1. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true? People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports. But this internal filter can easily create the impression that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency. The truth of the matter is that they are less common now than in the past; in fact, the murder rate in the United States has declined by almost 50 percent over the past 30 years. So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on accurate information?”

① dangers of trusting crime news without legal evidence
② need for fact-based judgment beyond fear-driven impressions
③ increase in violent acts through repeated murder reports
④ reasons for public interest in shocking crime stories
⑤ ways to reduce the murder rate in modern society

2. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis.

① limits of outsider objectivity in studying exotic cultures
② effects of the 2008 crisis on banking anthropology
③ ways to reduce corporate risks through field research
④ emergence of inward-looking anthropology for familiar societies
⑤ importance of Western researchers in corporate investigations

3. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint. Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas. The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products.

① benefits of removing limits on developers
② need for organized conditions for useful innovation
③ ways to inspire software teams through autonomy
④ effects of management control on employee motivation
⑤ importance of bold ideas beyond business models

4. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?). In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion. This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to fake.

① limits of online studies on emotional judgments
② effects of vocal cues on hiding inner feelings
③ ways to classify nonverbal sounds across cultures
④ importance of actors in recording emotional expressions
⑤ changes in human emotions during spoken interaction

5. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain. However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.” This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license.

① the growth of blockchain-based records in art sales
② the dangers of unregulated digital ownership claims
③ the value of unique connections between collectors and art
④ ways to prevent costly mistakes in minting NFTs
⑤ the rising demand for photos, videos, and artwork online

6. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later. It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun.

① the role of transparent spheres in moving the stars
② the long dominance and later replacement of a world model
③ the reasons Earth was fixed at the center of space
④ the superiority of the geocentric model over the heliocentric one
⑤ the differences between the Moon and planets in rotation

7. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures. He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called “music.” That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds. For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce a single note. The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of “silence,” the audience would find that there was not silence at all; they would become aware of the ambient sounds around them that would typically be ignored. Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation.

① effects of strict musical structures on creativity
② ambient sounds as unnoticed parts of listening experience
③ reasons for Cage's use of unconventional instruments
④ limits of silence in modern concert performance
⑤ ways to challenge audiences through controversial music

8. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

“Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly…” Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time. Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has been applied to the good. But are these terms this simple? Why must “ugly” have a negative connotation? After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing. By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece. They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is a key characteristic of compelling art anyway.

① moral standards behind beautiful and ugly art
② effects of unsettling art on critical reflection
③ limits of fine art techniques in shaping beauty
④ reasons beautiful art is valued over ugly art
⑤ ways social change redefines all artistic values

9. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

That which is forgotten is not always lost. Research shows that memories remain stored even if we can’t readily retrieve them. Take the brain activity of numerous university students who were observed during memory formation and recall. When students were asked to remember as much as they could about a list of words they’d been given earlier in the study, fMRI scans showed that the brain activity throughout recall was the same as in the course of the learning process. Even when students had forgotten most of what they had learned, the original neurological patterns were still picked up, illustrating that the memories were still there despite being unattainable. Much is still unclear regarding how long memories persist, but evidence like this has shown that it might be longer than we think. Therefore, it would not be wrong to say that memories are just archived in the less accessible parts of our brains.

① brain activity during word-list learning and recall
② limits of fMRI in tracking hidden memory traces
③ effects of university study habits on memory loss
④ persistence of stored memories beyond easy access
⑤ ways to recover forgotten memories through practice

10. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Assistive technologies allow disabled individuals to perform an array of tasks without the aid of another person, thereby increasing their level of independence. Although recent developments have improved the functionality of assistive technologies, the corresponding increase in complexity necessitates that sufficient training be offered to the people with disabilities who will use them. While some devices can be easily incorporated into a person’s life with a minimum of instruction, others are more sophisticated and require a significant amount of knowledge to be utilized effectively. In fact, a number of studies have shown that people who avoid new assistive technologies report feeling intimidated by the complex interfaces and many optional features, which leads them to believe that they are unqualified to operate them. Fortunately, individuals who are provided with access to ongoing support have an increased likelihood of overcoming this barrier and integrating new assistive technologies into their day-to-day routine, greatly enhancing the overall quality of their life.

① growing dependence on highly automated support devices
② the need for continued guidance in adopting complex aids
③ optional features as the main cause of disability isolation
④ ways to simplify all assistive technologies for users
⑤ limits of independence gained through basic instruction

11. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

In Adam Smith’s 1759 work The Theory of Moral Sentiments, he posited that, although everyone is driven to a certain extent by self-interest and personal passions, we act in accordance with others’ expectations. As members of society, we are keenly aware of what behaviors are considered objectionable to the majority and what are not based on the reactions we receive or witness. Because we have a natural ability to empathize and want others to see us as morally accountable, we are taught that we must do what is perceived as the right thing. To help us determine whether we are doing the right thing, Smith suggested that we each have a conscience that informs us of how our behavior will be interpreted. This “impartial spectator,” as he called it, prevents us from being overly interested in our own affairs and causes us to do things that are worthy of society’s praise rather than its reproach.

① limits of self-interest in moral education
② effects of social judgment on moral self-regulation
③ reasons for rejecting society’s moral expectations
④ ways to strengthen empathy through public praise
⑤ differences between conscience and personal passions

1번. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true? People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports. But this internal filter can easily create the impression that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency. The truth of the matter is that they are less common now than in the past; in fact, the murder rate in the United States has declined by almost 50 percent over the past 30 years. So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on accurate information?”

요약문:

Because the mind is naturally drawn to alarming signals, people may mistake what is most mentally ___(A)___ for what is socially most ___(B)___, unless they test their beliefs against evidence.

① vivid …… prevalent
② vivid …… negligible
③ familiar …… prevalent
④ familiar …… negligible
⑤ impartial …… temporary

2. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis.

요약문:

Anthropology proves most revealing when it treats the familiar as something to be ___(A)___ rather than assumed, allowing hidden patterns within one’s own social world to become ___(B)___.

① decoded …… visible
② decoded …… unquestioned
③ normalized …… visible
④ normalized …… unquestioned
⑤ inhabited …… incidental

3. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint. Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas. The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products.

요약문:

In business, original ideas are more likely to emerge when creativity is treated not as pure ___(A)___ but as a process shaped by organizational ___(B)___.

① spontaneity …… discipline
② spontaneity …… prestige
③ compliance …… discipline
④ compliance …… prestige
⑤ hesitation …… randomness

4. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?). In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion. This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to fake.

요약문:

Even when words attempt to manage social impressions, the voice functions as an ___(A)___ channel through which listeners can detect emotionally ___(B)___ states.

① involuntary …… transparent
② involuntary …… fabricated
③ strategic …… transparent
④ strategic …… fragmented
⑤ decorative …… fabricated

5. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain. However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.” This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license.

요약문:

NFTs have turned digital collecting into a form of ___(A)___ by assigning exclusive ownership through blockchain records, but in the absence of legal oversight, that same system can also enable the ___(B)___ of creators’ rights.

① prestige …… erosion
② prestige …… verification
③ authentication …… erosion
④ authentication …… verification
⑤ speculation …… concealment

6. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later. It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun.

요약문:
The long-standing view of the cosmos rested on Earth’s ___(A)___ within a layered cosmic order, until Copernicus replaced that framework with a radically different ___(B)___ of planetary motion.

