remain in a state of ___(A)___, with the mind’s original encoding still ___(B)___ beneath failed recall.

① dormant …… intact
② dormant …… reversible
③ erased …… intact
④ erased …… reversible
⑤ displaced …… unstable

10. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Assistive technologies allow disabled individuals to perform an array of tasks without the aid of another person, thereby increasing their level of independence. Although recent developments have improved the functionality of assistive technologies, the corresponding increase in complexity necessitates that sufficient training be offered to the people with disabilities who will use them. While some devices can be easily incorporated into a person’s life with a minimum of instruction, others are more sophisticated and require a significant amount of knowledge to be utilized effectively. In fact, a number of studies have shown that people who avoid new assistive technologies report feeling intimidated by the complex interfaces and many optional features, which leads them to believe that they are unqualified to operate them. Fortunately, individuals who are provided with access to ongoing support have an increased likelihood of overcoming this barrier and integrating new assistive technologies into their day-to-day routine, greatly enhancing the overall quality of their life.

요약문:
Assistive technologies can expand autonomy, but that promise is often left ___(A)___ when users interpret technical sophistication as a sign of personal inadequacy; sustained guidance helps turn that hesitation into lasting ___(B)___.

     (A)           (B)
① unrealized …… adoption
② unrealized …… dependence
③ accessible …… adoption
④ accessible …… dependence
⑤ burdensome …… resistance

11. 다음 글의 요약문으로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

In Adam Smith’s 1759 work The Theory of Moral Sentiments, he posited that, although everyone is driven to a certain extent by self-interest and personal passions, we act in accordance with others’ expectations. As members of society, we are keenly aware of what behaviors are considered objectionable to the majority and what are not based on the reactions we receive or witness. Because we have a natural ability to empathize and want others to see us as morally accountable, we are taught that we must do what is perceived as the right thing. To help us determine whether we are doing the right thing, Smith suggested that we each have a conscience that informs us of how our behavior will be interpreted. This “impartial spectator,” as he called it, prevents us from being overly interested in our own affairs and causes us to do things that are worthy of society’s praise rather than its reproach.

요약문:

Smith suggests that moral conduct arises not because self-concern disappears, but because people internalize a social point of view that subjects private desire to ___(A)___ and steers action toward ___(B)___.

① restraint …… approval
② restraint …… isolation
③ impulse …… approval
④ impulse …… isolation
⑤ indulgence …… detachment

1. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true? People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports. But this internal filter can easily create the impression that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency. The truth of the matter is that they are less common now than in the past; in fact, the murder rate in the United States has declined by almost 50 percent over the past 30 years. So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on accurate information?”

① causing frightening events to be blocked from memory
② making people believe violence is rising without sufficient evidence
③ proving that murder news is the most accurate kind of report
④ showing that society is actually becoming safer in every respect
⑤ leading people to examine facts before forming any opinion

2. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis.

① turn attention away from distant cultures and examine one’s own society analytically
② physically reverse the direction of observation in order to secure objective data
③ depend less on neutrality and more on personal familiarity with banking practices
④ study foreign societies by using corporate methods developed in Western countries
⑤ treat every culture as identical and reject the need for outsider perspectives

3. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint. Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas. The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products.

① giving workers complete freedom from existing duties
② building a system that directs and evaluates new ideas
③ designing applications that immediately attract consumers
④ separating talented developers from ordinary employees
⑤ expanding autonomy so that creativity can grow naturally

4. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?). In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion. This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to fake.

① physically separated you from your friend
② clearly exposed what you were really feeling
③ made your spoken statement sound more formal
④ prevented others from hearing your emotional signals
⑤ allowed your friend to misunderstand your true state

5. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain. However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.” This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license.

① being given sole ownership of the tokenized work
② having their work tokenized without legal consent
③ being allowed to sell copies through blockchain records
④ having the market protect all copyright holders automatically
⑤ being recognized as the first owner of digital artwork

6. 다음 글에서 marks the boundary of this universe가 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later. It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun.

① physically separates the stars from Earth at the center
② defines the outer limit of the world imagined in the model
③ causes the universe to expand beyond the fixed spheres
④ proves that transparent spheres rotate around the Sun
⑤ allows heavenly bodies to leave their proper spheres

7. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures. He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called “music.” That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds. For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce a single note. The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of “silence,” the audience would find that there was not silence at all; they would become aware of the ambient sounds around them that would typically be ignored. Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation.

① the absence of sound pressed on him with unusual force
② the chamber completely blocked every internal body noise
③ the audience preferred ordinary music to experimental silence
④ the piece required performers to avoid all ambient sounds
⑤ traditional structures made ignored sounds more noticeable

8. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

“Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly…” Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time. Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has been applied to the good. But are these terms this simple? Why must “ugly” have a negative connotation? After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing. By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece. They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is a key characteristic of compelling art anyway.

① a condition of physically observing unfamiliar objects
② a tendency to reject established standards of artistic skill
③ a readiness to consider thoughts not previously accepted
④ a process of proving that beauty always limits discussion
⑤ a habit of treating moral judgment as more important than form

9. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

That which is forgotten is not always lost. Research shows that memories remain stored even if we can’t readily retrieve them. Take the brain activity of numerous university students who were observed during memory formation and recall. When students were asked to remember as much as they could about a list of words they’d been given earlier in the study, fMRI scans showed that the brain activity throughout recall was the same as in the course of the learning process. Even when students had forgotten most of what they had learned, the original neurological patterns were still picked up, illustrating that the memories were still there despite being unattainable. Much is still unclear regarding how long memories persist, but evidence like this has shown that it might be longer than we think. Therefore, it would not be wrong to say that memories are just archived in the less accessible parts of our brains.

① being erased after recall becomes difficult
② remaining stored where access is relatively limited
③ being moved to new areas during later learning
④ disappearing unless the same words are repeated
⑤ staying active only while neurological patterns last

10. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Assistive technologies allow disabled individuals to perform an array of tasks without the aid of another person, thereby increasing their level of independence. Although recent developments have improved the functionality of assistive technologies, the corresponding increase in complexity necessitates that sufficient training be offered to the people with disabilities who will use them. While some devices can be easily incorporated into a person’s life with a minimum of instruction, others are more sophisticated and require a significant amount of knowledge to be utilized effectively. In fact, a number of studies have shown that people who avoid new assistive technologies report feeling intimidated by the complex interfaces and many optional features, which leads them to believe that they are unqualified to operate them. Fortunately, individuals who are provided with access to ongoing support have an increased likelihood of overcoming this barrier and integrating new assistive technologies into their day-to-day routine, greatly enhancing the overall quality of their life.

