1. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Clear communications are valued in all areas of modern society, and this is particularly true in the workplace. Unfortunately, many bosses operate on what is called a “need-to-know basis,” providing staff with information only when absolutely necessary. Instead, they must be transparent with their workers, both in good times and bad. Why is this so important? It’s because many people want to feel a sense of ownership in the work they do and to believe that they can be a part of the solution if a crisis occurs. Leaders should, therefore, be upfront with their staff about any issues the company or team may be facing, essentially acknowledging that their employees are also their peers. This will help them win the trust and respect of their employees while increasing the level of staff involvement, which benefits the company as a whole.

① effects of crisis management on workplace communication
② need for openness between leaders and employees
③ limits of sharing information on a need-to-know basis
④ ways to increase staff involvement during company crises
⑤ importance of workers solving problems as equal peers

2. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Brains are incredibly complex structures responsible for an abundance of crucial tasks. Yet, in spite of being such vital organs, they are not perfect; one could even say they have a mind of their own. When it comes to problem-solving, the human brain prefers taking shortcuts (also known as heuristics) to arrive at solutions. It will recall similar past circumstances or depend on prior knowledge in order to bypass critical thinking — it’s lazy that way. This can prevent a person from considering other options or contemplating an important matter long enough. Brains can also cause people to think they’ve had experiences they’ve never actually had before (false memories). If a person hears a story or watches a video, his or her brain can fool them into thinking that they went through what they heard or saw. With so much information to process, it shouldn’t be a surprise that our minds slip up sometimes.

① benefits of heuristics in daily problem-solving
② limits of mental accuracy in human judgment
③ ways to improve memory through repeated stories
④ importance of prior knowledge in critical thinking
⑤ causes of brain development through complex tasks

3. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Many people read translated versions of classics like the Odyssey. While translations may seem convenient, we can’t always be sure that we fully understand what the original writers were trying to say because not all translations are reliable. The thing is, translators must be equally proficient in both languages involved in a translation, and they must have a good understanding of the work itself. Exact translations can be impossible due to the use of figurative language, which can’t be translated literally. Furthermore, the words writers use in their work are often chosen very carefully. For instance, poets may select words that rhyme, which may not be possible to duplicate in another language. The original meaning can therefore be lost. The director of the British Centre for Literary Translation commented on the issue, insisting, “There’s not a single word in any of the languages I translate that can map perfectly onto a word in English. So it’s always interpretative, approximate, creative.”

① benefits of literal translation in classic literature
② difficulties in preserving meaning across languages
③ importance of rhyme in understanding translated poems
④ ways to improve translators’ language proficiency
⑤ influence of English words on foreign literature

4. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

After the devastating flood of 1927, Congress approved the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project, which resulted in the construction of 20,000 miles of levees and floodways. This disrupted the delicate balance of the Mississippi’s watercourses, and the surrounding wetlands began to subside. So far, 1,800 square miles of Louisiana wetlands have disappeared. This disaster has taken a heavy toll. The vanishing swamps not only play a vital role in storm surge reduction and nutrient filtration but also are a critical ecosystem. In fact, almost half of the threatened and endangered species in America depend on wetlands. One potential answer is Louisiana’s Coastal Master Plan. It aims to recreate the natural processes that built the state’s delta, which would protect existing wetlands and restore areas that have been lost. There is an easy way the public can assist, too: eating oysters. Oyster shells can be used to rebuild the reefs. Nearly 5,000 tons of shells have been used for this already, thanks to recycling programs at Louisiana restaurants.

① restoring oyster reefs through restaurant shell recycling
② harmful effects of river control on coastal stability
③ economic benefits of levees for Louisiana communities
④ ways to increase oyster consumption across America
⑤ limits of wetlands in protecting endangered species

5. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Inflation tends to have a negative connotation because it is commonly associated with reduced purchasing power and monetary savings. Some economists, however, insist that a healthy amount of inflation might actually work in the public’s favor. Most notably, distinguished economist John Maynard Keynes asserted that moderate inflation is critical to counteract the paradox of thrift, which states that savings can actually be damaging to economic growth. If people are not spending their money, the economy suffers because there is less overall demand. Inflation can also give a financial boost to those in debt, such as mortgage borrowers and people with student loans. The value of loans decreases with inflation and this in turn encourages spending. Inflation targeting — or making adjustments to stick to an inflation rate that is chosen — is used by central banks all over the world with the goal of stimulating the economy and maintaining maximum employment. If people know that prices will rise in the future, it motivates them to buy goods and services now.

① benefits of inflation for people with heavy debt
② risks of inflation for savings and purchasing power
③ ways central banks maintain employment through inflation targeting
④ the role of moderate price growth in promoting demand
⑤ reasons inflation rates differ across national economies

6. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

When looking at the simplicity of human cells, the smallest building blocks of organic life, imagining that viruses — even less complex entities — could overtake them is difficult. Yet they can, and they do. The simplest viruses have only two parts: DNA or RNA that is a blueprint for making more viruses and a protein shell for protection. However, though they contain the instructions for reproduction, they lack the proper chemical substances — enzymes — to be able to do so on their own. They need a host to be able to do anything at all. They first infiltrate a cell, and then, once inside, add their genetic blueprint. The cell does not realize the difference and unknowingly begins to produce more of the virus instead of replicating itself. Each new virus can then infect another cell, repeating the infection cycle.

① roles of protein shells in blocking cell infection
② benefits of viral enzymes for independent reproduction
③ dangers of simple agents hijacking cellular machinery
④ ways to prevent repeated infection in human cells
⑤ differences between dna viruses and rna viruses

7. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Populism refers to a political approach that views the world as divided, with corrupt government elites on one end controlling everything and good, ordinary people whose expectations are not being met on the other. While it is true that mainstream governments sometimes fail to meet the public’s expectations, turning to populism as an alternative can be destructive to social order. When a populist leader rises to power, they often suggest that problems have become urgent and that maintaining the status quo will only make matters worse for the people. This creates a sense of panic and causes the people to offer their support for the leader, even when leader’s solutions for so-called problems like immigration or free trade are not actually in the best interest of all the people. That is because “the people” frequently excludes minorities and other marginalized members of the population, which means that populism can turn members of the same society against one another, promote intolerance, and generally create additional problems.

① benefits of urgent action against immigration and free trade
② dangers of divisive appeals in popular politics
③ reasons for public distrust of mainstream governments
④ effects of minority exclusion on economic growth
⑤ need for strong leaders during social panic

8. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Humans are able to envision the future, and interestingly enough, it seems as though some animals can too. In one study, a species of weasel was observed eating ripe bananas immediately but then storing other unripe ones in trees, allowing them to mature. They would then come back to eat the fruit they had saved at a later time. This shows that the weasels were aware to some degree that in the near future, those bananas would become ripe enough to eat. That is, they were able to deduce a(n) probable outcome and act accordingly. This ability to prepare for the future has been seen in a variety of animal species. It proves that they are not only capable of mental time travel but that they also possess enough reasoning and logic to know the best course of action to take for their own survival.

① storing unripe bananas for later consumption
② limits of mental time travel in animal survival
③ reasons some animals prefer ripe fruit first
④ future-oriented reasoning as a survival skill in animals
⑤ ways animals compete for food through delayed eating

9. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

One of the most remarkable aspects of the human body is its ability to regulate itself and maintain optimal functioning. It uses a variety of natural processes to achieve this, including the self-digestion system of autophagy. This mechanism is the body’s way of regenerating new and healthy cells through the removal of damaged cell components. When a person’s cells are stressed, autophagy is increased in order to ensure the normal operation of the body and keep it in homeostasis. It efficiently targets dysfunctional cells and ensures their elimination, often through the degradation of damaged and toxic proteins. The parts of the cell that are reused are the cytoplasm — fluid inside the cell — and organelles, which are structures with particular functions. These are broken down into amino acids, which the body utilizes for energy and cellular repair. In this way, autophagy helps prevent numerous health conditions such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s and can even help fight against infectious diseases.

① the dangers of toxic proteins in stressed cells
② the role of cellular recycling in body balance
③ the causes of Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease
④ the limits of energy use in damaged organelles
⑤ the need for preventing all infectious diseases

10. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Common-pool resources are goods that are available to a large majority of the public even though they have a limited stock that is vulnerable to abuse. For example, although there are plentiful forests, if every person were to collect as much wood as possible from these forests, their decline would be inevitable. A good such as this can be exploited over time, leading to an unreliable supply as individuals consume the resource to the detriment of others. A shortage impacts not only other members of a society or community but the very ones who seek out the supply and are able to consume it, too. This is what’s known as the “tragedy of the commons.” Preventing the overconsumption or depletion of such goods is accomplished through a number of actions, including government regulation and making the once common-pool resource into a private good. Collective action is also an effective method of controlling the consumption of the resource because individuals work together to preserve it.

① effects of forest decline on local wood markets
② dangers of shared resources without consumption limits
③ benefits of private ownership in all public goods
④ reasons for unequal access to natural resources
⑤ ways to increase public use of common forests

11. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Greed is a biologically based behavior intrinsic to human nature. Urges are fundamental to the survival of all living creatures, and yet humans not only experience desire from a biological standpoint, but from a social one as well. This differentiates the impulses humans have from those felt by animals, such as the drive to reproduce. People desire more than to merely stay alive; they also want material possessions and wealth. But in the modern world, greed is somewhat of a paradox, since individual behavior that resembles greed is natural and encouraged — people are advised to seek wealth and prosperity to the best of their abilities — while greed itself is condemned by society. This is because while greed actually benefits the individual, it can come at a cost for civilization when unrestricted. Sociologists assert that society aims to find an equilibrium of motivating individuals with greed while still limiting unrestrained greed by labeling it as a vice.

① biological roots of human desire for reproduction
② social approval of unlimited wealth seeking
③ effects of greed on individual survival alone
④ the balance between personal drive and social restraint
⑤ ways to remove material desire from modern society

12. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Cloud computing has already transformed how many businesses operate around the world, and it will also soon shape people’s lifestyles. One of the most significant changes has been increased flexibility in the workplace. Now that companies have the power to store, process, and manage all of their files on the cloud, employees are able to access data remotely as long as they can connect to the Internet. They no longer have to physically visit an office in order to obtain certain information and can virtually collaborate with others rather than setting aside time to meet. Cloud storage also means that people will not need to rely on as many devices to use or share content. A person can simply save their files on the cloud, generate links, and invite others to view them rather than having to go through the process of using a USB drive.

① limits of online teamwork in modern offices
② impacts of cloud computing on work and daily access
③ reasons for storing files on personal devices
④ dangers of sharing cloud links in business settings
⑤ changes in office design caused by digital meetings

13. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Swiss psychologist Carl Jung is credited with a great many of the field’s most enduring concepts. But for practicing therapists the most useful of these is his approach to diagnosis. Rather than classifying psychological phenomena as discrete disorders and shuttling patients into one-size-fits-all treatments, Jung’s concept of the “complex” allows clinicians to identify how their conflicting problems are intertwined. This approach has been invaluable in understanding the behavior of certain patients who act according to a complex. For Jung, the complex is a mass of interrelated ideas that operate in the unconscious mind. This “hidden mass of memories” is formed in our childhood and wields a powerful influence — in both positive and negative ways — over our present and future. Discussing issues in these terms allows therapists to discuss how mechanisms of this sort work in a holistic sense. In addition, it relieves the pressure of delivering unrealistically rapid relief to patients.

① limits of one-size-fits-all treatments for childhood disorders

② importance of a holistic view in psychological diagnosis

③ effects of hidden childhood memories on future behavior

④ need for rapid relief in treating unconscious conflicts

⑤ differences between conscious thought and discrete disorders

14. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

As popular culture has migrated from celebrity-centric to influencer-centric, money has moved along with it. This has led to the establishment of the creator economy. Powered by social media stars, this new ecosystem is in rapid growth; in 2021 alone, the creator economy collected more than 1.3 billion dollars in funding. But it wasn’t always such a profitable field, and “Internet celebrities” were once looked down upon by the old guards of traditional marketplaces. Not much of a surprise, considering they barely made anything and had yet to penetrate their way fully into the consciousness of the public. Then suddenly, Internet platforms began their meteoric rise and became the birthplace for social media giants who amassed huge followings. This resulted in a change in power dynamics. Platforms now must be able to compensate their influencers who bring in millions of users. And even then, it may not be enough, as more and more creators are accumulating wealth on their own terms.

① reasons for the weak public appeal of internet celebrities
② changes in economic power within digital popular culture
③ limits of platform funding for social media expansion
④ ways traditional marketplaces can control online influencers
⑤ negative effects of influencer wealth on public culture

15. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

If science and technology continue on the current trajectory, the end result can only be the extinction of homo sapiens as a species or at least civilization as we know it. At some point, Artificial Intelligence will be perfected, which will spawn even more intelligence, and so forth, making humanity irrelevant. Therefore, it is in the interest of our existence to temper our need for discovery with the wisdom of restraint. Philosophy, in this regard, is our best weapon against the untamed dangers of scientific exploration. While often thought of as an opposing force, philosophy is actually closely associated with science and robust enough to ward off crises. Philosophy shares the ideals of logic and rigorous argumentation with science. However, unlike science, which only asks how, philosophy asks why. This is a consideration lacking in science but sorely needed.

① dangers of artificial intelligence for human labor
② need for philosophical restraint in scientific progress
③ ways to perfect artificial intelligence through logic
④ relationship between civilization and scientific discovery
⑤ limits of science in answering practical questions

16. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Mental rehearsal describes the technique of practicing an action in your mind before performing it in real life. It is common with athletes but is just as useful in a wide variety of other fields and endeavors. Its benefits are well-known and include increased confidence and concentration, reduced anxiety, and the ability to envision solutions to potential problems. To get the best results, it helps to engage as many of your senses as you can. You might visualize yourself crossing the finish line at a race or shaking a client’s hand over a successfully completed deal. Then, with your sense of hearing, you might imagine the roar of a cheering crowd or words of congratulations from your colleagues. Picturing positive outcomes such as these can help any concerns you might have about your preparedness melt away and give you a sense of control over an upcoming event.

① effects of athletic training on emotional stability
② ways to involve multiple senses in mental rehearsal
③ limits of imagining positive results before competition
④ value of internal practice for successful performance
⑤ reasons for anxiety before major public events

17. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

In the 1950s, Solomon Asch demonstrated the power of peer pressure in an experiment in which participants took a visual perception test requiring them to identify a line that was closest in length to another. This was a simple task, with the correct answer being obvious to participants 99% of the time in independent tests prior to the actual experiment. During the actual experiment, a single study participant was put in a room with several actors. The actors had been told beforehand to provide wrong answers to the questions, and it was found that the effect this had on the actual study participant was to go along with the rest of the group out of fear of being ridiculed. In fact, despite the correct answer being clear to them, many of the participants agreed with the majority and provided the incorrect answer in 12 critical trials of this experiment. However, when two participants were included in the same study instead of just one, and both were aware of what the correct answer was, they almost never followed the majority.

① the value of visual tests in group research
② the effects of group pressure on individual judgment
③ the reasons for errors in line-length perception
④ the need for larger samples in social experiments
⑤ the influence of repeated trials on correct answers

1. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Clear communications are valued in all areas of modern society, and this is particularly true in the workplace. Unfortunately, many bosses operate on what is called a “need-to-know basis,” providing staff with information only when absolutely necessary. Instead, they must be transparent with their workers, both in good times and bad. Why is this so important? It’s because many people want to feel a sense of ownership in the work they do and to believe that they can be a part of the solution if a crisis occurs. Leaders should, therefore, be upfront with their staff about any issues the company or team may be facing, essentially acknowledging that their employees are also their peers. This will help them win the trust and respect of their employees while increasing the level of staff involvement, which benefits the company as a whole.

요약문:

When leaders stop treating information as a private asset and instead share it candidly, employees are more likely to develop ___(A)___ toward their work and respond with stronger ___(B)___ to the organization’s challenges.

① stewardship …… detachment
② stewardship …… commitment
③ compliance …… commitment
④ compliance …… detachment
⑤ isolation …… resistance

2. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Brains are incredibly complex structures responsible for an abundance of crucial tasks. Yet, in spite of being such vital organs, they are not perfect; one could even say they have a mind of their own. When it comes to problem-solving, the human brain prefers taking shortcuts (also known as heuristics) to arrive at solutions. It will recall similar past circumstances or depend on prior knowledge in order to bypass critical thinking — it’s lazy that way. This can prevent a person from considering other options or contemplating an important matter long enough. Brains can also cause people to think they’ve had experiences they’ve never actually had before (false memories). If a person hears a story or watches a video, his or her brain can fool them into thinking that they went through what they heard or saw. With so much information to process, it shouldn’t be a surprise that our minds slip up sometimes.

요약문:
Rather than operating as a perfectly reliable judge, the brain often acts as an engine of ___(A)___, producing quick decisions at the cost of reflection and even a distorted sense of ___(B)___.

① efficiency …… identity
② efficiency …… reality
③ restraint …… reality
④ restraint …… identity
⑤ precision …… memory

3. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Many people read translated versions of classics like the Odyssey. While translations may seem convenient, we can’t always be sure that we fully understand what the original writers were trying to say because not all translations are reliable. The thing is, translators must be equally proficient in both languages involved in a translation, and they must have a good understanding of the work itself. Exact translations can be impossible due to the use of figurative language, which can’t be translated literally. Furthermore, the words writers use in their work are often chosen very carefully. For instance, poets may select words that rhyme, which may not be possible to duplicate in another language. The original meaning can therefore be lost. The director of the British Centre for Literary Translation commented on the issue, insisting, “There’s not a single word in any of the languages I translate that can map perfectly onto a word in English. So it’s always interpretative, approximate, creative.”

요약문:
Because literary translation inevitably passes a text through a translator’s ___(A)___, the result often preserves only an ___(B)___ version of the author’s original intention.

① lens …… incomplete
② lens …… transparent
③ neutrality …… incomplete
④ neutrality …… transparent
⑤ accuracy …… literal

4. 아래 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

After the devastating flood of 1927, Congress approved the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project, which resulted in the construction of 20,000 miles of levees and floodways. This disrupted the delicate balance of the Mississippi’s watercourses, and the surrounding wetlands began to subside. So far, 1,800 square miles of Louisiana wetlands have disappeared. This disaster has taken a heavy toll. The vanishing swamps not only play a vital role in storm surge reduction and nutrient filtration but also are a critical ecosystem. In fact, almost half of the threatened and endangered species in America depend on wetlands. One potential answer is Louisiana’s Coastal Master Plan. It aims to recreate the natural processes that built the state’s delta, which would protect existing wetlands and restore areas that have been lost. There is an easy way the public can assist, too: eating oysters. Oyster shells can be used to rebuild the reefs. Nearly 5,000 tons of shells have been used for this already, thanks to recycling programs at Louisiana restaurants.

요약문:
The effort to control a river too aggressively has produced a slow-moving ecological ___(A)___, but recovery may begin by working with nature again and reinforcing the region’s biological ___(B)___.

① unraveling …… infrastructure
② unraveling …… insulation
③ stabilization …… infrastructure
④ stabilization …… insulation
⑤ expansion …… consumption

5. 아래 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Inflation tends to have a negative connotation because it is commonly associated with reduced purchasing power and monetary savings. Some economists, however, insist that a healthy amount of inflation might actually work in the public’s favor. Most notably, distinguished economist John Maynard Keynes asserted that moderate inflation is critical to counteract the paradox of thrift, which states that savings can actually be damaging to economic growth. If people are not spending their money, the economy suffers because there is less overall demand. Inflation can also give a financial boost to those in debt, such as mortgage borrowers and people with student loans. The value of loans decreases with inflation and this in turn encourages spending. Inflation targeting — or making adjustments to stick to an inflation rate that is chosen — is used by central banks all over the world with the goal of stimulating the economy and maintaining maximum employment. If people know that prices will rise in the future, it motivates them to buy goods and services now.

