1. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Clear communications are valued in all areas of modern society, and this is particularly true in the workplace. Unfortunately, many bosses operate on what is called a “need-to-know basis,” providing staff with information only when absolutely necessary. Instead, they must be transparent with their workers, both in good times and bad. Why is this so important? It’s because many people want to feel a sense of ownership in the work they do and to believe that they can be a part of the solution if a crisis occurs. Leaders should, therefore, be upfront with their staff about any issues the company or team may be facing, essentially acknowledging that their employees are also their peers. This will help them win the trust and respect of their employees while increasing the level of staff involvement, which benefits the company as a whole.

① effects of crises on workplace trust
② necessity of openness in organizational leadership
③ limits of employee ownership in company decisions
④ reasons for sharing information only when needed
⑤ ways to solve conflict between workers and managers

2. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Brains are incredibly complex structures responsible for an abundance of crucial tasks. Yet, in spite of being such vital organs, they are not perfect; one could even say they have a mind of their own. When it comes to problem-solving, the human brain prefers taking shortcuts (also known as heuristics) to arrive at solutions. It will recall similar past circumstances or depend on prior knowledge in order to bypass critical thinking — it’s lazy that way. This can prevent a person from considering other options or contemplating an important matter long enough. Brains can also cause people to think they’ve had experiences they’ve never actually had before (false memories). If a person hears a story or watches a video, his or her brain can fool them into thinking that they went through what they heard or saw. With so much information to process, it shouldn’t be a surprise that our minds slip up sometimes.

① benefits of heuristics in daily problem-solving
② ways to improve memory through repeated stories
③ limits of mental processing in human judgment
④ reasons for relying on prior knowledge in learning
⑤ accuracy of false memories from videos and stories

3. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Many people read translated versions of classics like the Odyssey. While translations may seem convenient, we can’t always be sure that we fully understand what the original writers were trying to say because not all translations are reliable. The thing is, translators must be equally proficient in both languages involved in a translation, and they must have a good understanding of the work itself. Exact translations can be impossible due to the use of figurative language, which can’t be translated literally. Furthermore, the words writers use in their work are often chosen very carefully. For instance, poets may select words that rhyme, which may not be possible to duplicate in another language. The original meaning can therefore be lost. The director of the British Centre for Literary Translation commented on the issue, insisting, “There’s not a single word in any of the languages I translate that can map perfectly onto a word in English. So it’s always interpretative, approximate, creative.”

① benefits of literal translation in classic literature
② limits of preserving meaning across languages
③ reasons for studying two languages equally well
④ roles of rhyme in improving translated poems
⑤ ways to ensure reliable translation of classics

4. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

After the devastating flood of 1927, Congress approved the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project, which resulted in the construction of 20,000 miles of levees and floodways. This disrupted the delicate balance of the Mississippi’s watercourses, and the surrounding wetlands began to subside. So far, 1,800 square miles of Louisiana wetlands have disappeared. This disaster has taken a heavy toll. The vanishing swamps not only play a vital role in storm surge reduction and nutrient filtration but also are a critical ecosystem. In fact, almost half of the threatened and endangered species in America depend on wetlands. One potential answer is Louisiana’s Coastal Master Plan. It aims to recreate the natural processes that built the state’s delta, which would protect existing wetlands and restore areas that have been lost. There is an easy way the public can assist, too: eating oysters. Oyster shells can be used to rebuild the reefs. Nearly 5,000 tons of shells have been used for this already, thanks to recycling programs at Louisiana restaurants.

① benefits of oyster recycling for local restaurants
② causes of flood damage along the Mississippi River
③ risks of protecting wildlife through wetland projects
④ need for restoring natural systems in coastal protection
⑤ limits of levees in improving nutrient filtration

5. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Inflation tends to have a negative connotation because it is commonly associated with reduced purchasing power and monetary savings. Some economists, however, insist that a healthy amount of inflation might actually work in the public’s favor. Most notably, distinguished economist John Maynard Keynes asserted that moderate inflation is critical to counteract the paradox of thrift, which states that savings can actually be damaging to economic growth. If people are not spending their money, the economy suffers because there is less overall demand. Inflation can also give a financial boost to those in debt, such as mortgage borrowers and people with student loans. The value of loans decreases with inflation and this in turn encourages spending. Inflation targeting — or making adjustments to stick to an inflation rate that is chosen — is used by central banks all over the world with the goal of stimulating the economy and maintaining maximum employment. If people know that prices will rise in the future, it motivates them to buy goods and services now.

① benefits of inflation for mortgage and student loan borrowers
② harmful effects of rising prices on savings and demand
③ ways central banks control maximum employment through taxation
④ the role of moderate price growth in supporting economic activity
⑤ reasons people prefer saving money during periods of inflation

6. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

When looking at the simplicity of human cells, the smallest building blocks of organic life, imagining that viruses — even less complex entities — could overtake them is difficult. Yet they can, and they do. The simplest viruses have only two parts: DNA or RNA that is a blueprint for making more viruses and a protein shell for protection. However, though they contain the instructions for reproduction, they lack the proper chemical substances — enzymes — to be able to do so on their own. They need a host to be able to do anything at all. They first infiltrate a cell, and then, once inside, add their genetic blueprint. The cell does not realize the difference and unknowingly begins to produce more of the virus instead of replicating itself. Each new virus can then infect another cell, repeating the infection cycle.

① the effects of enzymes on viral protection
② the process by which viruses hijack host cells
③ the differences between DNA viruses and RNA viruses
④ the ways to stop repeated viral infection cycles
⑤ the limits of human cells in making proteins

7. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Populism refers to a political approach that views the world as divided, with corrupt government elites on one end controlling everything and good, ordinary people whose expectations are not being met on the other. While it is true that mainstream governments sometimes fail to meet the public’s expectations, turning to populism as an alternative can be destructive to social order. When a populist leader rises to power, they often suggest that problems have become urgent and that maintaining the status quo will only make matters worse for the people. This creates a sense of panic and causes the people to offer their support for the leader, even when leader’s solutions for so-called problems like immigration or free trade are not actually in the best interest of all the people. That is because “the people” frequently excludes minorities and other marginalized members of the population, which means that populism can turn members of the same society against one another, promote intolerance, and generally create additional problems.

① reasons for public support for free trade policies
② dangers of crisis-driven majoritarian politics
③ benefits of populist pressure on government elites
④ ways to reduce conflicts over immigration issues
⑤ limits of mainstream governments in social reform

8. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Humans are able to envision the future, and interestingly enough, it seems as though some animals can too. In one study, a species of weasel was observed eating ripe bananas immediately but then storing other unripe ones in trees, allowing them to mature. They would then come back to eat the fruit they had saved at a later time. This shows that the weasels were aware to some degree that in the near future, those bananas would become ripe enough to eat. That is, they were able to deduce a(n) probable outcome and act accordingly. This ability to prepare for the future has been seen in a variety of animal species. It proves that they are not only capable of mental time travel but that they also possess enough reasoning and logic to know the best course of action to take for their own survival.

① storing unripe bananas for later feeding
② limits of animal logic in finding food
③ reasons some animals prefer ripe fruit
④ emergence of future-oriented reasoning in animals
⑤ effects of tree storage on fruit survival

9. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

One of the most remarkable aspects of the human body is its ability to regulate itself and maintain optimal functioning. It uses a variety of natural processes to achieve this, including the self-digestion system of autophagy. This mechanism is the body’s way of regenerating new and healthy cells through the removal of damaged cell components. When a person’s cells are stressed, autophagy is increased in order to ensure the normal operation of the body and keep it in homeostasis. It efficiently targets dysfunctional cells and ensures their elimination, often through the degradation of damaged and toxic proteins. The parts of the cell that are reused are the cytoplasm — fluid inside the cell — and organelles, which are structures with particular functions. These are broken down into amino acids, which the body utilizes for energy and cellular repair. In this way, autophagy helps prevent numerous health conditions such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s and can even help fight against infectious diseases.

① harmful effects of cell stress on body balance
② ways to increase amino acid production in cells
③ limits of protein breakdown in disease prevention
④ roles of internal recycling in bodily protection
⑤ causes of infectious diseases in damaged cells

10. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Common-pool resources are goods that are available to a large majority of the public even though they have a limited stock that is vulnerable to abuse. For example, although there are plentiful forests, if every person were to collect as much wood as possible from these forests, their decline would be inevitable. A good such as this can be exploited over time, leading to an unreliable supply as individuals consume the resource to the detriment of others. A shortage impacts not only other members of a society or community but the very ones who seek out the supply and are able to consume it, too. This is what’s known as the “tragedy of the commons.” Preventing the overconsumption or depletion of such goods is accomplished through a number of actions, including government regulation and making the once common-pool resource into a private good. Collective action is also an effective method of controlling the consumption of the resource because individuals work together to preserve it.

① benefits of private ownership in forest industries
② dangers of unrestricted use of shared resources
③ reasons for unequal access to public goods
④ limits of government control over wood collection
⑤ effects of forest decline on local communities

11. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Greed is a biologically based behavior intrinsic to human nature. Urges are fundamental to the survival of all living creatures, and yet humans not only experience desire from a biological standpoint, but from a social one as well. This differentiates the impulses humans have from those felt by animals, such as the drive to reproduce. People desire more than to merely stay alive; they also want material possessions and wealth. But in the modern world, greed is somewhat of a paradox, since individual behavior that resembles greed is natural and encouraged — people are advised to seek wealth and prosperity to the best of their abilities — while greed itself is condemned by society. This is because while greed actually benefits the individual, it can come at a cost for civilization when unrestricted. Sociologists assert that society aims to find an equilibrium of motivating individuals with greed while still limiting unrestrained greed by labeling it as a vice.

① social reasons for pursuing wealth and prosperity
② differences between human and animal survival drives
③ dangers of condemning all forms of individual desire
④ the balance between personal gain and social control
⑤ ways to prevent material desire in modern civilization

12. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Cloud computing has already transformed how many businesses operate around the world, and it will also soon shape people’s lifestyles. One of the most significant changes has been increased flexibility in the workplace. Now that companies have the power to store, process, and manage all of their files on the cloud, employees are able to access data remotely as long as they can connect to the Internet. They no longer have to physically visit an office in order to obtain certain information and can virtually collaborate with others rather than setting aside time to meet. Cloud storage also means that people will not need to rely on as many devices to use or share content. A person can simply save their files on the cloud, generate links, and invite others to view them rather than having to go through the process of using a USB drive.

① negative impacts of cloud storage on office teamwork
② changes in daily work and sharing through online storage
③ reasons for businesses to avoid remote data systems
④ limits of Internet access in cloud-based collaboration
⑤ importance of meeting in person for file management

13. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Swiss psychologist Carl Jung is credited with a great many of the field’s most enduring concepts. But for practicing therapists the most useful of these is his approach to diagnosis. Rather than classifying psychological phenomena as discrete disorders and shuttling patients into one-size-fits-all treatments, Jung’s concept of the “complex” allows clinicians to identify how their conflicting problems are intertwined. This approach has been invaluable in understanding the behavior of certain patients who act according to a complex. For Jung, the complex is a mass of interrelated ideas that operate in the unconscious mind. This “hidden mass of memories” is formed in our childhood and wields a powerful influence — in both positive and negative ways — over our present and future. Discussing issues in these terms allows therapists to discuss how mechanisms of this sort work in a holistic sense. In addition, it relieves the pressure of delivering unrealistically rapid relief to patients.

① benefits of classifying patients by separate disorders
② limits of rapid symptom relief in clinical treatment
③ influence of childhood memories on later behavior
④ value of an integrated view in psychological diagnosis
⑤ ways to replace unconscious conflicts with positive habits

14. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

As popular culture has migrated from celebrity-centric to influencer-centric, money has moved along with it. This has led to the establishment of the creator economy. Powered by social media stars, this new ecosystem is in rapid growth; in 2021 alone, the creator economy collected more than 1.3 billion dollars in funding. But it wasn’t always such a profitable field, and “Internet celebrities” were once looked down upon by the old guards of traditional marketplaces. Not much of a surprise, considering they barely made anything and had yet to penetrate their way fully into the consciousness of the public. Then suddenly, Internet platforms began their meteoric rise and became the birthplace for social media giants who amassed huge followings. This resulted in a change in power dynamics. Platforms now must be able to compensate their influencers who bring in millions of users. And even then, it may not be enough, as more and more creators are accumulating wealth on their own terms.

① growth of funding for social media platforms
② rise of internet celebrities in traditional marketplaces
③ evolution of cultural and economic power toward creators
④ need for stricter payment systems for online influencers
⑤ limits of public interest in internet-based fame

15. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

If science and technology continue on the current trajectory, the end result can only be the extinction of homo sapiens as a species or at least civilization as we know it. At some point, Artificial Intelligence will be perfected, which will spawn even more intelligence, and so forth, making humanity irrelevant. Therefore, it is in the interest of our existence to temper our need for discovery with the wisdom of restraint. Philosophy, in this regard, is our best weapon against the untamed dangers of scientific exploration. While often thought of as an opposing force, philosophy is actually closely associated with science and robust enough to ward off crises. Philosophy shares the ideals of logic and rigorous argumentation with science. However, unlike science, which only asks how, philosophy asks why. This is a consideration lacking in science but sorely needed.