① physically unable to handle the devices safely
② lacking the confidence and knowledge needed to use them well
③ unwilling to depend on another person for daily tasks
④ required to master every optional feature before use
⑤ excluded from receiving training for advanced technologies

11. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

In Adam Smith’s 1759 work The Theory of Moral Sentiments, he posited that, although everyone is driven to a certain extent by self-interest and personal passions, we act in accordance with others’ expectations. As members of society, we are keenly aware of what behaviors are considered objectionable to the majority and what are not based on the reactions we receive or witness. Because we have a natural ability to empathize and want others to see us as morally accountable, we are taught that we must do what is perceived as the right thing. To help us determine whether we are doing the right thing, Smith suggested that we each have a conscience that informs us of how our behavior will be interpreted. This “impartial spectator,” as he called it, prevents us from being overly interested in our own affairs and causes us to do things that are worthy of society’s praise rather than its reproach.

① physically staying away from our private business for a while
② judging ourselves from a socially detached point of view
③ pursuing our passions regardless of others’ moral expectations
④ gaining praise by following whatever the majority happens to like
⑤ avoiding criticism by hiding our intentions from other people

1. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true? People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports. But this internal filter can easily create the impression that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency. The truth of the matter is that they are less common now than in the past; in fact, the murder rate in the United States has declined by almost 50 percent over the past 30 years. So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on accurate information?”

① Why Murder News Stays in Our Minds
② Society in Crisis: Violence Is Rising Fast
③ Looking Past Fear to Measure Reality
④ How to Reduce Crime in Modern Society
⑤ Violent News and the Collapse of Trust

2. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis.

① Banking Risks in a Strange, Shadowy World
② Why Outsiders Always Understand Society More Accurately
③ Turning Anthropology Toward One’s Own Social World
④ Corporations: The Best Field for Modern Anthropologists
⑤ Predicting Crises Through Western Studies of Exotic Cultures

3. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint. Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas. The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products.

① Creative Freedom: The First Step to Breakthroughs
② Why Do Great Developers Need No Restraint?
③ From Open Exploration to Consumer Appeal
④ Order as the Engine of Productive Change
⑤ Business Innovation Beyond the Software Industry

4. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?). In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion. This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to fake.

① Vocal Bursts: A List of Twenty-Four Emotions
② Why Tone of Voice Rarely Shows Real Feelings
③ The Unintended Signals That Betray Inner States
④ Can Actors Create Perfectly Universal Emotional Sounds?
⑤ How to Control Sighs in Online Communication

5. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain. However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.” This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license.

① Why Are NFTs Becoming So Popular?
② Blockchain Records and the Rise of Digital Collecting
③ A New Badge of Ownership with a Legal Blind Spot
④ Can Minting NFTs Fully Protect Artists' Rights?
⑤ Regulating All Online Art Markets Through Blockchain

6. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later. It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun.

① Why Did Transparent Spheres Shape the Ancient Universe?
② Earth at the Center of All Celestial Motion
③ From a Fixed Center to a Revised Cosmic Order
④ How the Stars Marked the Edge of the Universe
⑤ Copernicus and the Mathematical Proof of Planetary Speed

7. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures. He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called “music.” That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds. For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce a single note. The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of “silence,” the audience would find that there was not silence at all; they would become aware of the ambient sounds around them that would typically be ignored. Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation.

① 4’33”: A Controversial Attack on Musical Tradition
② How Can Silence Become a Form of Attention?
③ Anechoic Chambers and the Science of Human Hearing
④ Why Traditional Music Needs Clear Notes and Rhythms
⑤ Hearing the Overlooked Within Apparent Emptiness

8. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

“Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly…” Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time. Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has been applied to the good. But are these terms this simple? Why must “ugly” have a negative connotation? After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing. By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece. They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is a key characteristic of compelling art anyway.

① Beautiful Art as a Standard of Moral Good
② Why Ugly Art Often Blocks New Ideas
③ Beyond Appearances: When Discomfort Opens the Mind
④ The History of Beauty in Western Fine Art
⑤ Can Beauty and Ugliness Ever Be Clearly Defined?

9. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

That which is forgotten is not always lost. Research shows that memories remain stored even if we can’t readily retrieve them. Take the brain activity of numerous university students who were observed during memory formation and recall. When students were asked to remember as much as they could about a list of words they’d been given earlier in the study, fMRI scans showed that the brain activity throughout recall was the same as in the course of the learning process. Even when students had forgotten most of what they had learned, the original neurological patterns were still picked up, illustrating that the memories were still there despite being unattainable. Much is still unclear regarding how long memories persist, but evidence like this has shown that it might be longer than we think. Therefore, it would not be wrong to say that memories are just archived in the less accessible parts of our brains.

① Why Do Students Forget Words So Quickly?
② Brain Scans: A Direct Measure of Learning Speed
③ Lost to Us, Kept Within
④ The Limits of fMRI in Memory Research
⑤ Memory Vanishes Once Recall Fails

10. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Assistive technologies allow disabled individuals to perform an array of tasks without the aid of another person, thereby increasing their level of independence. Although recent developments have improved the functionality of assistive technologies, the corresponding increase in complexity necessitates that sufficient training be offered to the people with disabilities who will use them. While some devices can be easily incorporated into a person’s life with a minimum of instruction, others are more sophisticated and require a significant amount of knowledge to be utilized effectively. In fact, a number of studies have shown that people who avoid new assistive technologies report feeling intimidated by the complex interfaces and many optional features, which leads them to believe that they are unqualified to operate them. Fortunately, individuals who are provided with access to ongoing support have an increased likelihood of overcoming this barrier and integrating new assistive technologies into their day-to-day routine, greatly enhancing the overall quality of their life.