① centrality …… configuration
② centrality …… preservation
③ stability …… configuration
④ stability …… preservation
⑤ isolation …… hierarchy

7. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures. He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called “music.” That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds. For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce a single note. The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of “silence,” the audience would find that there was not silence at all; they would become aware of the ambient sounds around them that would typically be ignored. Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation.

요약문:

By presenting apparent nonperformance as art, Cage tried to shift listeners from expecting deliberate sound to recognizing that what seems acoustically empty is actually full of ___(A)___, making “silence” itself a form of ___(B)___.

① presence …… composition
② presence …… decoration
③ absence …… composition
④ absence …… decoration
⑤ novelty …… distraction

8. 다음 글의 요약문으로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

“Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly…” Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time. Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has been applied to the good. But are these terms this simple? Why must “ugly” have a negative connotation? After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing. By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece. They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is a key characteristic of compelling art anyway.

요약문:

Rather than being fixed measures of artistic worth, judgments of beauty and ugliness are ___(A)___ frames, and works marked as ugly may prove especially ___(B)___ by unsettling inherited assumptions and opening viewers to fresh thought.

① negotiated …… generative
② negotiated …… decorative
③ inherent …… generative
④ inherent …… ornamental
⑤ absolute …… ornamental

9. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

That which is forgotten is not always lost. Research shows that memories remain stored even if we can’t readily retrieve them. Take the brain activity of numerous university students who were observed during memory formation and recall. When students were asked to remember as much as they could about a list of words they’d been given earlier in the study, fMRI scans showed that the brain activity throughout recall was the same as in the course of the learning process. Even when students had forgotten most of what they had learned, the original neurological patterns were still picked up, illustrating that the memories were still there despite being unattainable. Much is still unclear regarding how long memories persist, but evidence like this has shown that it might be longer than we think. Therefore, it would not be wrong to say that memories are just archived in the less accessible parts of our brains.

요약문:

What appears to be mental disappearance may actually be a problem of ___(A)___ rather than ___(B)___, since the brain can preserve traces of learning even when conscious recall breaks down.

① access …… extinction
② access …… distortion
③ retention …… extinction
④ retention …… distortion
⑤ reconstruction …… decay

10. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말을 고르시오.

Assistive technologies allow disabled individuals to perform an array of tasks without the aid of another person, thereby increasing their level of independence. Although recent developments have improved the functionality of assistive technologies, the corresponding increase in complexity necessitates that sufficient training be offered to the people with disabilities who will use them. While some devices can be easily incorporated into a person’s life with a minimum of instruction, others are more sophisticated and require a significant amount of knowledge to be utilized effectively. In fact, a number of studies have shown that people who avoid new assistive technologies report feeling intimidated by the complex interfaces and many optional features, which leads them to believe that they are unqualified to operate them. Fortunately, individuals who are provided with access to ongoing support have an increased likelihood of overcoming this barrier and integrating new assistive technologies into their day-to-day routine, greatly enhancing the overall quality of their life.

요약문:

The promise of assistive technology is realized not merely through better design but through reducing users’ ___(A)___ toward complicated systems, since continued guidance makes adoption more ___(B)___ in everyday life.

① hesitation …… sustainable
② hesitation …… superficial
③ confidence …… sustainable
④ confidence …… superficial
⑤ resistance …… temporary

11. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

In Adam Smith’s 1759 work The Theory of Moral Sentiments, he posited that, although everyone is driven to a certain extent by self-interest and personal passions, we act in accordance with others’ expectations. As members of society, we are keenly aware of what behaviors are considered objectionable to the majority and what are not based on the reactions we receive or witness. Because we have a natural ability to empathize and want others to see us as morally accountable, we are taught that we must do what is perceived as the right thing. To help us determine whether we are doing the right thing, Smith suggested that we each have a conscience that informs us of how our behavior will be interpreted. This “impartial spectator,” as he called it, prevents us from being overly interested in our own affairs and causes us to do things that are worthy of society’s praise rather than its reproach.

요약문:

Smith suggests that social life works by turning other people’s likely judgments into an inner ___(A)___, which restrains private impulses and steers us toward public ___(B)___.

① compass …… approval
② compass …… isolation
③ impulse …… approval
④ impulse …… alienation
⑤ instinct …… conformity

1. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true? People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports. But this internal filter can easily create the impression that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency. The truth of the matter is that they are less common now than in the past; in fact, the murder rate in the United States has declined by almost 50 percent over the past 30 years. So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on accurate information?”

① causing violent crimes to happen more often in society
② making people judge reality through selected fearful cases
③ leading reporters to publish only stories about murders
④ proving that society is entering a serious moral crisis
⑤ helping individuals remember factual reports more clearly

2. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis.

① physically turn the device used for observation around
② examine their own society with analytic distance
③ reject objective methods in the study of culture entirely
④ focus only on unfamiliar groups outside their experience
⑤ compare banking systems in all Western countries equally

3. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint. Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas. The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products.

① giving workers complete freedom from ongoing tasks
② setting clear aims and support for useful results
③ encouraging developers to imagine more original applications
④ removing limits so that creativity can grow naturally
⑤ measuring progress to reward the most independent employees

4. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?). In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion. This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to fake.

① physically moved you away from your friend
② made your real emotional state noticeable to others
③ helped your friend trust what you were saying
④ produced a wider range of recognizable emotions
⑤ prevented others from reacting to vocal bursts

5. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain. However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.” This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license.

① while keeping full control over later sales
② after clearly approving that specific use
③ even though they did not allow its creation
④ because they failed to register it online
⑤ so that ownership can be shared publicly

6. 다음 글에서 marks the boundary of this universe가 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later. It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun.

① physically carries the stars around Earth in its daily motion
② serves as the outer limit beyond which that cosmos does not extend
③ proves that transparent spheres rotate faster than planets and the Moon
④ places the Sun outside the system centered on an unmoving Earth
⑤ shows that every model of the universe must have a fixed edge

7. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures. He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called “music.” That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds. For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce a single note. The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of “silence,” the audience would find that there was not silence at all; they would become aware of the ambient sounds around them that would typically be ignored. Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation.

① a complete absence of any sound during the performance
② an unnoticed field of surrounding sounds becoming perceptible
③ a refusal to accept any musical form built on fixed rhythm
④ a performance in which listeners should remain perfectly quiet
⑤ an attempt to make inner bodily noises replace all instruments

8. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

“Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly…” Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time. Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has been applied to the good. But are these terms this simple? Why must “ugly” have a negative connotation? After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing. By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece. They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is a key characteristic of compelling art anyway.

① causing viewers to accept unfamiliar thoughts more openly
② making viewers judge beauty by fixed moral standards
③ leading viewers to reject unusual forms as improper
④ helping viewers focus only on technical skill in art
⑤ causing viewers to prefer beauty over originality

9. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

That which is forgotten is not always lost. Research shows that memories remain stored even if we can’t readily retrieve them. Take the brain activity of numerous university students who were observed during memory formation and recall. When students were asked to remember as much as they could about a list of words they’d been given earlier in the study, fMRI scans showed that the brain activity throughout recall was the same as in the course of the learning process. Even when students had forgotten most of what they had learned, the original neurological patterns were still picked up, illustrating that the memories were still there despite being unattainable. Much is still unclear regarding how long memories persist, but evidence like this has shown that it might be longer than we think. Therefore, it would not be wrong to say that memories are just archived in the less accessible parts of our brains.