① dangers of artificial intelligence for human labor
② need for philosophical restraint in scientific progress
③ differences between logic in science and philosophy
④ ways to perfect artificial intelligence without crises
⑤ influence of scientific discovery on modern civilization

16. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Mental rehearsal describes the technique of practicing an action in your mind before performing it in real life. It is common with athletes but is just as useful in a wide variety of other fields and endeavors. Its benefits are well-known and include increased confidence and concentration, reduced anxiety, and the ability to envision solutions to potential problems. To get the best results, it helps to engage as many of your senses as you can. You might visualize yourself crossing the finish line at a race or shaking a client’s hand over a successfully completed deal. Then, with your sense of hearing, you might imagine the roar of a cheering crowd or words of congratulations from your colleagues. Picturing positive outcomes such as these can help any concerns you might have about your preparedness melt away and give you a sense of control over an upcoming event.

① effects of mental rehearsal on performance readiness
② limits of mental rehearsal in athletic competition
③ reasons for anxiety before important public events
④ ways to improve hearing through repeated imagination
⑤ differences between sports training and business practice

17. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

In the 1950s, Solomon Asch demonstrated the power of peer pressure in an experiment in which participants took a visual perception test requiring them to identify a line that was closest in length to another. This was a simple task, with the correct answer being obvious to participants 99% of the time in independent tests prior to the actual experiment. During the actual experiment, a single study participant was put in a room with several actors. The actors had been told beforehand to provide wrong answers to the questions, and it was found that the effect this had on the actual study participant was to go along with the rest of the group out of fear of being ridiculed. In fact, despite the correct answer being clear to them, many of the participants agreed with the majority and provided the incorrect answer in 12 critical trials of this experiment. However, when two participants were included in the same study instead of just one, and both were aware of what the correct answer was, they almost never followed the majority.

① fear of ridicule in simple visual tests
② effects of group pressure on individual judgment
③ benefits of repeated practice in perception tasks
④ reasons for errors in independent line comparisons
⑤ limits of majority influence when social support exists

1번. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Clear communications are valued in all areas of modern society, and this is particularly true in the workplace. Unfortunately, many bosses operate on what is called a “need-to-know basis,” providing staff with information only when absolutely necessary. Instead, they must be transparent with their workers, both in good times and bad. Why is this so important? It’s because many people want to feel a sense of ownership in the work they do and to believe that they can be a part of the solution if a crisis occurs. Leaders should, therefore, be upfront with their staff about any issues the company or team may be facing, essentially acknowledging that their employees are also their peers. This will help them win the trust and respect of their employees while increasing the level of staff involvement, which benefits the company as a whole.

요약문:

When leaders stop treating information as something to be rationed, workers are more likely to develop ___(A)___ to the organization and respond with greater ___(B)___, especially in difficult times.

① attachment …… passivity
② attachment …… initiative
③ authority …… initiative
④ authority …… detachment
⑤ secrecy …… passivity

2. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Brains are incredibly complex structures responsible for an abundance of crucial tasks. Yet, in spite of being such vital organs, they are not perfect; one could even say they have a mind of their own. When it comes to problem-solving, the human brain prefers taking shortcuts (also known as heuristics) to arrive at solutions. It will recall similar past circumstances or depend on prior knowledge in order to bypass critical thinking — it’s lazy that way. This can prevent a person from considering other options or contemplating an important matter long enough. Brains can also cause people to think they’ve had experiences they’ve never actually had before (false memories). If a person hears a story or watches a video, his or her brain can fool them into thinking that they went through what they heard or saw. With so much information to process, it shouldn’t be a surprise that our minds slip up sometimes.

요약문:

The mind’s impressive capacity does not guarantee perfect judgment; in managing overload, it often favors ___(A)___ over scrutiny and can even blur the boundary between reality and ___(B)___.

① efficiency …… imagination
② efficiency …… repetition
③ accuracy …… imagination
④ accuracy …… repetition
⑤ restraint …… certainty

3. 아래 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Many people read translated versions of classics like the Odyssey. While translations may seem convenient, we can’t always be sure that we fully understand what the original writers were trying to say because not all translations are reliable. The thing is, translators must be equally proficient in both languages involved in a translation, and they must have a good understanding of the work itself. Exact translations can be impossible due to the use of figurative language, which can’t be translated literally. Furthermore, the words writers use in their work are often chosen very carefully. For instance, poets may select words that rhyme, which may not be possible to duplicate in another language. The original meaning can therefore be lost. The director of the British Centre for Literary Translation commented on the issue, insisting, “There’s not a single word in any of the languages I translate that can map perfectly onto a word in English. So it’s always interpretative, approximate, creative.”

요약문:
Reading a translated classic means encountering not a transparent transfer of meaning but a necessarily ___(A)___ act, since linguistic artistry and cultural nuance often resist full ___(B)___.

① reconstructive …… preservation
② reconstructive …… standardization
③ mechanical …… preservation
④ mechanical …… equivalence
⑤ neutral …… standardization

4. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

After the devastating flood of 1927, Congress approved the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project, which resulted in the construction of 20,000 miles of levees and floodways. This disrupted the delicate balance of the Mississippi’s watercourses, and the surrounding wetlands began to subside. So far, 1,800 square miles of Louisiana wetlands have disappeared. This disaster has taken a heavy toll. The vanishing swamps not only play a vital role in storm surge reduction and nutrient filtration but also are a critical ecosystem. In fact, almost half of the threatened and endangered species in America depend on wetlands. One potential answer is Louisiana’s Coastal Master Plan. It aims to recreate the natural processes that built the state’s delta, which would protect existing wetlands and restore areas that have been lost. There is an easy way the public can assist, too: eating oysters. Oyster shells can be used to rebuild the reefs. Nearly 5,000 tons of shells have been used for this already, thanks to recycling programs at Louisiana restaurants.

요약문:
The effort to control a river too aggressively produced ecological ___(A)___, so recovery now depends on restoring nature’s own engineering and reinforcing coastal ___(B)___ through public participation.

① instability …… resilience
② instability …… isolation
③ conservation …… resilience
④ conservation …… isolation
⑤ expansion …… profitability

5. 아래 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Inflation tends to have a negative connotation because it is commonly associated with reduced purchasing power and monetary savings. Some economists, however, insist that a healthy amount of inflation might actually work in the public’s favor. Most notably, distinguished economist John Maynard Keynes asserted that moderate inflation is critical to counteract the paradox of thrift, which states that savings can actually be damaging to economic growth. If people are not spending their money, the economy suffers because there is less overall demand. Inflation can also give a financial boost to those in debt, such as mortgage borrowers and people with student loans. The value of loans decreases with inflation and this in turn encourages spending. Inflation targeting — or making adjustments to stick to an inflation rate that is chosen — is used by central banks all over the world with the goal of stimulating the economy and maintaining maximum employment. If people know that prices will rise in the future, it motivates them to buy goods and services now.

요약문:
What is often treated as an economic ___(A)___ can, when kept within bounds, serve as a policy tool that weakens the appeal of hoarding and strengthens present ___(B)___.

① liability …… outlay
② liability …… hesitation
③ safeguard …… outlay
④ safeguard …… hesitation
⑤ ornament …… stability

6. 아래 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

When looking at the simplicity of human cells, the smallest building blocks of organic life, imagining that viruses — even less complex entities — could overtake them is difficult. Yet they can, and they do. The simplest viruses have only two parts: DNA or RNA that is a blueprint for making more viruses and a protein shell for protection. However, though they contain the instructions for reproduction, they lack the proper chemical substances — enzymes — to be able to do so on their own. They need a host to be able to do anything at all. They first infiltrate a cell, and then, once inside, add their genetic blueprint. The cell does not realize the difference and unknowingly begins to produce more of the virus instead of replicating itself. Each new virus can then infect another cell, repeating the infection cycle.

요약문:
Despite their structural simplicity, viruses achieve ___(A)___ not through self-sufficiency but by turning a host cell into an ___(B)___ producer of viral copies.

① domination …… unwitting
② domination …… efficient
③ autonomy …… unwitting
④ autonomy …… efficient
⑤ resistance …… deliberate

7. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Populism refers to a political approach that views the world as divided, with corrupt government elites on one end controlling everything and good, ordinary people whose expectations are not being met on the other. While it is true that mainstream governments sometimes fail to meet the public’s expectations, turning to populism as an alternative can be destructive to social order. When a populist leader rises to power, they often suggest that problems have become urgent and that maintaining the status quo will only make matters worse for the people. This creates a sense of panic and causes the people to offer their support for the leader, even when leader’s solutions for so-called problems like immigration or free trade are not actually in the best interest of all the people. That is because “the people” frequently excludes minorities and other marginalized members of the population, which means that populism can turn members of the same society against one another, promote intolerance, and generally create additional problems.

요약문:
By framing politics as a moral showdown and amplifying urgency, populism wins consent through ___(A)___, but because its idea of the public is ___(B)___, its promised cure ends up deepening division.

① mobilization …… inclusive
② mobilization …… selective
③ deliberation …… selective
④ deliberation …… inclusive
⑤ neutrality …… fragmented

8. 아래 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Humans are able to envision the future, and interestingly enough, it seems as though some animals can too. In one study, a species of weasel was observed eating ripe bananas immediately but then storing other unripe ones in trees, allowing them to mature. They would then come back to eat the fruit they had saved at a later time. This shows that the weasels were aware to some degree that in the near future, those bananas would become ripe enough to eat. That is, they were able to deduce a(n) probable outcome and act accordingly. This ability to prepare for the future has been seen in a variety of animal species. It proves that they are not only capable of mental time travel but that they also possess enough reasoning and logic to know the best course of action to take for their own survival.

요약문:

Rather than being trapped in the present, some animals display ___(A)___ by acting on what has not happened yet, which suggests their behavior is guided not merely by instinct but by ___(B)___.

① foresight …… deliberation
② foresight …… imitation
③ impulsiveness …… deliberation
④ impulsiveness …… imitation
⑤ routine …… reflex

9. 아래 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

One of the most remarkable aspects of the human body is its ability to regulate itself and maintain optimal functioning. It uses a variety of natural processes to achieve this, including the self-digestion system of autophagy. This mechanism is the body’s way of regenerating new and healthy cells through the removal of damaged cell components. When a person’s cells are stressed, autophagy is increased in order to ensure the normal operation of the body and keep it in homeostasis. It efficiently targets dysfunctional cells and ensures their elimination, often through the degradation of damaged and toxic proteins. The parts of the cell that are reused are the cytoplasm — fluid inside the cell — and organelles, which are structures with particular functions. These are broken down into amino acids, which the body utilizes for energy and cellular repair. In this way, autophagy helps prevent numerous health conditions such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s and can even help fight against infectious diseases.

요약문:

Rather than merely destroying what is impaired, autophagy acts as a cellular economy that restores bodily ___(A)___ by converting internal breakdown into biological ___(B)___.

① stability …… capital
② stability …… waste
③ fragility …… capital
④ fragility …… waste
⑤ expansion …… burden

10. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Common-pool resources are goods that are available to a large majority of the public even though they have a limited stock that is vulnerable to abuse. For example, although there are plentiful forests, if every person were to collect as much wood as possible from these forests, their decline would be inevitable. A good such as this can be exploited over time, leading to an unreliable supply as individuals consume the resource to the detriment of others. A shortage impacts not only other members of a society or community but the very ones who seek out the supply and are able to consume it, too. This is what’s known as the “tragedy of the commons.” Preventing the overconsumption or depletion of such goods is accomplished through a number of actions, including government regulation and making the once common-pool resource into a private good. Collective action is also an effective method of controlling the consumption of the resource because individuals work together to preserve it.

요약문:
The value of a shared but finite resource collapses when open access encourages ___(A)___ behavior, making long-term availability increasingly ___(B)___ unless external rules or coordinated restraint intervene.

① self-maximizing …… precarious
② self-maximizing …… equitable
③ cooperative …… precarious
④ cooperative …… equitable
⑤ restorative …… abundant

11. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Greed is a biologically based behavior intrinsic to human nature. Urges are fundamental to the survival of all living creatures, and yet humans not only experience desire from a biological standpoint, but from a social one as well. This differentiates the impulses humans have from those felt by animals, such as the drive to reproduce. People desire more than to merely stay alive; they also want material possessions and wealth. But in the modern world, greed is somewhat of a paradox, since individual behavior that resembles greed is natural and encouraged — people are advised to seek wealth and prosperity to the best of their abilities — while greed itself is condemned by society. This is because while greed actually benefits the individual, it can come at a cost for civilization when unrestricted. Sociologists assert that society aims to find an equilibrium of motivating individuals with greed while still limiting unrestrained greed by labeling it as a vice.

요약문:

Modern society treats acquisitive desire as a useful engine of personal advancement, yet it must keep that same force under ___(A)___ so that private gain does not erode collective ___(B)___.

① regulation …… stability
② regulation …… ambition
③ celebration …… stability
④ celebration …… ambition
⑤ neglect …… harmony

12. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Cloud computing has already transformed how many businesses operate around the world, and it will also soon shape people’s lifestyles. One of the most significant changes has been increased flexibility in the workplace. Now that companies have the power to store, process, and manage all of their files on the cloud, employees are able to access data remotely as long as they can connect to the Internet. They no longer have to physically visit an office in order to obtain certain information and can virtually collaborate with others rather than setting aside time to meet. Cloud storage also means that people will not need to rely on as many devices to use or share content. A person can simply save their files on the cloud, generate links, and invite others to view them rather than having to go through the process of using a USB drive.