① Complex Interfaces: Why Many Users Give Up
② A Bridge from Access to Everyday Autonomy
③ Can Optional Features Ensure Better Independence?
④ The Rapid Spread of Devices for Disabled Individuals
⑤ Training Alone Makes All Technologies Easy to Use

11. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

In Adam Smith’s 1759 work The Theory of Moral Sentiments, he posited that, although everyone is driven to a certain extent by self-interest and personal passions, we act in accordance with others’ expectations. As members of society, we are keenly aware of what behaviors are considered objectionable to the majority and what are not based on the reactions we receive or witness. Because we have a natural ability to empathize and want others to see us as morally accountable, we are taught that we must do what is perceived as the right thing. To help us determine whether we are doing the right thing, Smith suggested that we each have a conscience that informs us of how our behavior will be interpreted. This “impartial spectator,” as he called it, prevents us from being overly interested in our own affairs and causes us to do things that are worthy of society’s praise rather than its reproach.

① Society’s Reactions as the Measure of All Morality
② The Inner Judge Behind Socially Approved Conduct
③ Why Self-Interest Should Guide Moral Decisions
④ Empathy: The Best Way to Win Public Praise
⑤ From Personal Passions to Legal Responsibility

1. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true? People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports. But this internal filter can easily create the impression that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency. The truth of the matter is that they are less common now than in the past; in fact, the murder rate in the United States has declined by almost 50 percent over the past 30 years. So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on accurate information?”

① 사회 현실에 대한 판단은 정확한 사실에 근거해야 한다.
② 사람들은 강력 범죄 뉴스를 더 오래 기억하는 경향이 있다.
③ 사회 위기 의식은 개인의 두려움 관리로 줄여야 한다.
④ 폭력 사건의 증감은 장기 통계보다 체감이 더 중요하다.
⑤ 살인율 감소는 사회가 전반적으로 안전해졌음을 뜻한다.

2. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis.

① 인류학은 이국적 문화보다 자국 문화 연구에 더 유리한 학문이다.
② 객관적 외부자의 시각은 사회를 정확히 이해하는 데 여전히 필수적이다.
③ 인류학은 자신이 속한 사회도 중립적으로 이해하는 데 활용될 수 있다.
④ 금융권 연구는 인류학의 현장 몰입 기법을 통해서만 가능해진다.
⑤ 2008년 금융 위기는 은행권 내부의 위험 축적이 직접 원인이었다.

3. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint. Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas. The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products.

① 혁신적 성과를 내려면 핵심 인력에게 무제한 자율권을 줘야 한다.
② 의미 있는 혁신은 목표·지원·측정 체계 속에서 가능하다.
③ 경영진은 혁신 아이디어의 사업화 가능성만 우선 검토해야 한다.
④ 창의적 개발자는 기존 프로젝트에서 분리해 자유 탐색시켜야 한다.
⑤ 혁신은 소비자의 상상력을 사로잡는 독창성에서만 출발한다.

4. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

우울하면서도 친구에게 “모든 게 잘돼”라고 말한 적이 있는가? 아마도 당신의 목소리 소리와 어쩌면 한숨이 당신을 드러내어 그 말의 진실성을 친구에게 납득시키지 못했을 것이다. American Psychologist에 발표된 연구 결과에 따르면, 우리 목소리의 어조와 vocal bursts라 불리는 비언어적 감탄사로부터 최대 24가지 감정이 해독될 수 있다. 그것들은 놀람(gasp), 깨달음(ohhh), 관심(ah?), 혼란(huh?)에 이르는 복합적 감정을 드러낼 수 있다. 이 연구에서는 전 세계 배우들이 2,000개가 넘는 vocal bursts를 녹음했고, 이후 온라인으로 모집된 사람들이 이를 평가했다. 그 모든 vocal bursts는 알아볼 수 있는 감정과 상관되는 것으로 분류되었다. 이는 우리가 자신의 vocal bursts를 의식하든 못하든 타인들은 이를 포착하고 식별할 수 있음을 보여 주며, 우리의 감정은 꾸며 내기 어렵다는 점을 시사한다.

① 목소리의 어조와 탄성만으로도 감정은 드러날 수 있다.
② 비언어적 감탄사는 놀람과 혼란을 구별하게 해 준다.
③ 사람들은 자신의 감정을 의식적으로 통제해야 한다.
④ 온라인 평가는 음성 속 감정 분류의 정확성을 높인다.
⑤ 배우들의 음성 연기는 복합 감정 연구에 특히 유용하다.

5. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain. However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.” This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license.

① NFT 구매 증가는 작품과의 특별한 유대감을 만든다.
② NFT는 복제 불가한 소유 증명으로 거래되는 자산이다.
③ NFT 시장은 저작권 침해 위험 때문에 규율이 필요하다.
④ 블록체인 기록은 NFT 거래의 신뢰성을 높여 준다.
⑤ NFT 민팅은 저작권자만 할 수 있도록 제한되어야 한다.

6. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later. It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun.

① 프톨레마이오스는 천체의 회전 방식만 정교화한 인물이다.
② 천동설 우주는 고정된 구체들의 결합으로 설명된다는 점이 핵심이다.
③ 프톨레마이오스의 지구 중심 우주관은 오랫동안 지배되다 뒤집혔다.
④ 코페르니쿠스는 별의 경계를 새롭게 설정한 학자라고 볼 수 있다.
⑤ 태양과 행성의 운동은 모두 동일한 투명 구체를 따라야 한다.

7. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures. He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called “music.” That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds. For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce a single note. The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of “silence,” the audience would find that there was not silence at all; they would become aware of the ambient sounds around them that would typically be ignored. Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation.

① 음악은 전통적 형식을 벗어날 때만 새로운 가치를 얻을 수 있다.
② 침묵의 순간은 평소 지나치는 주변 소리를 자각하게 하는 장치이다.
③ 논란이 되는 예술일수록 대중의 익숙한 기준을 거부해야 한다.
④ 절대적 침묵은 인간이 직접 경험하기 어려운 상태임을 보여 준다.
⑤ 음악가는 비전통적 연주법으로 청중의 주의를 끝까지 붙들어야 한다.

8. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

“Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly…” Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time. Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has been applied to the good. But are these terms this simple? Why must “ugly” have a negative connotation? After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing. By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece. They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is a key characteristic of compelling art anyway.

① 예술은 전통적 미의 기준을 꾸준히 계승해야 한다.
② 추하다고 여겨진 예술도 비판적 성찰을 이끌 수 있다.
③ 아름다움과 추함의 정의는 시대마다 달라져 왔다.
④ 예술가는 추함보다 아름다움을 우선적으로 추구해야 한다.
⑤ 추한 예술은 아름다운 예술보다 항상 더 독창적이다.

9. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

That which is forgotten is not always lost. Research shows that memories remain stored even if we can’t readily retrieve them. Take the brain activity of numerous university students who were observed during memory formation and recall. When students were asked to remember as much as they could about a list of words they’d been given earlier in the study, fMRI scans showed that the brain activity throughout recall was the same as in the course of the learning process. Even when students had forgotten most of what they had learned, the original neurological patterns were still picked up, illustrating that the memories were still there despite being unattainable. Much is still unclear regarding how long memories persist, but evidence like this has shown that it might be longer than we think. Therefore, it would not be wrong to say that memories are just archived in the less accessible parts of our brains.

① 기억의 지속 기간은 생각보다 짧을 수 있음을 인정해야 한다.
② 기억은 떠오르지 않아도 뇌 속에 남아 있을 수 있다.
③ 기억 형성과 회상은 서로 다른 뇌 활동으로 구분된다.
④ 단어 목록 학습은 기억 저장 과정을 밝히는 핵심이다.
⑤ 잊힌 기억은 반복 회상으로만 다시 접근할 수 있다.

10. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Assistive technologies allow disabled individuals to perform an array of tasks without the aid of another person, thereby increasing their level of independence. Although recent developments have improved the functionality of assistive technologies, the corresponding increase in complexity necessitates that sufficient training be offered to the people with disabilities who will use them. While some devices can be easily incorporated into a person’s life with a minimum of instruction, others are more sophisticated and require a significant amount of knowledge to be utilized effectively. In fact, a number of studies have shown that people who avoid new assistive technologies report feeling intimidated by the complex interfaces and many optional features, which leads them to believe that they are unqualified to operate them. Fortunately, individuals who are provided with access to ongoing support have an increased likelihood of overcoming this barrier and integrating new assistive technologies into their day-to-day routine, greatly enhancing the overall quality of their life.

① 보조기기의 복잡성은 장애인의 사용 의지를 쉽게 약화시키는 요인이다.
② 보조기기의 기능 향상은 사용법 단순화와 함께 이루어져야 한다.
③ 보조기기의 효과적 활용에는 충분한 교육과 지속적 지원이 필요하다.
④ 보조기기는 최소한의 설명만으로도 일상에 쉽게 정착될 수 있다.
⑤ 보조기기의 다양한 선택 기능은 사용자 자율성을 높이는 핵심 요소이다.

11. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

In Adam Smith’s 1759 work The Theory of Moral Sentiments, he posited that, although everyone is driven to a certain extent by self-interest and personal passions, we act in accordance with others’ expectations. As members of society, we are keenly aware of what behaviors are considered objectionable to the majority and what are not based on the reactions we receive or witness. Because we have a natural ability to empathize and want others to see us as morally accountable, we are taught that we must do what is perceived as the right thing. To help us determine whether we are doing the right thing, Smith suggested that we each have a conscience that informs us of how our behavior will be interpreted. This “impartial spectator,” as he called it, prevents us from being overly interested in our own affairs and causes us to do things that are worthy of society’s praise rather than its reproach.

① 사회적 비난을 피하려면 다수의 반응을 면밀히 살펴야 한다.
② 인간은 공감과 양심을 통해 사회 기준에 맞게 행동한다.
③ 사람은 사적 열정보다 공적 의무를 늘 우선해야 한다.
④ 타인의 기대를 알기 위해서는 행동 결과를 먼저 관찰해야 한다.
⑤ 도덕 판단은 사회의 칭찬보다 개인 신념에 더 좌우된다.

1. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true? People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports. But this internal filter can easily create the impression that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency. The truth of the matter is that they are less common now than in the past; in fact, the murder rate in the United States has declined by almost 50 percent over the past 30 years. So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on accurate information?”

① 사람들은 사회 문제를 판단할 때 불안한 감정을 경계해야 한다.
② 사람들은 사회 현실에 대한 의견을 사실에 근거해 형성해야 한다.
③ 사람들은 범죄 관련 뉴스의 세부 내용을 더 오래 기억해야 한다.
④ 사람들은 사회 위기 담론의 원인을 본능적 반응에서 찾아야 한다.
⑤ 사람들은 폭력 범죄 감소 추세를 통해 사회 낙관론을 가져야 한다.

2. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis.

① 인류학자는 자신이 속한 사회도 중립적으로 분석해야 한다.
② 인류학자는 낯선 문화의 관찰 기준을 더 엄격히 세워야 한다.
③ 인류학자는 기업 문화의 위험 신호를 우선 기록해야 한다.
④ 인류학자는 금융권 내부의 관행을 장기적으로 추적해야 한다.
⑤ 인류학자는 객관적 결론을 위해 외부자 입장을 유지해야 한다.

3. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint. Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas. The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products.

① 기업은 혁신을 위해 성과 평가 기준을 더욱 엄격히 해야 한다.
② 기업은 혁신을 위해 직원 자율권을 최대한 확대해야 한다.
③ 기업은 혁신을 위해 명확한 목표와 지원 체계를 갖춰야 한다.
④ 기업은 혁신을 위해 유능한 개발자만 선별 배치해야 한다.
⑤ 기업은 혁신을 위해 소비자 취향 분석에 우선 집중해야 한다.

4. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?). In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion. This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to fake.

① 우리는 목소리의 높낮이를 조절해 감정을 더 정확히 전달해야 한다.
② 우리는 감정을 숨기려 하기보다 드러남을 인정하고 솔직해야 한다.
③ 우리는 비언어적 감탄사를 상황별로 구분해 의도적으로 사용해야 한다.
④ 우리는 타인의 감정을 파악할 때 말의 내용만 우선 믿어야 한다.
⑤ 우리는 온라인 평가를 통해 감정 인식 능력을 체계적으로 길러야 한다.

5. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain. However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.” This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license.

① NFT 시장은 구매 이력을 블록체인에 더 투명하게 남겨야 한다.
② NFT 제작자는 작품 소유자와의 연결성을 더 강조해야 한다.
③ NFT 거래는 고가 작품 중심의 희소성을 더욱 확대해야 한다.
④ NFT 판매자는 구매자에게 원본성의 의미를 분명히 알려야 한다.
⑤ NFT 제작과 판매는 저작권 보호를 위한 규제를 마련해야 한다.

6. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later. It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun.

① 우주 모형은 천체의 회전 방식에 따라 구분해야 한다.
② 우주 이해는 지구 중심설에서 태양 중심설로 전환해야 한다.
③ 우주 탐구는 천체를 고정된 투명한 구에 연결해 설명해야 한다.
④ 우주 설명은 별의 경계를 기준으로 체계를 세워야 한다.
⑤ 우주 관념은 오랜 기간 유지된 이론을 우선 따라야 한다.

7. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

John Cage(1912–1992)는 전통을 거스르는 것으로 알려진 작곡가였다. 그는 악기를 비관습적인 방식으로 연주하고, 기존의 음악 구조를 따르지 않는 음과 리듬을 결합하는 실험을 했다. 그는 전통적인 관점에서 보면 거의 ‘음악’이라 부르기 어려운 논란의 작품으로 가장 잘 알려져 있다. 그 작품은 정확히 4분 33초 동안 지속되기 때문에 4’33”이라는 이름이 붙었다. 그 시간 동안 악기 연주자도 성악가도 단 한 음도 내지 않는다. Cage의 생각은 이 ‘침묵’의 시간 내내 청중이 그것이 전혀 침묵이 아님을 깨닫게 되고, 평소에는 무시되는 주변의 소리들을 인식하게 된다는 것이었다. Cage는 수년 동안 이 작품의 아이디어를 품고 있었지만, 무향실에서 시간을 보낸 뒤 그 가치를 확신하게 되었다. 그곳의 침묵은 너무도 압도적이어서 그는 자신의 혈액 순환 소리까지 들을 수 있었다.

① 청중은 음악을 들을 때 작곡가의 의도를 먼저 파악해야 한다.
② 청중은 침묵 속 주변의 소리도 음악으로 인식해야 한다.
③ 청중은 전통 음악의 구조를 기준으로 작품을 판단해야 한다.
④ 청중은 무향실 같은 공간에서만 소리의 본질을 이해해야 한다.
⑤ 청중은 논란이 되는 작품일수록 거리 두고 감상해야 한다.

8. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

“Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly…” Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time. Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has been applied to the good. But are these terms this simple? Why must “ugly” have a negative connotation? After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing. By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece. They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is a key characteristic of compelling art anyway.

① 예술가는 추함과 아름다움의 기준을 시대별로 정리해야 한다.
② 예술가는 아름다움보다 도덕성을 우선해 작품을 제작해야 한다.
③ 예술가는 추한 예술의 독창성을 대중에게 적극 홍보해야 한다.
④ 예술가는 추함의 표현을 활용해 비판적 사고를 이끌어야 한다.
⑤ 예술가는 아름다운 작품으로도 새로운 관점을 충분히 제시해야 한다.

9. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

That which is forgotten is not always lost. Research shows that memories remain stored even if we can’t readily retrieve them. Take the brain activity of numerous university students who were observed during memory formation and recall. When students were asked to remember as much as they could about a list of words they’d been given earlier in the study, fMRI scans showed that the brain activity throughout recall was the same as in the course of the learning process. Even when students had forgotten most of what they had learned, the original neurological patterns were still picked up, illustrating that the memories were still there despite being unattainable. Much is still unclear regarding how long memories persist, but evidence like this has shown that it might be longer than we think. Therefore, it would not be wrong to say that memories are just archived in the less accessible parts of our brains.

① 우리는 기억이 사라졌다고 쉽게 단정하지 말아야 한다.
② 우리는 기억의 지속 시간을 정확히 측정하려 애써야 한다.
③ 우리는 학습 시의 뇌 활동을 반복해 재현해야 한다.
④ 우리는 단어 목록을 활용해 기억력을 꾸준히 훈련해야 한다.
⑤ 우리는 뇌의 접근 어려운 영역을 집중적으로 자극해야 한다.

10. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Assistive technologies allow disabled individuals to perform an array of tasks without the aid of another person, thereby increasing their level of independence. Although recent developments have improved the functionality of assistive technologies, the corresponding increase in complexity necessitates that sufficient training be offered to the people with disabilities who will use them. While some devices can be easily incorporated into a person’s life with a minimum of instruction, others are more sophisticated and require a significant amount of knowledge to be utilized effectively. In fact, a number of studies have shown that people who avoid new assistive technologies report feeling intimidated by the complex interfaces and many optional features, which leads them to believe that they are unqualified to operate them. Fortunately, individuals who are provided with access to ongoing support have an increased likelihood of overcoming this barrier and integrating new assistive technologies into their day-to-day routine, greatly enhancing the overall quality of their life.

① 장애인에게 보조기기의 선택권을 폭넓게 보장해야 한다.
② 장애인에게 새 보조기기 사용 교육과 지속 지원을 제공해야 한다.
③ 장애인에게 보조기기의 복잡한 기능을 줄여서 보급해야 한다.
④ 장애인에게 최소한의 설명으로 기기를 익히게 해야 한다.
⑤ 장애인에게 보조기기 인터페이스 표준화를 우선 추진해야 한다.

11. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

In Adam Smith’s 1759 work The Theory of Moral Sentiments, he posited that, although everyone is driven to a certain extent by self-interest and personal passions, we act in accordance with others’ expectations. As members of society, we are keenly aware of what behaviors are considered objectionable to the majority and what are not based on the reactions we receive or witness. Because we have a natural ability to empathize and want others to see us as morally accountable, we are taught that we must do what is perceived as the right thing. To help us determine whether we are doing the right thing, Smith suggested that we each have a conscience that informs us of how our behavior will be interpreted. This “impartial spectator,” as he called it, prevents us from being overly interested in our own affairs and causes us to do things that are worthy of society’s praise rather than its reproach.

① 우리는 사회의 비난을 피할 행동 기준을 익혀야 한다.
② 우리는 타인의 기대에 맞는 태도를 꾸준히 길러야 한다.
③ 우리는 양심의 판단에 따라 옳은 일을 선택해야 한다.
④ 우리는 공감 능력을 바탕으로 타인의 감정을 살펴야 한다.
⑤ 우리는 사회의 칭찬을 받는 행동을 우선 추구해야 한다.

1. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true? People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports. But this internal filter can easily create the impression that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency. So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on ________?”

① emotional reactions
② selective memory
③ accurate evidence
④ social anxiety
⑤ media attention

2. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of ________ that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis.

① distance
② familiarity
③ sympathy
④ involvement
⑤ suspicion

3. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint. Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas. The key to meaningful innovation is ________ — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products.

① discipline
② autonomy
③ flexibility
④ spontaneity
⑤ experimentation

4. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?). In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion. This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to ________.

① disclose
② regulate
③ classify
④ fabricate
⑤ intensify

5. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain. However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.” This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license. Therefore, the key legal risk of NFTs lies in the possibility of ________.

① market expansion
② ownership transfer
③ creative circulation
④ rights violation
⑤ price inflation

6. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later. It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun. The long-lasting appeal of the Ptolemaic view lay in its powerful image of Earth as the universe’s ________.

① boundary
② framework
③ midpoint
④ motion
⑤ surface

7. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures. He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called “music.” That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds. For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce a single note. The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of “silence,” the audience would find that there was not silence at all; they would become aware of the ambient sounds around them that would typically be ignored. Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation. In this way, Cage tried to shift listeners’ attention from intentional performance to ________.

① private emotion
② bodily noise
③ ambient presence
④ musical discipline
⑤ vocal technique

8. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

“Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly...” Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time. Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has been applied to the good. But are these terms this simple? Why must “ugly” have a negative connotation? After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing. By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece. They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is a key characteristic of compelling art anyway. Thus, art made to appear “ugly” may possess greater ________ than conventionally beautiful works.

① passivity
② conformity
③ moral worth
④ intellectual force
⑤ visual harmony

9. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

That which is forgotten is not always lost. Research shows that memories remain stored even if we can’t readily retrieve them. Take the brain activity of numerous university students who were observed during memory formation and recall. When students were asked to remember as much as they could about a list of words they’d been given earlier in the study, fMRI scans showed that the brain activity throughout recall was the same as in the course of the learning process. Even when students had forgotten most of what they had learned, the original neurological patterns were still picked up, illustrating that the memories were still there despite being unattainable. Much is still unclear regarding how long memories persist, but evidence like this has shown that they may reside in mental ________ rather than having disappeared altogether.

① rehearsal
② archives
③ exposure
④ confusion
⑤ erasure

10. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Assistive technologies allow disabled individuals to perform an array of tasks without the aid of another person, thereby increasing their level of independence. Although recent developments have improved the functionality of assistive technologies, the corresponding increase in complexity necessitates that sufficient training be offered to the people with disabilities who will use them. While some devices can be easily incorporated into a person’s life with a minimum of instruction, others are more sophisticated and require a significant amount of knowledge to be utilized effectively. In fact, a number of studies have shown that people who avoid new assistive technologies report feeling intimidated by the complex interfaces and many optional features, which leads them to believe that they are unqualified to operate them. Fortunately, individuals who are provided with access to ongoing support have an increased likelihood of overcoming this barrier and integrating new assistive technologies into their day-to-day routine, greatly enhancing the overall quality of their life. The passage suggests that continued support helps users move past psychological ________ to adopting assistive technologies.

① resistance
② dependence
③ expertise
④ convenience
⑤ confidence

11. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

In Adam Smith’s 1759 work The Theory of Moral Sentiments, he posited that, although everyone is driven to a certain extent by self-interest and personal passions, we act in accordance with others’ expectations. As members of society, we are keenly aware of what behaviors are considered objectionable to the majority and what are not based on the reactions we receive or witness. Because we have a natural ability to empathize and want others to see us as morally accountable, we are taught that we must do what is perceived as the right thing. To help us determine whether we are doing the right thing, Smith suggested that we each have a conscience that informs us of how our behavior will be interpreted. This “impartial spectator,” as he called it, prevents us from being overly interested in our own affairs and causes us to do things that are worthy of society’s ________ rather than its reproach.

① restraint
② approval
③ anxiety
④ obedience
⑤ isolation

1. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true? People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports. But this internal filter can easily create the impression that __________________________. The truth of the matter is that they are less common now than in the past; in fact, the murder rate in the United States has declined by almost 50 percent over the past 30 years. So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on accurate information?”

① the media causes violent acts to increase steadily
② extreme incidents are becoming our normal condition
③ murders are reported less often than before
④ public fear makes crime statistics easier to verify
⑤ shocking cases happen more and more often

2. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with __________________, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis.

① the detachment usually reserved for distant societies
② the curiosity that made banking risks eventually disappear
③ the confidence traditionally granted to familiar institutions
④ the methods that turned corporations into objective outsiders
⑤ the suspicion commonly directed at exotic customs alone

3. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint. Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas. The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure __________________________.

① that leaves originality entirely to chance
② that can turn promising notions into marketable offerings
③ that rewards employees for avoiding managerial control
④ that broadens autonomy beyond existing project boundaries
⑤ that emerges only after breakthrough ideas appear

4. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?). In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion. This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are __________________________.

① difficult to conceal through sound alone
② easier to detect when we recognize them
③ shaped by whatever listeners expect first
④ limited to a few basic vocal signals
⑤ impossible to interpret across cultures reliably

5. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain. However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.” This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to __________________________.

① transferring ownership through a verified public record
② reproducing protected content without obtaining authorization
③ proving originality by attaching a token to the work
④ allowing collectors to claim a personal bond with art
⑤ ensuring that only the legal owner may sell it

6. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later. It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that __________________________.

① the Sun circles Earth with the outer stars
② the planets remained fixed on transparent spheres
③ Earth moves as one of the Sun’s attendants
④ the stars define the center of the universe
⑤ Earth alone stayed motionless at the center

7. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures. He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called “music.” That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds. For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce a single note. The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of “silence,” the audience would find that there was not silence at all; they would become aware of __________________________ that would typically be ignored. Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation.

① the hidden soundscape surrounding them
② the musical structure created by performers
③ the complete absence of any outer noise
④ the visual cues provided by the stage
⑤ the inner emotions stirred by memory

8. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

“Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly…” Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time. Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has been applied to the good. But are these terms this simple? Why must “ugly” have a negative connotation? After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing. By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece. They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which shows that __________________________ anyway.