① physically moved to a hidden place inside the brain
② completely erased unless they are recalled at once
③ still stored although they are difficult to retrieve
④ newly formed through the act of repeated recall
⑤ usually available only for a shorter time than expected

10. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Assistive technologies allow disabled individuals to perform an array of tasks without the aid of another person, thereby increasing their level of independence. Although recent developments have improved the functionality of assistive technologies, the corresponding increase in complexity necessitates that sufficient training be offered to the people with disabilities who will use them. While some devices can be easily incorporated into a person’s life with a minimum of instruction, others are more sophisticated and require a significant amount of knowledge to be utilized effectively. In fact, a number of studies have shown that people who avoid new assistive technologies report feeling intimidated by the complex interfaces and many optional features, which leads them to believe that they are unqualified to operate them. Fortunately, individuals who are provided with access to ongoing support have an increased likelihood of overcoming this barrier and integrating new assistive technologies into their day-to-day routine, greatly enhancing the overall quality of their life.

① unable to use the devices properly because they lack enough understanding
② required to remove optional features before starting to use the devices
③ expected to depend on other people when operating every new device
④ unwilling to improve the overall function of assistive technologies
⑤ selected to receive only a minimum amount of instruction

11. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

In Adam Smith’s 1759 work The Theory of Moral Sentiments, he posited that, although everyone is driven to a certain extent by self-interest and personal passions, we act in accordance with others’ expectations. As members of society, we are keenly aware of what behaviors are considered objectionable to the majority and what are not based on the reactions we receive or witness. Because we have a natural ability to empathize and want others to see us as morally accountable, we are taught that we must do what is perceived as the right thing. To help us determine whether we are doing the right thing, Smith suggested that we each have a conscience that informs us of how our behavior will be interpreted. This “impartial spectator,” as he called it, prevents us from being overly interested in our own affairs and causes us to do things that are worthy of society’s praise rather than its reproach.

① making us ignore all personal concerns in every situation
② leading us to judge ourselves from a socially detached viewpoint
③ forcing us to follow whatever the majority immediately demands
④ allowing us to pursue private passions without public criticism
⑤ teaching us to copy the reactions we witness in other people

1. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true? People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports. But this internal filter can easily create the impression that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency. The truth of the matter is that they are less common now than in the past; in fact, the murder rate in the United States has declined by almost 50 percent over the past 30 years. So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on accurate information?”

① Why Murder News Stays in Human Memory
② Violent Crimes: A Growing Sign of Social Crisis
③ Beyond Fear, Toward a Fact-Based View
④ How the United States Reduced Murder Rates
⑤ Trusting Instincts in Judging Social Change

2. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis.

① Banking Risks and the 2008 Financial Crisis
② Can Outsiders Alone Understand a Society Well?
③ Turning Familiar Worlds Into Fields of Inquiry
④ Western Anthropologists and Their Exotic Research Subjects
⑤ How Corporations Learned Anthropological Methods

3. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint. Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas. The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products.

① Why Freedom Helps Developers Build Better Applications
② Structure as the Frame for Lasting Innovation
③ Employee Autonomy: The First Rule of Creative Success
④ Measuring Progress in Software Companies for Market Growth
⑤ From Consumer Imagination to Business Expansion

4. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?). In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion. This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to fake.

① Why Vocal Bursts Mislead Human Emotion
② The Voice as an Unreliable Social Signal
③ Never Ignore Sighs in Daily Conversation
④ When Inner States Break Through Sound
⑤ Can Actors Create Every Human Emotion?

5. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain. However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.” This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license.

① Why Blockchain Ownership Attracts Art Collectors So Fast
② A New Certificate, an Old Problem of Permission
③ How NFTs Guarantee Safer Markets for Digital Artwork
④ Minting Tokens as the Best Protection for Copyright
⑤ The Global Future of Photos, Videos, and Artwork

6. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later. It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun.

① Why Did Transparent Spheres Define the Ancient Sky?
② From a Fixed Center to a Shifted Cosmic Order
③ The Planets and Stars Around Earth for Centuries
④ Copernicus and the Sudden Fall of Astronomy
⑤ The Sun at the Center of Every Early Model

7. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures. He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called “music.” That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds. For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce a single note. The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of “silence,” the audience would find that there was not silence at all; they would become aware of the ambient sounds around them that would typically be ignored. Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation.

① 4’33”: A Piece Without Notes or Voices
② How Silence Turned into an Object of Listening
③ Why Traditional Music Needs Clear Rhythmic Order
④ An Anechoic Chamber for Better Musical Performance
⑤ Ambient Sounds: The New Rules of Modern Composition

8. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

“Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly…” Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time. Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has been applied to the good. But are these terms this simple? Why must “ugly” have a negative connotation? After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing. By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece. They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is a key characteristic of compelling art anyway.

① Beautiful Art as a Standard of Moral Good
② Why Does Ugly Art Invite Deeper Thought?
③ Beauty and Ugliness: Fixed Truths in Art
④ From Visual Discomfort to Intellectual Openness
⑤ How Fine Art Techniques Create Social Agreement

9. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

That which is forgotten is not always lost. Research shows that memories remain stored even if we can’t readily retrieve them. Take the brain activity of numerous university students who were observed during memory formation and recall. When students were asked to remember as much as they could about a list of words they’d been given earlier in the study, fMRI scans showed that the brain activity throughout recall was the same as in the course of the learning process. Even when students had forgotten most of what they had learned, the original neurological patterns were still picked up, illustrating that the memories were still there despite being unattainable. Much is still unclear regarding how long memories persist, but evidence like this has shown that it might be longer than we think. Therefore, it would not be wrong to say that memories are just archived in the less accessible parts of our brains.

① Brain Scans and the Process of Learning Words
② Forgotten Yet Filed Away Within the Mind
③ Why Recall Fails During University Memory Tests?
④ Lost Memories as Signs of Lasting Brain Damage
⑤ How to Recover Memories Through Repeated fMRI Training

10. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Assistive technologies allow disabled individuals to perform an array of tasks without the aid of another person, thereby increasing their level of independence. Although recent developments have improved the functionality of assistive technologies, the corresponding increase in complexity necessitates that sufficient training be offered to the people with disabilities who will use them. While some devices can be easily incorporated into a person’s life with a minimum of instruction, others are more sophisticated and require a significant amount of knowledge to be utilized effectively. In fact, a number of studies have shown that people who avoid new assistive technologies report feeling intimidated by the complex interfaces and many optional features, which leads them to believe that they are unqualified to operate them. Fortunately, individuals who are provided with access to ongoing support have an increased likelihood of overcoming this barrier and integrating new assistive technologies into their day-to-day routine, greatly enhancing the overall quality of their life.

① Why Complex Interfaces Discourage New Users
② Assistive Technologies: More Features, Less Independence?
③ Training as a Bridge to Lasting Autonomy
④ Optional Features for Better Daily Performance
⑤ New Devices Should Replace Human Support

11. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

In Adam Smith’s 1759 work The Theory of Moral Sentiments, he posited that, although everyone is driven to a certain extent by self-interest and personal passions, we act in accordance with others’ expectations. As members of society, we are keenly aware of what behaviors are considered objectionable to the majority and what are not based on the reactions we receive or witness. Because we have a natural ability to empathize and want others to see us as morally accountable, we are taught that we must do what is perceived as the right thing. To help us determine whether we are doing the right thing, Smith suggested that we each have a conscience that informs us of how our behavior will be interpreted. This “impartial spectator,” as he called it, prevents us from being overly interested in our own affairs and causes us to do things that are worthy of society’s praise rather than its reproach.