요약문:

By untethering information from fixed places and physical tools, cloud computing expands both human ___(A)___ in work and the ___(B)___ of sharing digital content.

① autonomy …… frictionlessness
② autonomy …… scarcity
③ dependency …… frictionlessness
④ dependency …… scarcity
⑤ rigidity …… permanence

13. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

The Swiss psychologist Carl Jung is credited with a great many of the field’s most enduring concepts. But for practicing therapists the most useful of these is his approach to diagnosis. Rather than classifying psychological phenomena as discrete disorders and shuttling patients into one-size-fits-all treatments, Jung’s concept of the “complex” allows clinicians to identify how their conflicting problems are intertwined. This approach has been invaluable in understanding the behavior of certain patients who act according to a complex. For Jung, the complex is a mass of interrelated ideas that operate in the unconscious mind. This “hidden mass of memories” is formed in our childhood and wields a powerful influence — in both positive and negative ways — over our present and future. Discussing issues in these terms allows therapists to discuss how mechanisms of this sort work in a holistic sense. In addition, it relieves the pressure of delivering unrealistically rapid relief to patients.

요약문:

Jung’s diagnostic value lies in replacing a fragmented labeling system with a framework that uncovers the ___(A)___ of a patient’s inner conflicts, thereby encouraging more ___(B)___ understanding and less hurried intervention.

① architecture …… integrated
② architecture …… immediate
③ isolation …… integrated
④ isolation …… immediate
⑤ symptom …… mechanical

14. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

As popular culture has migrated from celebrity-centric to influencer-centric, money has moved along with it. This has led to the establishment of the creator economy. Powered by social media stars, this new ecosystem is in rapid growth; in 2021 alone, the creator economy collected more than 1.3 billion dollars in funding. But it wasn’t always such a profitable field, and “Internet celebrities” were once looked down upon by the old guards of traditional marketplaces. Not much of a surprise, considering they barely made anything and had yet to penetrate their way fully into the consciousness of the public. Then suddenly, Internet platforms began their meteoric rise and became the birthplace for social media giants who amassed huge followings. This resulted in a change in power dynamics. Platforms now must be able to compensate their influencers who bring in millions of users. And even then, it may not be enough, as more and more creators are accumulating wealth on their own terms.

요약문:
What began as a culturally ___(A)___ activity has turned into a market force so influential that digital platforms themselves can no longer assume ___(B)___ over those who draw the crowds.

① marginal …… leverage
② marginal …… anonymity
③ symbolic …… leverage
④ symbolic …… anonymity
⑤ recreational …… obscurity

15. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

If science and technology continue on the current trajectory, the end result can only be the extinction of homo sapiens as a species or at least civilization as we know it. At some point, Artificial Intelligence will be perfected, which will spawn even more intelligence, and so forth, making humanity irrelevant. Therefore, it is in the interest of our existence to temper our need for discovery with the wisdom of restraint. Philosophy, in this regard, is our best weapon against the untamed dangers of scientific exploration. While often thought of as an opposing force, philosophy is actually closely associated with science and robust enough to ward off crises. Philosophy shares the ideals of logic and rigorous argumentation with science. However, unlike science, which only asks how, philosophy asks why. This is a consideration lacking in science but sorely needed.

요약문:

Rather than treating knowledge as an unquestioned good, the passage argues that human survival may depend on ___(A)___ ambition through reflective inquiry, because technical power without ___(B)___ can outgrow its makers.

① disciplining …… purpose
② disciplining …… neutrality
③ accelerating …… purpose
④ accelerating …… neutrality
⑤ celebrating …… efficiency

16. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Mental rehearsal describes the technique of practicing an action in your mind before performing it in real life. It is common with athletes but is just as useful in a wide variety of other fields and endeavors. Its benefits are well-known and include increased confidence and concentration, reduced anxiety, and the ability to envision solutions to potential problems. To get the best results, it helps to engage as many of your senses as you can. You might visualize yourself crossing the finish line at a race or shaking a client’s hand over a successfully completed deal. Then, with your sense of hearing, you might imagine the roar of a cheering crowd or words of congratulations from your colleagues. Picturing positive outcomes such as these can help any concerns you might have about your preparedness melt away and give you a sense of control over an upcoming event.

요약문:

By mentally staging success as if it were already unfolding, people can turn uncertainty into ___(A)___ and approach future performance with greater ___(B)___.

     (A)           (B)
① hesitation …… detachment
② hesitation …… command
③ composure …… detachment
④ composure …… command
⑤ indifference …… confusion

17. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

In the 1950s, Solomon Asch demonstrated the power of peer pressure in an experiment in which participants took a visual perception test requiring them to identify a line that was closest in length to another. This was a simple task, with the correct answer being obvious to participants 99% of the time in independent tests prior to the actual experiment. During the actual experiment, a single study participant was put in a room with several actors. The actors had been told beforehand to provide wrong answers to the questions, and it was found that the effect this had on the actual study participant was to go along with the rest of the group out of fear of being ridiculed. In fact, despite the correct answer being clear to them, many of the participants agreed with the majority and provided the incorrect answer in 12 critical trials of this experiment. However, when two participants were included in the same study instead of just one, and both were aware of what the correct answer was, they almost never followed the majority.

요약문:

Even when reality is easy to verify, an isolated person may trade private judgment for social ___(A)___; yet once that isolation is broken by even minimal ___(B)___, the majority's hold sharply weakens.

① approval …… reinforcement
② approval …… ambiguity
③ independence …… reinforcement
④ independence …… ambiguity
⑤ resistance …… uncertainty

1. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Clear communications are valued in all areas of modern society, and this is particularly true in the workplace. Unfortunately, many bosses operate on what is called a “need-to-know basis,” providing staff with information only when absolutely necessary. Instead, they must be transparent with their workers, both in good times and bad. Why is this so important? It’s because many people want to feel a sense of ownership in the work they do and to believe that they can be a part of the solution if a crisis occurs. Leaders should, therefore, be upfront with their staff about any issues the company or team may be facing, essentially acknowledging that their employees are also their peers. This will help them win the trust and respect of their employees while increasing the level of staff involvement, which benefits the company as a whole.

① employees should fix every problem by themselves
② workers should remain uninformed until a crisis ends
③ employees can contribute to resolving shared difficulties
④ workers can become the owners of the company during trouble
⑤ all members should always know everything in every workplace

2. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Brains are incredibly complex structures responsible for an abundance of crucial tasks. Yet, in spite of being such vital organs, they are not perfect; one could even say they have a mind of their own. When it comes to problem-solving, the human brain prefers taking shortcuts (also known as heuristics) to arrive at solutions. It will recall similar past circumstances or depend on prior knowledge in order to bypass critical thinking — it’s lazy that way. This can prevent a person from considering other options or contemplating an important matter long enough. Brains can also cause people to think they’ve had experiences they’ve never actually had before (false memories). If a person hears a story or watches a video, his or her brain can fool them into thinking that they went through what they heard or saw. With so much information to process, it shouldn’t be a surprise that our minds slip up sometimes.

① the brain can function separately from the person’s control
② the brain always creates accurate memories from past events
③ the brain usually solves problems through complete logical analysis
④ the brain can operate in imperfect and misleading ways
⑤ the brain becomes powerful because it handles too much information

3. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Many people read translated versions of classics like the Odyssey. While translations may seem convenient, we can’t always be sure that we fully understand what the original writers were trying to say because not all translations are reliable. The thing is, translators must be equally proficient in both languages involved in a translation, and they must have a good understanding of the work itself. Exact translations can be impossible due to the use of figurative language, which can’t be translated literally. Furthermore, the words writers use in their work are often chosen very carefully. For instance, poets may select words that rhyme, which may not be possible to duplicate in another language. The original meaning can therefore be lost. The director of the British Centre for Literary Translation commented on the issue, insisting, “There’s not a single word in any of the languages I translate that can map perfectly onto a word in English. So it’s always interpretative, approximate, creative.”

① each foreign word has to be replaced by several English expressions
② no word from one language corresponds exactly to a single English word
③ English words usually preserve the sound patterns of the original language
④ translators can avoid interpretation if they know both languages equally well
⑤ every literary work should be rewritten freely rather than translated closely

4. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

After the devastating flood of 1927, Congress approved the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project, which resulted in the construction of 20,000 miles of levees and floodways. This disrupted the delicate balance of the Mississippi’s watercourses, and the surrounding wetlands began to subside. So far, 1,800 square miles of Louisiana wetlands have disappeared. This disaster has taken a heavy toll. The vanishing swamps not only play a vital role in storm surge reduction and nutrient filtration but also are a critical ecosystem. In fact, almost half of the threatened and endangered species in America depend on wetlands. One potential answer is Louisiana’s Coastal Master Plan. It aims to recreate the natural processes that built the state’s delta, which would protect existing wetlands and restore areas that have been lost. There is an easy way the public can assist, too: eating oysters. Oyster shells can be used to rebuild the reefs. Nearly 5,000 tons of shells have been used for this already, thanks to recycling programs at Louisiana restaurants.

① the damage physically increased the weight of the flooded land
② the loss seriously harmed ecological functions and dependent species
③ the wetlands quickly recovered because restoration plans were approved
④ the project mainly improved nutrient filtration across American rivers
⑤ the disappearance proves that all endangered species live in wetlands

5. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Inflation tends to have a negative connotation because it is commonly associated with reduced purchasing power and monetary savings. Some economists, however, insist that a healthy amount of inflation might actually work in the public’s favor. Most notably, distinguished economist John Maynard Keynes asserted that moderate inflation is critical to counteract the paradox of thrift, which states that savings can actually be damaging to economic growth. If people are not spending their money, the economy suffers because there is less overall demand. Inflation can also give a financial boost to those in debt, such as mortgage borrowers and people with student loans. The value of loans decreases with inflation and this in turn encourages spending. Inflation targeting — or making adjustments to stick to an inflation rate that is chosen — is used by central banks all over the world with the goal of stimulating the economy and maintaining maximum employment. If people know that prices will rise in the future, it motivates them to buy goods and services now.

① people become more careful to protect the value of their savings
② moderate price growth prevents excessive saving from weakening demand
③ central banks lower inflation to increase the real value of loans
④ rising prices always benefit the public regardless of economic conditions
⑤ borrowers spend less because future inflation makes debt more burdensome

6. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

When looking at the simplicity of human cells, the smallest building blocks of organic life, imagining that viruses — even less complex entities — could overtake them is difficult. Yet they can, and they do. The simplest viruses have only two parts: DNA or RNA that is a blueprint for making more viruses and a protein shell for protection. However, though they contain the instructions for reproduction, they lack the proper chemical substances — enzymes — to be able to do so on their own. They need a host to be able to do anything at all. They first infiltrate a cell, and then, once inside, add their genetic blueprint. The cell does not realize the difference and unknowingly begins to produce more of the virus instead of replicating itself. Each new virus can then infect another cell, repeating the infection cycle.

① the cell intentionally stops all of its normal activity to protect the virus
② the cell is deceived into using its machinery to make viral copies rather than itself
③ the cell destroys viral genes before they can spread to other cells
④ the cell naturally changes into a virus after repeated infection cycles
⑤ the cell always loses control whenever a foreign substance enters it

7. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Populism refers to a political approach that views the world as divided, with corrupt government elites on one end controlling everything and good, ordinary people whose expectations are not being met on the other. While it is true that mainstream governments sometimes fail to meet the public’s expectations, turning to populism as an alternative can be destructive to social order. When a populist leader rises to power, they often suggest that problems have become urgent and that maintaining the status quo will only make matters worse for the people. This creates a sense of panic and causes the people to offer their support for the leader, even when leader’s solutions for so-called problems like immigration or free trade are not actually in the best interest of all the people. That is because “the people” frequently excludes minorities and other marginalized members of the population, which means that populism can turn members of the same society against one another, promote intolerance, and generally create additional problems.

① populist politics allows every social group to share equal political authority
② the term is often used in a selective way that leaves some groups outside its protection
③ minorities usually reject political leaders who claim to speak for the nation as a whole
④ ordinary citizens become more united when elites lose control over public opinion
⑤ social conflict disappears once governments respond more quickly to public demands

8. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Humans are able to envision the future, and interestingly enough, it seems as though some animals can too. In one study, a species of weasel was observed eating ripe bananas immediately but then storing other unripe ones in trees, allowing them to mature. They would then come back to eat the fruit they had saved at a later time. This shows that the weasels were aware to some degree that in the near future, those bananas would become ripe enough to eat. That is, they were able to deduce a probable outcome and act accordingly. This ability to prepare for the future has been seen in a variety of animal species. It proves that they are not only capable of mental time travel but that they also possess enough reasoning and logic to know the best course of action to take for their own survival.