요약문:
Although often blamed for eroding private wealth, controlled inflation is presented here as a policy tool that can weaken financial ___(A)___ and promote immediate ___(B)___ across the economy.

① caution …… expansion
② caution …… repayment
③ burden …… expansion
④ burden …… repayment
⑤ stability …… contraction

6. 아래 글의 요약문으로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

When looking at the simplicity of human cells, the smallest building blocks of organic life, imagining that viruses — even less complex entities — could overtake them is difficult. Yet they can, and they do. The simplest viruses have only two parts: DNA or RNA that is a blueprint for making more viruses and a protein shell for protection. However, though they contain the instructions for reproduction, they lack the proper chemical substances — enzymes — to be able to do so on their own. They need a host to be able to do anything at all. They first infiltrate a cell, and then, once inside, add their genetic blueprint. The cell does not realize the difference and unknowingly begins to produce more of the virus instead of replicating itself. Each new virus can then infect another cell, repeating the infection cycle.

요약문: Despite their structural minimalism, viruses achieve widespread multiplication not through biochemical ___(A)___ but by cellular ___(B)___, turning living cells into unwitting manufacturers of copies.

① autonomy …… compliance
② autonomy …… resistance
③ complexity …… compliance
④ complexity …… resistance
⑤ fragility …… isolation

7. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Populism refers to a political approach that views the world as divided, with corrupt government elites on one end controlling everything and good, ordinary people whose expectations are not being met on the other. While it is true that mainstream governments sometimes fail to meet the public’s expectations, turning to populism as an alternative can be destructive to social order. When a populist leader rises to power, they often suggest that problems have become urgent and that maintaining the status quo will only make matters worse for the people. This creates a sense of panic and causes the people to offer their support for the leader, even when leader’s solutions for so-called problems like immigration or free trade are not actually in the best interest of all the people. That is because “the people” frequently excludes minorities and other marginalized members of the population, which means that populism can turn members of the same society against one another, promote intolerance, and generally create additional problems.

요약문:
By framing politics as an emergency requiring immediate loyalty, populism gains force through ___(A)___ and ends up weakening social cohesion through ___(B)___.

① fear …… exclusion
② fear …… compromise
③ deliberation …… exclusion
④ deliberation …… compromise
⑤ neutrality …… fragmentation

8. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Humans are able to envision the future, and interestingly enough, it seems as though some animals can too. In one study, a species of weasel was observed eating ripe bananas immediately but then storing other unripe ones in trees, allowing them to mature. They would then come back to eat the fruit they had saved at a later time. This shows that the weasels were aware to some degree that in the near future, those bananas would become ripe enough to eat. That is, they were able to deduce a(n) probable outcome and act accordingly. This ability to prepare for the future has been seen in a variety of animal species. It proves that they are not only capable of mental time travel but that they also possess enough reasoning and logic to know the best course of action to take for their own survival.

요약문:

Rather than being trapped in the present, some animals display ___(A)___ by adjusting current behavior to conditions that are not yet real, revealing a level of thought that is both temporally flexible and ___(B)___.

① foresight …… strategic
② foresight …… instinctive
③ impulsiveness …… strategic
④ impulsiveness …… habitual
⑤ reflex …… instinctive

9. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

One of the most remarkable aspects of the human body is its ability to regulate itself and maintain optimal functioning. It uses a variety of natural processes to achieve this, including the self-digestion system of autophagy. This mechanism is the body’s way of regenerating new and healthy cells through the removal of damaged cell components. When a person’s cells are stressed, autophagy is increased in order to ensure the normal operation of the body and keep it in homeostasis. It efficiently targets dysfunctional cells and ensures their elimination, often through the degradation of damaged and toxic proteins. The parts of the cell that are reused are the cytoplasm — fluid inside the cell — and organelles, which are structures with particular functions. These are broken down into amino acids, which the body utilizes for energy and cellular repair. In this way, autophagy helps prevent numerous health conditions such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s and can even help fight against infectious diseases.

요약문:

Rather than merely disposing of cellular waste, autophagy acts as an internal ___(A)___ system that converts biological breakdown into ___(B)___, thereby stabilizing the body and lowering disease risk.

     (A)           (B)
① sanitation …… vulnerability
② sanitation …… resilience
③ circulation …… resilience
④ circulation …… fragility
⑤ isolation …… immunity

10. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Common-pool resources are goods that are available to a large majority of the public even though they have a limited stock that is vulnerable to abuse. For example, although there are plentiful forests, if every person were to collect as much wood as possible from these forests, their decline would be inevitable. A good such as this can be exploited over time, leading to an unreliable supply as individuals consume the resource to the detriment of others. A shortage impacts not only other members of a society or community but the very ones who seek out the supply and are able to consume it, too. This is what’s known as the “tragedy of the commons.” Preventing the overconsumption or depletion of such goods is accomplished through a number of actions, including government regulation and making the once common-pool resource into a private good. Collective action is also an effective method of controlling the consumption of the resource because individuals work together to preserve it.

요약문:
When something is open to nearly everyone yet finite, treating it as if no one bears responsibility invites ___(A)___ use, which eventually turns shared benefit into collective ___(B)___ unless outside rules or mutual restraint emerge.

① reckless …… loss
② reckless …… prosperity
③ equitable …… loss
④ equitable …… prosperity
⑤ exclusive …… stability

11. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Greed is a biologically based behavior intrinsic to human nature. Urges are fundamental to the survival of all living creatures, and yet humans not only experience desire from a biological standpoint, but from a social one as well. This differentiates the impulses humans have from those felt by animals, such as the drive to reproduce. People desire more than to merely stay alive; they also want material possessions and wealth. But in the modern world, greed is somewhat of a paradox, since individual behavior that resembles greed is natural and encouraged — people are advised to seek wealth and prosperity to the best of their abilities — while greed itself is condemned by society. This is because while greed actually benefits the individual, it can come at a cost for civilization when unrestricted. Sociologists assert that society aims to find an equilibrium of motivating individuals with greed while still limiting unrestrained greed by labeling it as a vice.

요약문:

Society treats acquisitive desire as a useful engine for personal advancement, yet seeks to keep that engine under ___(A)___ so that private gain does not produce collective ___(B)___.

① discipline …… instability
② discipline …… harmony
③ celebration …… instability
④ celebration …… harmony
⑤ neglect …… abundance

12. 아래 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Cloud computing has already transformed how many businesses operate around the world, and it will also soon shape people’s lifestyles. One of the most significant changes has been increased flexibility in the workplace. Now that companies have the power to store, process, and manage all of their files on the cloud, employees are able to access data remotely as long as they can connect to the Internet. They no longer have to physically visit an office in order to obtain certain information and can virtually collaborate with others rather than setting aside time to meet. Cloud storage also means that people will not need to rely on as many devices to use or share content. A person can simply save their files on the cloud, generate links, and invite others to view them rather than having to go through the process of using a USB drive.

요약문:

By removing the need for workers and information to remain tied to particular places or tools, cloud computing expands both professional ___(A)___ and technological ___(B)___.

① autonomy …… dependence
② autonomy …… efficiency
③ mobility …… dependence
④ mobility …… efficiency
⑤ stability …… efficiency

13. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

The Swiss psychologist Carl Jung is credited with a great many of the field’s most enduring concepts. But for practicing therapists the most useful of these is his approach to diagnosis. Rather than classifying psychological phenomena as discrete disorders and shuttling patients into one-size-fits-all treatments, Jung’s concept of the “complex” allows clinicians to identify how their conflicting problems are intertwined. This approach has been invaluable in understanding the behavior of certain patients who act according to a complex. For Jung, the complex is a mass of interrelated ideas that operate in the unconscious mind. This “hidden mass of memories” is formed in our childhood and wields a powerful influence — in both positive and negative ways — over our present and future. Discussing issues in these terms allows therapists to discuss how mechanisms of this sort work in a holistic sense. In addition, it relieves the pressure of delivering unrealistically rapid relief to patients.

요약문:

Jung’s idea of the complex encourages therapists to read a patient’s difficulties not as isolated labels but as a ___(A)___ pattern shaped by early experience, making treatment more ___(B)___ than hurried symptom control.

① cohesive …… sustainable
② cohesive …… punitive
③ fragmented …… sustainable
④ fragmented …… punitive
⑤ mechanical …… evasive

14. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

As popular culture has migrated from celebrity-centric to influencer-centric, money has moved along with it. This has led to the establishment of the creator economy. Powered by social media stars, this new ecosystem is in rapid growth; in 2021 alone, the creator economy collected more than 1.3 billion dollars in funding. But it wasn’t always such a profitable field, and “Internet celebrities” were once looked down upon by the old guards of traditional marketplaces. Not much of a surprise, considering they barely made anything and had yet to penetrate their way fully into the consciousness of the public. Then suddenly, Internet platforms began their meteoric rise and became the birthplace for social media giants who amassed huge followings. This resulted in a change in power dynamics. Platforms now must be able to compensate their influencers who bring in millions of users. And even then, it may not be enough, as more and more creators are accumulating wealth on their own terms.

요약문:

What began as a culturally marginal activity has turned into a market force that no longer depends entirely on the systems that once denied it, as digital fame gained ___(A)___ and creators pursued ___(B)___.

① legitimacy …… autonomy
② legitimacy …… conformity
③ visibility …… autonomy
④ visibility …… conformity
⑤ fragility …… conformity

15. 아래 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

If science and technology continue on the current trajectory, the end result can only be the extinction of homo sapiens as a species or at least civilization as we know it. At some point, Artificial Intelligence will be perfected, which will spawn even more intelligence, and so forth, making humanity irrelevant. Therefore, it is in the interest of our existence to temper our need for discovery with the wisdom of restraint. Philosophy, in this regard, is our best weapon against the untamed dangers of scientific exploration. While often thought of as an opposing force, philosophy is actually closely associated with science and robust enough to ward off crises. Philosophy shares the ideals of logic and rigorous argumentation with science. However, unlike science, which only asks how, philosophy asks why. This is a consideration lacking in science but sorely needed.

요약문:

The passage argues that human survival may depend less on unlimited innovation than on a ___(A)___ framework that can keep expanding knowledge from becoming ___(B)___.

     (A)           (B)
① reflective …… catastrophic
② reflective …… autonomous
③ instrumental …… catastrophic
④ instrumental …… autonomous
⑤ competitive …… self-correcting

16. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약할 때, 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것은?

Mental rehearsal describes the technique of practicing an action in your mind before performing it in real life. It is common with athletes but is just as useful in a wide variety of other fields and endeavors. Its benefits are well-known and include increased confidence and concentration, reduced anxiety, and the ability to envision solutions to potential problems. To get the best results, it helps to engage as many of your senses as you can. You might visualize yourself crossing the finish line at a race or shaking a client’s hand over a successfully completed deal. Then, with your sense of hearing, you might imagine the roar of a cheering crowd or words of congratulations from your colleagues. Picturing positive outcomes such as these can help any concerns you might have about your preparedness melt away and give you a sense of control over an upcoming event.

요약문:

By simulating success as vividly as possible before the real moment arrives, people can turn uncertainty into ___(A)___ and approach performance with greater ___(B)___.

     (A)           (B)
① composure …… hesitation
② composure …… assurance
③ confusion …… assurance
④ confusion …… hesitation
⑤ detachment …… doubt

17. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

In the 1950s, Solomon Asch demonstrated the power of peer pressure in an experiment in which participants took a visual perception test requiring them to identify a line that was closest in length to another. This was a simple task, with the correct answer being obvious to participants 99% of the time in independent tests prior to the actual experiment. During the actual experiment, a single study participant was put in a room with several actors. The actors had been told beforehand to provide wrong answers to the questions, and it was found that the effect this had on the actual study participant was to go along with the rest of the group out of fear of being ridiculed. In fact, despite the correct answer being clear to them, many of the participants agreed with the majority and provided the incorrect answer in 12 critical trials of this experiment. However, when two participants were included in the same study instead of just one, and both were aware of what the correct answer was, they almost never followed the majority.

요약문:

Even unmistakable perception can be ___(A)___ by collective pressure, but the presence of even minimal social ___(B)___ can keep people from surrendering their own judgment.

① distorted …… reinforcement
② distorted …… isolation
③ validated …… reinforcement
④ validated …… isolation
⑤ neutralized …… conformity

1. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Clear communications are valued in all areas of modern society, and this is particularly true in the workplace. Unfortunately, many bosses operate on what is called a “need-to-know basis,” providing staff with information only when absolutely necessary. Instead, they must be transparent with their workers, both in good times and bad. Why is this so important? It’s because many people want to feel a sense of ownership in the work they do and to believe that they can be a part of the solution if a crisis occurs. Leaders should, therefore, be upfront with their staff about any issues the company or team may be facing, essentially acknowledging that their employees are also their peers. This will help them win the trust and respect of their employees while increasing the level of staff involvement, which benefits the company as a whole.

① they physically remain near the place where a problem is solved
② they should be kept uninformed until a crisis becomes serious enough
③ they can actively help resolve problems through shared responsibility
④ they must accept any decision that company leaders make in advance
⑤ they are always responsible for fixing every difficulty in all workplaces

2. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Brains are incredibly complex structures responsible for an abundance of crucial tasks. Yet, in spite of being such vital organs, they are not perfect; one could even say they have a mind of their own. When it comes to problem-solving, the human brain prefers taking shortcuts (also known as heuristics) to arrive at solutions. It will recall similar past circumstances or depend on prior knowledge in order to bypass critical thinking — it’s lazy that way. This can prevent a person from considering other options or contemplating an important matter long enough. Brains can also cause people to think they’ve had experiences they’ve never actually had before (false memories). If a person hears a story or watches a video, his or her brain can fool them into thinking that they went through what they heard or saw. With so much information to process, it shouldn’t be a surprise that our minds slip up sometimes.

① they operate independently of a person’s full conscious control
② they always create accurate memories from past events
③ they solve problems only through careful critical thought
④ they function better when people avoid prior knowledge
⑤ they usually make people remember every experience exactly

3. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Many people read translated versions of classics like the Odyssey. While translations may seem convenient, we can’t always be sure that we fully understand what the original writers were trying to say because not all translations are reliable. The thing is, translators must be equally proficient in both languages involved in a translation, and they must have a good understanding of the work itself. Exact translations can be impossible due to the use of figurative language, which can’t be translated literally. Furthermore, the words writers use in their work are often chosen very carefully. For instance, poets may select words that rhyme, which may not be possible to duplicate in another language. The original meaning can therefore be lost. The director of the British Centre for Literary Translation commented on the issue, insisting, “There’s not a single word in any of the languages I translate that can map perfectly onto a word in English. So it’s always interpretative, approximate, creative.”

① each foreign word has a fixed place in English dictionaries
② translators can reproduce the writer’s meaning with complete accuracy
③ no word from one language corresponds exactly to a word in another
④ English words usually carry richer meanings than foreign expressions
⑤ literary translation always fails to convey any part of the original

4. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

After the devastating flood of 1927, Congress approved the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project, which resulted in the construction of 20,000 miles of levees and floodways. This disrupted the delicate balance of the Mississippi’s watercourses, and the surrounding wetlands began to subside. So far, 1,800 square miles of Louisiana wetlands have disappeared. This disaster has taken a heavy toll. The vanishing swamps not only play a vital role in storm surge reduction and nutrient filtration but also are a critical ecosystem. In fact, almost half of the threatened and endangered species in America depend on wetlands. One potential answer is Louisiana’s Coastal Master Plan. It aims to recreate the natural processes that built the state’s delta, which would protect existing wetlands and restore areas that have been lost. There is an easy way the public can assist, too: eating oysters. Oyster shells can be used to rebuild the reefs. Nearly 5,000 tons of shells have been used for this already, thanks to recycling programs at Louisiana restaurants.

① the flood damage became physically heavier as more water remained in the region
② the loss of wetlands has caused serious environmental and ecological harm
③ the wetlands now provide fewer economic benefits than before the flood
④ the government project fully restored the river’s balance through levees and floodways
⑤ any damaged wetland inevitably destroys most species across the entire country

5. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Inflation tends to have a negative connotation because it is commonly associated with reduced purchasing power and monetary savings. Some economists, however, insist that a healthy amount of inflation might actually work in the public’s favor. Most notably, distinguished economist John Maynard Keynes asserted that moderate inflation is critical to counteract the paradox of thrift, which states that savings can actually be damaging to economic growth. If people are not spending their money, the economy suffers because there is less overall demand. Inflation can also give a financial boost to those in debt, such as mortgage borrowers and people with student loans. The value of loans decreases with inflation and this in turn encourages spending. Inflation targeting — or making adjustments to stick to an inflation rate that is chosen — is used by central banks all over the world with the goal of stimulating the economy and maintaining maximum employment. If people know that prices will rise in the future, it motivates them to buy goods and services now. In this context, inflation may work in the public’s favor.

① it physically moves wealth toward the general public
② it can lead people to spend sooner rather than later
③ it prevents central banks from choosing inflation goals
④ it always protects savings from losing purchasing power
⑤ it proves that all price increases benefit every economy

6. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

When looking at the simplicity of human cells, the smallest building blocks of organic life, imagining that viruses — even less complex entities — could overtake them is difficult. Yet they can, and they do. The simplest viruses have only two parts: DNA or RNA that is a blueprint for making more viruses and a protein shell for protection. However, though they contain the instructions for reproduction, they lack the proper chemical substances — enzymes — to be able to do so on their own. They need a host to be able to do anything at all. They first infiltrate a cell, and then, once inside, add their genetic blueprint. The cell does not realize the difference and unknowingly begins to produce more of the virus instead of replicating itself. Each new virus can then infect another cell, repeating the infection cycle.

① the cell fails to detect that foreign genetic instructions have entered it

② the cell clearly recognizes the virus and stops copying any genetic material

③ the cell physically changes its outer shell to protect itself from enzymes

④ the cell decides to create more complex structures than simple viruses can form

⑤ the cell always loses control whenever any living thing comes into contact with it

7. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Populism refers to a political approach that views the world as divided, with corrupt government elites on one end controlling everything and good, ordinary people whose expectations are not being met on the other. While it is true that mainstream governments sometimes fail to meet the public’s expectations, turning to populism as an alternative can be destructive to social order. When a populist leader rises to power, they often suggest that problems have become urgent and that maintaining the status quo will only make matters worse for the people. This creates a sense of panic and causes the people to offer their support for the leader, even when leader’s solutions for so-called problems like immigration or free trade are not actually in the best interest of all the people. That is because “the people” frequently excludes minorities and other marginalized members of the population, which means that populism can turn members of the same society against one another, promote intolerance, and generally create additional problems.

① populist politics gives equal protection to every social group
② the term is often used in a selective way that leaves some groups out
③ minorities usually choose not to participate in national political life
④ social conflict disappears when ordinary citizens unite against elites
⑤ all political systems inevitably create some degree of public division

8. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Humans are able to envision the future, and interestingly enough, it seems as though some animals can too. In one study, a species of weasel was observed eating ripe bananas immediately but then storing other unripe ones in trees, allowing them to mature. They would then come back to eat the fruit they had saved at a later time. This shows that the weasels were aware to some degree that in the near future, those bananas would become ripe enough to eat. That is, they were able to deduce a(n) probable outcome and act accordingly. This ability to prepare for the future has been seen in a variety of animal species. It proves that they are not only capable of mental time travel but that they also possess enough reasoning and logic to know the best course of action to take for their own survival.