① aesthetic roughness can open the mind
② beauty makes critical discourse more necessary
③ ugliness always reflects moral corruption
④ artists should avoid fine art techniques
⑤ viewers embrace new ideas before questioning beauty

9. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

That which is forgotten is not always lost. Research shows that memories remain stored even if we can’t readily retrieve them. Take the brain activity of numerous university students who were observed during memory formation and recall. When students were asked to remember as much as they could about a list of words they’d been given earlier in the study, fMRI scans showed that the brain activity throughout recall was the same as in the course of the learning process. Even when students had forgotten most of what they had learned, the original neurological patterns were still picked up, illustrating that the memories were still there despite being unattainable. Much is still unclear regarding how long memories persist, but evidence like this has shown that it might be longer than we think. Therefore, it would not be wrong to say that memories are just __________________________ of our brains.

① being rebuilt whenever recall begins
② fading away before scans detect them
③ tucked into harder-to-reach regions
④ replaced by newly learned word lists
⑤ produced only through repeated retrieval

10. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Assistive technologies allow disabled individuals to perform an array of tasks without the aid of another person, thereby increasing their level of independence. Although recent developments have improved the functionality of assistive technologies, the corresponding increase in complexity necessitates that sufficient training be offered to the people with disabilities who will use them. While some devices can be easily incorporated into a person’s life with a minimum of instruction, others are more sophisticated and require a significant amount of knowledge to be utilized effectively. In fact, a number of studies have shown that people who avoid new assistive technologies report feeling intimidated by the complex interfaces and many optional features, which leads them to believe that they are unqualified to operate them. Fortunately, individuals who are provided with access to ongoing support have an increased likelihood of overcoming this barrier and __________________________, greatly enhancing the overall quality of their life.

① becoming dependent on others for instruction
② mastering devices before receiving any guidance
③ folding advanced tools into everyday practice
④ rejecting features that require technical knowledge
⑤ proving that complexity improves independence alone

11. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

In Adam Smith’s 1759 work The Theory of Moral Sentiments, he posited that, although everyone is driven to a certain extent by self-interest and personal passions, we act in accordance with others’ expectations. As members of society, we are keenly aware of what behaviors are considered objectionable to the majority and what are not based on the reactions we receive or witness. Because we have a natural ability to empathize and want others to see us as morally accountable, we are taught that we must do what is perceived as the right thing. To help us determine whether we are doing the right thing, Smith suggested that we each have a conscience that informs us of how our behavior will be interpreted. This “impartial spectator,” as he called it, prevents us from being overly interested in our own affairs and causes us to do things __________________________ rather than its reproach.

① that satisfy our private desires above all
② that society praises because conscience obeys it
③ that secure approval from an internalized public gaze
④ that mirror the passions we naturally cannot restrain
⑤ that avoid judgment by ignoring others’ expectations

1. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true?

(가) Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports.

(나) But this internal filter can easily create the impression that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency. The truth of the matter is that they are less common now than in the past; in fact, the murder rate in the United States has declined by almost 50 percent over the past 30 years.

(다) People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on accurate information?”

① (가) - (나) - (다)
② (가) - (다) - (나)
③ (나) - (가) - (다)
④ (다) - (가) - (나)
⑤ (다) - (나) - (가)

2. 다음 글에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences.

(가) Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis.

(나) Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of.

(다) Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.”

① (나) - (가) - (다)
② (나) - (다) - (가)
③ (가) - (나) - (다)
④ (다) - (가) - (나)
⑤ (다) - (나) - (가)

3. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것은?

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy.

(가) Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas. The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress.

(나) Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint.

(다) All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products.

① (나)－(가)－(다)
② (나)－(다)－(가)
③ (가)－(나)－(다)
④ (다)－(가)－(나)
⑤ (다)－(나)－(가)

4. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement.

(가) In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion.

(나) According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?).

(다) This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to fake.

① (가) - (나) - (다)
② (나) - (가) - (다)
③ (나) - (다) - (가)
④ (다) - (가) - (나)
⑤ (다) - (나) - (가)

5. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것은?

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork.

(가) However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.”

(나) Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain.

(다) NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license.

① (다) - (나) - (가)
② (나) - (다) - (가)
③ (다) - (가) - (나)
④ (나) - (가) - (다)
⑤ (가) - (다) - (나)

6. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe.

(가) The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later.

(나) Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations.

(다) It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun.

① (가)-(나)-(다)
② (나)-(가)-(다)
③ (나)-(다)-(가)
④ (다)-(가)-(나)
⑤ (다)-(나)-(가)

7. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것은?

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures.

(가) He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called “music.” That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds.

(나) The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of “silence,” the audience would find that there was not silence at all; they would become aware of the ambient sounds around them that would typically be ignored. Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation.

(다) For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce a single note.

① (가)－(다)－(나)
② (가)－(나)－(다)
③ (나)－(가)－(다)
④ (다)－(가)－(나)
⑤ (다)－(나)－(가)

8. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

“Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly…” Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time.

(가) Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has been applied to the good. But are these terms this simple?

(나) Why must “ugly” have a negative connotation? After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing.

(다) By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece. They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is a key characteristic of compelling art anyway.

① (가)－(나)－(다)
② (가)－(다)－(나)
③ (나)－(가)－(다)
④ (나)－(다)－(가)
⑤ (다)－(가)－(나)

9. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

That which is forgotten is not always lost.

(가) When students were asked to remember as much as they could about a list of words they’d been given earlier in the study, fMRI scans showed that the brain activity throughout recall was the same as in the course of the learning process. Even when students had forgotten most of what they had learned, the original neurological patterns were still picked up, illustrating that the memories were still there despite being unattainable.

(나) Research shows that memories remain stored even if we can’t readily retrieve them. Take the brain activity of numerous university students who were observed during memory formation and recall.

(다) Much is still unclear regarding how long memories persist, but evidence like this has shown that it might be longer than we think. Therefore, it would not be wrong to say that memories are just archived in the less accessible parts of our brains.

① (나) - (가) - (다)
② (나) - (다) - (가)
③ (가) - (나) - (다)
④ (다) - (가) - (나)
⑤ (다) - (나) - (가)

10. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것은?

Assistive technologies allow disabled individuals to perform an array of tasks without the aid of another person, thereby increasing their level of independence.