① they physically followed the fruit as it changed its place
② they failed to use reasoning and simply reacted when food appeared
③ they could infer what was likely to happen and choose behavior on that basis
④ they remembered where bananas were and preferred sweeter food over others
⑤ they always make the most logical decision in every situation for survival

9. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

One of the most remarkable aspects of the human body is its ability to regulate itself and maintain optimal functioning. It uses a variety of natural processes to achieve this, including the self-digestion system of autophagy. This mechanism is the body’s way of regenerating new and healthy cells through the removal of damaged cell components. When a person’s cells are stressed, autophagy is increased in order to ensure the normal operation of the body and keep it in homeostasis. It efficiently targets dysfunctional cells and ensures their elimination, often through the degradation of damaged and toxic proteins. The parts of the cell that are reused are the cytoplasm — fluid inside the cell — and organelles, which are structures with particular functions. These are broken down into amino acids, which the body utilizes for energy and cellular repair. In this way, autophagy helps prevent numerous health conditions such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s and can even help fight against infectious diseases by keeping it in homeostasis.

① the body remains in a physically unchanged state at all times
② the body loses balance so that weak cells can be replaced faster
③ the body maintains stable internal conditions for proper function
④ the body stores extra amino acids to prepare for future disease
⑤ the body eliminates all old cells regardless of their condition

10. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Common-pool resources are goods that are available to a large majority of the public even though they have a limited stock that is vulnerable to abuse. For example, although there are plentiful forests, if every person were to collect as much wood as possible from these forests, their decline would be inevitable. A good such as this can be exploited over time, leading to an unreliable supply as individuals consume the resource to the detriment of others. A shortage impacts not only other members of a society or community but the very ones who seek out the supply and are able to consume it, too. This is what’s known as the tragedy of the commons. Preventing the overconsumption or depletion of such goods is accomplished through a number of actions, including government regulation and making the once common-pool resource into a private good. Collective action is also an effective method of controlling the consumption of the resource because individuals work together to preserve it.

① a shared resource is physically destroyed by a natural disaster
② people are eventually harmed by pursuing their own immediate benefit from a shared resource
③ the government fails to turn public goods into private property for legal reasons
④ members of a community consume less when the supply becomes uncertain over time
⑤ all public resources should always be managed only through collective action

11. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Greed is a biologically based behavior intrinsic to human nature. Urges are fundamental to the survival of all living creatures, and yet humans not only experience desire from a biological standpoint, but from a social one as well. This differentiates the impulses humans have from those felt by animals, such as the drive to reproduce. People desire more than to merely stay alive; they also want material possessions and wealth. But in the modern world, greed is somewhat of a paradox, since individual behavior that resembles greed is natural and encouraged — people are advised to seek wealth and prosperity to the best of their abilities — while greed itself is condemned by society. This is because while greed actually benefits the individual, it can come at a cost for civilization when unrestricted. Sociologists assert that society aims to find an equilibrium of motivating individuals with greed while still limiting unrestrained greed by labeling it as a vice.

① society blames the very motive that it partly uses to drive people
② society rejects all forms of desire as threats to social order
③ society praises selfish ambition when it helps every individual equally
④ society only criticizes greed because wealth has no value for humans
⑤ society treats biological urges and social desires as exactly the same

12. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Cloud computing has already transformed how many businesses operate around the world, and it will also soon shape people’s lifestyles. One of the most significant changes has been increased flexibility in the workplace. Now that companies have the power to store, process, and manage all of their files on the cloud, employees are able to access data remotely as long as they can connect to the Internet. They no longer have to physically visit an office in order to obtain certain information and can virtually collaborate with others rather than setting aside time to meet. Cloud storage also means that people will not need to rely on as many devices to use or share content. A person can simply save their files on the cloud, generate links, and invite others to view them rather than having to go through the process of using a USB drive.

① people reserve a fixed period for face-to-face meetings
② people can exchange ideas without gathering in one place
③ companies require workers to return to the office regularly
④ people must reduce the amount of information they share online
⑤ companies can improve every part of daily life through technology

13. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Swiss psychologist Carl Jung is credited with a great many of the field’s most enduring concepts. But for practicing therapists the most useful of these is his approach to diagnosis. Rather than classifying psychological phenomena as discrete disorders and shuttling patients into one-size-fits-all treatments, Jung’s concept of the “complex” allows clinicians to identify how their conflicting problems are intertwined. This approach has been invaluable in understanding the behavior of certain patients who act according to a complex. For Jung, the complex is a mass of interrelated ideas that operate in the unconscious mind. This “hidden mass of memories” is formed in our childhood and wields a powerful influence — in both positive and negative ways — over our present and future. Discussing issues in these terms allows therapists to discuss how mechanisms of this sort work in a holistic sense. In addition, it relieves the pressure of delivering unrealistically rapid relief to patients.

① it physically controls a person’s body with irresistible force
② it strongly shapes a person’s life beyond conscious awareness
③ it removes the need for any diagnosis in psychotherapy
④ it guarantees only harmful effects on present behavior
⑤ it explains why all patients should receive identical treatment

14. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

As popular culture has migrated from celebrity-centric to influencer-centric, money has moved along with it. This has led to the establishment of the creator economy. Powered by social media stars, this new ecosystem is in rapid growth; in 2021 alone, the creator economy collected more than 1.3 billion dollars in funding. But it wasn’t always such a profitable field, and “Internet celebrities” were once looked down upon by the old guards of traditional marketplaces. Not much of a surprise, considering they barely made anything and had yet to penetrate their way fully into the consciousness of the public. Then suddenly, Internet platforms began their meteoric rise and became the birthplace for social media giants who amassed huge followings. This resulted in a change in power dynamics. Platforms now must be able to compensate their influencers who bring in millions of users. And even then, it may not be enough, as more and more creators are accumulating wealth on their own terms.

① they had physically entered the public market and occupied its main spaces
② they had failed to gain broad public recognition and cultural presence
③ they had already secured stable profits in traditional marketplaces
④ they had persuaded platforms to pay all creators equally well
⑤ they had become the only source of value in every cultural industry

15. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

If science and technology continue on the current trajectory, the end result can only be the extinction of homo sapiens as a species or at least civilization as we know it. At some point, Artificial Intelligence will be perfected, which will spawn even more intelligence, and so forth, making humanity irrelevant. Therefore, it is in the interest of our existence to temper our need for discovery with the wisdom of restraint. Philosophy, in this regard, is our best weapon against the untamed dangers of scientific exploration. While often thought of as an opposing force, philosophy is actually closely associated with science and robust enough to ward off crises. Philosophy shares the ideals of logic and rigorous argumentation with science. However, unlike science, which only asks how, philosophy asks why. This is a consideration lacking in science but sorely needed.

① we should delay all scientific progress until philosophy gives complete answers
② we should balance the pursuit of knowledge with deliberate self-limitation
③ we should increase discovery so that humanity can remain superior to artificial intelligence
④ we should use philosophy mainly to produce more efficient scientific results
⑤ we should avoid every form of inquiry because all knowledge finally destroys civilization

16. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Mental rehearsal describes the technique of practicing an action in your mind before performing it in real life. It is common with athletes but is just as useful in a wide variety of other fields and endeavors. Its benefits are well-known and include increased confidence and concentration, reduced anxiety, and the ability to envision solutions to potential problems. To get the best results, it helps to engage as many of your senses as you can. You might visualize yourself crossing the finish line at a race or shaking a client’s hand over a successfully completed deal. Then, with your sense of hearing, you might imagine the roar of a cheering crowd or words of congratulations from your colleagues. Picturing positive outcomes such as these can help any concerns you might have about your preparedness melt away and give you a sense of control over an upcoming event.

① your worries physically disappear as you imagine a future scene
② positive images make you feel less doubtful and more mentally prepared
③ mental practice guarantees success in any race or business deal
④ hearing praise from others matters more than using your other senses
⑤ people should always predict every possible problem before acting

17. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

In the 1950s, Solomon Asch demonstrated the power of peer pressure in an experiment in which participants took a visual perception test requiring them to identify a line that was closest in length to another. This was a simple task, with the correct answer being obvious to participants 99% of the time in independent tests prior to the actual experiment. During the actual experiment, a single study participant was put in a room with several actors. The actors had been told beforehand to provide wrong answers to the questions, and it was found that the effect this had on the actual study participant was to go along with the rest of the group out of fear of being ridiculed. In fact, despite the correct answer being clear to them, many of the participants agreed with the majority and provided the incorrect answer in 12 critical trials of this experiment. However, when two participants were included in the same study instead of just one, and both were aware of what the correct answer was, they almost never followed the majority.

① the participant physically moved together with the other people in the room to avoid attracting attention
② the participant intentionally gave a wrong answer because the group had already proved it was correct
③ the participant changed the answer to match the majority in order to avoid social disapproval
④ the participant failed the task because visual judgments are usually too difficult to make alone
⑤ the participant discovered that any group decision is more reliable than an individual judgment

1. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Clear communications are valued in all areas of modern society, and this is particularly true in the workplace. Unfortunately, many bosses operate on what is called a “need-to-know basis,” providing staff with information only when absolutely necessary. Instead, they must be transparent with their workers, both in good times and bad. Why is this so important? It’s because many people want to feel a sense of ownership in the work they do and to believe that they can be a part of the solution if a crisis occurs. Leaders should, therefore, be upfront with their staff about any issues the company or team may be facing, essentially acknowledging that their employees are also their peers. This will help them win the trust and respect of their employees while increasing the level of staff involvement, which benefits the company as a whole.

① Need-to-Know Management in Times of Crisis
② Why Should Bosses Hide Bad News?
③ Candor as the Ground of Shared Commitment
④ Staff Involvement: The Only Key to Success
⑤ Telling Workers Only What They Need

2. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Brains are incredibly complex structures responsible for an abundance of crucial tasks. Yet, in spite of being such vital organs, they are not perfect; one could even say they have a mind of their own. When it comes to problem-solving, the human brain prefers taking shortcuts (also known as heuristics) to arrive at solutions. It will recall similar past circumstances or depend on prior knowledge in order to bypass critical thinking — it’s lazy that way. This can prevent a person from considering other options or contemplating an important matter long enough. Brains can also cause people to think they’ve had experiences they’ve never actually had before (false memories). If a person hears a story or watches a video, his or her brain can fool them into thinking that they went through what they heard or saw. With so much information to process, it shouldn’t be a surprise that our minds slip up sometimes.

① Heuristics: The Best Way to Solve Problems
② Why False Memories Improve Critical Thinking
③ A Fallible Guide Inside the Human Mind
④ Brain Science and the Growth of Video Memory
⑤ Never Trust Stories from Your Past Brain

3. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Many people read translated versions of classics like the Odyssey. While translations may seem convenient, we can’t always be sure that we fully understand what the original writers were trying to say because not all translations are reliable. The thing is, translators must be equally proficient in both languages involved in a translation, and they must have a good understanding of the work itself. Exact translations can be impossible due to the use of figurative language, which can’t be translated literally. Furthermore, the words writers use in their work are often chosen very carefully. For instance, poets may select words that rhyme, which may not be possible to duplicate in another language. The original meaning can therefore be lost. The director of the British Centre for Literary Translation commented on the issue, insisting, “There’s not a single word in any of the languages I translate that can map perfectly onto a word in English. So it’s always interpretative, approximate, creative.”

① Why Poets Prefer Writing Beyond Their Native Tongue
② Translation: A Necessary but Imperfect Bridge
③ Can Reliable Translators Preserve Every Original Rhyme?
④ Figurative Language Always Defeats Literary Understanding
⑤ How English Replaces the Words of Other Languages

4. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

After the devastating flood of 1927, Congress approved the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project, which resulted in the construction of 20,000 miles of levees and floodways. This disrupted the delicate balance of the Mississippi’s watercourses, and the surrounding wetlands began to subside. So far, 1,800 square miles of Louisiana wetlands have disappeared. This disaster has taken a heavy toll. The vanishing swamps not only play a vital role in storm surge reduction and nutrient filtration but also are a critical ecosystem. In fact, almost half of the threatened and endangered species in America depend on wetlands. One potential answer is Louisiana’s Coastal Master Plan. It aims to recreate the natural processes that built the state’s delta, which would protect existing wetlands and restore areas that have been lost. There is an easy way the public can assist, too: eating oysters. Oyster shells can be used to rebuild the reefs. Nearly 5,000 tons of shells have been used for this already, thanks to recycling programs at Louisiana restaurants.

① Louisiana Restaurants and the Rise of Oyster Recycling
② Can Levees Fully Save Wetlands From Future Floods?
③ Rebuilding Nature to Repair a Human-Made Loss
④ Why Endangered Species Depend on Wetland Ecosystems
⑤ Wetlands: An Obstacle to Modern River Control

5. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Inflation tends to have a negative connotation because it is commonly associated with reduced purchasing power and monetary savings. Some economists, however, insist that a healthy amount of inflation might actually work in the public’s favor. Most notably, distinguished economist John Maynard Keynes asserted that moderate inflation is critical to counteract the paradox of thrift, which states that savings can actually be damaging to economic growth. If people are not spending their money, the economy suffers because there is less overall demand. Inflation can also give a financial boost to those in debt, such as mortgage borrowers and people with student loans. The value of loans decreases with inflation and this in turn encourages spending. Inflation targeting — or making adjustments to stick to an inflation rate that is chosen — is used by central banks all over the world with the goal of stimulating the economy and maintaining maximum employment. If people know that prices will rise in the future, it motivates them to buy goods and services now.