① Conscience as an Inner Mirror of Social Judgment
② Why Self-Interest Should Guide Moral Standards
③ Society’s Praise: The Only Basis of Human Action
④ How Empathy Eliminates Personal Passions Entirely
⑤ The Rise of Objectionable Behavior in Modern Society

1. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true? People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports. But this internal filter can easily create the impression that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency. The truth of the matter is that they are less common now than in the past; in fact, the murder rate in the United States has declined by almost 50 percent over the past 30 years. So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on accurate information?”

① 사람들은 범죄 뉴스의 선정성을 경계해야 한다.
② 사회 현실에 대한 판단은 사실에 근거해야 한다.
③ 인간은 본능적으로 부정적 사건에 끌리기 쉽다.
④ 폭력 범죄의 감소 추세를 더 적극 홍보해야 한다.
⑤ 사회 위기의식은 공동체 경각심을 높이는 데 유익하다.

2. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis.

① 인류학은 낯선 사회보다 자문화 분석에 더 적합한 학문이다.
② 자문화도 인류학적 거리 두기로 새롭게 이해할 수 있다.
③ 기업 문화 연구는 금융 위기의 직접 원인을 밝혀야 한다.
④ 객관적 외부자 시각만이 사회를 정확히 해석할 수 있다.
⑤ 은행권 연구는 숨겨진 위험을 조기에 경고하는 데 핵심이다.

3. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint. Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas. The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products.

① 혁신적 성과를 내려면 핵심 인력의 자율성을 최대화해야 한다.
② 의미 있는 혁신에는 목표·지원·측정의 구조가 필요하다.
③ 창의적 개발자는 기존 업무에서 벗어나 자유를 얻어야 한다.
④ 혁신 아이디어는 기업의 사업 모델과 반드시 분리되어야 한다.
⑤ 경영진은 혁신보다 개발자들의 독립적 탐색을 우선시해야 한다.

4. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?). In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion. This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to fake.

① 목소리 톤과 짧은 발성만으로도 감정은 쉽게 드러날 수 있다.
② 온라인 평가는 다양한 감정 표현을 분류하는 데 효과적이다.
③ 사람들은 자신의 감정 신호를 의식적으로 통제해야 한다.
④ 놀람과 혼란 같은 감정은 비언어적 소리로 구별될 수 있다.
⑤ 배우의 발성 자료는 감정 연구의 신뢰도를 높이는 핵심이다.

5. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain. However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.” This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license.

① NFT 구매는 작품과의 특별한 연결을 형성해 준다는 점이 핵심이다.
② NFT는 복제가 불가능해 소유권 증명의 신뢰성을 높이는 수단이다.
③ NFT 시장은 규제 공백으로 저작권 침해 위험을 안고 있다는 점이다.
④ NFT 민팅은 반드시 저작권자의 승인 아래서만 이루어져야 한다.
⑤ 블록체인 기록은 NFT 거래의 희소성과 시장가치를 강화한다.

6. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later. It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun.

① 프톨레마이오스는 우주의 경계를 항성천으로 설명하였다.
② 프톨레마이오스의 천동설은 오랫동안 유지되다 지동설로 대체되었다.
③ 우주를 이루는 투명한 구체는 천체의 회전을 질서 있게 만들었다.
④ 코페르니쿠스는 태양 중심 우주에서 항성의 위치를 새로 규정하였다.
⑤ 지구를 중심에 둔 우주 모형은 행성과 별의 운동을 수학화한 것이다.

7. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures. He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called “music.” That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds. For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce a single note. The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of “silence,” the audience would find that there was not silence at all; they would become aware of the ambient sounds around them that would typically be ignored. Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation.

① 전통 음악은 침묵의 효과를 더 적극 활용해야 한다.
② 음악은 관습을 깨고 주변 소리까지 드러낼 수 있다.
③ 청중은 공연장에서 소리를 더 주의 깊게 들어야 한다.
④ 무음실 체험은 예술가의 창작 확신을 강화할 수 있다.
⑤ 새로운 음악은 기존 악기 연주법의 변형에서 시작된다.

8. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

“Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly…” Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time. Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has been applied to the good. But are these terms this simple? Why must “ugly” have a negative connotation? After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing. By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece. They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is a key characteristic of compelling art anyway.

① 예술에서 추함은 미와 별개로 도덕성과 분리해 이해해야 한다.
② 예술가는 추한 형상을 통해 관람자의 비판적 성찰을 이끌 수 있다.
③ 아름다움과 추함의 기준은 시대에 따라 계속 달라질 수 있다.
④ 아름다운 예술은 대체로 새로운 생각을 이끌기 어렵다.
⑤ 추한 예술은 독창적이므로 아름다운 예술보다 더 가치 있다.

9. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

That which is forgotten is not always lost. Research shows that memories remain stored even if we can’t readily retrieve them. Take the brain activity of numerous university students who were observed during memory formation and recall. When students were asked to remember as much as they could about a list of words they’d been given earlier in the study, fMRI scans showed that the brain activity throughout recall was the same as in the course of the learning process. Even when students had forgotten most of what they had learned, the original neurological patterns were still picked up, illustrating that the memories were still there despite being unattainable. Much is still unclear regarding how long memories persist, but evidence like this has shown that it might be longer than we think. Therefore, it would not be wrong to say that memories are just archived in the less accessible parts of our brains.

① 기억은 떠올리지 못해도 뇌 속에 더 오래 저장될 수 있다.
② 기억의 지속 기간은 아직 밝혀지지 않아 단정할 수 없다.
③ 회상 과정의 뇌 활동은 학습 당시와 같게 나타난다.
④ 망각된 기억은 반복 학습으로만 다시 접근할 수 있다.
⑤ 인간의 뇌는 기억을 의식적으로 선별해 저장해야 한다.

10. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Assistive technologies allow disabled individuals to perform an array of tasks without the aid of another person, thereby increasing their level of independence. Although recent developments have improved the functionality of assistive technologies, the corresponding increase in complexity necessitates that sufficient training be offered to the people with disabilities who will use them. While some devices can be easily incorporated into a person’s life with a minimum of instruction, others are more sophisticated and require a significant amount of knowledge to be utilized effectively. In fact, a number of studies have shown that people who avoid new assistive technologies report feeling intimidated by the complex interfaces and many optional features, which leads them to believe that they are unqualified to operate them. Fortunately, individuals who are provided with access to ongoing support have an increased likelihood of overcoming this barrier and integrating new assistive technologies into their day-to-day routine, greatly enhancing the overall quality of their life.

① 보조기술의 복잡성은 사용자에게 위축감을 줄 수 있다.
② 보조기술은 장애인의 자립 수준을 높이는 수단이다.
③ 보조기술은 최소한의 설명으로도 쉽게 익혀야 한다.
④ 새로운 보조기술 보급에는 지속적 지원과 훈련이 필요하다.
⑤ 보조기술의 다양한 선택 기능은 활용 폭을 넓혀 준다.

11. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Adam Smith는 인간이 어느 정도는 사적 이익과 개인적 열정에 의해 움직이지만, 동시에 타인의 기대에 맞추어 행동한다고 보았다. 사회의 구성원으로서 우리는 다른 사람들의 반응을 통해 어떤 행동이 다수에게 비난받는지 그렇지 않은지를 예민하게 파악한다. 또한 우리는 타인에게 도덕적으로 책임 있는 존재로 보이기를 원하고 공감하는 능력을 지니기에, 옳다고 여겨지는 일을 해야 한다고 배운다. Smith는 우리가 실제로 옳은 일을 하고 있는지 판단하도록 각자 자신의 행동이 어떻게 해석될지를 알려 주는 양심을 지닌다고 설명했다. 그가 ‘공정한 관찰자’라고 부른 이 양심은 우리가 자신의 일에만 지나치게 몰두하지 않게 하고, 사회의 비난보다 칭찬을 받을 만한 행동을 하게 만든다.

① 사회의 칭찬은 개인의 도덕 판단을 대신할 수 있다.
② 공감 능력은 사회가 요구하는 규범 학습의 바탕이다.
③ 양심은 타인의 시선을 내면화해 행동을 조절하게 한다.
④ 사람은 사적 이익보다 사회적 평가를 더 중시해야 한다.
⑤ 비난받을 행동은 다수의 반응을 통해 쉽게 식별된다.

1. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true? People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports. But this internal filter can easily create the impression that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency. The truth of the matter is that they are less common now than in the past; in fact, the murder rate in the United States has declined by almost 50 percent over the past 30 years. So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on accurate information?”

① 사람들은 사회 불안을 줄이기 위해 뉴스 소비를 제한해야 한다.
② 사람들은 사회 현실을 판단할 때 정확한 사실에 근거해야 한다.
③ 사람들은 범죄 보도의 선정성을 줄이도록 언론에 요구해야 한다.
④ 사람들은 살인 사건보다 다른 사회 문제에 더 주목해야 한다.
⑤ 사람들은 과거보다 줄어든 범죄율 변화만 꾸준히 확인해야 한다.

2. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis.

① 연구자들은 자신이 속한 사회의 규범을 더 적극적으로 옹호해야 한다.
② 연구자들은 낯선 사회보다 익숙한 사회를 우선적으로 연구해야 한다.
③ 연구자들은 자신이 속한 사회도 인류학적으로 중립적으로 관찰해야 한다.
④ 연구자들은 금융 분야의 위험 요소를 조기에 경고하는 데 집중해야 한다.
⑤ 연구자들은 서구 사회보다 비서구 사회의 특수성을 더 중시해야 한다.

3. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint. Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas. The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products.

① 기업은 혁신을 위해 직원에게 최대한의 자율권을 보장해야 한다.
② 기업은 혁신을 위해 명확한 목표와 지원 체계를 마련해야 한다.
③ 기업은 혁신을 위해 우수 개발자를 기존 업무에서 분리해야 한다.
④ 기업은 혁신을 위해 성과 측정 기준을 먼저 강화해야 한다.
⑤ 기업은 혁신을 위해 소비자 관심을 끌 만한 발상에 집중해야 한다.

4. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?). In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion. This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to fake.

① 우리는 목소리의 높낮이보다 말의 논리를 더 정교하게 다듬어야 한다.
② 우리는 감정을 숨기기보다 목소리가 드러내는 신호를 인정해야 한다.
③ 우리는 비언어적 소리를 줄여 대화의 오해 가능성을 최소화해야 한다.
④ 우리는 타인의 감정을 판단할 때 한숨 같은 반응만 주목해야 한다.
⑤ 우리는 감정 표현의 정확성을 높이기 위해 감탄사를 의도적으로 연습해야 한다.

5. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain. However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.” This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license.

① NFT 구매자는 블록체인 기록의 희소성을 우선 고려해야 한다.
② NFT 시장은 예술가와 수집가의 연결성을 더 확대해야 한다.
③ NFT 제작과 판매에는 저작권 보호 규정을 마련해야 한다.
④ NFT 창작자는 작품 등록 전에 소유권 표시를 명확히 해야 한다.
⑤ NFT 이용자는 민팅 과정의 기술적 원리를 충분히 익혀야 한다.

6. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later. It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun.

① 우주 모형은 시대에 따라 중심 천체를 재검토해야 한다.
② 우주 모형은 천체의 회전 속도를 정밀히 계산해야 한다.
③ 우주 모형은 투명한 천구의 구조를 복원해야 한다.
④ 우주 모형은 별의 경계를 기준으로 체계화해야 한다.
⑤ 우주 모형은 행성과 위성의 배열을 고정해야 한다.

7. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

John Cage(1912–1992)는 전통을 거스르는 것으로 알려진 작곡가였다. 그는 악기를 비관습적인 방식으로 연주하고, 기존의 음악 구조를 따르지 않는 음과 리듬을 결합하는 실험을 했다. 그는 전통적 관점에서는 거의 ‘음악’이라 부르기 어려운 논란의 작품으로 가장 잘 알려져 있다. 그 작품은 정확히 4분 33초 동안 지속되기 때문에 4’33”이라 불린다. 그 시간 동안 악기 연주자도 성악가도 단 한 음도 내지 않는다. Cage의 생각은 그 ‘침묵’의 시간 내내 청중이 실제로는 침묵이 아님을 발견하게 되고, 평소에는 무시되는 주변의 소리들을 자각하게 된다는 것이었다. Cage는 이 작품의 구상을 여러 해 동안 품고 있었지만, 완전 무향실에서 보낸 시간 이후 그 가치를 확신하게 되었는데, 그곳의 침묵이 너무 압도적이어서 그는 자신의 혈액 순환 소리까지 들을 수 있었다.

① 청중은 음악을 들을 때 작곡 의도를 먼저 이해해야 한다.
② 청중은 침묵 속 주변의 소리에도 귀 기울여야 한다.
③ 청중은 전통 음악의 구조를 기준으로 작품을 판단해야 한다.
④ 청중은 무향실 같은 환경에서만 소리의 본질을 이해해야 한다.
⑤ 청중은 악기와 성악이 없는 공연은 음악으로 보지 말아야 한다.

8. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

“오직 우리의 상상력과의 관계 속에서만 사물은 아름답거나 추하다고 불릴 수 있다.” 바뤼흐 스피노자는 아름다움과 추함이 사회적으로 구성된 것임을 지적하는데, 이러한 개념과 정의는 시대에 따라 매우 자주 변해 왔기 때문이다. 예술적 관점에서 볼 때, 이 두 단어는 도덕적·미학적 함의를 함께 지녀 왔으며, ‘추한 것’은 나쁜 것을, ‘아름다운 것’은 좋은 것을 뜻하는 데 쓰여 왔다. 그러나 이 용어들이 정말 그렇게 단순한가? 왜 ‘추한 것’은 반드시 부정적 의미를 가져야 하는가? 결국 추한 예술도 흥미롭고 독특할 수 있다. 실제로 우리가 추하다고 여기는 작품은 그것을 바라보는 이들로 하여금 생각하게 만들고, 새로운 생각을 받아들이는 상태를 촉발할 수 있는데, 이는 전형적으로 아름다운 예술 작품이 오히려 더 이루기 어려운 일일 수 있다. 어떤 예술가가 순수미술 기법을 사용해 무언가를 ‘추하게’ 보이도록 만들면, 사람들은 그 작품을 보며 더 비판적인 담론을 나누게 될 수 있다. 그들은 아름다움에 대한 기존의 가정을 의문시하고 새로운 생각을 받아들이게 될 수 있는데, 이것이야말로 어쨌든 설득력 있는 예술의 핵심 특성이다.