(가) Although recent developments have improved the functionality of assistive technologies, the corresponding increase in complexity necessitates that sufficient training be offered to the people with disabilities who will use them. While some devices can be easily incorporated into a person’s life with a minimum of instruction, others are more sophisticated and require a significant amount of knowledge to be utilized effectively.

(나) Fortunately, individuals who are provided with access to ongoing support have an increased likelihood of overcoming this barrier and integrating new assistive technologies into their day-to-day routine, greatly enhancing the overall quality of their life.

(다) In fact, a number of studies have shown that people who avoid new assistive technologies report feeling intimidated by the complex interfaces and many optional features, which leads them to believe that they are unqualified to operate them.

① (가) - (다) - (나)
② (가) - (나) - (다)
③ (나) - (가) - (다)
④ (다) - (가) - (나)
⑤ (다) - (나) - (가)

11. 다음 글에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것은?

In Adam Smith’s 1759 work The Theory of Moral Sentiments, he posited that, although everyone is driven to a certain extent by self-interest and personal passions, we act in accordance with others’ expectations.

(가) Because we have a natural ability to empathize and want others to see us as morally accountable, we are taught that we must do what is perceived as the right thing. To help us determine whether we are doing the right thing, Smith suggested that we each have a conscience that informs us of how our behavior will be interpreted.

(나) As members of society, we are keenly aware of what behaviors are considered objectionable to the majority and what are not based on the reactions we receive or witness. Because we have a natural ability to empathize and want others to see us as morally accountable, we are taught that we must do what is perceived as the right thing.

(다) To help us determine whether we are doing the right thing, Smith suggested that we each have a conscience that informs us of how our behavior will be interpreted. This “impartial spectator,” as he called it, prevents us from being overly interested in our own affairs and causes us to do things that are worthy of society’s praise rather than its reproach.

① (가) - (나) - (다)
② (나) - (가) - (다)
③ (나) - (다) - (가)
④ (다) - (가) - (나)
⑤ (다) - (나) - (가)

1번

다음 글에서 But this internal filter can easily create the impression that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency.가 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true? ① People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. ② This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports. The truth of the matter is that they are less common now than in the past; in fact, the murder rate in the United States has declined by almost 50 percent over the past 30 years. ③ So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on accurate information?” When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. ④ But is this really true? People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. ⑤ Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports.

①
②
③
④
⑤

2. 다음 글에서 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of.

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. ① Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” ② Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis. In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. ③ Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. ④ Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis. ⑤

3. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas.

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. ① To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint. The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. ② All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products. ③ There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. ④ To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint. The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. ⑤ All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products.

①
②
③
④
⑤

4. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion.

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. ① According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?). ② In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. ③ This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to fake. ④ Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. ⑤ They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?).

①
②
③
④
⑤

5. 다음 글에서 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.”

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. ① Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain. However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. ② This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license. ③ ④ ⑤

①
②
③
④
⑤

6. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later.

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. ① According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. ② It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun. ③ The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. ④ According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. ⑤ It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun.

①
②
③
④
⑤

7. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds.

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures. ① He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called “music.” For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce a single note. ② The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of “silence,” the audience would find that there was not silence at all; they would become aware of the ambient sounds around them that would typically be ignored. ③ Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation. ④ John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures. ⑤ He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called “music.”

①
②
③
④
⑤

8. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing.

“Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly…” Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time. Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has been applied to the good. ① But are these terms this simple? Why must “ugly” have a negative connotation? ② After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. ③ By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece. ④ They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is a key characteristic of compelling art anyway. ⑤

①
②
③
④
⑤

9. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

Therefore, it would not be wrong to say that memories are just archived in the less accessible parts of our brains.

That which is forgotten is not always lost. Research shows that memories remain stored even if we can’t readily retrieve them. ① Take the brain activity of numerous university students who were observed during memory formation and recall. When students were asked to remember as much as they could about a list of words they’d been given earlier in the study, fMRI scans showed that the brain activity throughout recall was the same as in the course of the learning process. ② Even when students had forgotten most of what they had learned, the original neurological patterns were still picked up, illustrating that the memories were still there despite being unattainable. Much is still unclear regarding how long memories persist, but evidence like this has shown that it might be longer than we think. ③ That which is forgotten is not always lost. ④ Research shows that memories remain stored even if we can’t readily retrieve them. ⑤ Take the brain activity of numerous university students who were observed during memory formation and recall.

①
②
③
④
⑤

10. 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

In fact, a number of studies have shown that people who avoid new assistive technologies report feeling intimidated by the complex interfaces and many optional features, which leads them to believe that they are unqualified to operate them.

Assistive technologies allow disabled individuals to perform an array of tasks without the aid of another person, thereby increasing their level of independence. Although recent developments have improved the functionality of assistive technologies, the corresponding increase in complexity necessitates that sufficient training be offered to the people with disabilities who will use them. ① While some devices can be easily incorporated into a person’s life with a minimum of instruction, others are more sophisticated and require a significant amount of knowledge to be utilized effectively. ② Fortunately, individuals who are provided with access to ongoing support have an increased likelihood of overcoming this barrier and integrating new assistive technologies into their day-to-day routine, greatly enhancing the overall quality of their life. ③ Assistive technologies allow disabled individuals to perform an array of tasks without the aid of another person, thereby increasing their level of independence. ④ Although recent developments have improved the functionality of assistive technologies, the corresponding increase in complexity necessitates that sufficient training be offered to the people with disabilities who will use them. ⑤ While some devices can be easily incorporated into a person’s life with a minimum of instruction, others are more sophisticated and require a significant amount of knowledge to be utilized effectively.

①
②
③
④
⑤

11. 다음 글에서 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

This “impartial spectator,” as he called it, prevents us from being overly interested in our own affairs and causes us to do things that are worthy of society’s praise rather than its reproach.

In Adam Smith’s 1759 work The Theory of Moral Sentiments, he posited that, although everyone is driven to a certain extent by self-interest and personal passions, we act in accordance with others’ expectations. As members of society, we are keenly aware of what behaviors are considered objectionable to the majority and what are not based on the reactions we receive or witness. ① Because we have a natural ability to empathize and want others to see us as morally accountable, we are taught that we must do what is perceived as the right thing. ② To help us determine whether we are doing the right thing, Smith suggested that we each have a conscience that informs us of how our behavior will be interpreted. ③ ④ ⑤

①
②
③
④
⑤