① Inflation Targeting: A Tool for Maximum Employment
② Why Savings Always Weaken Economic Growth
③ A Gentle Rise That Keeps Demand in Motion
④ Can Rising Prices Destroy Household Borrowing Power?
⑤ Student Loans and Mortgages in an Inflationary Age

6. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

When looking at the simplicity of human cells, the smallest building blocks of organic life, imagining that viruses — even less complex entities — could overtake them is difficult. Yet they can, and they do. The simplest viruses have only two parts: DNA or RNA that is a blueprint for making more viruses and a protein shell for protection. However, though they contain the instructions for reproduction, they lack the proper chemical substances — enzymes — to be able to do so on their own. They need a host to be able to do anything at all. They first infiltrate a cell, and then, once inside, add their genetic blueprint. The cell does not realize the difference and unknowingly begins to produce more of the virus instead of replicating itself. Each new virus can then infect another cell, repeating the infection cycle.

① How Viruses Build Their Own Enzymes for Survival
② A Protein Shell and Genetic Blueprint of Viruses
③ Borrowed Machinery, Expanding Rule
④ Why Human Cells Always Defeat Simple Viruses
⑤ Stopping the Infection Cycle Through Cell Repair

7. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Populism refers to a political approach that views the world as divided, with corrupt government elites on one end controlling everything and good, ordinary people whose expectations are not being met on the other. While it is true that mainstream governments sometimes fail to meet the public’s expectations, turning to populism as an alternative can be destructive to social order. When a populist leader rises to power, they often suggest that problems have become urgent and that maintaining the status quo will only make matters worse for the people. This creates a sense of panic and causes the people to offer their support for the leader, even when leader’s solutions for so-called problems like immigration or free trade are not actually in the best interest of all the people. That is because “the people” frequently excludes minorities and other marginalized members of the population, which means that populism can turn members of the same society against one another, promote intolerance, and generally create additional problems.

① Immigration and Free Trade as False Enemies
② When Panic Becomes a Tool of Rule
③ Can Populism Restore Trust in Government?
④ Populism: A Shortcut to Social Unity
⑤ Why Minorities Always Resist Popular Leaders

8. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Humans are able to envision the future, and interestingly enough, it seems as though some animals can too. In one study, a species of weasel was observed eating ripe bananas immediately but then storing other unripe ones in trees, allowing them to mature. They would then come back to eat the fruit they had saved at a later time. This shows that the weasels were aware to some degree that in the near future, those bananas would become ripe enough to eat. That is, they were able to deduce a(n) probable outcome and act accordingly. This ability to prepare for the future has been seen in a variety of animal species. It proves that they are not only capable of mental time travel but that they also possess enough reasoning and logic to know the best course of action to take for their own survival.

① Bananas in Trees: A Clever Feeding Strategy
② Why Do Animals Ignore the Present for Food?
③ Reasoning Beyond the Moment for Survival
④ Mental Time Travel: A Skill Unique to Humans
⑤ How Storing Fruit Shapes Forest Ecosystems

9. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

One of the most remarkable aspects of the human body is its ability to regulate itself and maintain optimal functioning. It uses a variety of natural processes to achieve this, including the self-digestion system of autophagy. This mechanism is the body’s way of regenerating new and healthy cells through the removal of damaged cell components. When a person’s cells are stressed, autophagy is increased in order to ensure the normal operation of the body and keep it in homeostasis. It efficiently targets dysfunctional cells and ensures their elimination, often through the degradation of damaged and toxic proteins. The parts of the cell that are reused are the cytoplasm — fluid inside the cell — and organelles, which are structures with particular functions. These are broken down into amino acids, which the body utilizes for energy and cellular repair. In this way, autophagy helps prevent numerous health conditions such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s and can even help fight against infectious diseases.

① Autophagy and Toxic Proteins in Brain Disease
② Why Damaged Cells Should Be Preserved Longer
③ Cellular Housekeeping for Bodily Balance and Renewal
④ Amino Acids as the Main Cure for Infection
⑤ Can Organelles Alone Keep the Body in Homeostasis?

10. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Common-pool resources are goods that are available to a large majority of the public even though they have a limited stock that is vulnerable to abuse. For example, although there are plentiful forests, if every person were to collect as much wood as possible from these forests, their decline would be inevitable. A good such as this can be exploited over time, leading to an unreliable supply as individuals consume the resource to the detriment of others. A shortage impacts not only other members of a society or community but the very ones who seek out the supply and are able to consume it, too. This is what’s known as the “tragedy of the commons.” Preventing the overconsumption or depletion of such goods is accomplished through a number of actions, including government regulation and making the once common-pool resource into a private good. Collective action is also an effective method of controlling the consumption of the resource because individuals work together to preserve it.

① Forests and Wood: Why Supply Soon Disappears
② When Shared Plenty Turns Into Shared Loss
③ Can Private Goods Always Harm Public Access?
④ Government Regulation as the Only Lasting Answer
⑤ Collecting More Wood for a Stable Future

11. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Greed is a biologically based behavior intrinsic to human nature. Urges are fundamental to the survival of all living creatures, and yet humans not only experience desire from a biological standpoint, but from a social one as well. This differentiates the impulses humans have from those felt by animals, such as the drive to reproduce. People desire more than to merely stay alive; they also want material possessions and wealth. But in the modern world, greed is somewhat of a paradox, since individual behavior that resembles greed is natural and encouraged — people are advised to seek wealth and prosperity to the best of their abilities — while greed itself is condemned by society. This is because while greed actually benefits the individual, it can come at a cost for civilization when unrestricted. Sociologists assert that society aims to find an equilibrium of motivating individuals with greed while still limiting unrestrained greed by labeling it as a vice.

① Why Society Condemns All Desire for Wealth
② Greed and Wealth: The Engine of Human Progress
③ Between Instinct and Restraint in Social Life
④ How Animals and Humans Pursue Survival Differently
⑤ The Best Way to Eliminate Greed from Society

12. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Cloud computing has already transformed how many businesses operate around the world, and it will also soon shape people’s lifestyles. One of the most significant changes has been increased flexibility in the workplace. Now that companies have the power to store, process, and manage all of their files on the cloud, employees are able to access data remotely as long as they can connect to the Internet. They no longer have to physically visit an office in order to obtain certain information and can virtually collaborate with others rather than setting aside time to meet. Cloud storage also means that people will not need to rely on as many devices to use or share content. A person can simply save their files on the cloud, generate links, and invite others to view them rather than having to go through the process of using a USB drive.

① Cloud Storage: A Faster Way to Share Files
② Why Offices Still Matter in a Digital Age
③ From Fixed Places to Fluid Access
④ Can USB Drives Survive Cloud Computing?
⑤ Cloud Computing and Every Change in Modern Life

13. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Swiss psychologist Carl Jung is credited with a great many of the field’s most enduring concepts. But for practicing therapists the most useful of these is his approach to diagnosis. Rather than classifying psychological phenomena as discrete disorders and shuttling patients into one-size-fits-all treatments, Jung’s concept of the “complex” allows clinicians to identify how their conflicting problems are intertwined. This approach has been invaluable in understanding the behavior of certain patients who act according to a complex. For Jung, the complex is a mass of interrelated ideas that operate in the unconscious mind. This “hidden mass of memories” is formed in our childhood and wields a powerful influence — in both positive and negative ways — over our present and future. Discussing issues in these terms allows therapists to discuss how mechanisms of this sort work in a holistic sense. In addition, it relieves the pressure of delivering unrealistically rapid relief to patients.

① Jung’s Complexes and Childhood Memory in Therapy
② Why Discrete Disorders Need Faster Treatment Plans
③ Beneath Symptoms, a Knotted Pattern of the Mind
④ Can the Unconscious Predict Every Future Problem?
⑤ Therapists Should Classify Patients into Clear Disorders

14. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

As popular culture has migrated from celebrity-centric to influencer-centric, money has moved along with it. This has led to the establishment of the creator economy. Powered by social media stars, this new ecosystem is in rapid growth; in 2021 alone, the creator economy collected more than 1.3 billion dollars in funding. But it wasn’t always such a profitable field, and “Internet celebrities” were once looked down upon by the old guards of traditional marketplaces. Not much of a surprise, considering they barely made anything and had yet to penetrate their way fully into the consciousness of the public. Then suddenly, Internet platforms began their meteoric rise and became the birthplace for social media giants who amassed huge followings. This resulted in a change in power dynamics. Platforms now must be able to compensate their influencers who bring in millions of users. And even then, it may not be enough, as more and more creators are accumulating wealth on their own terms.

① Social Media Stars and Billion-Dollar Funding
② From Margins to Leverage in a New Market Order
③ Why Platforms Can No Longer Pay Influencers Enough?
④ The Fall of Traditional Marketplaces in Popular Culture
⑤ Internet Celebrities Still Struggle for Public Attention

15. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

If science and technology continue on the current trajectory, the end result can only be the extinction of homo sapiens as a species or at least civilization as we know it. At some point, Artificial Intelligence will be perfected, which will spawn even more intelligence, and so forth, making humanity irrelevant. Therefore, it is in the interest of our existence to temper our need for discovery with the wisdom of restraint. Philosophy, in this regard, is our best weapon against the untamed dangers of scientific exploration. While often thought of as an opposing force, philosophy is actually closely associated with science and robust enough to ward off crises. Philosophy shares the ideals of logic and rigorous argumentation with science. However, unlike science, which only asks how, philosophy asks why. This is a consideration lacking in science but sorely needed.

① Artificial Intelligence: The End of Human Curiosity
② Why Philosophy Must Guide Human Advance
③ Science and Philosophy as Natural Enemies
④ Can More Discovery Alone Save Civilization?
⑤ The Logic Shared by Science and Philosophy

16. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Mental rehearsal describes the technique of practicing an action in your mind before performing it in real life. It is common with athletes but is just as useful in a wide variety of other fields and endeavors. Its benefits are well-known and include increased confidence and concentration, reduced anxiety, and the ability to envision solutions to potential problems. To get the best results, it helps to engage as many of your senses as you can. You might visualize yourself crossing the finish line at a race or shaking a client’s hand over a successfully completed deal. Then, with your sense of hearing, you might imagine the roar of a cheering crowd or words of congratulations from your colleagues. Picturing positive outcomes such as these can help any concerns you might have about your preparedness melt away and give you a sense of control over an upcoming event.

① Hearing Success Before the Crowd Responds
② Does Mental Rehearsal Increase Anxiety in Competition?
③ A Trial Run for the Mind Before the Moment
④ Crossing the Finish Line Through Visual Training
⑤ Why Athletes Alone Benefit From Inner Practice

17. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

In the 1950s, Solomon Asch demonstrated the power of peer pressure in an experiment in which participants took a visual perception test requiring them to identify a line that was closest in length to another. This was a simple task, with the correct answer being obvious to participants 99% of the time in independent tests prior to the actual experiment. During the actual experiment, a single study participant was put in a room with several actors. The actors had been told beforehand to provide wrong answers to the questions, and it was found that the effect this had on the actual study participant was to go along with the rest of the group out of fear of being ridiculed. In fact, despite the correct answer being clear to them, many of the participants agreed with the majority and provided the incorrect answer in 12 critical trials of this experiment. However, when two participants were included in the same study instead of just one, and both were aware of what the correct answer was, they almost never followed the majority.

① Why Visual Perception Tests Often Produce Wrong Answers
② A Clear Line Lost in the Shadow of Consensus
③ Actors and Ridicule: Keys to Experimental Success
④ Can the Majority Always Improve Individual Judgment?
⑤ How Two Participants Guaranteed Correct Answers

1. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Clear communications are valued in all areas of modern society, and this is particularly true in the workplace. Unfortunately, many bosses operate on what is called a “need-to-know basis,” providing staff with information only when absolutely necessary. Instead, they must be transparent with their workers, both in good times and bad. Why is this so important? It’s because many people want to feel a sense of ownership in the work they do and to believe that they can be a part of the solution if a crisis occurs. Leaders should, therefore, be upfront with their staff about any issues the company or team may be facing, essentially acknowledging that their employees are also their peers. This will help them win the trust and respect of their employees while increasing the level of staff involvement, which benefits the company as a whole.

① 위기 상황일수록 직원에게 해결 책임을 더 많이 맡겨야 한다.
② 리더는 회사 문제를 직원과 투명하게 공유해야 한다.
③ 직원은 회사의 동료이므로 경영 판단에 직접 참여해야 한다.
④ 리더는 좋은 소식보다 나쁜 소식을 먼저 전달해야 한다.
⑤ 직원의 신뢰를 얻으려면 최소한의 정보만 제공해야 한다.

2. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Brains are incredibly complex structures responsible for an abundance of crucial tasks. Yet, in spite of being such vital organs, they are not perfect; one could even say they have a mind of their own. When it comes to problem-solving, the human brain prefers taking shortcuts (also known as heuristics) to arrive at solutions. It will recall similar past circumstances or depend on prior knowledge in order to bypass critical thinking — it’s lazy that way. This can prevent a person from considering other options or contemplating an important matter long enough. Brains can also cause people to think they’ve had experiences they’ve never actually had before (false memories). If a person hears a story or watches a video, his or her brain can fool them into thinking that they went through what they heard or saw. With so much information to process, it shouldn’t be a surprise that our minds slip up sometimes.

① 인간의 뇌는 많은 정보를 처리하며 때때로 오류를 범할 수 있다.
② 인간의 뇌는 과거 경험을 활용해 문제를 더 빨리 해결해야 한다.
③ 인간의 뇌는 거짓 기억을 만들 수 있어 경험 판단이 흔들린다.
④ 인간의 뇌는 중요한 문제일수록 오래 숙고하는 습관이 필요하다.
⑤ 인간의 뇌는 비판적 사고보다 지름길 전략을 우선 선택한다.

3. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Many people read translated versions of classics like the Odyssey. While translations may seem convenient, we can’t always be sure that we fully understand what the original writers were trying to say because not all translations are reliable. The thing is, translators must be equally proficient in both languages involved in a translation, and they must have a good understanding of the work itself. Exact translations can be impossible due to the use of figurative language, which can’t be translated literally. Furthermore, the words writers use in their work are often chosen very carefully. For instance, poets may select words that rhyme, which may not be possible to duplicate in another language. The original meaning can therefore be lost. The director of the British Centre for Literary Translation commented on the issue, insisting, “There’s not a single word in any of the languages I translate that can map perfectly onto a word in English. So it’s always interpretative, approximate, creative.”

① 번역가는 두 언어와 작품 모두에 정통해야 한다.
② 문학 번역은 원문의 의미를 완벽히 재현하기 어렵다.
③ 번역문을 읽을 때는 번역자의 해석 개입을 경계해야 한다.
④ 시의 운율과 압운은 타언어로 옮기기 매우 어렵다.
⑤ 고전 작품은 가능하면 원어로 직접 읽는 태도가 바람직하다.

4. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

After the devastating flood of 1927, Congress approved the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project, which resulted in the construction of 20,000 miles of levees and floodways. This disrupted the delicate balance of the Mississippi’s watercourses, and the surrounding wetlands began to subside. So far, 1,800 square miles of Louisiana wetlands have disappeared. This disaster has taken a heavy toll. The vanishing swamps not only play a vital role in storm surge reduction and nutrient filtration but also are a critical ecosystem. In fact, almost half of the threatened and endangered species in America depend on wetlands. One potential answer is Louisiana’s Coastal Master Plan. It aims to recreate the natural processes that built the state’s delta, which would protect existing wetlands and restore areas that have been lost. There is an easy way the public can assist, too: eating oysters. Oyster shells can be used to rebuild the reefs. Nearly 5,000 tons of shells have been used for this already, thanks to recycling programs at Louisiana restaurants.

① 습지는 멸종위기종 보호를 위한 핵심 서식지이다.
② 루이지애나 습지는 자연 복원 과정을 되살려 지켜야 한다.
③ 굴 껍데기 재활용은 해안 암초 복원의 실용적 해법이다.
④ 제방과 수로 건설은 홍수 통제에 계속 우선되어야 한다.
⑤ 사라지는 늪지는 영양분 여과 기능만으로도 충분히 중요하다.

5. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Inflation tends to have a negative connotation because it is commonly associated with reduced purchasing power and monetary savings. Some economists, however, insist that a healthy amount of inflation might actually work in the public’s favor. Most notably, distinguished economist John Maynard Keynes asserted that moderate inflation is critical to counteract the paradox of thrift, which states that savings can actually be damaging to economic growth. If people are not spending their money, the economy suffers because there is less overall demand. Inflation can also give a financial boost to those in debt, such as mortgage borrowers and people with student loans. The value of loans decreases with inflation and this in turn encourages spending. Inflation targeting — or making adjustments to stick to an inflation rate that is chosen — is used by central banks all over the world with the goal of stimulating the economy and maintaining maximum employment. If people know that prices will rise in the future, it motivates them to buy goods and services now.

① 적정 인플레이션은 소비를 자극해 경기와 고용에 도움을 줄 수 있다.
② 인플레이션은 대출자의 실질 채무를 줄여 소비를 늘리는 수단이다.
③ 중앙은행은 물가상승률 목표를 통해 통화 신뢰를 우선 지켜야 한다.
④ 경제성장을 위해서는 저축보다 지출을 늘리는 태도가 항상 바람직하다.
⑤ 미래의 물가 상승 기대는 현재 재화 구매를 앞당기게 만드는 요인이다.

6. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

When looking at the simplicity of human cells, the smallest building blocks of organic life, imagining that viruses — even less complex entities — could overtake them is difficult. Yet they can, and they do. The simplest viruses have only two parts: DNA or RNA that is a blueprint for making more viruses and a protein shell for protection. However, though they contain the instructions for reproduction, they lack the proper chemical substances — enzymes — to be able to do so on their own. They need a host to be able to do anything at all. They first infiltrate a cell, and then, once inside, add their genetic blueprint. The cell does not realize the difference and unknowingly begins to produce more of the virus instead of replicating itself. Each new virus can then infect another cell, repeating the infection cycle.

① 바이러스는 효소가 없어도 단독으로 증식할 수 있다.
② 바이러스는 숙주 세포를 이용해 자신을 증식시킨다.
③ 바이러스의 단순한 구조는 세포 침투를 어렵게 한다.
④ 바이러스의 단백질 껍질은 세포 복제를 직접 조절한다.
⑤ 바이러스 감염은 DNA보다 RNA를 지닐 때만 가능하다.

7. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Populism refers to a political approach that views the world as divided, with corrupt government elites on one end controlling everything and good, ordinary people whose expectations are not being met on the other. While it is true that mainstream governments sometimes fail to meet the public’s expectations, turning to populism as an alternative can be destructive to social order. When a populist leader rises to power, they often suggest that problems have become urgent and that maintaining the status quo will only make matters worse for the people. This creates a sense of panic and causes the people to offer their support for the leader, even when leader’s solutions for so-called problems like immigration or free trade are not actually in the best interest of all the people. That is because “the people” frequently excludes minorities and other marginalized members of the population, which means that populism can turn members of the same society against one another, promote intolerance, and generally create additional problems.

① 포퓰리즘은 위기감을 조성해 배타성과 분열을 키우는 정치 방식이다.
② 포퓰리즘 지도자는 이민과 무역 문제를 지나치게 단순화하는 경향이 있다.
③ 주류 정부는 대중의 기대를 충족하도록 정책 신뢰를 회복해야 한다.
④ 포퓰리즘은 엘리트와 대중의 대립 구도를 통해 지지를 넓힐 수 있다.
⑤ 포퓰리즘의 ‘국민’ 개념은 사회적 약자를 배제하기 쉽다는 점이다.

8. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Humans are able to envision the future, and interestingly enough, it seems as though some animals can too. In one study, a species of weasel was observed eating ripe bananas immediately but then storing other unripe ones in trees, allowing them to mature. They would then come back to eat the fruit they had saved at a later time. This shows that the weasels were aware to some degree that in the near future, those bananas would become ripe enough to eat. That is, they were able to deduce a(n) probable outcome and act accordingly. This ability to prepare for the future has been seen in a variety of animal species. It proves that they are not only capable of mental time travel but that they also possess enough reasoning and logic to know the best course of action to take for their own survival.

① 동물은 미래 생존을 위해 추론하며 대비할 수 있다.
② 족제비는 덜 익은 바나나를 저장하는 습성이 있다.
③ 동물의 미래 예측은 먹이 확보 행동에서만 드러난다.
④ 동물은 미래를 상상해도 즉각적 본능을 더 따른다.
⑤ 동물의 시간 인식은 인간보다 단순한 수준에 그친다.

9. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

One of the most remarkable aspects of the human body is its ability to regulate itself and maintain optimal functioning. It uses a variety of natural processes to achieve this, including the self-digestion system of autophagy. This mechanism is the body’s way of regenerating new and healthy cells through the removal of damaged cell components. When a person’s cells are stressed, autophagy is increased in order to ensure the normal operation of the body and keep it in homeostasis. It efficiently targets dysfunctional cells and ensures their elimination, often through the degradation of damaged and toxic proteins. The parts of the cell that are reused are the cytoplasm — fluid inside the cell — and organelles, which are structures with particular functions. These are broken down into amino acids, which the body utilizes for energy and cellular repair. In this way, autophagy helps prevent numerous health conditions such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s and can even help fight against infectious diseases.

① 자가포식은 손상 단백질을 분해해 세포를 정화하는 과정이다.
② 자가포식은 세포 성분을 재활용해 항상성을 유지하게 하는 체계이다.
③ 자가포식은 세포 스트레스가 클수록 더 빠르게 활성화되어야 한다.
④ 자가포식은 아미노산 공급을 통해 세포 회복 에너지를 높이는 방식이다.
⑤ 자가포식은 감염병과 퇴행성 질환을 막는 핵심 치료 수단이다.

10. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Common-pool resources are goods that are available to a large majority of the public even though they have a limited stock that is vulnerable to abuse. For example, although there are plentiful forests, if every person were to collect as much wood as possible from these forests, their decline would be inevitable. A good such as this can be exploited over time, leading to an unreliable supply as individuals consume the resource to the detriment of others. A shortage impacts not only other members of a society or community but the very ones who seek out the supply and are able to consume it, too. This is what’s known as the “tragedy of the commons.” Preventing the overconsumption or depletion of such goods is accomplished through a number of actions, including government regulation and making the once common-pool resource into a private good. Collective action is also an effective method of controlling the consumption of the resource because individuals work together to preserve it.

① 공유자원은 사유화보다 공공 개방을 우선해야 한다.
② 공유자원은 남용되기 쉬워 함께 보존해야 한다.
③ 산림 자원은 남획을 막는 법적 규제가 핵심이다.
④ 공유자원 부족은 소비자 자신에게도 피해를 준다.
⑤ 공유자원 관리는 정부 규제만으로 해결할 수 있다.

11. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Greed is a biologically based behavior intrinsic to human nature. Urges are fundamental to the survival of all living creatures, and yet humans not only experience desire from a biological standpoint, but from a social one as well. This differentiates the impulses humans have from those felt by animals, such as the drive to reproduce. People desire more than to merely stay alive; they also want material possessions and wealth. But in the modern world, greed is somewhat of a paradox, since individual behavior that resembles greed is natural and encouraged — people are advised to seek wealth and prosperity to the best of their abilities — while greed itself is condemned by society. This is because while greed actually benefits the individual, it can come at a cost for civilization when unrestricted. Sociologists assert that society aims to find an equilibrium of motivating individuals with greed while still limiting unrestrained greed by labeling it as a vice.

① 인간의 탐욕은 부와 소유를 향한 사회적 욕망까지 포함한다.
② 사회는 탐욕을 악덕으로 규정해 개인의 축재를 억제해야 한다.
③ 탐욕은 인간 본성이지만 사회는 이를 장려와 억제 사이에서 조절한다.
④ 문명은 무제한의 탐욕보다 생존 본능의 충족을 더 중시한다.
⑤ 인간의 욕망은 동물과 달리 번식보다 물질 추구에 더 기울어진다.

12. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Cloud computing has already transformed how many businesses operate around the world, and it will also soon shape people’s lifestyles. One of the most significant changes has been increased flexibility in the workplace. Now that companies have the power to store, process, and manage all of their files on the cloud, employees are able to access data remotely as long as they can connect to the Internet. They no longer have to physically visit an office in order to obtain certain information and can virtually collaborate with others rather than setting aside time to meet. Cloud storage also means that people will not need to rely on as many devices to use or share content. A person can simply save their files on the cloud, generate links, and invite others to view them rather than having to go through the process of using a USB drive.

① 클라우드 기술은 원격 업무와 콘텐츠 공유를 더 유연하게 만든다.
② 클라우드 환경에서는 인터넷 접속 안정성이 가장 우선되어야 한다.
③ 직원들은 사무실 방문 없이도 필요한 정보를 더 빨리 얻을 수 있다.
④ 클라우드 저장소는 USB보다 간편한 파일 전달 수단이 된다.
⑤ 기업은 모든 자료를 클라우드로 옮겨 업무 효율을 높여야 한다.

13. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Swiss psychologist Carl Jung is credited with a great many of the field’s most enduring concepts. But for practicing therapists the most useful of these is his approach to diagnosis. Rather than classifying psychological phenomena as discrete disorders and shuttling patients into one-size-fits-all treatments, Jung’s concept of the “complex” allows clinicians to identify how their conflicting problems are intertwined. This approach has been invaluable in understanding the behavior of certain patients who act according to a complex. For Jung, the complex is a mass of interrelated ideas that operate in the unconscious mind. This “hidden mass of memories” is formed in our childhood and wields a powerful influence — in both positive and negative ways — over our present and future. Discussing issues in these terms allows therapists to discuss how mechanisms of this sort work in a holistic sense. In addition, it relieves the pressure of delivering unrealistically rapid relief to patients.

① 치료사는 환자 문제를 개별 질환으로 신속히 분류해야 한다.
② 콤플렉스는 어린 시절 기억 덩어리로 현재 행동에 영향 준다.
③ 치료사는 환자에게 빠른 증상 완화를 우선 제공해야 한다.
④ 콤플렉스 개념은 얽힌 문제를 총체적으로 이해하게 한다.
⑤ 무의식의 관념은 환자 행동의 긍정적 측면만 강화한다.

14. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

As popular culture has migrated from celebrity-centric to influencer-centric, money has moved along with it. This has led to the establishment of the creator economy. Powered by social media stars, this new ecosystem is in rapid growth; in 2021 alone, the creator economy collected more than 1.3 billion dollars in funding. But it wasn’t always such a profitable field, and “Internet celebrities” were once looked down upon by the old guards of traditional marketplaces. Not much of a surprise, considering they barely made anything and had yet to penetrate their way fully into the consciousness of the public. Then suddenly, Internet platforms began their meteoric rise and became the birthplace for social media giants who amassed huge followings. This resulted in a change in power dynamics. Platforms now must be able to compensate their influencers who bring in millions of users. And even then, it may not be enough, as more and more creators are accumulating wealth on their own terms.