① 예술가는 아름다움과 추함의 기준을 시대별로 정리해야 한다.
② 예술가는 추한 표현을 통해 미의 통념을 흔들어야 한다.
③ 예술가는 아름다운 작품에 도덕적 가치를 더해야 한다.
④ 예술가는 추한 예술의 독특함만을 적극 강조해야 한다.
⑤ 예술가는 관객의 상상력보다 기법의 완성도를 중시해야 한다.

9. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

That which is forgotten is not always lost. Research shows that memories remain stored even if we can’t readily retrieve them. Take the brain activity of numerous university students who were observed during memory formation and recall. When students were asked to remember as much as they could about a list of words they’d been given earlier in the study, fMRI scans showed that the brain activity throughout recall was the same as in the course of the learning process. Even when students had forgotten most of what they had learned, the original neurological patterns were still picked up, illustrating that the memories were still there despite being unattainable. Much is still unclear regarding how long memories persist, but evidence like this has shown that it might be longer than we think. Therefore, it would not be wrong to say that memories are just archived in the less accessible parts of our brains.

① 우리는 기억의 지속 시간을 더 정확히 측정해야 한다.
② 우리는 기억이 사라졌다고 쉽게 단정하지 말아야 한다.
③ 우리는 학습 중 뇌 활동 변화를 꾸준히 기록해야 한다.
④ 우리는 단어 목록 회상 훈련을 자주 반복해야 한다.
⑤ 우리는 뇌의 접근 어려운 영역을 우선 연구해야 한다.

10. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Assistive technologies allow disabled individuals to perform an array of tasks without the aid of another person, thereby increasing their level of independence. Although recent developments have improved the functionality of assistive technologies, the corresponding increase in complexity necessitates that sufficient training be offered to the people with disabilities who will use them. While some devices can be easily incorporated into a person’s life with a minimum of instruction, others are more sophisticated and require a significant amount of knowledge to be utilized effectively. In fact, a number of studies have shown that people who avoid new assistive technologies report feeling intimidated by the complex interfaces and many optional features, which leads them to believe that they are unqualified to operate them. Fortunately, individuals who are provided with access to ongoing support have an increased likelihood of overcoming this barrier and integrating new assistive technologies into their day-to-day routine, greatly enhancing the overall quality of their life.

① 장애인에게 보조기기의 선택권을 폭넓게 보장해야 한다.
② 장애인에게 보조기기 사용 훈련과 지속 지원을 제공해야 한다.
③ 장애인에게 보조기기의 최신 기능을 우선 소개해야 한다.
④ 장애인에게 보조기기 인터페이스를 단순화해 제공해야 한다.
⑤ 장애인에게 보조기기 활용의 독립성만 강조해야 한다.

11. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

In Adam Smith’s 1759 work The Theory of Moral Sentiments, he posited that, although everyone is driven to a certain extent by self-interest and personal passions, we act in accordance with others’ expectations. As members of society, we are keenly aware of what behaviors are considered objectionable to the majority and what are not based on the reactions we receive or witness. Because we have a natural ability to empathize and want others to see us as morally accountable, we are taught that we must do what is perceived as the right thing. To help us determine whether we are doing the right thing, Smith suggested that we each have a conscience that informs us of how our behavior will be interpreted. This “impartial spectator,” as he called it, prevents us from being overly interested in our own affairs and causes us to do things that are worthy of society’s praise rather than its reproach.

① 우리는 다수의 기대에 맞는 행동 기준을 분명히 익혀야 한다.
② 우리는 양심의 판단보다 개인의 열정을 더 신뢰해야 한다.
③ 우리는 공감을 바탕으로 타인의 시선을 스스로 점검해야 한다.
④ 우리는 사회적 비난을 피할 규범만 우선적으로 따라야 한다.
⑤ 우리는 도덕적 평판을 위해 감정을 드러내는 데 신중해야 한다.

1. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true? People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports. But this internal filter can easily create the impression that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency. So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on ________?”

① social instincts
② emotional reactions
③ media attention
④ accurate information
⑤ public anxiety

2. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of ________ that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis.

① caution
② neutrality
③ familiarity
④ sympathy
⑤ involvement

3. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint. Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas. The key to meaningful innovation is ________ — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products.

① flexibility
② discipline
③ originality
④ independence
⑤ spontaneity

4. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. According to research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions can be identified from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. These can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise and realization to interest and confusion. In one study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. Since all of the vocal bursts were found to match recognizable emotions, the findings suggest that our feelings are difficult to fake because others can detect these vocal signals even when we are not consciously aware of them, making emotional states surprisingly ________.

① adjustable
② transferable
③ detectable
④ controllable
⑤ reversible

5. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain. However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.” This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license, revealing a serious ________ in the current NFT market.

① ownership transfer
② legal loophole
③ market expansion
④ artistic privilege
⑤ price imbalance

6. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later. It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun. Thus, Copernicus’s model replaced a(n) ________ view of the universe with a sun-centered one.

① earthbound
② solar
③ rotating
④ transparent
⑤ planetary

7. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures. He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called “music.” That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds. For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce a single note. The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of “silence,” the audience would find that there was not silence at all; they would become aware of the ambient sounds around them that would typically be ignored. Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation. Thus, Cage treated apparent silence not as emptiness but as a form of ________.

① distraction
② performance
③ resistance
④ presence
⑤ decoration

8. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

“Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly...” Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time. Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has been applied to the good. But are these terms this simple? Why must “ugly” have a negative connotation? After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing. By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece. They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is a key characteristic of compelling art anyway. Therefore, making art appear “ugly” can function as a form of artistic ________, prompting viewers to reconsider inherited standards of beauty.

① conformity
② inquiry
③ decoration
④ obedience
⑤ harmony

9. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

That which is forgotten is not always lost. Research shows that memories remain stored even if we can’t readily retrieve them. Take the brain activity of numerous university students who were observed during memory formation and recall. When students were asked to remember as much as they could about a list of words they’d been given earlier in the study, fMRI scans showed that the brain activity throughout recall was the same as in the course of the learning process. Even when students had forgotten most of what they had learned, the original neurological patterns were still picked up, illustrating that the memories were still there despite being unattainable. Much is still unclear regarding how long memories persist, but evidence like this has shown that it might be longer than we think. Therefore, it would not be wrong to say that memories are just ________ in the less accessible parts of our brains.

① misplaced
② rehearsed
③ activated
④ archived
⑤ erased

10. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Assistive technologies allow disabled individuals to perform an array of tasks without the aid of another person, thereby increasing their level of independence. Although recent developments have improved the functionality of assistive technologies, the corresponding increase in complexity necessitates that sufficient training be offered to the people with disabilities who will use them. While some devices can be easily incorporated into a person’s life with a minimum of instruction, others are more sophisticated and require a significant amount of knowledge to be utilized effectively. In fact, a number of studies have shown that people who avoid new assistive technologies report feeling intimidated by the complex interfaces and many optional features, which leads them to believe that they are unqualified to operate them. Fortunately, individuals who are provided with access to ongoing support have an increased likelihood of overcoming this barrier and integrating new assistive technologies into their day-to-day routine, greatly enhancing the overall quality of their life. Overall, the passage suggests that continued support can reduce users’ sense of ________ and promote the adoption of new assistive technologies.