① they can physically move beyond their present environment to reach food in another place
② they can recall the past but cannot make practical decisions about what comes next
③ they can imagine a future situation and choose an action based on that expectation
④ they can survive only when they store food in exactly the same way as other animals do
⑤ they can understand every possible result of nature with complete certainty

9. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

One of the most remarkable aspects of the human body is its ability to regulate itself and maintain optimal functioning. It uses a variety of natural processes to achieve this, including the self-digestion system of autophagy. This mechanism is the body’s way of regenerating new and healthy cells through the removal of damaged cell components. When a person’s cells are stressed, autophagy is increased in order to ensure the normal operation of the body and keep it in homeostasis. It efficiently targets dysfunctional cells and ensures their elimination, often through the degradation of damaged and toxic proteins. The parts of the cell that are reused are the cytoplasm — fluid inside the cell — and organelles, which are structures with particular functions. These are broken down into amino acids, which the body utilizes for energy and cellular repair. In this way, autophagy helps prevent numerous health conditions such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s and can even help fight against infectious diseases.

① it physically holds the body in a fixed internal position
② it restores internal balance so normal bodily processes continue
③ it stops stressed cells from changing their usual structures completely
④ it uses amino acids to maximize all forms of human performance
⑤ it removes healthy cell parts so the body can respond more strongly

10. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Common-pool resources are goods that are available to a large majority of the public even though they have a limited stock that is vulnerable to abuse. For example, although there are plentiful forests, if every person were to collect as much wood as possible from these forests, their decline would be inevitable. A good such as this can be exploited over time, leading to an unreliable supply as individuals consume the resource to the detriment of others. A shortage impacts not only other members of a society or community but the very ones who seek out the supply and are able to consume it, too. This is what’s known as the “tragedy of the commons”. Preventing the overconsumption or depletion of such goods is accomplished through a number of actions, including government regulation and making the once common-pool resource into a private good. Collective action is also an effective method of controlling the consumption of the resource because individuals work together to preserve it.

① people suffer because shared resources are physically destroyed in a sudden accident
② unrestricted individual use causes a shared limited resource to be exhausted for everyone
③ public goods should always remain open to all users without any outside control
④ governments usually fail because private ownership increases total waste of resources
⑤ all natural resources inevitably disappear no matter how carefully communities manage them

11. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Greed is a biologically based behavior intrinsic to human nature. Urges are fundamental to the survival of all living creatures, and yet humans not only experience desire from a biological standpoint, but from a social one as well. This differentiates the impulses humans have from those felt by animals, such as the drive to reproduce. People desire more than to merely stay alive; they also want material possessions and wealth. But in the modern world, greed is somewhat of a paradox, since individual behavior that resembles greed is natural and encouraged — people are advised to seek wealth and prosperity to the best of their abilities — while greed itself is condemned by society. This is because while greed actually benefits the individual, it can come at a cost for civilization when unrestricted. Sociologists assert that society aims to find an equilibrium of motivating individuals with greed while still limiting unrestrained greed by labeling it as a vice.

① greed causes people to spend money to maintain civilization
② greed helps society most when it is allowed without limits
③ unchecked greed can damage the social order as a whole
④ greed makes humans seek wealth beyond basic survival needs
⑤ any form of desire should be suppressed for the common good

12. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Cloud computing has already transformed how many businesses operate around the world, and it will also soon shape people’s lifestyles. One of the most significant changes has been increased flexibility in the workplace. Now that companies have the power to store, process, and manage all of their files on the cloud, employees are able to access data remotely as long as they can connect to the Internet. They no longer have to physically visit an office in order to obtain certain information and can virtually collaborate with others rather than setting aside time to meet. Cloud storage also means that people will not need to rely on as many devices to use or share content. A person can simply save their files on the cloud, generate links, and invite others to view them rather than having to go through the process of using a USB drive.

① people must reserve a separate period for face-to-face meetings
② workers can exchange ideas without arranging an in-person meeting time
③ companies should reduce the amount of information stored online
④ employees have to visit the office before they share digital content
⑤ cloud services always replace every device people use in daily life

13. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Swiss psychologist Carl Jung is credited with a great many of the field’s most enduring concepts. But for practicing therapists the most useful of these is his approach to diagnosis. Rather than classifying psychological phenomena as discrete disorders and shuttling patients into one-size-fits-all treatments, Jung’s concept of the “complex” allows clinicians to identify how their conflicting problems are intertwined. This approach has been invaluable in understanding the behavior of certain patients who act according to a complex. For Jung, the complex is a mass of interrelated ideas that operate in the unconscious mind. This hidden mass of memories is formed in our childhood and wields a powerful influence — in both positive and negative ways — over our present and future. Discussing issues in these terms allows therapists to discuss how mechanisms of this sort work in a holistic sense. In addition, it relieves the pressure of delivering unrealistically rapid relief to patients.

① it is a set of memories that must be directly removed from the mind
② it is an unseen cluster of past experiences that continues to shape a person
③ it is a temporary emotion that appears only in severe mental disorders
④ it is a method that sorts patients into fixed categories for treatment
⑤ it is a universal principle that explains all human behavior in the same way

14. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

As popular culture has migrated from celebrity-centric to influencer-centric, money has moved along with it. This has led to the establishment of the creator economy. Powered by social media stars, this new ecosystem is in rapid growth; in 2021 alone, the creator economy collected more than 1.3 billion dollars in funding. But it wasn’t always such a profitable field, and “Internet celebrities” were once looked down upon by the old guards of traditional marketplaces. Not much of a surprise, considering they barely made anything and had yet to penetrate their way fully into the consciousness of the public. Then suddenly, Internet platforms began their meteoric rise and became the birthplace for social media giants who amassed huge followings. This resulted in a change in power dynamics. Platforms now must be able to compensate their influencers who bring in millions of users. And even then, it may not be enough, as more and more creators are accumulating wealth on their own terms.

① internet celebrities had to force entry into restricted online platforms to gain profits

② internet celebrities had not yet become widely recognized and accepted by ordinary people

③ internet celebrities had already secured stronger control over platforms than public figures had

④ internet celebrities had to reshape public ideas completely before entering traditional markets

⑤ internet celebrities were generally dismissed because all new media workers earn little at first

15. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

If science and technology continue on the current trajectory, the end result can only be the extinction of homo sapiens as a species or at least civilization as we know it. At some point, Artificial Intelligence will be perfected, which will spawn even more intelligence, and so forth, making humanity irrelevant. Therefore, it is in the interest of our existence to temper our need for discovery with the wisdom of restraint. Philosophy, in this regard, is our best weapon against the untamed dangers of scientific exploration. While often thought of as an opposing force, philosophy is actually closely associated with science and robust enough to ward off crises. Philosophy shares the ideals of logic and rigorous argumentation with science. However, unlike science, which only asks how, philosophy asks why. This is a consideration lacking in science but sorely needed.

① we should reduce scientific inquiry by applying careful self-control
② we should accelerate discovery so that humans stay ahead of artificial intelligence
③ we should separate philosophy from science to prevent logical confusion
④ we should value scientific progress because all knowledge benefits humanity
⑤ we should limit philosophy because science already provides sufficient guidance

16. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Mental rehearsal describes the technique of practicing an action in your mind before performing it in real life. It is common with athletes but is just as useful in a wide variety of other fields and endeavors. Its benefits are well-known and include increased confidence and concentration, reduced anxiety, and the ability to envision solutions to potential problems. To get the best results, it helps to engage as many of your senses as you can. You might visualize yourself crossing the finish line at a race or shaking a client’s hand over a successfully completed deal. Then, with your sense of hearing, you might imagine the roar of a cheering crowd or words of congratulations from your colleagues. Picturing positive outcomes such as these can help any concerns you might have about your preparedness melt away and give you a sense of control over an upcoming event.

① your worries are physically removed by outside support
② you become less doubtful and feel more capable beforehand
③ you depend more on lucky results than careful preparation
④ you picture every detail and therefore guarantee success
⑤ your confidence matters only in athletic contests and races

17. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

In the 1950s, Solomon Asch demonstrated the power of peer pressure in an experiment in which participants took a visual perception test requiring them to identify a line that was closest in length to another. This was a simple task, with the correct answer being obvious to participants 99% of the time in independent tests prior to the actual experiment. During the actual experiment, a single study participant was put in a room with several actors. The actors had been told beforehand to provide wrong answers to the questions, and it was found that the effect this had on the actual study participant was to go along with the rest of the group out of fear of being ridiculed. In fact, despite the correct answer being clear to them, many of the participants agreed with the majority and provided the incorrect answer in 12 critical trials of this experiment. However, when two participants were included in the same study instead of just one, and both were aware of what the correct answer was, they almost never followed the majority.

① the participant physically moved together with the others in the room
② the participant intentionally corrected the group to avoid public criticism
③ the participant accepted the others' judgment despite knowing it was wrong
④ the participant relied on repeated visual tests to improve perception skills
⑤ the participant usually obeyed whatever opinion any larger group presented

1. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Clear communications are valued in all areas of modern society, and this is particularly true in the workplace. Unfortunately, many bosses operate on what is called a “need-to-know basis,” providing staff with information only when absolutely necessary. Instead, they must be transparent with their workers, both in good times and bad. Why is this so important? It’s because many people want to feel a sense of ownership in the work they do and to believe that they can be a part of the solution if a crisis occurs. Leaders should, therefore, be upfront with their staff about any issues the company or team may be facing, essentially acknowledging that their employees are also their peers. This will help them win the trust and respect of their employees while increasing the level of staff involvement, which benefits the company as a whole.

① Why Bosses Should Limit Information at Work
② Transparency at Work: A Basis for Shared Commitment
③ Trusting Leaders in Times of Crisis Alone
④ Employees and Peers: A New Hiring Standard
⑤ Does Need-to-Know Always Protect a Company?

2. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Brains are incredibly complex structures responsible for an abundance of crucial tasks. Yet, in spite of being such vital organs, they are not perfect; one could even say they have a mind of their own. When it comes to problem-solving, the human brain prefers taking shortcuts (also known as heuristics) to arrive at solutions. It will recall similar past circumstances or depend on prior knowledge in order to bypass critical thinking — it’s lazy that way. This can prevent a person from considering other options or contemplating an important matter long enough. Brains can also cause people to think they’ve had experiences they’ve never actually had before (false memories). If a person hears a story or watches a video, his or her brain can fool them into thinking that they went through what they heard or saw. With so much information to process, it shouldn’t be a surprise that our minds slip up sometimes.

① Why Heuristics Always Improve Human Problem-Solving
② False Memories: When Stories Become Personal Experience
③ The Mind as an Imperfect Guide Through Reality
④ How Critical Thinking Removes All Mental Errors
⑤ Brains and Memory: Tools for Faster Daily Learning

3. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Many people read translated versions of classics like the Odyssey. While translations may seem convenient, we can’t always be sure that we fully understand what the original writers were trying to say because not all translations are reliable. The thing is, translators must be equally proficient in both languages involved in a translation, and they must have a good understanding of the work itself. Exact translations can be impossible due to the use of figurative language, which can’t be translated literally. Furthermore, the words writers use in their work are often chosen very carefully. For instance, poets may select words that rhyme, which may not be possible to duplicate in another language. The original meaning can therefore be lost.

① Why Reliable Translations of Poetry Are Easy to Produce
② Translation as an Art of Nearness, Not Sameness
③ The Odyssey and Other Classics in Modern English
④ How Figurative Language Improves Every Translation
⑤ Rhyme and Word Choice in Great Poets

4. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

After the devastating flood of 1927, Congress approved the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project, which resulted in the construction of 20,000 miles of levees and floodways. This disrupted the delicate balance of the Mississippi’s watercourses, and the surrounding wetlands began to subside. So far, 1,800 square miles of Louisiana wetlands have disappeared. This disaster has taken a heavy toll. The vanishing swamps not only play a vital role in storm surge reduction and nutrient filtration but also are a critical ecosystem. In fact, almost half of the threatened and endangered species in America depend on wetlands. One potential answer is Louisiana’s Coastal Master Plan. It aims to recreate the natural processes that built the state’s delta, which would protect existing wetlands and restore areas that have been lost. There is an easy way the public can assist, too: eating oysters. Oyster shells can be used to rebuild the reefs. Nearly 5,000 tons of shells have been used for this already, thanks to recycling programs at Louisiana restaurants.

① Oyster Shells: A Practical Cure for Coastal Loss
② When Human Control Breaks Nature’s Defenses
③ Can Levees Alone Save Louisiana Wetlands?
④ Wetlands and Species: Why All America Depends
⑤ The Mississippi Project and Economic Growth in Louisiana

5. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Inflation tends to have a negative connotation because it is commonly associated with reduced purchasing power and monetary savings. Some economists, however, insist that a healthy amount of inflation might actually work in the public’s favor. Most notably, distinguished economist John Maynard Keynes asserted that moderate inflation is critical to counteract the paradox of thrift, which states that savings can actually be damaging to economic growth. If people are not spending their money, the economy suffers because there is less overall demand. Inflation can also give a financial boost to those in debt, such as mortgage borrowers and people with student loans. The value of loans decreases with inflation and this in turn encourages spending. Inflation targeting — or making adjustments to stick to an inflation rate that is chosen — is used by central banks all over the world with the goal of stimulating the economy and maintaining maximum employment. If people know that prices will rise in the future, it motivates them to buy goods and services now.

① Inflation Targeting: a Threat to Personal Savings
② Why Rising Prices Hurt Borrowers Most Severely
③ A Gentle Push That Keeps Demand Alive
④ Can Saving Alone Secure Economic Growth?
⑤ Central Banks and the Fight Against Future Prices

6. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

When looking at the simplicity of human cells, the smallest building blocks of organic life, imagining that viruses — even less complex entities — could overtake them is difficult. Yet they can, and they do. The simplest viruses have only two parts: DNA or RNA that is a blueprint for making more viruses and a protein shell for protection. However, though they contain the instructions for reproduction, they lack the proper chemical substances — enzymes — to be able to do so on their own. They need a host to be able to do anything at all. They first infiltrate a cell, and then, once inside, add their genetic blueprint. The cell does not realize the difference and unknowingly begins to produce more of the virus instead of replicating itself. Each new virus can then infect another cell, repeating the infection cycle.

① How Viruses Build Their Own Enzymes First
② The Protein Shell: A Key to Cell Protection
③ A Silent Hijacking of Life’s Smallest Factories
④ Can Human Cells Completely Defeat All Viruses?
⑤ From DNA to RNA: Types of Viral Blueprints

7. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Populism refers to a political approach that views the world as divided, with corrupt government elites on one end controlling everything and good, ordinary people whose expectations are not being met on the other. While it is true that mainstream governments sometimes fail to meet the public’s expectations, turning to populism as an alternative can be destructive to social order. When a populist leader rises to power, they often suggest that problems have become urgent and that maintaining the status quo will only make matters worse for the people. This creates a sense of panic and causes the people to offer their support for the leader, even when leader’s solutions for so-called problems like immigration or free trade are not actually in the best interest of all the people. That is because “the people” frequently excludes minorities and other marginalized members of the population, which means that populism can turn members of the same society against one another, promote intolerance, and generally create additional problems.

① Populism and the Politics of Rising Panic
② Free Trade and Immigration in Public Debate
③ A Shortcut to Power Through Social Division
④ Can Populism Truly Restore Social Order?
⑤ Why Government Elites Always Betray the People

8. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Humans are able to envision the future, and interestingly enough, it seems as though some animals can too. In one study, a species of weasel was observed eating ripe bananas immediately but then storing other unripe ones in trees, allowing them to mature. They would then come back to eat the fruit they had saved at a later time. This shows that the weasels were aware to some degree that in the near future, those bananas would become ripe enough to eat. That is, they were able to deduce a(n) probable outcome and act accordingly. This ability to prepare for the future has been seen in a variety of animal species. It proves that they are not only capable of mental time travel but that they also possess enough reasoning and logic to know the best course of action to take for their own survival.

① Bananas in Trees: A Weasel Feeding Strategy
② Do Animals Really Fail to Plan Ahead?
③ Reason Beyond the Present for Survival
④ Mental Time Travel in All Living Things
⑤ How Unripe Fruit Shapes Animal Habits

9. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

One of the most remarkable aspects of the human body is its ability to regulate itself and maintain optimal functioning. It uses a variety of natural processes to achieve this, including the self-digestion system of autophagy. This mechanism is the body’s way of regenerating new and healthy cells through the removal of damaged cell components. When a person’s cells are stressed, autophagy is increased in order to ensure the normal operation of the body and keep it in homeostasis. It efficiently targets dysfunctional cells and ensures their elimination, often through the degradation of damaged and toxic proteins. The parts of the cell that are reused are the cytoplasm — fluid inside the cell — and organelles, which are structures with particular functions. These are broken down into amino acids, which the body utilizes for energy and cellular repair. In this way, autophagy helps prevent numerous health conditions such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s and can even help fight against infectious diseases.

① Autophagy and the Breakdown of Toxic Proteins
② Why Damaged Cells Must Be Preserved Longer
③ Cellular Renewal Through the Body’s Internal Cleanup
④ Amino Acids as the Main Cause of Homeostasis
⑤ Can Infectious Diseases Be Cured by Organelles?

10. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Common-pool resources are goods that are available to a large majority of the public even though they have a limited stock that is vulnerable to abuse. For example, although there are plentiful forests, if every person were to collect as much wood as possible from these forests, their decline would be inevitable. A good such as this can be exploited over time, leading to an unreliable supply as individuals consume the resource to the detriment of others. A shortage impacts not only other members of a society or community but the very ones who seek out the supply and are able to consume it, too. This is what’s known as the “tragedy of the commons.” Preventing the overconsumption or depletion of such goods is accomplished through a number of actions, including government regulation and making the once common-pool resource into a private good. Collective action is also an effective method of controlling the consumption of the resource because individuals work together to preserve it.

① Forests and Wood: Why Shortages Always Spread
② When Shared Plenty Turns Into Mutual Loss
③ Can Private Goods Always Replace Public Resources?
④ Government Regulation as the Only Answer to Abuse
⑤ Collective Action for Building Stronger Local Communities

11. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Greed is a biologically based behavior intrinsic to human nature. Urges are fundamental to the survival of all living creatures, and yet humans not only experience desire from a biological standpoint, but from a social one as well. This differentiates the impulses humans have from those felt by animals, such as the drive to reproduce. People desire more than to merely stay alive; they also want material possessions and wealth. But in the modern world, greed is somewhat of a paradox, since individual behavior that resembles greed is natural and encouraged — people are advised to seek wealth and prosperity to the best of their abilities — while greed itself is condemned by society. This is because while greed actually benefits the individual, it can come at a cost for civilization when unrestricted. Sociologists assert that society aims to find an equilibrium of motivating individuals with greed while still limiting unrestrained greed by labeling it as a vice.

① Wealth and Possessions as the Aim of Human Life
② Why Society Must Praise Unrestrained Greed
③ Between Instinct and Order: A Managed Human Drive
④ Greed and Reproduction in the Animal World
⑤ Can Civilization Eliminate Desire for Good?

12. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Cloud computing has already transformed how many businesses operate around the world, and it will also soon shape people’s lifestyles. One of the most significant changes has been increased flexibility in the workplace. Now that companies have the power to store, process, and manage all of their files on the cloud, employees are able to access data remotely as long as they can connect to the Internet. They no longer have to physically visit an office in order to obtain certain information and can virtually collaborate with others rather than setting aside time to meet. Cloud storage also means that people will not need to rely on as many devices to use or share content. A person can simply save their files on the cloud, generate links, and invite others to view them rather than having to go through the process of using a USB drive.

① Remote Access: A New Office Routine
② Why USB Drives Will Soon Disappear
③ From Fixed Places to Fluid Living
④ Cloud Computing Weakens Workplace Flexibility
⑤ More Internet Devices for Better File Sharing

13. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Swiss psychologist Carl Jung is credited with a great many of the field’s most enduring concepts. But for practicing therapists the most useful of these is his approach to diagnosis. Rather than classifying psychological phenomena as discrete disorders and shuttling patients into one-size-fits-all treatments, Jung’s concept of the “complex” allows clinicians to identify how their conflicting problems are intertwined. This approach has been invaluable in understanding the behavior of certain patients who act according to a complex. For Jung, the complex is a mass of interrelated ideas that operate in the unconscious mind. This “hidden mass of memories” is formed in our childhood and wields a powerful influence — in both positive and negative ways — over our present and future. Discussing issues in these terms allows therapists to discuss how mechanisms of this sort work in a holistic sense. In addition, it relieves the pressure of delivering unrealistically rapid relief to patients.