① 플랫폼은 대중 유입을 위해 인플루언서 보상을 늘려야 한다.

② 창작자 경제는 플랫폼 성장과 함께 권력 구도가 바뀐 결과이다.

③ 인터넷 유명인은 초기부터 전통 시장의 인정을 받아 왔다.

④ 창작자 경제의 성장은 대중문화의 관심 이동에서 비롯된 현상이다.

⑤ 창작자는 플랫폼 의존을 줄이고 독자 브랜드 구축에 집중해야 한다.

15. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

If science and technology continue on the current trajectory, the end result can only be the extinction of homo sapiens as a species or at least civilization as we know it. At some point, Artificial Intelligence will be perfected, which will spawn even more intelligence, and so forth, making humanity irrelevant. Therefore, it is in the interest of our existence to temper our need for discovery with the wisdom of restraint. Philosophy, in this regard, is our best weapon against the untamed dangers of scientific exploration. While often thought of as an opposing force, philosophy is actually closely associated with science and robust enough to ward off crises. Philosophy shares the ideals of logic and rigorous argumentation with science. However, unlike science, which only asks how, philosophy asks why. This is a consideration lacking in science but sorely needed.

① 과학은 논리와 엄밀성을 갖추었으므로 스스로의 위험도 통제할 수 있다.
② 인류의 존속을 위해 과학 탐구는 철학적 성찰로 절제되어야 한다.
③ 인공지능의 발달은 과학 문명의 성취를 완성하는 핵심 동력이다.
④ 철학은 과학과 대립하기보다 논리적 기반을 함께하는 학문이다.
⑤ 과학은 왜보다 어떻게를 묻기에 실용적 발전을 더 잘 이끈다.

16. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Mental rehearsal describes the technique of practicing an action in your mind before performing it in real life. It is common with athletes but is just as useful in a wide variety of other fields and endeavors. Its benefits are well-known and include increased confidence and concentration, reduced anxiety, and the ability to envision solutions to potential problems. To get the best results, it helps to engage as many of your senses as you can. You might visualize yourself crossing the finish line at a race or shaking a client’s hand over a successfully completed deal. Then, with your sense of hearing, you might imagine the roar of a cheering crowd or words of congratulations from your colleagues. Picturing positive outcomes such as these can help any concerns you might have about your preparedness melt away and give you a sense of control over an upcoming event.

① 실제 수행 전 심상 연습은 자신감과 통제감을 높일 수 있다.
② 심상 연습에서는 청각까지 동원해 장면을 그려야 한다.
③ 운동선수들은 경기 전 결승선 장면을 반복 상상해야 한다.
④ 심상 연습은 불안을 줄이려면 긍정 결과만 떠올려야 한다.
⑤ 중요한 일을 앞두면 잠재적 문제의 해법부터 구상해야 한다.

17. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

1950년대 솔로몬 애시는 참가자들에게 길이가 가장 비슷한 선을 고르게 하는 시지각 실험을 통해 또래 압력의 힘을 보여 주었다. 이 과제는 매우 단순하여 실제 실험 이전의 독립 검사에서는 99%의 경우 정답이 분명했다. 실제 실험에서는 실제 참가자 한 명이 여러 명의 연기자와 함께 방에 들어갔고, 연기자들은 미리 틀린 답을 하도록 지시받았다. 그 결과 실제 참가자는 비웃음을 당할까 두려워 집단의 답에 동조하는 경향을 보였다. 실제로 많은 참가자들은 정답을 분명히 알고 있었음에도 이 실험의 12번의 핵심 시행에서 다수 의견에 동의하여 오답을 말했다. 그러나 한 명이 아니라 두 명의 실제 참가자가 함께 포함되고 둘 다 정답을 알고 있을 때는, 그들은 거의 다수 의견을 따르지 않았다.

① 또래 압력은 분명한 사실 판단도 왜곡할 수 있다.
② 또래 집단은 비웃음을 통해 순응 행동을 강화한다.
③ 단순한 시지각 과제는 정답률이 매우 높아야 한다.
④ 집단 실험은 참가자 수를 늘릴수록 정확성이 높아진다.
⑤ 다수 의견은 반복 노출될수록 더 쉽게 신뢰된다.

1. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Clear communications are valued in all areas of modern society, and this is particularly true in the workplace. Unfortunately, many bosses operate on what is called a “need-to-know basis,” providing staff with information only when absolutely necessary. Instead, they must be transparent with their workers, both in good times and bad. Why is this so important? It’s because many people want to feel a sense of ownership in the work they do and to believe that they can be a part of the solution if a crisis occurs. Leaders should, therefore, be upfront with their staff about any issues the company or team may be facing, essentially acknowledging that their employees are also their peers. This will help them win the trust and respect of their employees while increasing the level of staff involvement, which benefits the company as a whole.

① 리더는 직원에게 필요한 정보만 선별해 전달해야 한다.
② 리더는 직원의 위기 대응 역량을 따로 교육해야 한다.
③ 리더는 직원과의 거리 두기를 통해 권위를 지켜야 한다.
④ 리더는 회사의 문제를 솔직하게 직원과 공유해야 한다.
⑤ 리더는 직원 참여보다 업무 효율을 우선시해야 한다.

2. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Brains are incredibly complex structures responsible for an abundance of crucial tasks. Yet, in spite of being such vital organs, they are not perfect; one could even say they have a mind of their own. When it comes to problem-solving, the human brain prefers taking shortcuts (also known as heuristics) to arrive at solutions. It will recall similar past circumstances or depend on prior knowledge in order to bypass critical thinking — it’s lazy that way. This can prevent a person from considering other options or contemplating an important matter long enough. Brains can also cause people to think they’ve had experiences they’ve never actually had before (false memories). If a person hears a story or watches a video, his or her brain can fool them into thinking that they went through what they heard or saw. With so much information to process, it shouldn’t be a surprise that our minds slip up sometimes.

① 우리는 문제 해결에서 직관을 더 적극적으로 신뢰해야 한다.
② 우리는 사고의 오류를 줄이려 비판적으로 더 점검해야 한다.
③ 우리는 비슷한 경험을 빠르게 떠올려 판단해야 한다.
④ 우리는 중요한 판단에서 과거 지식을 우선 활용해야 한다.
⑤ 우리는 거짓 기억을 막기 위해 정보를 적게 받아들여야 한다.

3. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Many people read translated versions of classics like the Odyssey. While translations may seem convenient, we can’t always be sure that we fully understand what the original writers were trying to say because not all translations are reliable. The thing is, translators must be equally proficient in both languages involved in a translation, and they must have a good understanding of the work itself. Exact translations can be impossible due to the use of figurative language, which can’t be translated literally. Furthermore, the words writers use in their work are often chosen very carefully. For instance, poets may select words that rhyme, which may not be possible to duplicate in another language. The original meaning can therefore be lost. The director of the British Centre for Literary Translation commented on the issue, insisting, “There’s not a single word in any of the languages I translate that can map perfectly onto a word in English. So it’s always interpretative, approximate, creative.”

① 고전 번역을 읽을 때는 번역가의 해석 개입을 인정해야 한다.
② 고전 번역을 읽을 때는 원문의 운율 재현을 우선 따져야 한다.
③ 고전 번역을 읽을 때는 번역가의 언어 능력을 먼저 검증해야 한다.
④ 고전 번역을 읽을 때는 원문의 비유 표현부터 직역해야 한다.
⑤ 고전 번역을 읽을 때는 원전의 의미 손실 가능성을 유념해야 한다.

4. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

After the devastating flood of 1927, Congress approved the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project, which resulted in the construction of 20,000 miles of levees and floodways. This disrupted the delicate balance of the Mississippi’s watercourses, and the surrounding wetlands began to subside. So far, 1,800 square miles of Louisiana wetlands have disappeared. This disaster has taken a heavy toll. The vanishing swamps not only play a vital role in storm surge reduction and nutrient filtration but also are a critical ecosystem. In fact, almost half of the threatened and endangered species in America depend on wetlands. One potential answer is Louisiana’s Coastal Master Plan. It aims to recreate the natural processes that built the state’s delta, which would protect existing wetlands and restore areas that have been lost. There is an easy way the public can assist, too: eating oysters. Oyster shells can be used to rebuild the reefs. Nearly 5,000 tons of shells have been used for this already, thanks to recycling programs at Louisiana restaurants.

① 루이지애나는 습지 보호를 위해 제방 관리를 더 강화해야 한다.
② 루이지애나는 습지 복원을 위해 자연적 삼각주 형성을 재현해야 한다.
③ 루이지애나는 습지 보전을 위해 멸종위기종 조사부터 확대해야 한다.
④ 루이지애나는 습지 회복을 위해 굴 소비 촉진에만 집중해야 한다.
⑤ 루이지애나는 습지 복원을 위해 식당의 껍데기 재활용만 늘려야 한다.

5. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Inflation tends to have a negative connotation because it is commonly associated with reduced purchasing power and monetary savings. Some economists, however, insist that a healthy amount of inflation might actually work in the public’s favor. Most notably, distinguished economist John Maynard Keynes asserted that moderate inflation is critical to counteract the paradox of thrift, which states that savings can actually be damaging to economic growth. If people are not spending their money, the economy suffers because there is less overall demand. Inflation can also give a financial boost to those in debt, such as mortgage borrowers and people with student loans. The value of loans decreases with inflation and this in turn encourages spending. Inflation targeting — or making adjustments to stick to an inflation rate that is chosen — is used by central banks all over the world with the goal of stimulating the economy and maintaining maximum employment. If people know that prices will rise in the future, it motivates them to buy goods and services now.

① 중앙은행은 물가상승률을 낮게 고정해야 한다.
② 중앙은행은 저축 확대를 우선 정책으로 삼아야 한다.
③ 중앙은행은 대출자의 부담 경감을 최우선해야 한다.
④ 중앙은행은 적정한 인플레이션을 유도해야 한다.
⑤ 중앙은행은 미래 물가 불안을 차단하는 데 집중해야 한다.

6. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

When looking at the simplicity of human cells, the smallest building blocks of organic life, imagining that viruses — even less complex entities — could overtake them is difficult. Yet they can, and they do. The simplest viruses have only two parts: DNA or RNA that is a blueprint for making more viruses and a protein shell for protection. However, though they contain the instructions for reproduction, they lack the proper chemical substances — enzymes — to be able to do so on their own. They need a host to be able to do anything at all. They first infiltrate a cell, and then, once inside, add their genetic blueprint. The cell does not realize the difference and unknowingly begins to produce more of the virus instead of replicating itself. Each new virus can then infect another cell, repeating the infection cycle.

① 바이러스의 감염은 단백질 껍질의 구조부터 이해해야 한다.
② 바이러스의 증식은 숙주세포 의존성으로 파악해야 한다.
③ 바이러스의 RNA와 DNA 차이를 우선 구분해야 한다.
④ 바이러스의 세포 침투는 감염의 출발점으로 보아야 한다.
⑤ 바이러스의 효소 결핍은 방어 전략의 핵심으로 삼아야 한다.

7. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

포퓰리즘은 세상을 모든 것을 통제하는 부패한 정부 엘리트와, 기대가 충족되지 않는 선량한 보통 사람들로 나누어 보는 정치적 접근을 뜻한다. 주류 정부가 때때로 대중의 기대를 충족시키지 못하는 것은 사실이지만, 그 대안으로 포퓰리즘에 의존하는 것은 사회 질서에 파괴적일 수 있다. 포퓰리즘 지도자가 권력을 잡으면 흔히 문제들이 긴급해졌으며 현 상태를 유지하면 사람들에게 상황이 더 악화될 뿐이라고 주장한다. 이는 공포감을 조성하여, 이민이나 자유무역 같은 이른바 문제들에 대한 지도자의 해법이 실제로는 모든 사람의 최선의 이익에 부합하지 않더라도 대중이 그를 지지하게 만든다. 이는 ‘국민’이라는 범주가 소수자와 기타 주변화된 구성원을 자주 배제하기 때문이며, 결국 포퓰리즘은 같은 사회 구성원들을 서로 대립시키고 불관용을 조장하며 추가적인 문제를 만들어낼 수 있다.

① 사회는 포퓰리즘 지도자의 위기 담론을 적극 활용해야 한다.
② 사회는 포퓰리즘 대신 제도적 해결을 우선 모색해야 한다.
③ 사회는 소수자를 배제한 대중 결집을 확대해야 한다.
④ 사회는 이민과 자유무역 문제를 신속히 차단해야 한다.
⑤ 사회는 대중의 불만을 강한 지도력으로 즉시 해소해야 한다.

8. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Humans are able to envision the future, and interestingly enough, it seems as though some animals can too. In one study, a species of weasel was observed eating ripe bananas immediately but then storing other unripe ones in trees, allowing them to mature. They would then come back to eat the fruit they had saved at a later time. This shows that the weasels were aware to some degree that in the near future, those bananas would become ripe enough to eat. That is, they were able to deduce a(n) probable outcome and act accordingly. This ability to prepare for the future has been seen in a variety of animal species. It proves that they are not only capable of mental time travel but that they also possess enough reasoning and logic to know the best course of action to take for their own survival.