① mastery
② hesitation
③ efficiency
④ dependence
⑤ simplicity

11. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

In Adam Smith’s 1759 work The Theory of Moral Sentiments, he posited that, although everyone is driven to a certain extent by self-interest and personal passions, we act in accordance with others’ expectations. As members of society, we are keenly aware of what behaviors are considered objectionable to the majority and what are not based on the reactions we receive or witness. Because we have a natural ability to empathize and want others to see us as morally accountable, we are taught that we must do what is perceived as the right thing. To help us determine whether we are doing the right thing, Smith suggested that we each have a conscience that informs us of how our behavior will be interpreted. This “impartial spectator,” as he called it, prevents us from being overly interested in our own affairs and causes us to seek ________ rather than social disapproval.

① moral distance
② public applause
③ private comfort
④ selfish gain
⑤ emotional release

1. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true? People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports. But this internal filter can easily create the impression that __________________________. The truth of the matter is that they are less common now than in the past; in fact, the murder rate in the United States has declined by almost 50 percent over the past 30 years. So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on accurate information?”

① frightening reports make people recall murders more clearly
② society keeps worsening because facts are often ignored
③ violent behavior is becoming ever more widespread
④ murder statistics are shaped by alarming news coverage
⑤ dangerous crimes were more memorable in earlier times

2. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis. This suggests that valuable insight can emerge when researchers __________________________ rather than keeping their attention only on unfamiliar societies.

① treat distant cultures as the only proper object of inquiry
② examine their own world with disciplined detachment
③ borrow corporate methods to reform anthropological fieldwork
④ rely on insider familiarity to avoid analytical distance
⑤ observe banking customs to confirm financial stability

3. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint. Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas. The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products. In short, durable innovation depends less on freedom itself than on __________________________.

① giving talented staff unrestricted time to experiment
② building conditions that turn ideas into outcomes
③ letting managers observe creativity without intervening
④ removing developers from projects to generate novelty
⑤ trusting autonomy to reveal the best business model

4. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?). In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion. This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to fake because __________________________.

① listeners can map those brief sounds onto distinct inner states
② speakers can hide those brief sounds behind spoken statements
③ listeners create emotions only after hearing spoken language
④ speakers recognize their feelings before producing any exclamation
⑤ listeners confuse vocal tone with the literal meaning of words

5. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain. However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.” This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to __________________________.

① establishing ownership through blockchain records
② selling tokens only with the artist’s approval
③ using protected content without obtaining permission
④ proving originality by attaching a unique certificate
⑤ transferring copyright through a public marketplace

6. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later. It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that __________________________.

① the Sun circles Earth with the outer stars
② all heavenly bodies are fixed to transparent spheres
③ Earth yields the central throne to the Sun
④ the planets define the edge of the universe
⑤ Earth remains still while the Sun revolves

7. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures. He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called “music.” That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds. For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce a single note. The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of “silence,” the audience would find that there was not silence at all; they would become aware of __________________________. Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation.

① sounds generated by performers on the stage
② the unnoticed noise woven into their surroundings
③ the musical order hidden inside fixed structures
④ the complete absence of sound in the hall
⑤ tones intentionally arranged by the composer

8. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

“Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly…” Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time. Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has been applied to the good. But are these terms this simple? Why must “ugly” have a negative connotation? After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing. By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece. They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is __________________________ anyway.

① the result of beautiful art being harder to accomplish
② the reason ugly pieces are judged morally bad
③ what gives art its persuasive force
④ what makes art visually pleasing to viewers
⑤ the effect of shifting definitions over time

9. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

That which is forgotten is not always lost. Research shows that memories remain stored even if we can’t readily retrieve them. Take the brain activity of numerous university students who were observed during memory formation and recall. When students were asked to remember as much as they could about a list of words they’d been given earlier in the study, fMRI scans showed that the brain activity throughout recall was the same as in the course of the learning process. Even when students had forgotten most of what they had learned, the original neurological patterns were still picked up, illustrating that the memories were still there despite being unattainable. Much is still unclear regarding how long memories persist, but evidence like this has shown that it might be longer than we think. Therefore, it would not be wrong to say that memories are just archived in the less accessible parts of our brains, ________________________.

① waiting for stronger cues to reopen them
② proving that recall creates the original traces
③ fading whenever students miss most word lists
④ surviving only while active learning continues
⑤ showing that storage depends on conscious effort

10. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Assistive technologies allow disabled individuals to perform an array of tasks without the aid of another person, thereby increasing their level of independence. Although recent developments have improved the functionality of assistive technologies, the corresponding increase in complexity necessitates that sufficient training be offered to the people with disabilities who will use them. While some devices can be easily incorporated into a person’s life with a minimum of instruction, others are more sophisticated and require a significant amount of knowledge to be utilized effectively. In fact, a number of studies have shown that people who avoid new assistive technologies report feeling intimidated by the complex interfaces and many optional features, which leads them to believe that they are unqualified to operate them. Fortunately, individuals who are provided with access to ongoing support have an increased likelihood of overcoming this barrier and integrating new assistive technologies into their day-to-day routine, greatly enhancing the overall quality of their life. This suggests that sustained guidance helps users __________________ rather than withdraw from unfamiliar tools.

① master devices whose design keeps changing
② depend on others for routine operation
③ mistake extra functions for essential ones
④ see complexity as a challenge they can handle
⑤ receive training only after problems emerge

11. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

In Adam Smith’s 1759 work The Theory of Moral Sentiments, he posited that, although everyone is driven to a certain extent by self-interest and personal passions, we act in accordance with others’ expectations. As members of society, we are keenly aware of what behaviors are considered objectionable to the majority and what are not based on the reactions we receive or witness. Because we have a natural ability to empathize and want others to see us as morally accountable, we are taught that we must do what is perceived as the right thing. To help us determine whether we are doing the right thing, Smith suggested that we each have a conscience that informs us of how our behavior will be interpreted. This “impartial spectator,” as he called it, prevents us from being overly interested in our own affairs and causes us to __________________________ rather than merely satisfy private desire.

① secure approval by judging society’s conscience
② seek conduct that can withstand public esteem
③ mirror reactions because praise creates conscience
④ protect ourselves from criticism through shared empathy
⑤ pursue actions that ignore collective evaluation

1. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true?

(가) But this internal filter can easily create the impression that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency. The truth of the matter is that they are less common now than in the past; in fact, the murder rate in the United States has declined by almost 50 percent over the past 30 years.

(나) People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events.

(다) This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports. So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on accurate information?”

① (나) - (다) - (가)
② (나) - (가) - (다)
③ (다) - (나) - (가)
④ (가) - (다) - (나)
⑤ (다) - (가) - (나)

2. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences.

(가) Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.”

(나) Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis.

(다) Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed.

① (다)－(가)－(나)
② (가)－(다)－(나)
③ (나)－(가)－(다)
④ (다)－(나)－(가)
⑤ (가)－(나)－(다)

3. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy.

(가) Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas. The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress.

(나) Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint.

(다) All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products.

① (나) - (가) - (다)
② (나) - (다) - (가)
③ (가) - (나) - (다)
④ (다) - (가) - (나)
⑤ (다) - (나) - (가)

4. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것은?

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement.

(가) In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion.

(나) This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to fake.

(다) According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?).

① (가)－(다)－(나)
② (나)－(가)－(다)
③ (다)－(가)－(나)
④ (다)－(나)－(가)
⑤ (가)－(나)－(다)

5. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork.

(가) However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.”

(나) NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain.

(다) This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license.

① (가) - (나) - (다)
② (나) - (가) - (다)
③ (나) - (다) - (가)
④ (다) - (가) - (나)
⑤ (다) - (나) - (가)

6. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe.

(가) The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later.

(나) Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations.

(다) It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun.