① Complexes and Childhood Memories in Therapy
② Why Discrete Disorders Need Faster Treatment
③ Seeing Knotted Suffering as a Single Pattern
④ Can the Unconscious Predict Our Future Choices?
⑤ Jung’s Complex: A Cure for Every Patient

14. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

As popular culture has migrated from celebrity-centric to influencer-centric, money has moved along with it. This has led to the establishment of the creator economy. Powered by social media stars, this new ecosystem is in rapid growth; in 2021 alone, the creator economy collected more than 1.3 billion dollars in funding. But it wasn’t always such a profitable field, and “Internet celebrities” were once looked down upon by the old guards of traditional marketplaces. Not much of a surprise, considering they barely made anything and had yet to penetrate their way fully into the consciousness of the public. Then suddenly, Internet platforms began their meteoric rise and became the birthplace for social media giants who amassed huge followings. This resulted in a change in power dynamics. Platforms now must be able to compensate their influencers who bring in millions of users. And even then, it may not be enough, as more and more creators are accumulating wealth on their own terms.

① Social Media Stars and the Rise of Online Funding
② When Internet Celebrities Were Ignored by Old Markets
③ A Shift in Leverage Within the Attention Marketplace
④ Can Platforms Fully Control Their Influencers Now?
⑤ The Creator Economy as the Answer to Public Demand

15. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

If science and technology continue on the current trajectory, the end result can only be the extinction of homo sapiens as a species or at least civilization as we know it. At some point, Artificial Intelligence will be perfected, which will spawn even more intelligence, and so forth, making humanity irrelevant. Therefore, it is in the interest of our existence to temper our need for discovery with the wisdom of restraint. Philosophy, in this regard, is our best weapon against the untamed dangers of scientific exploration. While often thought of as an opposing force, philosophy is actually closely associated with science and robust enough to ward off crises. Philosophy shares the ideals of logic and rigorous argumentation with science. However, unlike science, which only asks how, philosophy asks why. This is a consideration lacking in science but sorely needed.

① Artificial Intelligence and the End of Human Logic
② Why Science Needs a Boundary Beyond Discovery
③ Philosophy or Science: Which Should Rule Civilization?
④ The Rise of Technology for a Safer Human Future
⑤ How Artificial Intelligence Perfects Scientific Argument

16. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Mental rehearsal describes the technique of practicing an action in your mind before performing it in real life. It is common with athletes but is just as useful in a wide variety of other fields and endeavors. Its benefits are well-known and include increased confidence and concentration, reduced anxiety, and the ability to envision solutions to potential problems. To get the best results, it helps to engage as many of your senses as you can. You might visualize yourself crossing the finish line at a race or shaking a client’s hand over a successfully completed deal. Then, with your sense of hearing, you might imagine the roar of a cheering crowd or words of congratulations from your colleagues. Picturing positive outcomes such as these can help any concerns you might have about your preparedness melt away and give you a sense of control over an upcoming event.

① Crossing the Finish Line Before the Race
② Does Hearing Applause Improve Athletic Performance?
③ A Dry Run for the Mind Before Action
④ Mental Rehearsal: A Cure for All Anxiety
⑤ Why Athletes Depend on Cheering Crowds

17. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

In the 1950s, Solomon Asch demonstrated the power of peer pressure in an experiment in which participants took a visual perception test requiring them to identify a line that was closest in length to another. This was a simple task, with the correct answer being obvious to participants 99% of the time in independent tests prior to the actual experiment. During the actual experiment, a single study participant was put in a room with several actors. The actors had been told beforehand to provide wrong answers to the questions, and it was found that the effect this had on the actual study participant was to go along with the rest of the group out of fear of being ridiculed. In fact, despite the correct answer being clear to them, many of the participants agreed with the majority and provided the incorrect answer in 12 critical trials of this experiment. However, when two participants were included in the same study instead of just one, and both were aware of what the correct answer was, they almost never followed the majority.

① Why Do Visual Tests Produce Wrong Answers?
② Fear of Ridicule in a Room of Actors
③ When a Lone Mind Bends to Social Weight
④ Does the Majority Always See More Clearly?
⑤ Group Experiments: A Better Way to Find Truth

1. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Clear communications are valued in all areas of modern society, and this is particularly true in the workplace. Unfortunately, many bosses operate on what is called a “need-to-know basis,” providing staff with information only when absolutely necessary. Instead, they must be transparent with their workers, both in good times and bad. Why is this so important? It’s because many people want to feel a sense of ownership in the work they do and to believe that they can be a part of the solution if a crisis occurs. Leaders should, therefore, be upfront with their staff about any issues the company or team may be facing, essentially acknowledging that their employees are also their peers. This will help them win the trust and respect of their employees while increasing the level of staff involvement, which benefits the company as a whole.

① 위기 상황에서는 직원에게 최소한만 알려야 한다.
② 리더는 직원과 문제를 솔직히 공유해야 한다.
③ 직원의 주인의식은 성과 보상으로 강화된다.
④ 조직의 신뢰는 좋은 시기에만 쌓을 수 있다.
⑤ 직원 참여를 늘리려면 보고 체계를 단순화해야 한다.

2. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Brains are incredibly complex structures responsible for an abundance of crucial tasks. Yet, in spite of being such vital organs, they are not perfect; one could even say they have a mind of their own. When it comes to problem-solving, the human brain prefers taking shortcuts (also known as heuristics) to arrive at solutions. It will recall similar past circumstances or depend on prior knowledge in order to bypass critical thinking — it’s lazy that way. This can prevent a person from considering other options or contemplating an important matter long enough. Brains can also cause people to think they’ve had experiences they’ve never actually had before (false memories). If a person hears a story or watches a video, his or her brain can fool them into thinking that they went through what they heard or saw. With so much information to process, it shouldn’t be a surprise that our minds slip up sometimes.

① 인간의 뇌는 경험을 바탕으로 빠르게 판단하도록 진화한 기관이다.
② 인간의 뇌는 중요한 문제일수록 더 오래 숙고하도록 훈련해야 한다.
③ 인간의 뇌는 정보를 많이 처리할수록 기억 왜곡을 줄일 수 있다.
④ 인간의 뇌는 편의적 사고와 기억 착오를 일으킬 수 있는 불완전한 기관이다.
⑤ 인간의 뇌는 유사한 과거 경험을 활용해 효율적으로 해답에 도달한다.

3. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Many people read translated versions of classics like the Odyssey. While translations may seem convenient, we can’t always be sure that we fully understand what the original writers were trying to say because not all translations are reliable. The thing is, translators must be equally proficient in both languages involved in a translation, and they must have a good understanding of the work itself. Exact translations can be impossible due to the use of figurative language, which can’t be translated literally. Furthermore, the words writers use in their work are often chosen very carefully. For instance, poets may select words that rhyme, which may not be possible to duplicate in another language. The original meaning can therefore be lost. The director of the British Centre for Literary Translation commented on the issue, insisting, “There’s not a single word in any of the languages I translate that can map perfectly onto a word in English. So it’s always interpretative, approximate, creative.”

① 번역가는 두 언어에 모두 능숙해야 정확성이 높아진다.
② 문학 번역은 원문의 의미를 완벽히 재현하기 어렵다.
③ 번역본 독자는 원작의 표현 기법까지 함께 익혀야 한다.
④ 시 번역에서는 운율과 압운의 재현이 가장 중요하다.
⑤ 고전 번역은 독자의 편의를 위해 자유롭게 각색해야 한다.

4. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

After the devastating flood of 1927, Congress approved the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project, which resulted in the construction of 20,000 miles of levees and floodways. This disrupted the delicate balance of the Mississippi’s watercourses, and the surrounding wetlands began to subside. So far, 1,800 square miles of Louisiana wetlands have disappeared. This disaster has taken a heavy toll. The vanishing swamps not only play a vital role in storm surge reduction and nutrient filtration but also are a critical ecosystem. In fact, almost half of the threatened and endangered species in America depend on wetlands. One potential answer is Louisiana’s Coastal Master Plan. It aims to recreate the natural processes that built the state’s delta, which would protect existing wetlands and restore areas that have been lost. There is an easy way the public can assist, too: eating oysters. Oyster shells can be used to rebuild the reefs. Nearly 5,000 tons of shells have been used for this already, thanks to recycling programs at Louisiana restaurants.

① 루이지애나 습지는 멸종위기종 보호의 핵심 서식지이다.
② 습지 보전은 자연 복원과 시민 참여를 함께 모아야 한다.
③ 제방과 수로 확장은 홍수 통제 효과를 더욱 높여야 한다.
④ 굴껍데기 재활용은 해안 암초 복원의 최선책이다.
⑤ 해안 습지 감소는 영양 여과 기능 약화만 초래한다.

5. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Inflation tends to have a negative connotation because it is commonly associated with reduced purchasing power and monetary savings. Some economists, however, insist that a healthy amount of inflation might actually work in the public’s favor. Most notably, distinguished economist John Maynard Keynes asserted that moderate inflation is critical to counteract the paradox of thrift, which states that savings can actually be damaging to economic growth. If people are not spending their money, the economy suffers because there is less overall demand. Inflation can also give a financial boost to those in debt, such as mortgage borrowers and people with student loans. The value of loans decreases with inflation and this in turn encourages spending. Inflation targeting — or making adjustments to stick to an inflation rate that is chosen — is used by central banks all over the world with the goal of stimulating the economy and maintaining maximum employment. If people know that prices will rise in the future, it motivates them to buy goods and services now.

① 적정 인플레이션은 소비를 촉진해 경제에 도움이 될 수 있다.

② 인플레이션은 부채 상환 부담을 줄여 주는 수단이다.

③ 중앙은행은 물가안정만을 위해 금리를 조정해야 한다.

④ 저축의 역설을 막으려면 개인 저축을 제한해야 한다.

⑤ 미래 물가 상승 기대는 현재 소비를 앞당기게 한다.

6. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

When looking at the simplicity of human cells, the smallest building blocks of organic life, imagining that viruses — even less complex entities — could overtake them is difficult. Yet they can, and they do. The simplest viruses have only two parts: DNA or RNA that is a blueprint for making more viruses and a protein shell for protection. However, though they contain the instructions for reproduction, they lack the proper chemical substances — enzymes — to be able to do so on their own. They need a host to be able to do anything at all. They first infiltrate a cell, and then, once inside, add their genetic blueprint. The cell does not realize the difference and unknowingly begins to produce more of the virus instead of replicating itself. Each new virus can then infect another cell, repeating the infection cycle.

① 바이러스는 세포 안에 침투해 자신의 설계도를 넣음으로써 증식할 수 있다.
② 바이러스는 단백질 껍질과 유전물질만으로도 생존을 유지하는 존재이다.
③ 인간 세포는 바이러스와 자신을 구별하지 못해 감염에 취약한 구조이다.
④ 바이러스는 효소가 없어 숙주 세포를 이용해 스스로를 복제하게 만든다.
⑤ 가장 단순한 생명체일수록 외부 침입에 쉽게 지배당할 가능성이 크다.

7. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Populism refers to a political approach that views the world as divided, with corrupt government elites on one end controlling everything and good, ordinary people whose expectations are not being met on the other. While it is true that mainstream governments sometimes fail to meet the public’s expectations, turning to populism as an alternative can be destructive to social order. When a populist leader rises to power, they often suggest that problems have become urgent and that maintaining the status quo will only make matters worse for the people. This creates a sense of panic and causes the people to offer their support for the leader, even when leader’s solutions for so-called problems like immigration or free trade are not actually in the best interest of all the people. That is because “the people” frequently excludes minorities and other marginalized members of the population, which means that populism can turn members of the same society against one another, promote intolerance, and generally create additional problems.

① 포퓰리즘 지도자는 위기감을 조성해 지지를 얻기 쉽다.
② 포퓰리즘은 사회 내부의 분열과 배제를 심화시킬 수 있다.
③ 정부가 기대를 충족하지 못하면 대중은 급진화되기 쉽다.
④ 이민과 자유무역 문제는 모두의 이익으로 다뤄져야 한다.
⑤ 포퓰리즘은 기득권 정치에 대한 효과적 대안이 될 수 있다.

8. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Humans are able to envision the future, and interestingly enough, it seems as though some animals can too. In one study, a species of weasel was observed eating ripe bananas immediately but then storing other unripe ones in trees, allowing them to mature. They would then come back to eat the fruit they had saved at a later time. This shows that the weasels were aware to some degree that in the near future, those bananas would become ripe enough to eat. That is, they were able to deduce a(n) probable outcome and act accordingly. This ability to prepare for the future has been seen in a variety of animal species. It proves that they are not only capable of mental time travel but that they also possess enough reasoning and logic to know the best course of action to take for their own survival.

① 동물은 저장 행동으로 익을 먹이를 확보할 수 있다.
② 일부 동물은 미래를 예측하고 대비할 수 있다.
③ 동물의 생존 전략은 먹이 선택 능력에 달려 있다.
④ 동물은 정신적 시간 여행으로 현재를 더 중시한다.
⑤ 족제비의 바나나 저장은 학습된 습관으로 봐야 한다.

9. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

One of the most remarkable aspects of the human body is its ability to regulate itself and maintain optimal functioning. It uses a variety of natural processes to achieve this, including the self-digestion system of autophagy. This mechanism is the body’s way of regenerating new and healthy cells through the removal of damaged cell components. When a person’s cells are stressed, autophagy is increased in order to ensure the normal operation of the body and keep it in homeostasis. It efficiently targets dysfunctional cells and ensures their elimination, often through the degradation of damaged and toxic proteins. The parts of the cell that are reused are the cytoplasm — fluid inside the cell — and organelles, which are structures with particular functions. These are broken down into amino acids, which the body utilizes for energy and cellular repair. In this way, autophagy helps prevent numerous health conditions such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s and can even help fight against infectious diseases.

① 자가포식은 세포 성분을 아미노산으로 바꾸는 에너지 공급 과정이다.
② 자가포식은 손상된 세포를 제거해 몸의 항상성을 유지하는 체계이다.
③ 자가포식은 독성 단백질 분해를 통해 감염병 대응력을 높이는 방식이다.
④ 자가포식은 세포 스트레스가 커질수록 더 활발해져야만 하는 반응이다.
⑤ 자가포식은 세포질과 소기관을 재사용해 세포 복구를 돕는 과정이다.

10. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Common-pool resources are goods that are available to a large majority of the public even though they have a limited stock that is vulnerable to abuse. For example, although there are plentiful forests, if every person were to collect as much wood as possible from these forests, their decline would be inevitable. A good such as this can be exploited over time, leading to an unreliable supply as individuals consume the resource to the detriment of others. A shortage impacts not only other members of a society or community but the very ones who seek out the supply and are able to consume it, too. This is what’s known as the “tragedy of the commons.” Preventing the overconsumption or depletion of such goods is accomplished through a number of actions, including government regulation and making the once common-pool resource into a private good. Collective action is also an effective method of controlling the consumption of the resource because individuals work together to preserve it.

① 공유 자원은 정부 규제로만 남용을 막을 수 있다.
② 공유 자원 고갈은 결국 이용자 자신에게도 피해를 준다.
③ 산림 같은 공유 자원은 사유화가 가장 바람직하다.
④ 공유 자원은 공동 관리로 고갈을 예방할 수 있다.
⑤ 공유 자원은 누구나 자유롭게 써야 효율이 높아진다.

11. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Greed is a biologically based behavior intrinsic to human nature. Urges are fundamental to the survival of all living creatures, and yet humans not only experience desire from a biological standpoint, but from a social one as well. This differentiates the impulses humans have from those felt by animals, such as the drive to reproduce. People desire more than to merely stay alive; they also want material possessions and wealth. But in the modern world, greed is somewhat of a paradox, since individual behavior that resembles greed is natural and encouraged — people are advised to seek wealth and prosperity to the best of their abilities — while greed itself is condemned by society. This is because while greed actually benefits the individual, it can come at a cost for civilization when unrestricted. Sociologists assert that society aims to find an equilibrium of motivating individuals with greed while still limiting unrestrained greed by labeling it as a vice.

① 사회는 탐욕을 부도덕한 악으로만 규정해야 한다.
② 사회는 부의 추구를 본능에 따라 최대화해야 한다.
③ 인간의 욕망은 동물적 본능과 본질적으로 동일하다.
④ 개인의 탐욕은 사회 질서를 위해 완전히 억제돼야 한다.
⑤ 사회는 탐욕의 동기 부여와 억제 사이 균형을 추구한다.

12. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Cloud computing has already transformed how many businesses operate around the world, and it will also soon shape people’s lifestyles. One of the most significant changes has been increased flexibility in the workplace. Now that companies have the power to store, process, and manage all of their files on the cloud, employees are able to access data remotely as long as they can connect to the Internet. They no longer have to physically visit an office in order to obtain certain information and can virtually collaborate with others rather than setting aside time to meet. Cloud storage also means that people will not need to rely on as many devices to use or share content. A person can simply save their files on the cloud, generate links, and invite others to view them rather than having to go through the process of using a USB drive.

① 클라우드 기술은 업무와 일상 전반의 유연성을 높일 수 있다.
② 클라우드 환경에서는 사무실 방문 없이도 정보 확인이 가능하다.
③ 클라우드 저장은 USB보다 더 간편한 공유 방식을 제공한다.
④ 클라우드 기반 협업은 대면 회의 시간을 줄이는 데 유리하다.
⑤ 클라우드 활용은 인터넷 연결 안정성이 우선 확보되어야 한다.

13. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Swiss psychologist Carl Jung is credited with a great many of the field’s most enduring concepts. But for practicing therapists the most useful of these is his approach to diagnosis. Rather than classifying psychological phenomena as discrete disorders and shuttling patients into one-size-fits-all treatments, Jung’s concept of the “complex” allows clinicians to identify how their conflicting problems are intertwined. This approach has been invaluable in understanding the behavior of certain patients who act according to a complex. For Jung, the complex is a mass of interrelated ideas that operate in the unconscious mind. This “hidden mass of memories” is formed in our childhood and wields a powerful influence — in both positive and negative ways — over our present and future. Discussing issues in these terms allows therapists to discuss how mechanisms of this sort work in a holistic sense. In addition, it relieves the pressure of delivering unrealistically rapid relief to patients.

① 융의 콤플렉스 개념은 무의식의 작동 방식을 세밀히 분류해야 함을 보여 준다.

② 융의 진단 방식은 얽힌 문제를 통합적으로 이해하는 데 유용하다.

③ 치료사는 환자에게 빠른 증상 완화를 제공하는 데 집중해야 한다.

④ 어린 시절의 기억은 현재 행동을 설명하는 유일한 기준이 된다.

⑤ 환자의 행동은 개별 장애 범주에 따라 표준화해 다루어야 한다.

14. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

As popular culture has migrated from celebrity-centric to influencer-centric, money has moved along with it. This has led to the establishment of the creator economy. Powered by social media stars, this new ecosystem is in rapid growth; in 2021 alone, the creator economy collected more than 1.3 billion dollars in funding. But it wasn’t always such a profitable field, and “Internet celebrities” were once looked down upon by the old guards of traditional marketplaces. Not much of a surprise, considering they barely made anything and had yet to penetrate their way fully into the consciousness of the public. Then suddenly, Internet platforms began their meteoric rise and became the birthplace for social media giants who amassed huge followings. This resulted in a change in power dynamics. Platforms now must be able to compensate their influencers who bring in millions of users. And even then, it may not be enough, as more and more creators are accumulating wealth on their own terms.

① 플랫폼은 영향력 있는 창작자에게 충분한 보상을 해야 한다.

② 창작자 경제는 대중문화의 중심 이동과 함께 급성장한 산업이다.

③ 전통 시장은 인터넷 유명인의 상업적 가치를 일찍 인정해야 했다.

④ 소셜 미디어 스타의 막대한 자금 유치는 산업 성숙의 기준이다.

⑤ 창작자는 플랫폼 의존보다 독자적 수익 기반을 넓힐 수 있다.

15. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

If science and technology continue on the current trajectory, the end result can only be the extinction of homo sapiens as a species or at least civilization as we know it. At some point, Artificial Intelligence will be perfected, which will spawn even more intelligence, and so forth, making humanity irrelevant. Therefore, it is in the interest of our existence to temper our need for discovery with the wisdom of restraint. Philosophy, in this regard, is our best weapon against the untamed dangers of scientific exploration. While often thought of as an opposing force, philosophy is actually closely associated with science and robust enough to ward off crises. Philosophy shares the ideals of logic and rigorous argumentation with science. However, unlike science, which only asks how, philosophy asks why. This is a consideration lacking in science but sorely needed.

① 과학은 논리와 엄밀성을 바탕으로 더욱 독립적으로 발전해야 한다.

② 인류는 과학 탐구의 위험을 철학적 성찰로 절제해야 한다.

③ 철학은 과학과 대립하기보다 같은 방법론을 강화해야 한다.

④ 인공지능의 발전은 인간 문명의 종말을 직접 앞당길 수 있다.

⑤ 과학은 왜보다 어떻게를 묻기에 더 효율적인 학문이다.

16. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Mental rehearsal describes the technique of practicing an action in your mind before performing it in real life. It is common with athletes but is just as useful in a wide variety of other fields and endeavors. Its benefits are well-known and include increased confidence and concentration, reduced anxiety, and the ability to envision solutions to potential problems. To get the best results, it helps to engage as many of your senses as you can. You might visualize yourself crossing the finish line at a race or shaking a client’s hand over a successfully completed deal. Then, with your sense of hearing, you might imagine the roar of a cheering crowd or words of congratulations from your colleagues. Picturing positive outcomes such as these can help any concerns you might have about your preparedness melt away and give you a sense of control over an upcoming event.

① 심상 연습은 다양한 감각을 동원할 때 효과가 커진다.

② 심상 연습은 운동선수에게 특히 적합한 훈련 방식이다.

③ 심상 연습은 성공 장면을 그리며 불안을 낮춰야 한다.

④ 심상 연습은 실제 수행 전 자신감과 통제감을 높일 수 있다.

⑤ 심상 연습은 잠재적 문제의 해결책을 먼저 정리해야 한다.

17. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

1950년대 솔로몬 애시는 참가자들이 다른 선과 길이가 가장 가까운 선을 고르는 시지각 과제에서 또래 압력의 힘을 보여 주었다. 이 과제는 실제 실험 전에 실시된 독립 검사에서 참가자들이 99%의 경우 정답을 분명히 알 수 있을 만큼 쉬운 것이었다. 실제 실험에서는 진짜 참가자 1명이 여러 명의 연기자와 함께 방에 들어갔고, 연기자들은 미리 틀린 답을 하도록 지시받았다. 그 결과 실제 참가자는 비웃음을 당할까 두려워 집단의 답에 동조하는 경향을 보였다. 실제로 많은 참가자들은 정답이 분명함에도 이 실험의 12번의 핵심 시행에서 다수 의견에 동의하며 오답을 말했다. 그러나 한 명이 아니라 두 명의 참가자가 함께 포함되고, 둘 다 정답을 알고 있을 때는 거의 다수 의견을 따르지 않았다.

① 또래 압력은 명백한 판단도 왜곡시킬 수 있다.
② 집단 속 개인은 비난을 피하려 침묵해야 한다.
③ 시지각 검사는 사전 독립 검증이 반드시 필요하다.
④ 다수 의견은 반복될수록 더 쉽게 정답이 된다.
⑤ 정답을 아는 개인은 언제나 집단에 맞서야 한다.

1번. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Clear communications are valued in all areas of modern society, and this is particularly true in the workplace. Unfortunately, many bosses operate on what is called a “need-to-know basis,” providing staff with information only when absolutely necessary. Instead, they must be transparent with their workers, both in good times and bad. Why is this so important? It’s because many people want to feel a sense of ownership in the work they do and to believe that they can be a part of the solution if a crisis occurs. Leaders should, therefore, be upfront with their staff about any issues the company or team may be facing, essentially acknowledging that their employees are also their peers. This will help them win the trust and respect of their employees while increasing the level of staff involvement, which benefits the company as a whole.

① 경영진은 직원들에게 필요한 정보만 선별해 전달해야 한다.
② 경영진은 위기 상황에서만 직원 의견을 적극 수렴해야 한다.
③ 경영진은 직원들에게 성과 보상 기준을 먼저 분명히 알려야 한다.
④ 경영진은 회사의 문제를 직원들에게 솔직히 공유해야 한다.
⑤ 경영진은 직원들에게 팀 내 역할 분담을 더 엄격히 요구해야 한다.

2. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Brains are incredibly complex structures responsible for an abundance of crucial tasks. Yet, in spite of being such vital organs, they are not perfect; one could even say they have a mind of their own. When it comes to problem-solving, the human brain prefers taking shortcuts (also known as heuristics) to arrive at solutions. It will recall similar past circumstances or depend on prior knowledge in order to bypass critical thinking — it’s lazy that way. This can prevent a person from considering other options or contemplating an important matter long enough. Brains can also cause people to think they’ve had experiences they’ve never actually had before (false memories). If a person hears a story or watches a video, his or her brain can fool them into thinking that they went through what they heard or saw. With so much information to process, it shouldn’t be a surprise that our minds slip up sometimes.

① 우리는 문제 해결에서 직관적 판단을 더 신속히 활용해야 한다.
② 우리는 중요한 판단에서 뇌의 착오 가능성을 경계해야 한다.
③ 우리는 문제 해결에서 과거 경험을 적극적으로 신뢰해야 한다.
④ 우리는 중요한 판단에서 허위 기억을 우선 바로잡아야 한다.
⑤ 우리는 문제 해결에서 유사 사례를 최대한 많이 축적해야 한다.

3. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Many people read translated versions of classics like the Odyssey. While translations may seem convenient, we can’t always be sure that we fully understand what the original writers were trying to say because not all translations are reliable. The thing is, translators must be equally proficient in both languages involved in a translation, and they must have a good understanding of the work itself. Exact translations can be impossible due to the use of figurative language, which can’t be translated literally. Furthermore, the words writers use in their work are often chosen very carefully. For instance, poets may select words that rhyme, which may not be possible to duplicate in another language. The original meaning can therefore be lost. The director of the British Centre for Literary Translation commented on the issue, insisting, “There’s not a single word in any of the languages I translate that can map perfectly onto a word in English. So it’s always interpretative, approximate, creative.”

① 독자는 번역 작품의 편의성을 우선 고려해 읽어야 한다.
② 독자는 번역 작품의 문화적 배경을 따로 익혀야 한다.
③ 독자는 번역 작품의 문학적 형식을 그대로 받아들여야 한다.
④ 독자는 번역 작품의 의미 전달 한계를 염두에 두어야 한다.
⑤ 독자는 번역 작품의 운율과 압운을 중심으로 감상해야 한다.

4. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

After the devastating flood of 1927, Congress approved the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project, which resulted in the construction of 20,000 miles of levees and floodways. This disrupted the delicate balance of the Mississippi’s watercourses, and the surrounding wetlands began to subside. So far, 1,800 square miles of Louisiana wetlands have disappeared. This disaster has taken a heavy toll. The vanishing swamps not only play a vital role in storm surge reduction and nutrient filtration but also are a critical ecosystem. In fact, almost half of the threatened and endangered species in America depend on wetlands. One potential answer is Louisiana’s Coastal Master Plan. It aims to recreate the natural processes that built the state’s delta, which would protect existing wetlands and restore areas that have been lost. There is an easy way the public can assist, too: eating oysters. Oyster shells can be used to rebuild the reefs. Nearly 5,000 tons of shells have been used for this already, thanks to recycling programs at Louisiana restaurants.

① 루이지애나 습지 복원을 위해 굴 소비와 재활용에 동참해야 한다.
② 루이지애나 습지 보전을 위해 제방 건설을 더욱 확대해야 한다.
③ 루이지애나 습지 관리를 위해 멸종위기종 보호를 우선해야 한다.
④ 루이지애나 습지 복원을 위해 식당의 조개껍데기 분리수거를 의무화해야 한다.
⑤ 루이지애나 습지 보전을 위해 해일 저감 기능만 집중 관리해야 한다.

5. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Inflation tends to have a negative connotation because it is commonly associated with reduced purchasing power and monetary savings. Some economists, however, insist that a healthy amount of inflation might actually work in the public’s favor. Most notably, distinguished economist John Maynard Keynes asserted that moderate inflation is critical to counteract the paradox of thrift, which states that savings can actually be damaging to economic growth. If people are not spending their money, the economy suffers because there is less overall demand. Inflation can also give a financial boost to those in debt, such as mortgage borrowers and people with student loans. The value of loans decreases with inflation and this in turn encourages spending. Inflation targeting — or making adjustments to stick to an inflation rate that is chosen — is used by central banks all over the world with the goal of stimulating the economy and maintaining maximum employment. If people know that prices will rise in the future, it motivates them to buy goods and services now.

① 중앙은행은 물가 상승보다 저축 장려에 더 힘써야 한다.
② 중앙은행은 적정 인플레이션을 유지하도록 조정해야 한다.
③ 중앙은행은 부채 부담을 줄이기 위해 금리를 인하해야 한다.
④ 중앙은행은 미래 물가 예측 정보를 더욱 자주 공개해야 한다.
⑤ 중앙은행은 최대 고용보다 화폐가치 안정을 우선해야 한다.

6. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

When looking at the simplicity of human cells, the smallest building blocks of organic life, imagining that viruses — even less complex entities — could overtake them is difficult. Yet they can, and they do. The simplest viruses have only two parts: DNA or RNA that is a blueprint for making more viruses and a protein shell for protection. However, though they contain the instructions for reproduction, they lack the proper chemical substances — enzymes — to be able to do so on their own. They need a host to be able to do anything at all. They first infiltrate a cell, and then, once inside, add their genetic blueprint. The cell does not realize the difference and unknowingly begins to produce more of the virus instead of replicating itself. Each new virus can then infect another cell, repeating the infection cycle.

① 바이러스는 세포 밖에서도 스스로 증식해야 한다.
② 바이러스는 숙주 세포에 유전 정보를 주입해야 한다.
③ 바이러스는 단백질 껍질보다 효소를 먼저 갖춰야 한다.
④ 바이러스는 세포 침투보다 구조 단순화에 집중해야 한다.
⑤ 바이러스는 감염 이후 다른 세포로 빠르게 이동해야 한다.

7. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Populism refers to a political approach that views the world as divided, with corrupt government elites on one end controlling everything and good, ordinary people whose expectations are not being met on the other. While it is true that mainstream governments sometimes fail to meet the public’s expectations, turning to populism as an alternative can be destructive to social order. When a populist leader rises to power, they often suggest that problems have become urgent and that maintaining the status quo will only make matters worse for the people. This creates a sense of panic and causes the people to offer their support for the leader, even when leader’s solutions for so-called problems like immigration or free trade are not actually in the best interest of all the people. That is because “the people” frequently excludes minorities and other marginalized members of the population, which means that populism can turn members of the same society against one another, promote intolerance, and generally create additional problems.

① 사회는 대중영합주의 지도자의 위기 담론을 경계해야 한다.
② 사회는 대중의 기대를 충족할 제도 개혁을 서둘러야 한다.
③ 사회는 이민과 자유무역 정책을 전면 재검토해야 한다.
④ 사회는 소외 집단을 위한 대표성 확대에 집중해야 한다.
⑤ 사회는 기성 정치 엘리트의 부패 척결을 우선해야 한다.

8. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Humans are able to envision the future, and interestingly enough, it seems as though some animals can too. In one study, a species of weasel was observed eating ripe bananas immediately but then storing other unripe ones in trees, allowing them to mature. They would then come back to eat the fruit they had saved at a later time. This shows that the weasels were aware to some degree that in the near future, those bananas would become ripe enough to eat. That is, they were able to deduce a(n) probable outcome and act accordingly. This ability to prepare for the future has been seen in a variety of animal species. It proves that they are not only capable of mental time travel but that they also possess enough reasoning and logic to know the best course of action to take for their own survival.

① 우리는 동물의 생존 행동을 더 세밀히 관찰해야 한다.
② 우리는 동물도 미래를 예측해 대비함을 인정해야 한다.
③ 우리는 동물의 먹이 저장 방식을 본능으로만 봐야 한다.
④ 우리는 동물의 추론 능력을 종별로 구분해 연구해야 한다.
⑤ 우리는 동물의 시간 감각을 인간과 엄격히 비교해야 한다.

9. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

One of the most remarkable aspects of the human body is its ability to regulate itself and maintain optimal functioning.It uses a variety of natural processes to achieve this, including the self-digestion system of autophagy.This mechanism is the body’s way of regenerating new and healthy cells through the removal of damaged cell components.When a person’s cells are stressed, autophagy is increased in order to ensure the normal operation of the body and keep it in homeostasis.It efficiently targets dysfunctional cells and ensures their elimination, often through the degradation of damaged and toxic proteins.The parts of the cell that are reused are the cytoplasm — fluid inside the cell — and organelles, which are structures with particular functions.These are broken down into amino acids, which the body utilizes for energy and cellular repair.In this way, autophagy helps prevent numerous health conditions such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s and can even help fight against infectious diseases.

① 우리는 세포 스트레스에 대한 반응 체계를 정밀하게 관찰해야 한다.
② 우리는 손상된 세포 성분의 제거 과정을 적극 활용해야 한다.
③ 우리는 아미노산의 에너지 전환 기능을 우선적으로 연구해야 한다.
④ 우리는 항상성 유지를 위한 자가포식의 기능에 주목해야 한다.
⑤ 우리는 감염병 예방을 위해 독성 단백질 분해만 강화해야 한다.

10. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Common-pool resources are goods that are available to a large majority of the public even though they have a limited stock that is vulnerable to abuse. For example, although there are plentiful forests, if every person were to collect as much wood as possible from these forests, their decline would be inevitable. A good such as this can be exploited over time, leading to an unreliable supply as individuals consume the resource to the detriment of others. A shortage impacts not only other members of a society or community but the very ones who seek out the supply and are able to consume it, too. This is what’s known as the “tragedy of the commons.” Preventing the overconsumption or depletion of such goods is accomplished through a number of actions, including government regulation and making the once common-pool resource into a private good. Collective action is also an effective method of controlling the consumption of the resource because individuals work together to preserve it.

① 사회는 공유 자원의 이용 기준을 사적으로 자율화해야 한다.
② 사회는 공유 자원의 남용을 막기 위해 공동 대응해야 한다.
③ 사회는 공유 자원을 모두 민간 소유로 전환해야 한다.
④ 사회는 공유 자원의 소비보다 생산 확대에 힘써야 한다.
⑤ 사회는 공유 자원의 이용 권한을 최대한 넓혀야 한다.

11. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Greed is a biologically based behavior intrinsic to human nature. Urges are fundamental to the survival of all living creatures, and yet humans not only experience desire from a biological standpoint, but from a social one as well. This differentiates the impulses humans have from those felt by animals, such as the drive to reproduce. People desire more than to merely stay alive; they also want material possessions and wealth. But in the modern world, greed is somewhat of a paradox, since individual behavior that resembles greed is natural and encouraged — people are advised to seek wealth and prosperity to the best of their abilities — while greed itself is condemned by society. This is because while greed actually benefits the individual, it can come at a cost for civilization when unrestricted. Sociologists assert that society aims to find an equilibrium of motivating individuals with greed while still limiting unrestrained greed by labeling it as a vice.

① 사회는 개인의 탐욕 추구를 도덕 교육으로 교정해야 한다.
② 사회는 개인의 부 축적 욕망을 제도적으로 장려해야 한다.
③ 사회는 개인의 탐욕을 본성으로 인정하고 조절해야 한다.
④ 사회는 개인의 물질적 욕망을 생산성 향상에만 써야 한다.
⑤ 사회는 개인의 탐욕을 공동체 가치보다 우선시해야 한다.

12. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Cloud computing has already transformed how many businesses operate around the world, and it will also soon shape people’s lifestyles. One of the most significant changes has been increased flexibility in the workplace. Now that companies have the power to store, process, and manage all of their files on the cloud, employees are able to access data remotely as long as they can connect to the Internet. They no longer have to physically visit an office in order to obtain certain information and can virtually collaborate with others rather than setting aside time to meet. Cloud storage also means that people will not need to rely on as many devices to use or share content. A person can simply save their files on the cloud, generate links, and invite others to view them rather than having to go through the process of using a USB drive.

① 기업은 클라우드 환경에서 보안 체계를 더 강화해야 한다.
② 기업은 클라우드 기반 원격 협업을 적극 확대해야 한다.
③ 기업은 클라우드 저장 공간의 비용 절감을 우선해야 한다.
④ 기업은 클라우드 파일 관리 체계를 표준화해야 한다.
⑤ 기업은 클라우드 접속용 기기 종류를 다양화해야 한다.

13. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Swiss psychologist Carl Jung is credited with a great many of the field’s most enduring concepts. But for practicing therapists the most useful of these is his approach to diagnosis. Rather than classifying psychological phenomena as discrete disorders and shuttling patients into one-size-fits-all treatments, Jung’s concept of the “complex” allows clinicians to identify how their conflicting problems are intertwined. This approach has been invaluable in understanding the behavior of certain patients who act according to a complex. For Jung, the complex is a mass of interrelated ideas that operate in the unconscious mind. This “hidden mass of memories” is formed in our childhood and wields a powerful influence — in both positive and negative ways — over our present and future. Discussing issues in these terms allows therapists to discuss how mechanisms of this sort work in a holistic sense. In addition, it relieves the pressure of delivering unrealistically rapid relief to patients.

① 치료사는 환자의 심리 문제를 개별 질환별로 신속히 분류해야 한다.
② 치료사는 환자의 무의식 내용을 어린 시절 기억으로만 한정해야 한다.
③ 치료사는 환자의 복합적 문제를 콤플렉스의 연관 속에서 통합적으로 이해해야 한다.
④ 치료사는 환자의 증상 완화를 위해 표준화된 치료를 우선 적용해야 한다.
⑤ 치료사는 환자의 현재 행동보다 미래 적응 가능성을 먼저 평가해야 한다.

14. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

As popular culture has migrated from celebrity-centric to influencer-centric, money has moved along with it. This has led to the establishment of the creator economy. Powered by social media stars, this new ecosystem is in rapid growth; in 2021 alone, the creator economy collected more than 1.3 billion dollars in funding. But it wasn’t always such a profitable field, and “Internet celebrities” were once looked down upon by the old guards of traditional marketplaces. Not much of a surprise, considering they barely made anything and had yet to penetrate their way fully into the consciousness of the public. Then suddenly, Internet platforms began their meteoric rise and became the birthplace for social media giants who amassed huge followings. This resulted in a change in power dynamics. Platforms now must be able to compensate their influencers who bring in millions of users. And even then, it may not be enough, as more and more creators are accumulating wealth on their own terms.

① 플랫폼은 인플루언서의 대중적 이미지를 적극 관리해야 한다.
② 플랫폼은 인플루언서에게 정당한 보상을 제공해야 한다.
③ 플랫폼은 인플루언서의 시장 진입을 엄격히 선별해야 한다.
④ 플랫폼은 소셜 미디어 스타의 수를 지속적으로 늘려야 한다.
⑤ 플랫폼은 창작자의 독자 수익화를 제한적으로 허용해야 한다.

15. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

If science and technology continue on the current trajectory, the end result can only be the extinction of homo sapiens as a species or at least civilization as we know it. At some point, Artificial Intelligence will be perfected, which will spawn even more intelligence, and so forth, making humanity irrelevant. Therefore, it is in the interest of our existence to temper our need for discovery with the wisdom of restraint. Philosophy, in this regard, is our best weapon against the untamed dangers of scientific exploration. While often thought of as an opposing force, philosophy is actually closely associated with science and robust enough to ward off crises. Philosophy shares the ideals of logic and rigorous argumentation with science. However, unlike science, which only asks how, philosophy asks why. This is a consideration lacking in science but sorely needed.

① 과학은 인류의 생존을 위해 탐구 속도를 더욱 높여야 한다.
② 철학은 과학과의 협력을 통해 탐구의 방향을 조정해야 한다.
③ 과학은 철학과 분리되어 독자적 기준으로 발전해야 한다.
④ 인류는 철학적 성찰로 과학 탐구를 절제해야 한다.
⑤ 인류는 인공지능의 발전을 막기보다 활용에 집중해야 한다.

16. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Mental rehearsal describes the technique of practicing an action in your mind before performing it in real life. It is common with athletes but is just as useful in a wide variety of other fields and endeavors. Its benefits are well-known and include increased confidence and concentration, reduced anxiety, and the ability to envision solutions to potential problems. To get the best results, it helps to engage as many of your senses as you can. You might visualize yourself crossing the finish line at a race or shaking a client’s hand over a successfully completed deal. Then, with your sense of hearing, you might imagine the roar of a cheering crowd or words of congratulations from your colleagues. Picturing positive outcomes such as these can help any concerns you might have about your preparedness melt away and give you a sense of control over an upcoming event.

① 중요한 일을 앞두고 실제 연습량을 최대한 늘려야 한다.
② 중요한 일을 앞두고 성공 장면을 감각적으로 그려야 한다.
③ 중요한 일을 앞두고 예상 문제를 목록으로 정리해야 한다.
④ 중요한 일을 앞두고 타인의 격려를 직접 요청해야 한다.
⑤ 중요한 일을 앞두고 긴장을 줄이는 호흡법을 익혀야 한다.

17. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

In the 1950s, Solomon Asch demonstrated the power of peer pressure in an experiment in which participants took a visual perception test requiring them to identify a line that was closest in length to another. This was a simple task, with the correct answer being obvious to participants 99% of the time in independent tests prior to the actual experiment. During the actual experiment, a single study participant was put in a room with several actors. The actors had been told beforehand to provide wrong answers to the questions, and it was found that the effect this had on the actual study participant was to go along with the rest of the group out of fear of being ridiculed. In fact, despite the correct answer being clear to them, many of the participants agreed with the majority and provided the incorrect answer in 12 critical trials of this experiment. However, when two participants were included in the same study instead of just one, and both were aware of what the correct answer was, they almost never followed the majority.

① 집단 속 개인은 다수의 판단을 끝까지 존중해야 한다.
② 집단 속 개인은 조롱의 두려움을 줄일 장치를 마련해야 한다.
③ 집단 속 개인은 명백한 사실보다 집단 조화를 우선해야 한다.
④ 집단 속 개인은 옳은 판단을 지지할 동료를 확보해야 한다.
⑤ 집단 속 개인은 단순한 과제일수록 다수 의견을 따라야 한다.

1. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Clear communications are valued in all areas of modern society, and this is particularly true in the workplace. Unfortunately, many bosses operate on what is called a “need-to-know basis,” providing staff with information only when absolutely necessary. Instead, they must be transparent with their workers, both in good times and bad. Why is this so important? It’s because many people want to feel a sense of ownership in the work they do and to believe that they can be a part of the solution if a crisis occurs. Leaders should, therefore, be upfront with their staff about any issues the company or team may be facing, essentially acknowledging that their employees are also their peers. This will help them win the trust and respect of their employees while increasing the level of staff involvement, which benefits the company as a whole. In this sense, openness from leaders strengthens employees’ ________ in organizational matters.

① dependence
② detachment
③ compliance
④ agency
⑤ confusion

2. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Brains are incredibly complex structures responsible for an abundance of crucial tasks. Yet, in spite of being such vital organs, they are not perfect; one could even say they have a mind of their own. When it comes to problem-solving, the human brain prefers taking shortcuts (also known as heuristics) to arrive at solutions. It will recall similar past circumstances or depend on prior knowledge in order to bypass critical thinking — it’s lazy that way. This can prevent a person from considering other options or contemplating an important matter long enough. Brains can also cause people to think they’ve had experiences they’ve never actually had before (false memories). If a person hears a story or watches a video, his or her brain can fool them into thinking that they went through what they heard or saw. With so much information to process, it shouldn’t be a surprise that our minds are prone to ________ sometimes.

① cognitive efficiency
② mental shortcuts
③ reflective judgment
④ perceptual overload
⑤ internal distortions

3. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Many people read translated versions of classics like the Odyssey. While translations may seem convenient, we can’t always be sure that we fully understand what the original writers were trying to say because not all translations are reliable. The thing is, translators must be equally proficient in both languages involved in a translation, and they must have a good understanding of the work itself. Exact translations can be impossible due to the use of figurative language, which can’t be translated literally. Furthermore, the words writers use in their work are often chosen very carefully. For instance, poets may select words that rhyme, which may not be possible to duplicate in another language. The original meaning can therefore be lost. The director of the British Centre for Literary Translation commented on the issue, insisting, “There’s not a single word in any of the languages I translate that can map perfectly onto a word in English. So it’s always interpretative, approximate, creative.” This suggests that reading a translated classic inevitably involves some degree of ________.

① linguistic loyalty
② textual imitation
③ cultural prestige
④ reader resistance
⑤ semantic mediation

4. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

After the devastating flood of 1927, Congress approved the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project, which resulted in the construction of 20,000 miles of levees and floodways. This disrupted the delicate balance of the Mississippi’s watercourses, and the surrounding wetlands began to subside. So far, 1,800 square miles of Louisiana wetlands have disappeared. This disaster has taken a heavy toll. The vanishing swamps not only play a vital role in storm surge reduction and nutrient filtration but also are a critical ecosystem. In fact, almost half of the threatened and endangered species in America depend on wetlands. One potential answer is Louisiana’s Coastal Master Plan. It aims to recreate the natural processes that built the state’s delta, which would protect existing wetlands and restore areas that have been lost. There is an easy way the public can assist, too: eating oysters. Oyster shells can be used to rebuild the reefs. Nearly 5,000 tons of shells have been used for this already, thanks to recycling programs at Louisiana restaurants. Louisiana’s Coastal Master Plan seeks to recover the delta’s original ________ by restoring the processes that once formed and sustained it.

① species decline
② ecological resilience
③ restaurant recycling
④ floodway expansion
⑤ storm damage

5. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Inflation tends to have a negative connotation because it is commonly associated with reduced purchasing power and monetary savings. Some economists, however, insist that a healthy amount of inflation might actually work in the public’s favor. Most notably, distinguished economist John Maynard Keynes asserted that moderate inflation is critical to counteract the paradox of thrift, which states that savings can actually be damaging to economic growth. If people are not spending their money, the economy suffers because there is less overall demand. Inflation can also give a financial boost to those in debt, such as mortgage borrowers and people with student loans. The value of loans decreases with inflation and this in turn encourages spending. Inflation targeting — or making adjustments to stick to an inflation rate that is chosen — is used by central banks all over the world with the goal of stimulating the economy and maintaining maximum employment. If people know that prices will rise in the future, it motivates them to buy goods and services now. In this view, moderate inflation serves as a form of ________ for present consumption.

① debt relief
② demand stimulus
③ price stability
④ saving discipline
⑤ wage control

6. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

When looking at the simplicity of human cells, the smallest building blocks of organic life, imagining that viruses — even less complex entities — could overtake them is difficult. Yet they can, and they do. The simplest viruses have only two parts: DNA or RNA that is a blueprint for making more viruses and a protein shell for protection. However, though they contain the instructions for reproduction, they lack the proper chemical substances — enzymes — to be able to do so on their own. They need a host to be able to do anything at all. They first infiltrate a cell, and then, once inside, add their genetic blueprint. The cell does not realize the difference and unknowingly begins to produce more of the virus instead of replicating itself. Each new virus can then infect another cell, repeating the ________.

① defensive process
② infection cycle
③ cellular takeover
④ protective pattern
⑤ self-repair sequence

7. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Populism refers to a political approach that views the world as divided, with corrupt government elites on one end controlling everything and good, ordinary people whose expectations are not being met on the other. While it is true that mainstream governments sometimes fail to meet the public’s expectations, turning to populism as an alternative can be destructive to social order. When a populist leader rises to power, they often suggest that problems have become urgent and that maintaining the status quo will only make matters worse for the people. This creates a sense of panic and causes the people to offer their support for the leader, even when leader’s solutions for so-called problems like immigration or free trade are not actually in the best interest of all the people. That is because “the people” frequently excludes minorities and other marginalized members of the population, which means that populism can turn members of the same society against one another, promote intolerance, and generally create additional ________.

① policy conflicts
② civic fractures
③ market dependence
④ public approval
⑤ cultural harmony

8. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Humans are able to envision the future, and interestingly enough, it seems as though some animals can too. In one study, a species of weasel was observed eating ripe bananas immediately but then storing other unripe ones in trees, allowing them to mature. They would then come back to eat the fruit they had saved at a later time. This shows that the weasels were aware to some degree that in the near future, those bananas would become ripe enough to eat. That is, they were able to deduce a probable outcome and act accordingly. This ability to prepare for the future has been seen in a variety of animal species. It proves that they are not only capable of mental time travel but that they also possess enough reasoning and logic to know the best course of action to take for their own ________.

① nourishment
② offspring
③ territory
④ survival
⑤ cooperation

9. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

One of the most remarkable aspects of the human body is its ability to regulate itself and maintain optimal functioning. It uses a variety of natural processes to achieve this, including the self-digestion system of autophagy. This mechanism is the body’s way of regenerating new and healthy cells through the removal of damaged cell components. When a person’s cells are stressed, autophagy is increased in order to ensure the normal operation of the body and keep it in homeostasis. It efficiently targets dysfunctional cells and ensures their elimination, often through the degradation of damaged and toxic proteins. The parts of the cell that are reused are the cytoplasm — fluid inside the cell — and organelles, which are structures with particular functions. These are broken down into amino acids, which the body utilizes for energy and cellular repair. In this way, autophagy helps prevent numerous health conditions such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s and can even help fight against infectious diseases. Through this recycling and removal process, autophagy contributes to the body’s overall ________.

① protein storage
② stress exposure
③ toxic buildup
④ functional balance
⑤ disease spread

10. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Common-pool resources are goods that are available to a large majority of the public even though they have a limited stock that is vulnerable to abuse. For example, although there are plentiful forests, if every person were to collect as much wood as possible from these forests, their decline would be inevitable. A good such as this can be exploited over time, leading to an unreliable supply as individuals consume the resource to the detriment of others. A shortage impacts not only other members of a society or community but the very ones who seek out the supply and are able to consume it, too. This is what’s known as the “tragedy of the commons.” Preventing the overconsumption or depletion of such goods is accomplished through a number of actions, including government regulation and making the once common-pool resource into a private good. Collective action is also an effective method of controlling the consumption of the resource because individuals work together to preserve it. The passage suggests that the core problem with common-pool resources is their tendency toward ________ when individual use is left unchecked.

① mutual preservation
② private ownership
③ collective restraint
④ self-destruction
⑤ public expansion

11. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Greed is a biologically based behavior intrinsic to human nature. Urges are fundamental to the survival of all living creatures, and yet humans not only experience desire from a biological standpoint, but from a social one as well. This differentiates the impulses humans have from those felt by animals, such as the drive to reproduce. People desire more than to merely stay alive; they also want material possessions and wealth. But in the modern world, greed is somewhat of a paradox, since individual behavior that resembles greed is natural and encouraged — people are advised to seek wealth and prosperity to the best of their abilities — while greed itself is condemned by society. This is because while greed actually benefits the individual, it can come at a cost for civilization when unrestricted. Sociologists assert that society aims to find an equilibrium of motivating individuals with greed while still limiting unrestrained greed by labeling it as a ________.

① civic asset
② moral defect
③ survival instinct
④ social privilege
⑤ economic engine

12. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Cloud computing has already transformed how many businesses operate around the world, and it will also soon shape people’s lifestyles. One of the most significant changes has been increased flexibility in the workplace. Now that companies have the power to store, process, and manage all of their files on the cloud, employees are able to access data remotely as long as they can connect to the Internet. They no longer have to physically visit an office in order to obtain certain information and can virtually collaborate with others rather than setting aside time to meet. Cloud storage also means that people will not need to rely on as many devices to use or share content. A person can simply save their files on the cloud, generate links, and invite others to view them, leading to greater ________ in both work and content sharing.

① data ownership
② procedural burden
③ location independence
④ workplace supervision
⑤ device replacement

13. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

The Swiss psychologist Carl Jung is credited with a great many of the field’s most enduring concepts. But for practicing therapists the most useful of these is his approach to diagnosis. Rather than classifying psychological phenomena as discrete disorders and shuttling patients into one-size-fits-all treatments, Jung’s concept of the “complex” allows clinicians to identify how their conflicting problems are intertwined. This approach has been invaluable in understanding the behavior of certain patients who act according to a complex. For Jung, the complex is a mass of interrelated ideas that operate in the unconscious mind. This “hidden mass of memories” is formed in our childhood and wields a powerful influence — in both positive and negative ways — over our present and future. Discussing issues in these terms allows therapists to discuss how mechanisms of this sort work in a ________ sense. In addition, it relieves the pressure of delivering unrealistically rapid relief to patients.

① causal
② therapeutic
③ diagnostic
④ holistic
⑤ fragmented

14. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

As popular culture has migrated from celebrity-centric to influencer-centric, money has moved along with it. This has led to the establishment of the creator economy. Powered by social media stars, this new ecosystem is in rapid growth; in 2021 alone, the creator economy collected more than 1.3 billion dollars in funding. But it wasn’t always such a profitable field, and “Internet celebrities” were once looked down upon by the old guards of traditional marketplaces. Not much of a surprise, considering they barely made anything and had yet to penetrate their way fully into the consciousness of the public. Then suddenly, Internet platforms began their meteoric rise and became the birthplace for social media giants who amassed huge followings. This resulted in a change in power dynamics. Platforms now must be able to compensate their influencers who bring in millions of users. And even then, it may not be enough, as more and more creators are accumulating wealth on their own terms. The passage suggests that digital platforms are no longer the unquestioned ________ in this market.

① profit sources
② power holders
③ audience magnets
④ market outsiders
⑤ funding victims

15. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

If science and technology continue on the current trajectory, the end result can only be the extinction of homo sapiens as a species or at least civilization as we know it. At some point, Artificial Intelligence will be perfected, which will spawn even more intelligence, and so forth, making humanity irrelevant. Therefore, it is in the interest of our existence to temper our need for discovery with the wisdom of restraint. Philosophy, in this regard, is our best weapon against the untamed dangers of scientific exploration. While often thought of as an opposing force, philosophy is actually closely associated with science and robust enough to ward off crises. Philosophy shares the ideals of logic and rigorous argumentation with science. However, unlike science, which only asks how, philosophy asks why. This is a consideration lacking in science but sorely needed. In this sense, philosophy provides a form of ________ that scientific advance alone cannot guarantee.

① existential caution
② technological acceleration
③ human dominance
④ analytical ambition
⑤ mechanical precision

16. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Mental rehearsal describes the technique of practicing an action in your mind before performing it in real life. It is common with athletes but is just as useful in a wide variety of other fields and endeavors. Its benefits are well-known and include increased confidence and concentration, reduced anxiety, and the ability to envision solutions to potential problems. To get the best results, it helps to engage as many of your senses as you can. You might visualize yourself crossing the finish line at a race or shaking a client’s hand over a successfully completed deal. Then, with your sense of hearing, you might imagine the roar of a cheering crowd or words of congratulations from your colleagues. Picturing positive outcomes such as these can help any concerns you might have about your preparedness melt away and give you a sense of ________ over an upcoming event.

① readiness
② mastery
③ dependence
④ anticipation
⑤ exposure

17. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

In the 1950s, Solomon Asch demonstrated the power of peer pressure in an experiment in which participants took a visual perception test requiring them to identify a line that was closest in length to another. This was a simple task, with the correct answer being obvious to participants 99% of the time in independent tests prior to the actual experiment. During the actual experiment, a single study participant was put in a room with several actors. The actors had been told beforehand to provide wrong answers to the questions, and it was found that the effect this had on the actual study participant was to go along with the rest of the group out of fear of being ridiculed. In fact, despite the correct answer being clear to them, many of the participants agreed with the majority and provided the incorrect answer in 12 critical trials of this experiment. However, when two participants were included in the same study instead of just one, and both were aware of what the correct answer was, they almost never followed the majority. This suggests that social pressure loses much of its ________ when even minimal support is present.

① group judgment
② coercive force
③ public agreement
④ visual accuracy
⑤ personal doubt

1. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Clear communications are valued in all areas of modern society, and this is particularly true in the workplace. Unfortunately, many bosses operate on what is called a “need-to-know basis,” providing staff with information only when absolutely necessary. Instead, they must be transparent with their workers, both in good times and bad. It’s because many people want to feel a sense of ownership in the work they do and to believe that they can be a part of the solution if a crisis occurs. Leaders should, therefore, be upfront with their staff about any issues the company or team may be facing, __________________________, while increasing the level of staff involvement, which benefits the company as a whole.

① so employees can respect leaders before trust is formed
② because crises are solved only by fully informed managers
③ thereby treating workers as partners in shared responsibility
④ since staff involvement automatically removes every workplace problem
⑤ in order to limit ownership to those who need details

2. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Brains are incredibly complex structures responsible for an abundance of crucial tasks. Yet, in spite of being such vital organs, they are not perfect; one could even say they have a mind of their own. When it comes to problem-solving, the human brain prefers taking shortcuts (also known as heuristics) to arrive at solutions. It will recall similar past circumstances or depend on prior knowledge in order to bypass critical thinking — it’s lazy that way. This can prevent a person from considering other options or contemplating an important matter long enough. Brains can also cause people to think they’ve had experiences they’ve never actually had before (false memories). If a person hears a story or watches a video, his or her brain can fool them into thinking that they went through what they heard or saw. With so much information to process, it shouldn’t be a surprise that our minds __________________________.

① can be trained to reject all shortcuts
② often misfire in predictable ways
③ become stronger through repeated hesitation
④ rarely confuse imagination with direct recall
⑤ must slow down to improve every judgment

3. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Many people read translated versions of classics like the Odyssey. While translations may seem convenient, we can’t always be sure that we fully understand what the original writers were trying to say because not all translations are reliable. The thing is, translators must be equally proficient in both languages involved in a translation, and they must have a good understanding of the work itself. Exact translations can be impossible due to the use of figurative language, which can’t be translated literally. Furthermore, the words writers use in their work are often chosen very carefully. For instance, poets may select words that rhyme, which may not be possible to duplicate in another language. The original meaning can therefore be lost. The director of the British Centre for Literary Translation commented on the issue, insisting, “There’s not a single word in any of the languages I translate that can map perfectly onto a word in English. So it’s always __________________________.”

① driven by each language’s exact one-to-one matches
② a process of judgment rather than direct transfer
③ a method that preserves every poetic choice intact
④ constrained only when translators lack literary knowledge
⑤ a way to reproduce sound patterns before meaning

4. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

After the devastating flood of 1927, Congress approved the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project, which resulted in the construction of 20,000 miles of levees and floodways. This disrupted the delicate balance of the Mississippi’s watercourses, and the surrounding wetlands began to subside. So far, 1,800 square miles of Louisiana wetlands have disappeared. This disaster has taken a heavy toll. The vanishing swamps not only play a vital role in storm surge reduction and nutrient filtration but also are a critical ecosystem. In fact, almost half of the threatened and endangered species in America depend on wetlands. One potential answer is Louisiana’s Coastal Master Plan. It aims to recreate the natural processes that built the state’s delta, which would protect existing wetlands and restore areas that have been lost. There is an easy way the public can assist, too: eating oysters. Oyster shells can be used to rebuild the reefs. Nearly 5,000 tons of shells have been used for this already, thanks to recycling programs at Louisiana restaurants. The passage suggests that effective recovery depends on __________________________ rather than treating wetlands as expendable margins.