① (나) - (가) - (다)
② (가) - (나) - (다)
③ (나) - (다) - (가)
④ (다) - (나) - (가)
⑤ (가) - (다) - (나)

7. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures.

(가) For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce a single note. The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of “silence,” the audience would find that there was not silence at all; they would become aware of the ambient sounds around them that would typically be ignored.

(나) Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation.

(다) He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called “music.” That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds.

① (가)－(다)－(나)
② (나)－(가)－(다)
③ (다)－(가)－(나)
④ (다)－(나)－(가)
⑤ (나)－(다)－(가)

8. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장 뒤에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

“Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly…” Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time.

(가) Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has been applied to the good. But are these terms this simple?

(나) After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing.

(다) Why must “ugly” have a negative connotation? By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece. They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is a key characteristic of compelling art anyway.

① (가) - (다) - (나)
② (나) - (가) - (다)
③ (나) - (다) - (가)
④ (다) - (가) - (나)
⑤ (다) - (나) - (가)

9. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것은?

That which is forgotten is not always lost. Research shows that memories remain stored even if we can’t readily retrieve them.

(가) When students were asked to remember as much as they could about a list of words they’d been given earlier in the study, fMRI scans showed that the brain activity throughout recall was the same as in the course of the learning process. Even when students had forgotten most of what they had learned, the original neurological patterns were still picked up, illustrating that the memories were still there despite being unattainable.

(나) Take the brain activity of numerous university students who were observed during memory formation and recall. Much is still unclear regarding how long memories persist, but evidence like this has shown that it might be longer than we think.

(다) Therefore, it would not be wrong to say that memories are just archived in the less accessible parts of our brains.

① (나) - (가) - (다)
② (나) - (다) - (가)
③ (가) - (나) - (다)
④ (다) - (가) - (나)
⑤ (다) - (나) - (가)

10. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것은?

Assistive technologies allow disabled individuals to perform an array of tasks without the aid of another person, thereby increasing their level of independence.

(가) While some devices can be easily incorporated into a person’s life with a minimum of instruction, others are more sophisticated and require a significant amount of knowledge to be utilized effectively. In fact, a number of studies have shown that people who avoid new assistive technologies report feeling intimidated by the complex interfaces and many optional features, which leads them to believe that they are unqualified to operate them.

(나) Although recent developments have improved the functionality of assistive technologies, the corresponding increase in complexity necessitates that sufficient training be offered to the people with disabilities who will use them. While some devices can be easily incorporated into a person’s life with a minimum of instruction, others are more sophisticated and require a significant amount of knowledge to be utilized effectively.

(다) In fact, a number of studies have shown that people who avoid new assistive technologies report feeling intimidated by the complex interfaces and many optional features, which leads them to believe that they are unqualified to operate them. Fortunately, individuals who are provided with access to ongoing support have an increased likelihood of overcoming this barrier and integrating new assistive technologies into their day-to-day routine, greatly enhancing the overall quality of their life.

① (나)－(가)－(다)
② (나)－(다)－(가)
③ (가)－(나)－(다)
④ (다)－(가)－(나)
⑤ (다)－(나)－(가)

11. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

In Adam Smith’s 1759 work The Theory of Moral Sentiments, he posited that, although everyone is driven to a certain extent by self-interest and personal passions, we act in accordance with others’ expectations.

(가) Because we have a natural ability to empathize and want others to see us as morally accountable, we are taught that we must do what is perceived as the right thing. To help us determine whether we are doing the right thing, Smith suggested that we each have a conscience that informs us of how our behavior will be interpreted.

(나) As members of society, we are keenly aware of what behaviors are considered objectionable to the majority and what are not based on the reactions we receive or witness.

(다) This “impartial spectator,” as he called it, prevents us from being overly interested in our own affairs and causes us to do things that are worthy of society’s praise rather than its reproach.

① (나)－(가)－(다)
② (나)－(다)－(가)
③ (가)－(나)－(다)
④ (다)－(나)－(가)
⑤ (다)－(가)－(나)

1. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports.

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true? ① People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. ② But this internal filter can easily create the impression that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency. The truth of the matter is that they are less common now than in the past; in fact, the murder rate in the United States has declined by almost 50 percent over the past 30 years. ③ So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on accurate information?” ④ When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true? ⑤ People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions.

①
②
③
④
⑤

2. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of.

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. ① Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” ② Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis. ③ In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. ④ Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” ⑤ Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis.

①
②
③
④
⑤

3. 다음 글에서 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas.

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. ① To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint. The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. ② All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products. There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. ③ Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint. ④ The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products. ⑤ Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers.

①
②
③
④
⑤

4. 다음 글에서 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to fake.

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. ① According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?). ② In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. ③ All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion. ④ Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. ⑤ According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts.

①
②
③
④
⑤

5. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.”

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. ① Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain. However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. ② This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license. ③ NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. ④ Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain. However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. ⑤ This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license.

①
②
③
④
⑤

6. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later.

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. ① According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. ② It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun. ③ The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. ④ According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. ⑤ It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun.

①
②
③
④
⑤

7. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds.

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures. ① He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called “music.” For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce a single note. ② The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of “silence,” the audience would find that there was not silence at all; they would become aware of the ambient sounds around them that would typically be ignored. Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, ③ but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation. ④ ⑤

①
②
③
④
⑤

8. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece.

“Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly…” Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time. ① Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has been applied to the good. But are these terms this simple? ② Why must “ugly” have a negative connotation? After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. ③ In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing. ④ They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is a key characteristic of compelling art anyway. ⑤

①
②
③
④
⑤

9. 다음 글에서 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

Therefore, it would not be wrong to say that memories are just archived in the less accessible parts of our brains.

That which is forgotten is not always lost. Research shows that memories remain stored even if we can’t readily retrieve them. ① Take the brain activity of numerous university students who were observed during memory formation and recall. When students were asked to remember as much as they could about a list of words they’d been given earlier in the study, fMRI scans showed that the brain activity throughout recall was the same as in the course of the learning process. ② Even when students had forgotten most of what they had learned, the original neurological patterns were still picked up, illustrating that the memories were still there despite being unattainable. Much is still unclear regarding how long memories persist, but evidence like this has shown that it might be longer than we think. ③ That which is forgotten is not always lost. Research shows that memories remain stored even if we can’t readily retrieve them. ④ Take the brain activity of numerous university students who were observed during memory formation and recall. When students were asked to remember as much as they could about a list of words they’d been given earlier in the study, fMRI scans showed that the brain activity throughout recall was the same as in the course of the learning process. ⑤ Even when students had forgotten most of what they had learned, the original neurological patterns were still picked up, illustrating that the memories were still there despite being unattainable. Much is still unclear regarding how long memories persist, but evidence like this has shown that it might be longer than we think.

11. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

This “impartial spectator,” as he called it, prevents us from being overly interested in our own affairs and causes us to do things that are worthy of society’s praise rather than its reproach.

In Adam Smith’s 1759 work The Theory of Moral Sentiments, he posited that, although everyone is driven to a certain extent by self-interest and personal passions, we act in accordance with others’ expectations. As members of society, we are keenly aware of what behaviors are considered objectionable to the majority and what are not based on the reactions we receive or witness. ① Because we have a natural ability to empathize and want others to see us as morally accountable, we are taught that we must do what is perceived as the right thing. To help us determine whether we are doing the right thing, Smith suggested that we each have a conscience that informs us of how our behavior will be interpreted. ② ③ ④ ⑤

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