① reversing wetland loss by expanding river engineering alone
② rebuilding nature’s own protective machinery through restoration
③ preserving restaurant recycling as the state’s primary ecosystem
④ allowing endangered species to migrate beyond coastal barriers
⑤ reducing public involvement in order to stabilize oyster reefs

5. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Inflation tends to have a negative connotation because it is commonly associated with reduced purchasing power and monetary savings. Some economists, however, insist that a healthy amount of inflation might actually work in the public’s favor. Most notably, distinguished economist John Maynard Keynes asserted that moderate inflation is critical to counteract the paradox of thrift, which states that savings can actually be damaging to economic growth. If people are not spending their money, the economy suffers because there is less overall demand. Inflation can also give a financial boost to those in debt, such as mortgage borrowers and people with student loans. The value of loans decreases with inflation and this in turn encourages spending. Inflation targeting — or making adjustments to stick to an inflation rate that is chosen — is used by central banks all over the world with the goal of stimulating the economy and maintaining maximum employment. If people know that prices will rise in the future, it motivates them to __________________________.

① delay purchases until wages catch up
② spend before tomorrow becomes costlier
③ save more to stabilize market demand
④ borrow less as loan values increase
⑤ raise prices now to protect employers

6. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

When looking at the simplicity of human cells, the smallest building blocks of organic life, imagining that viruses — even less complex entities — could overtake them is difficult. Yet they can, and they do. The simplest viruses have only two parts: DNA or RNA that is a blueprint for making more viruses and a protein shell for protection. However, though they contain the instructions for reproduction, they lack the proper chemical substances — enzymes — to be able to do so on their own. They need a host to be able to do anything at all. They first infiltrate a cell, and then, once inside, add their genetic blueprint. The cell does not realize the difference and unknowingly begins to produce more of the virus instead of replicating itself, __________________________. Each new virus can then infect another cell, repeating the infection cycle.

① because the viral shell starts reproducing the cell
② as the host becomes a factory for an intruder
③ while the enzymes begin protecting the virus itself
④ since the cell copies itself to resist infection
⑤ so the host can create enzymes on its own

7. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Populism refers to a political approach that views the world as divided, with corrupt government elites on one end controlling everything and good, ordinary people whose expectations are not being met on the other. While it is true that mainstream governments sometimes fail to meet the public’s expectations, turning to populism as an alternative can be destructive to social order. When a populist leader rises to power, they often suggest that problems have become urgent and that maintaining the status quo will only make matters worse for the people. This creates a sense of panic and causes the people to offer their support for the leader, even when leader’s solutions for so-called problems like immigration or free trade are not actually in the best interest of all the people. That is because “the people” frequently excludes minorities and other marginalized members of the population, which means that populism can __________________________, promote intolerance, and generally create additional problems.

① pit social peers against each other
② make minorities support one another
③ solve trade disputes for everyone involved
④ unite citizens by removing elite control
⑤ protect excluded groups from further harm

8. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Humans are able to envision the future, and interestingly enough, it seems as though some animals can too. In one study, a species of weasel was observed eating ripe bananas immediately but then storing other unripe ones in trees, allowing them to mature. They would then come back to eat the fruit they had saved at a later time. This shows that the weasels were aware to some degree that in the near future, those bananas would become ripe enough to eat. That is, they were able to deduce a probable outcome and act accordingly. This ability to prepare for the future has been seen in a variety of animal species. It proves that they are not only capable of mental time travel but that they also possess enough reasoning and logic to know __________________________ for their own survival.

① which fruit would ripen first in the trees
② how later needs can guide present behavior
③ why bananas must be eaten as soon as possible
④ when other animals return to stored food
⑤ whether ripe fruit tastes better than unripe fruit

9. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

One of the most remarkable aspects of the human body is its ability to regulate itself and maintain optimal functioning. It uses a variety of natural processes to achieve this, including the self-digestion system of autophagy. This mechanism is the body’s way of regenerating new and healthy cells through the removal of damaged cell components. When a person’s cells are stressed, autophagy is increased in order to ensure the normal operation of the body and keep it in homeostasis. It efficiently targets dysfunctional cells and ensures their elimination, often through the degradation of damaged and toxic proteins. The parts of the cell that are reused are the cytoplasm — fluid inside the cell — and organelles, which are structures with particular functions. These are broken down into amino acids, which the body utilizes for energy and cellular repair. In this way, autophagy __________________, and can even help fight against infectious diseases.

① makes cellular stress the trigger for protein damage
② turns worn-out material into resources for renewal
③ stores amino acids to delay the loss of organelles
④ leaves defective proteins intact during cell repair
⑤ increases toxic components to maintain homeostasis

10. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Common-pool resources are goods that are available to a large majority of the public even though they have a limited stock that is vulnerable to abuse. For example, although there are plentiful forests, if every person were to collect as much wood as possible from these forests, their decline would be inevitable. A good such as this can be exploited over time, leading to an unreliable supply as individuals consume the resource to the detriment of others. A shortage impacts not only other members of a society or community but the very ones who seek out the supply and are able to consume it, too. This is what’s known as the “tragedy of the commons.” Preventing the overconsumption or depletion of such goods is accomplished through a number of actions, including government regulation and making the once common-pool resource into a private good. Collective action is also an effective method of controlling the consumption of the resource because individuals work together __________________.

① to secure greater access for themselves
② to preserve what would otherwise be exhausted
③ to expand private ownership of all goods
④ to consume the resource before others can
⑤ to guarantee unlimited supply through competition

11. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Greed is a biologically based behavior intrinsic to human nature. Urges are fundamental to the survival of all living creatures, and yet humans not only experience desire from a biological standpoint, but from a social one as well. This differentiates the impulses humans have from those felt by animals, such as the drive to reproduce. People desire more than to merely stay alive; they also want material possessions and wealth. But in the modern world, greed is somewhat of a paradox, since individual behavior that resembles greed is natural and encouraged — people are advised to seek wealth and prosperity to the best of their abilities — while greed itself is condemned by society. This is because while greed actually benefits the individual, it can come at a cost for civilization when unrestricted. Sociologists assert that society aims to find an equilibrium of motivating individuals with greed while still limiting unrestrained greed by labeling it as a vice, __________________.

① because personal gain automatically secures the common good
② because unchecked desire can erode the larger social order
③ because wealth itself defines the purpose of social life
④ because biological impulses disappear under social pressure
⑤ because animals pursue property through the same logic

12. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Cloud computing has already transformed how many businesses operate around the world, and it will also soon shape people’s lifestyles. One of the most significant changes has been increased flexibility in the workplace. Now that companies have the power to store, process, and manage all of their files on the cloud, employees are able to access data remotely as long as they can connect to the Internet. They no longer have to physically visit an office in order to obtain certain information and can virtually collaborate with others rather than setting aside time to meet. Cloud storage also means that people will not need to rely on as many devices to use or share content. A person can simply save their files on the cloud, generate links, and invite others to view them rather than having to go through the process of using a USB drive. Taken together, these changes suggest that cloud computing is helping people __________________________ rather than remain tied to specific places or tools.

① to be controlled by the amount of data they store
② to free activity from fixed physical constraints
③ to meet coworkers in person more efficiently
④ to depend on office equipment for secure collaboration
⑤ to expand device ownership for easier file sharing

13. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

The Swiss psychologist Carl Jung is credited with a great many of the field’s most enduring concepts. But for practicing therapists the most useful of these is his approach to diagnosis. Rather than classifying psychological phenomena as discrete disorders and shuttling patients into one-size-fits-all treatments, Jung’s concept of the “complex” allows clinicians to identify how their conflicting problems are intertwined. This approach has been invaluable in understanding the behavior of certain patients who act according to a complex. For Jung, the complex is a mass of interrelated ideas that operate in the unconscious mind. This “hidden mass of memories” is formed in our childhood and wields a powerful influence — in both positive and negative ways — over our present and future. Discussing issues in these terms allows therapists to discuss how mechanisms of this sort work in a holistic sense. In addition, it relieves the pressure of __________________________.

① producing symptom categories from hidden memories
② tracing present conflicts to a shared inner source
③ assigning each patient to a standard treatment
④ promising relief on an unrealistically short timetable
⑤ separating childhood ideas from adult behavior

14. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

As popular culture has migrated from celebrity-centric to influencer-centric, money has moved along with it. This has led to the establishment of the creator economy. Powered by social media stars, this new ecosystem is in rapid growth; in 2021 alone, the creator economy collected more than 1.3 billion dollars in funding. But it wasn’t always such a profitable field, and “Internet celebrities” were once looked down upon by the old guards of traditional marketplaces. Not much of a surprise, considering they barely made anything and had yet to penetrate their way fully into the consciousness of the public. Then suddenly, Internet platforms began their meteoric rise and became the birthplace for social media giants who amassed huge followings. This resulted in a change in power dynamics. Platforms now must be able to compensate their influencers who bring in millions of users. And even then, it may not be enough, as more and more creators are __________________________.

① building audiences before platforms attract mass users
② securing prosperity outside platform-controlled rewards
③ depending on legacy markets for lasting financial credibility
④ gaining attention without converting it into private income
⑤ receiving payment because users enrich the platforms first

15. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

If science and technology continue on the current trajectory, the end result can only be the extinction of homo sapiens as a species or at least civilization as we know it. At some point, Artificial Intelligence will be perfected, which will spawn even more intelligence, and so forth, making humanity irrelevant. Therefore, it is in the interest of our existence to temper our need for discovery with the wisdom of restraint. Philosophy, in this regard, is our best weapon against the untamed dangers of scientific exploration. While often thought of as an opposing force, philosophy is actually closely associated with science and robust enough to ward off crises. Philosophy shares the ideals of logic and rigorous argumentation with science. However, unlike science, which only asks how, philosophy asks why. This is a consideration lacking in science but sorely needed. In the author’s view, philosophy matters because it __________________________.

① turns scientific method into a source of restraint
② supplies the missing question that science neglects
③ makes scientific exploration oppose artificial intelligence
④ proves that discovery should continue without limitation
⑤ replaces logical inquiry with moral certainty

16. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Mental rehearsal describes the technique of practicing an action in your mind before performing it in real life. It is common with athletes but is just as useful in a wide variety of other fields and endeavors. Its benefits are well-known and include increased confidence and concentration, reduced anxiety, and the ability to envision solutions to potential problems. To get the best results, it helps to engage as many of your senses as you can. You might visualize yourself crossing the finish line at a race or shaking a client’s hand over a successfully completed deal. Then, with your sense of hearing, you might imagine the roar of a cheering crowd or words of congratulations from your colleagues. Picturing positive outcomes such as these can help any concerns you might have about your preparedness melt away and give you __________________________ over an upcoming event.

① a clearer memory of past mistakes
② a feeling of command over what lies ahead
③ enough applause to impress other people
④ the exact sequence of every future obstacle
⑤ a stronger dependence on external validation

17. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

In the 1950s, Solomon Asch demonstrated the power of peer pressure in an experiment in which participants took a visual perception test requiring them to identify a line that was closest in length to another. This was a simple task, with the correct answer being obvious to participants 99% of the time in independent tests prior to the actual experiment. During the actual experiment, a single study participant was put in a room with several actors. The actors had been told beforehand to provide wrong answers to the questions, and it was found that the effect this had on the actual study participant was __________________________, despite privately recognizing the obvious truth. In fact, despite the correct answer being clear to them, many of the participants agreed with the majority and provided the incorrect answer in 12 critical trials of this experiment. However, when two participants were included in the same study instead of just one, and both were aware of what the correct answer was, they almost never followed the majority.

① to make the group revise its judgment first
② to surrender visible accuracy to social safety
③ to doubt whether the task had clear standards
④ to rely on actors for better visual comparison
⑤ to weaken conformity by increasing ridicule

1. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Clear communications are valued in all areas of modern society, and this is particularly true in the workplace.

(가) Instead, they must be transparent with their workers, both in good times and bad. Why is this so important?

(나) It’s because many people want to feel a sense of ownership in the work they do and to believe that they can be a part of the solution if a crisis occurs.

(다) Unfortunately, many bosses operate on what is called a “need-to-know basis,” providing staff with information only when absolutely necessary. Leaders should, therefore, be upfront with their staff about any issues the company or team may be facing, essentially acknowledging that their employees are also their peers. This will help them win the trust and respect of their employees while increasing the level of staff involvement, which benefits the company as a whole.

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2. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것은?

Brains are incredibly complex structures responsible for an abundance of crucial tasks. Yet, in spite of being such vital organs, they are not perfect; one could even say they have a mind of their own.

(가) It will recall similar past circumstances or depend on prior knowledge in order to bypass critical thinking — it’s lazy that way. This can prevent a person from considering other options or contemplating an important matter long enough.

(나) Brains can also cause people to think they’ve had experiences they’ve never actually had before (false memories). If a person hears a story or watches a video, his or her brain can fool them into thinking that they went through what they heard or saw.

(다) When it comes to problem-solving, the human brain prefers taking shortcuts (also known as heuristics) to arrive at solutions. With so much information to process, it shouldn’t be a surprise that our minds slip up sometimes.

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3. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Many people read translated versions of classics like the Odyssey.

(가) Exact translations can be impossible due to the use of figurative language, which can’t be translated literally. Furthermore, the words writers use in their work are often chosen very carefully.

(나) While translations may seem convenient, we can’t always be sure that we fully understand what the original writers were trying to say because not all translations are reliable. The thing is, translators must be equally proficient in both languages involved in a translation, and they must have a good understanding of the work itself.

(다) For instance, poets may select words that rhyme, which may not be possible to duplicate in another language. The original meaning can therefore be lost. The director of the British Centre for Literary Translation commented on the issue, insisting, “There’s not a single word in any of the languages I translate that can map perfectly onto a word in English. So it’s always interpretative, approximate, creative.”

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4. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

After the devastating flood of 1927, Congress approved the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project, which resulted in the construction of 20,000 miles of levees and floodways.

(가) This disaster has taken a heavy toll. The vanishing swamps not only play a vital role in storm surge reduction and nutrient filtration but also are a critical ecosystem. In fact, almost half of the threatened and endangered species in America depend on wetlands.

(나) One potential answer is Louisiana’s Coastal Master Plan. It aims to recreate the natural processes that built the state’s delta, which would protect existing wetlands and restore areas that have been lost. There is an easy way the public can assist, too: eating oysters.

(다) This disrupted the delicate balance of the Mississippi’s watercourses, and the surrounding wetlands began to subside. So far, 1,800 square miles of Louisiana wetlands have disappeared.

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5. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Inflation tends to have a negative connotation because it is commonly associated with reduced purchasing power and monetary savings. Some economists, however, insist that a healthy amount of inflation might actually work in the public’s favor.

(가) Most notably, distinguished economist John Maynard Keynes asserted that moderate inflation is critical to counteract the paradox of thrift, which states that savings can actually be damaging to economic growth. If people are not spending their money, the economy suffers because there is less overall demand.

(나) Inflation targeting — or making adjustments to stick to an inflation rate that is chosen — is used by central banks all over the world with the goal of stimulating the economy and maintaining maximum employment. If people know that prices will rise in the future, it motivates them to buy goods and services now.

(다) Inflation can also give a financial boost to those in debt, such as mortgage borrowers and people with student loans. The value of loans decreases with inflation and this in turn encourages spending.

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6. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

When looking at the simplicity of human cells, the smallest building blocks of organic life, imagining that viruses — even less complex entities — could overtake them is difficult.

(가) However, though they contain the instructions for reproduction, they lack the proper chemical substances — enzymes — to be able to do so on their own. They need a host to be able to do anything at all.

(나) The simplest viruses have only two parts: DNA or RNA that is a blueprint for making more viruses and a protein shell for protection. Yet they can, and they do.

(다) They first infiltrate a cell, and then, once inside, add their genetic blueprint. The cell does not realize the difference and unknowingly begins to produce more of the virus instead of replicating itself. Each new virus can then infect another cell, repeating the infection cycle.

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7. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Populism refers to a political approach that views the world as divided, with corrupt government elites on one end controlling everything and good, ordinary people whose expectations are not being met on the other.

(가) When a populist leader rises to power, they often suggest that problems have become urgent and that maintaining the status quo will only make matters worse for the people. This creates a sense of panic and causes the people to offer their support for the leader, even when leader’s solutions for so-called problems like immigration or free trade are not actually in the best interest of all the people.

(나) While it is true that mainstream governments sometimes fail to meet the public’s expectations, turning to populism as an alternative can be destructive to social order. That is because “the people” frequently excludes minorities and other marginalized members of the population, which means that populism can turn members of the same society against one another, promote intolerance, and generally create additional problems.

(다) In fact, populism can be especially dangerous because it defines society in a simplistic opposition between the pure people and the corrupt elite. As a result, it tends to justify extreme political responses and weaken mutual trust among members of society.

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8. 다음 글에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Humans are able to envision the future, and interestingly enough, it seems as though some animals can too.

(가) This shows that the weasels were aware to some degree that in the near future, those bananas would become ripe enough to eat. That is, they were able to deduce a(n) probable outcome and act accordingly.

(나) In one study, a species of weasel was observed eating ripe bananas immediately but then storing other unripe ones in trees, allowing them to mature. They would then come back to eat the fruit they had saved at a later time.

(다) This ability to prepare for the future has been seen in a variety of animal species. It proves that they are not only capable of mental time travel but that they also possess enough reasoning and logic to know the best course of action to take for their own survival.

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9. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

One of the most remarkable aspects of the human body is its ability to regulate itself and maintain optimal functioning. It uses a variety of natural processes to achieve this, including the self-digestion system of autophagy.

(가) This mechanism is the body’s way of regenerating new and healthy cells through the removal of damaged cell components. When a person’s cells are stressed, autophagy is increased in order to ensure the normal operation of the body and keep it in homeostasis.

(나) The parts of the cell that are reused are the cytoplasm — fluid inside the cell — and organelles, which are structures with particular functions. These are broken down into amino acids, which the body utilizes for energy and cellular repair. In this way, autophagy helps prevent numerous health conditions such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s and can even help fight against infectious diseases.

(다) It efficiently targets dysfunctional cells and ensures their elimination, often through the degradation of damaged and toxic proteins. The parts of the cell that are reused are the cytoplasm — fluid inside the cell — and organelles, which are structures with particular functions.

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10. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Common-pool resources are goods that are available to a large majority of the public even though they have a limited stock that is vulnerable to abuse.

(가) A good such as this can be exploited over time, leading to an unreliable supply as individuals consume the resource to the detriment of others. A shortage impacts not only other members of a society or community but the very ones who seek out the supply and are able to consume it, too.

(나) This is what’s known as the “tragedy of the commons.” Preventing the overconsumption or depletion of such goods is accomplished through a number of actions, including government regulation and making the once common-pool resource into a private good.

(다) For example, although there are plentiful forests, if every person were to collect as much wood as possible from these forests, their decline would be inevitable. Collective action is also an effective method of controlling the consumption of the resource because individuals work together to preserve it.

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11. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Greed is a biologically based behavior intrinsic to human nature. Urges are fundamental to the survival of all living creatures, and yet humans not only experience desire from a biological standpoint, but from a social one as well.

(가) This differentiates the impulses humans have from those felt by animals, such as the drive to reproduce. People desire more than to merely stay alive; they also want material possessions and wealth.

(나) This is because while greed actually benefits the individual, it can come at a cost for civilization when unrestricted. Sociologists assert that society aims to find an equilibrium of motivating individuals with greed while still limiting unrestrained greed by labeling it as a vice.

(다) But in the modern world, greed is somewhat of a paradox, since individual behavior that resembles greed is natural and encouraged — people are advised to seek wealth and prosperity to the best of their abilities — while greed itself is condemned by society.

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12. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Cloud computing has already transformed how many businesses operate around the world, and it will also soon shape people’s lifestyles.

(가) They no longer have to physically visit an office in order to obtain certain information and can virtually collaborate with others rather than setting aside time to meet.

(나) One of the most significant changes has been increased flexibility in the workplace. Now that companies have the power to store, process, and manage all of their files on the cloud, employees are able to access data remotely as long as they can connect to the Internet.

(다) Cloud storage also means that people will not need to rely on as many devices to use or share content. A person can simply save their files on the cloud, generate links, and invite others to view them rather than having to go through the process of using a USB drive.

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13. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것은?

The Swiss psychologist Carl Jung is credited with a great many of the field’s most enduring concepts.

(가) This approach has been invaluable in understanding the behavior of certain patients who act according to a complex. For Jung, the complex is a mass of interrelated ideas that operate in the unconscious mind.

(나) This “hidden mass of memories” is formed in our childhood and wields a powerful influence — in both positive and negative ways — over our present and future. Discussing issues in these terms allows therapists to discuss how mechanisms of this sort work in a holistic sense.

(다) But for practicing therapists the most useful of these is his approach to diagnosis. Rather than classifying psychological phenomena as discrete disorders and shuttling patients into one-size-fits-all treatments, Jung’s concept of the “complex” allows clinicians to identify how their conflicting problems are intertwined. In addition, it relieves the pressure of delivering unrealistically rapid relief to patients.

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14. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장 뒤에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것은?

As popular culture has migrated from celebrity-centric to influencer-centric, money has moved along with it. This has led to the establishment of the creator economy.

(가) Powered by social media stars, this new ecosystem is in rapid growth; in 2021 alone, the creator economy collected more than 1.3 billion dollars in funding. But it wasn’t always such a profitable field, and “Internet celebrities” were once looked down upon by the old guards of traditional marketplaces.

(나) Not much of a surprise, considering they barely made anything and had yet to penetrate their way fully into the consciousness of the public. Then suddenly, Internet platforms began their meteoric rise and became the birthplace for social media giants who amassed huge followings.

(다) This resulted in a change in power dynamics. Platforms now must be able to compensate their influencers who bring in millions of users. And even then, it may not be enough, as more and more creators are accumulating wealth on their own terms.

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15. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

If science and technology continue on the current trajectory, the end result can only be the extinction of homo sapiens as a species or at least civilization as we know it.

(가) Therefore, it is in the interest of our existence to temper our need for discovery with the wisdom of restraint. Philosophy, in this regard, is our best weapon against the untamed dangers of scientific exploration.

(나) While often thought of as an opposing force, philosophy is actually closely associated with science and robust enough to ward off crises. Philosophy shares the ideals of logic and rigorous argumentation with science.

(다) At some point, Artificial Intelligence will be perfected, which will spawn even more intelligence, and so forth, making humanity irrelevant. However, unlike science, which only asks how, philosophy asks why. This is a consideration lacking in science but sorely needed.

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16. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것은?

Mental rehearsal describes the technique of practicing an action in your mind before performing it in real life. It is common with athletes but is just as useful in a wide variety of other fields and endeavors.

(가) To get the best results, it helps to engage as many of your senses as you can. You might visualize yourself crossing the finish line at a race or shaking a client’s hand over a successfully completed deal.

(나) Then, with your sense of hearing, you might imagine the roar of a cheering crowd or words of congratulations from your colleagues. Picturing positive outcomes such as these can help any concerns you might have about your preparedness melt away and give you a sense of control over an upcoming event.

(다) Its benefits are well-known and include increased confidence and concentration, reduced anxiety, and the ability to envision solutions to potential problems.

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17. 다음 글에 이어질 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

In the 1950s, Solomon Asch demonstrated the power of peer pressure in an experiment in which participants took a visual perception test requiring them to identify a line that was closest in length to another. This was a simple task, with the correct answer being obvious to participants 99% of the time in independent tests prior to the actual experiment.

(가) During the actual experiment, a single study participant was put in a room with several actors. The actors had been told beforehand to provide wrong answers to the questions, and it was found that the effect this had on the actual study participant was to go along with the rest of the group out of fear of being ridiculed.

(나) In fact, despite the correct answer being clear to them, many of the participants agreed with the majority and provided the incorrect answer in 12 critical trials of this experiment. However, when two participants were included in the same study instead of just one, and both were aware of what the correct answer was, they almost never followed the majority.

(다) This was a simple task, with the correct answer being obvious to participants 99% of the time in independent tests prior to the actual experiment. During the actual experiment, a single study participant was put in a room with several actors.

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1. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

It’s because many people want to feel a sense of ownership in the work they do and to believe that they can be a part of the solution if a crisis occurs.

Clear communications are valued in all areas of modern society, and this is particularly true in the workplace. Unfortunately, many bosses operate on what is called a “need-to-know basis,” providing staff with information only when absolutely necessary. ① Instead, they must be transparent with their workers, both in good times and bad. Why is this so important? ② Leaders should, therefore, be upfront with their staff about any issues the company or team may be facing, essentially acknowledging that their employees are also their peers. ③ This will help them win the trust and respect of their employees while increasing the level of staff involvement, which benefits the company as a whole. ④ Clear communications are valued in all areas of modern society, and this is particularly true in the workplace. Unfortunately, many bosses operate on what is called a “need-to-know basis,” providing staff with information only when absolutely necessary. ⑤ Instead, they must be transparent with their workers, both in good times and bad.

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2. 다음 글에서 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

It will recall similar past circumstances or depend on prior knowledge in order to bypass critical thinking — it’s lazy that way.

Brains are incredibly complex structures responsible for an abundance of crucial tasks. Yet, in spite of being such vital organs, they are not perfect; one could even say they have a mind of their own. ① When it comes to problem-solving, the human brain prefers taking shortcuts (also known as heuristics) to arrive at solutions. This can prevent a person from considering other options or contemplating an important matter long enough. ② Brains can also cause people to think they’ve had experiences they’ve never actually had before (false memories). If a person hears a story or watches a video, his or her brain can fool them into thinking that they went through what they heard or saw. ③ With so much information to process, it shouldn’t be a surprise that our minds slip up sometimes. ④ Brains are incredibly complex structures responsible for an abundance of crucial tasks. Yet, in spite of being such vital organs, they are not perfect; one could even say they have a mind of their own. ⑤ When it comes to problem-solving, the human brain prefers taking shortcuts (also known as heuristics) to arrive at solutions.

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3. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

Furthermore, the words writers use in their work are often chosen very carefully.

Many people read translated versions of classics like the Odyssey. While translations may seem convenient, we can’t always be sure that we fully understand what the original writers were trying to say because not all translations are reliable. ① The thing is, translators must be equally proficient in both languages involved in a translation, and they must have a good understanding of the work itself. Exact translations can be impossible due to the use of figurative language, which can’t be translated literally. ② For instance, poets may select words that rhyme, which may not be possible to duplicate in another language. The original meaning can therefore be lost. ③ The director of the British Centre for Literary Translation commented on the issue, insisting, “There’s not a single word in any of the languages I translate that can map perfectly onto a word in English. ④ So it’s always interpretative, approximate, creative.” ⑤

4. 다음 글에서 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

This disaster has taken a heavy toll.

After the devastating flood of 1927, Congress approved the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project, which resulted in the construction of 20,000 miles of levees and floodways. This disrupted the delicate balance of the Mississippi’s watercourses, and the surrounding wetlands began to subside. ① So far, 1,800 square miles of Louisiana wetlands have disappeared. The vanishing swamps not only play a vital role in storm surge reduction and nutrient filtration but also are a critical ecosystem. ② In fact, almost half of the threatened and endangered species in America depend on wetlands. One potential answer is Louisiana’s Coastal Master Plan. ③ It aims to recreate the natural processes that built the state’s delta, which would protect existing wetlands and restore areas that have been lost. There is an easy way the public can assist, too: eating oysters. ④ Oyster shells can be used to rebuild the reefs. Nearly 5,000 tons of shells have been used for this already, thanks to recycling programs at Louisiana restaurants. ⑤

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5. 다음 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

Inflation can also give a financial boost to those in debt, such as mortgage borrowers and people with student loans.

Inflation tends to have a negative connotation because it is commonly associated with reduced purchasing power and monetary savings. Some economists, however, insist that a healthy amount of inflation might actually work in the public’s favor. ① Most notably, distinguished economist John Maynard Keynes asserted that moderate inflation is critical to counteract the paradox of thrift, which states that savings can actually be damaging to economic growth. If people are not spending their money, the economy suffers because there is less overall demand. ② The value of loans decreases with inflation and this in turn encourages spending. Inflation targeting — or making adjustments to stick to an inflation rate that is chosen — is used by central banks all over the world with the goal of stimulating the economy and maintaining maximum employment. ③ If people know that prices will rise in the future, it motivates them to buy goods and services now. ④ Some economists, however, insist that a healthy amount of inflation might actually work in the public’s favor. Inflation tends to have a negative connotation because it is commonly associated with reduced purchasing power and monetary savings. ⑤ Most notably, distinguished economist John Maynard Keynes asserted that moderate inflation is critical to counteract the paradox of thrift, which states that savings can actually be damaging to economic growth.

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6. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

However, though they contain the instructions for reproduction, they lack the proper chemical substances — enzymes — to be able to do so on their own.

When looking at the simplicity of human cells, the smallest building blocks of organic life, imagining that viruses — even less complex entities — could overtake them is difficult. Yet they can, and they do. The simplest viruses have only two parts: DNA or RNA that is a blueprint for making more viruses and a protein shell for protection. ① They need a host to be able to do anything at all. They first infiltrate a cell, and then, once inside, add their genetic blueprint. ② The cell does not realize the difference and unknowingly begins to produce more of the virus instead of replicating itself. ③ Each new virus can then infect another cell, repeating the infection cycle. ④ ⑤

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7. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

This creates a sense of panic and causes the people to offer their support for the leader, even when leader’s solutions for so-called problems like immigration or free trade are not actually in the best interest of all the people.

Populism refers to a political approach that views the world as divided, with corrupt government elites on one end controlling everything and good, ordinary people whose expectations are not being met on the other. While it is true that mainstream governments sometimes fail to meet the public’s expectations, turning to populism as an alternative can be destructive to social order. ① When a populist leader rises to power, they often suggest that problems have become urgent and that maintaining the status quo will only make matters worse for the people. ② That is because “the people” frequently excludes minorities and other marginalized members of the population, which means that populism can turn members of the same society against one another, promote intolerance, and generally create additional problems. ③ Populism often reduces complex social issues to a simple conflict between elites and ordinary citizens. ④ This framing can make citizens more likely to support drastic political change without carefully considering long-term consequences. ⑤ In such a climate, emotional appeals tend to become more persuasive than balanced policy discussion.

8. 다음 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

This shows that the weasels were aware to some degree that in the near future, those bananas would become ripe enough to eat.

Humans are able to envision the future, and interestingly enough, it seems as though some animals can too. In one study, a species of weasel was observed eating ripe bananas immediately but then storing other unripe ones in trees, allowing them to mature. ① They would then come back to eat the fruit they had saved at a later time. ② That is, they were able to deduce a(n) probable outcome and act accordingly. This ability to prepare for the future has been seen in a variety of animal species. ③ It proves that they are not only capable of mental time travel but that they also possess enough reasoning and logic to know the best course of action to take for their own survival. ④ ⑤

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9. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

These are broken down into amino acids, which the body utilizes for energy and cellular repair.

One of the most remarkable aspects of the human body is its ability to regulate itself and maintain optimal functioning. It uses a variety of natural processes to achieve this, including the self-digestion system of autophagy. ① This mechanism is the body’s way of regenerating new and healthy cells through the removal of damaged cell components. When a person’s cells are stressed, autophagy is increased in order to ensure the normal operation of the body and keep it in homeostasis. ② It efficiently targets dysfunctional cells and ensures their elimination, often through the degradation of damaged and toxic proteins. The parts of the cell that are reused are the cytoplasm — fluid inside the cell — and organelles, which are structures with particular functions. ③ In this way, autophagy helps prevent numerous health conditions such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s and can even help fight against infectious diseases. One of the most remarkable aspects of the human body is its ability to regulate itself and maintain optimal functioning. ④ It uses a variety of natural processes to achieve this, including the self-digestion system of autophagy. This mechanism is the body’s way of regenerating new and healthy cells through the removal of damaged cell components. ⑤ When a person’s cells are stressed, autophagy is increased in order to ensure the normal operation of the body and keep it in homeostasis.

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10. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

This is what’s known as the “tragedy of the commons.”

Common-pool resources are goods that are available to a large majority of the public even though they have a limited stock that is vulnerable to abuse. For example, although there are plentiful forests, if every person were to collect as much wood as possible from these forests, their decline would be inevitable. ① A good such as this can be exploited over time, leading to an unreliable supply as individuals consume the resource to the detriment of others. A shortage impacts not only other members of a society or community but the very ones who seek out the supply and are able to consume it, too. ② Preventing the overconsumption or depletion of such goods is accomplished through a number of actions, including government regulation and making the once common-pool resource into a private good. ③ Collective action is also an effective method of controlling the consumption of the resource because individuals work together to preserve it. ④ ⑤

11. 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

This is because while greed actually benefits the individual, it can come at a cost for civilization when unrestricted.

Greed is a biologically based behavior intrinsic to human nature. Urges are fundamental to the survival of all living creatures, and yet humans not only experience desire from a biological standpoint, but from a social one as well. ① This differentiates the impulses humans have from those felt by animals, such as the drive to reproduce. People desire more than to merely stay alive; they also want material possessions and wealth. ② But in the modern world, greed is somewhat of a paradox, since individual behavior that resembles greed is natural and encouraged — people are advised to seek wealth and prosperity to the best of their abilities — while greed itself is condemned by society. ③ Sociologists assert that society aims to find an equilibrium of motivating individuals with greed while still limiting unrestrained greed by labeling it as a vice. ④ Greed is a biologically based behavior intrinsic to human nature. Urges are fundamental to the survival of all living creatures, and yet humans not only experience desire from a biological standpoint, but from a social one as well. ⑤ This differentiates the impulses humans have from those felt by animals, such as the drive to reproduce.

12. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

They no longer have to physically visit an office in order to obtain certain information and can virtually collaborate with others rather than setting aside time to meet.

Cloud computing has already transformed how many businesses operate around the world, and it will also soon shape people’s lifestyles. One of the most significant changes has been increased flexibility in the workplace. ① Now that companies have the power to store, process, and manage all of their files on the cloud, employees are able to access data remotely as long as they can connect to the Internet. Cloud storage also means that people will not need to rely on as many devices to use or share content. ② A person can simply save their files on the cloud, generate links, and invite others to view them rather than having to go through the process of using a USB drive. ③ Cloud computing has already transformed how many businesses operate around the world, and it will also soon shape people’s lifestyles. One of the most significant changes has been increased flexibility in the workplace. ④ Now that companies have the power to store, process, and manage all of their files on the cloud, employees are able to access data remotely as long as they can connect to the Internet. Cloud storage also means that people will not need to rely on as many devices to use or share content. ⑤ A person can simply save their files on the cloud, generate links, and invite others to view them rather than having to go through the process of using a USB drive.

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13. 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

This approach has been invaluable in understanding the behavior of certain patients who act according to a complex.

The Swiss psychologist Carl Jung is credited with a great many of the field’s most enduring concepts. But for practicing therapists the most useful of these is his approach to diagnosis. ① Rather than classifying psychological phenomena as discrete disorders and shuttling patients into one-size-fits-all treatments, Jung’s concept of the “complex” allows clinicians to identify how their conflicting problems are intertwined. For Jung, the complex is a mass of interrelated ideas that operate in the unconscious mind. ② This “hidden mass of memories” is formed in our childhood and wields a powerful influence — in both positive and negative ways — over our present and future. Discussing issues in these terms allows therapists to discuss how mechanisms of this sort work in a holistic sense. ③ In addition, it relieves the pressure of delivering unrealistically rapid relief to patients. The field has long valued theories that can connect diagnosis with treatment in a meaningful way. ④ Jung’s ideas remain influential partly because they offer such a connection without forcing patients into rigid categories. Modern clinicians often seek frameworks that respect the complexity of individual experience. ⑤ In that respect, Jung’s concept continues to provide a useful model for therapeutic practice.

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14. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

This resulted in a change in power dynamics.

As popular culture has migrated from celebrity-centric to influencer-centric, money has moved along with it. This has led to the establishment of the creator economy. Powered by social media stars, this new ecosystem is in rapid growth; in 2021 alone, the creator economy collected more than 1.3 billion dollars in funding. ① But it wasn’t always such a profitable field, and “Internet celebrities” were once looked down upon by the old guards of traditional marketplaces. Not much of a surprise, considering they barely made anything and had yet to penetrate their way fully into the consciousness of the public. ② Then suddenly, Internet platforms began their meteoric rise and became the birthplace for social media giants who amassed huge followings. ③ Platforms now must be able to compensate their influencers who bring in millions of users. ④ And even then, it may not be enough, as more and more creators are accumulating wealth on their own terms. ⑤

15. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

Therefore, it is in the interest of our existence to temper our need for discovery with the wisdom of restraint.

If science and technology continue on the current trajectory, the end result can only be the extinction of homo sapiens as a species or at least civilization as we know it. At some point, Artificial Intelligence will be perfected, which will spawn even more intelligence, and so forth, making humanity irrelevant. ① Philosophy, in this regard, is our best weapon against the untamed dangers of scientific exploration. While often thought of as an opposing force, philosophy is actually closely associated with science and robust enough to ward off crises. ② Philosophy shares the ideals of logic and rigorous argumentation with science. However, unlike science, which only asks how, philosophy asks why. ③ This is a consideration lacking in science but sorely needed. ④ ⑤

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16. 다음 글에서 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

Then, with your sense of hearing, you might imagine the roar of a cheering crowd or words of congratulations from your colleagues.

Mental rehearsal describes the technique of practicing an action in your mind before performing it in real life. It is common with athletes but is just as useful in a wide variety of other fields and endeavors. ① Its benefits are well-known and include increased confidence and concentration, reduced anxiety, and the ability to envision solutions to potential problems. To get the best results, it helps to engage as many of your senses as you can. ② You might visualize yourself crossing the finish line at a race or shaking a client’s hand over a successfully completed deal. Picturing positive outcomes such as these can help any concerns you might have about your preparedness melt away and give you a sense of control over an upcoming event. ③ Mental rehearsal describes the technique of practicing an action in your mind before performing it in real life. It is common with athletes but is just as useful in a wide variety of other fields and endeavors. ④ Its benefits are well-known and include increased confidence and concentration, reduced anxiety, and the ability to envision solutions to potential problems. To get the best results, it helps to engage as many of your senses as you can. ⑤ You might visualize yourself crossing the finish line at a race or shaking a client’s hand over a successfully completed deal.

17. 다음 글에서 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

This was a simple task, with the correct answer being obvious to participants 99% of the time in independent tests prior to the actual experiment.

In the 1950s, Solomon Asch demonstrated the power of peer pressure in an experiment in which participants took a visual perception test requiring them to identify a line that was closest in length to another. ① During the actual experiment, a single study participant was put in a room with several actors. The actors had been told beforehand to provide wrong answers to the questions, and it was found that the effect this had on the actual study participant was to go along with the rest of the group out of fear of being ridiculed. ② In fact, despite the correct answer being clear to them, many of the participants agreed with the majority and provided the incorrect answer in 12 critical trials of this experiment. ③ However, when two participants were included in the same study instead of just one, and both were aware of what the correct answer was, they almost never followed the majority. ④ ⑤

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