① 동물의 미래 대비 행동을 본능으로만 단정하지 말아야 한다.
② 동물의 생존 전략을 서식 환경 중심으로만 해석해야 한다.
③ 동물의 미래 예측 능력을 인간과 분리해 이해해야 한다.
④ 동물의 먹이 저장 행동을 종별 특성으로만 연구해야 한다.
⑤ 동물의 행동에는 미래를 추론하는 사고도 인정해야 한다.

9. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

One of the most remarkable aspects of the human body is its ability to regulate itself and maintain optimal functioning. It uses a variety of natural processes to achieve this, including the self-digestion system of autophagy. This mechanism is the body’s way of regenerating new and healthy cells through the removal of damaged cell components. When a person’s cells are stressed, autophagy is increased in order to ensure the normal operation of the body and keep it in homeostasis. It efficiently targets dysfunctional cells and ensures their elimination, often through the degradation of damaged and toxic proteins. The parts of the cell that are reused are the cytoplasm — fluid inside the cell — and organelles, which are structures with particular functions. These are broken down into amino acids, which the body utilizes for energy and cellular repair. In this way, autophagy helps prevent numerous health conditions such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s and can even help fight against infectious diseases.

① 우리는 손상된 세포 성분을 제거하는 자가포식의 기능을 이해해야 한다.
② 우리는 세포 항상성을 위해 자가포식의 작동 원리를 세밀히 분석해야 한다.
③ 우리는 독성 단백질 분해 과정을 중심으로 세포 대사를 연구해야 한다.
④ 우리는 질병 예방을 위해 자가포식을 건강 유지의 핵심으로 인식해야 한다.
⑤ 우리는 세포질과 소기관의 재활용 과정을 에너지 생산과 연결해 보아야 한다.

10. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Common-pool resources are goods that are available to a large majority of the public even though they have a limited stock that is vulnerable to abuse. For example, although there are plentiful forests, if every person were to collect as much wood as possible from these forests, their decline would be inevitable. A good such as this can be exploited over time, leading to an unreliable supply as individuals consume the resource to the detriment of others. A shortage impacts not only other members of a society or community but the very ones who seek out the supply and are able to consume it, too. This is what’s known as the “tragedy of the commons.” Preventing the overconsumption or depletion of such goods is accomplished through a number of actions, including government regulation and making the once common-pool resource into a private good. Collective action is also an effective method of controlling the consumption of the resource because individuals work together to preserve it.

① 공동체는 공유 자원의 사용 규칙을 일관되게 적용해야 한다.
② 공동체는 공유 자원의 남용을 막는 장치를 마련해야 한다.
③ 공동체는 공유 자원의 소유권을 개인에게 완전히 넘겨야 한다.
④ 공동체는 공유 자원의 소비를 함께 조절해 보존해야 한다.
⑤ 공동체는 공유 자원의 공급 부족에 신속히 대응해야 한다.

11. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Greed is a biologically based behavior intrinsic to human nature. Urges are fundamental to the survival of all living creatures, and yet humans not only experience desire from a biological standpoint, but from a social one as well. This differentiates the impulses humans have from those felt by animals, such as the drive to reproduce. People desire more than to merely stay alive; they also want material possessions and wealth. But in the modern world, greed is somewhat of a paradox, since individual behavior that resembles greed is natural and encouraged — people are advised to seek wealth and prosperity to the best of their abilities — while greed itself is condemned by society. This is because while greed actually benefits the individual, it can come at a cost for civilization when unrestricted. Sociologists assert that society aims to find an equilibrium of motivating individuals with greed while still limiting unrestrained greed by labeling it as a vice.

① 사회는 탐욕을 개인 성취의 동력으로 적극 장려해야 한다.
② 사회는 탐욕을 악덕으로 규정해 철저히 억제해야 한다.
③ 사회는 탐욕이 문명에 미칠 비용을 우선 감수해야 한다.
④ 사회는 탐욕의 동기부여 기능과 억제를 함께 조절해야 한다.
⑤ 사회는 물질적 욕망보다 생존 욕구를 더 중시해야 한다.

12. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Cloud computing has already transformed how many businesses operate around the world, and it will also soon shape people’s lifestyles. One of the most significant changes has been increased flexibility in the workplace. Now that companies have the power to store, process, and manage all of their files on the cloud, employees are able to access data remotely as long as they can connect to the Internet. They no longer have to physically visit an office in order to obtain certain information and can virtually collaborate with others rather than setting aside time to meet. Cloud storage also means that people will not need to rely on as many devices to use or share content. A person can simply save their files on the cloud, generate links, and invite others to view them rather than having to go through the process of using a USB drive.

① 기업은 클라우드 보안을 위한 규정을 강화해야 한다.
② 기업은 클라우드로 업무의 유연성을 높여야 한다.
③ 기업은 클라우드 장비의 물리적 점검을 늘려야 한다.
④ 기업은 클라우드 협업 도구의 종류를 다양화해야 한다.
⑤ 기업은 클라우드 파일 공유 절차를 표준화해야 한다.

13. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Swiss psychologist Carl Jung is credited with a great many of the field’s most enduring concepts. But for practicing therapists the most useful of these is his approach to diagnosis. Rather than classifying psychological phenomena as discrete disorders and shuttling patients into one-size-fits-all treatments, Jung’s concept of the “complex” allows clinicians to identify how their conflicting problems are intertwined. This approach has been invaluable in understanding the behavior of certain patients who act according to a complex. For Jung, the complex is a mass of interrelated ideas that operate in the unconscious mind. This “hidden mass of memories” is formed in our childhood and wields a powerful influence — in both positive and negative ways — over our present and future. Discussing issues in these terms allows therapists to discuss how mechanisms of this sort work in a holistic sense. In addition, it relieves the pressure of delivering unrealistically rapid relief to patients.

① 치료사는 환자 행동의 무의식적 원인을 조기에 단정해야 한다.
② 치료사는 환자의 아동기 기억을 우선적으로 복원해야 한다.
③ 치료사는 환자의 문제를 개별 진단명보다 복합적 연관성으로 이해해야 한다.
④ 치료사는 환자의 빠른 증상 완화를 치료의 최우선 목표로 삼아야 한다.
⑤ 치료사는 환자의 무의식 내용을 행동 기준으로 일반화해야 한다.

14. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

As popular culture has migrated from celebrity-centric to influencer-centric, money has moved along with it. This has led to the establishment of the creator economy. Powered by social media stars, this new ecosystem is in rapid growth; in 2021 alone, the creator economy collected more than 1.3 billion dollars in funding. But it wasn’t always such a profitable field, and “Internet celebrities” were once looked down upon by the old guards of traditional marketplaces. Not much of a surprise, considering they barely made anything and had yet to penetrate their way fully into the consciousness of the public. Then suddenly, Internet platforms began their meteoric rise and became the birthplace for social media giants who amassed huge followings. This resulted in a change in power dynamics. Platforms now must be able to compensate their influencers who bring in millions of users. And even then, it may not be enough, as more and more creators are accumulating wealth on their own terms.

① 플랫폼은 인플루언서의 수익 배분을 더 투명히 해야 한다.
② 플랫폼은 인플루언서에게 정당한 보상을 제공해야 한다.
③ 플랫폼은 인플루언서의 콘텐츠 자율성을 더 보장해야 한다.
④ 플랫폼은 대중 인식 변화를 반영한 홍보를 강화해야 한다.
⑤ 플랫폼은 팔로어 수가 큰 창작자만 우선 지원해야 한다.

15. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

If science and technology continue on the current trajectory, the end result can only be the extinction of homo sapiens as a species or at least civilization as we know it. At some point, Artificial Intelligence will be perfected, which will spawn even more intelligence, and so forth, making humanity irrelevant. Therefore, it is in the interest of our existence to temper our need for discovery with the wisdom of restraint. Philosophy, in this regard, is our best weapon against the untamed dangers of scientific exploration. While often thought of as an opposing force, philosophy is actually closely associated with science and robust enough to ward off crises. Philosophy shares the ideals of logic and rigorous argumentation with science. However, unlike science, which only asks how, philosophy asks why. This is a consideration lacking in science but sorely needed.

① 과학은 철학과 분리해 독자적으로 발전해야 한다.

② 인류는 탐구의 욕구를 철학적 절제로 조절해야 한다.

③ 인류는 인공지능 개발의 속도를 더 높여야 한다.

④ 인류는 과학의 논리성과 엄밀성만 더욱 강화해야 한다.

⑤ 인류는 문명의 위기에 대비한 기술 통제를 제도화해야 한다.

16. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Mental rehearsal describes the technique of practicing an action in your mind before performing it in real life. It is common with athletes but is just as useful in a wide variety of other fields and endeavors. Its benefits are well-known and include increased confidence and concentration, reduced anxiety, and the ability to envision solutions to potential problems. To get the best results, it helps to engage as many of your senses as you can. You might visualize yourself crossing the finish line at a race or shaking a client’s hand over a successfully completed deal. Then, with your sense of hearing, you might imagine the roar of a cheering crowd or words of congratulations from your colleagues. Picturing positive outcomes such as these can help any concerns you might have about your preparedness melt away and give you a sense of control over an upcoming event.

① 중요한 일을 앞두고 실제 연습 횟수를 늘려야 한다.
② 중요한 일을 앞두고 예상 문제를 기록해 두어야 한다.
③ 중요한 일을 앞두고 모든 감각을 최대한 차단해야 한다.
④ 중요한 일을 앞두고 마음속으로 성공 장면을 생생히 연습해야 한다.
⑤ 중요한 일을 앞두고 타인의 격려를 먼저 적극적으로 구해야 한다.

17. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

1950년대에 Solomon Asch는 참가자들이 다른 선과 길이가 가장 비슷한 선을 고르는 시지각 실험을 통해 또래 압력의 힘을 보여 주었다. 이 과제는 매우 단순하여 실제 실험 이전의 독립된 검사에서는 참가자들이 99%의 경우 정답을 분명히 알아맞혔다. 그러나 실제 실험에서는 진짜 참가자 한 명이 여러 명의 연기자들과 함께 방에 들어갔고, 연기자들은 미리 지시받은 대로 틀린 답을 말했다. 그 결과 진짜 참가자는 비웃음을 당할까 두려워 집단의 답에 동조하는 경향을 보였으며, 정답이 분명함에도 많은 참가자들이 12번의 핵심 시행에서 다수 의견에 따라 오답을 택했다. 그러나 한 명이 아니라 두 명의 실제 참가자가 함께 포함되고, 두 사람 모두 정답을 알고 있을 때는 다수 의견을 거의 따르지 않았다.

① 사람들은 집단 속에서 비난의 가능성을 먼저 줄여야 한다.
② 사람들은 집단 판단에서 자신의 지각을 끝까지 믿어야 한다.
③ 사람들은 단순 과제일수록 다수의 의견을 따라야 한다.
④ 사람들은 집단 상황에서 동조를 막을 동료를 확보해야 한다.
⑤ 사람들은 실험에서 틀린 답을 제시한 이유를 분석해야 한다.

1. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Clear communications are valued in all areas of modern society, and this is particularly true in the workplace. Unfortunately, many bosses operate on what is called a “need-to-know basis,” providing staff with information only when absolutely necessary. Leaders should, therefore, be upfront with their staff about any issues the company or team may be facing, essentially acknowledging that their employees are also their peers. This will help them win the trust and respect of their employees while increasing the level of staff involvement, which benefits the company as a whole. In short, openness from leaders promotes a sense of ________ among workers, encouraging them to see themselves as contributors rather than mere followers.

① workplace control
② crisis obedience
③ operational distance
④ shared agency
⑤ limited access

2. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Brains are incredibly complex structures responsible for an abundance of crucial tasks. Yet, in spite of being such vital organs, they are not perfect; one could even say they have a mind of their own. When it comes to problem-solving, the human brain prefers taking shortcuts (also known as heuristics) to arrive at solutions. It will recall similar past circumstances or depend on prior knowledge in order to bypass critical thinking — it’s lazy that way. This can prevent a person from considering other options or contemplating an important matter long enough. Brains can also cause people to think they’ve had experiences they’ve never actually had before (false memories). If a person hears a story or watches a video, his or her brain can fool them into thinking that they went through what they heard or saw. With so much information to process, it shouldn’t be a surprise that our minds slip up sometimes. Taken together, these examples suggest that the brain often relies on mental ________ rather than fully reliable judgment.

① routines
② records
③ impressions
④ calculations
⑤ precision

3. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Many people read translated versions of classics like the Odyssey. While translations may seem convenient, we can’t always be sure that we fully understand what the original writers were trying to say because not all translations are reliable. The thing is, translators must be equally proficient in both languages involved in a translation, and they must have a good understanding of the work itself. Exact translations can be impossible due to the use of figurative language, which can’t be translated literally. Furthermore, the words writers use in their work are often chosen very carefully. For instance, poets may select words that rhyme, which may not be possible to duplicate in another language. The original meaning can therefore be lost. The director of the British Centre for Literary Translation commented on the issue, insisting, “There’s not a single word in any of the languages I translate that can map perfectly onto a word in English. So it’s always interpretative, approximate, creative.” This suggests that translation is inevitably an act of ________ rather than a perfectly faithful transfer of meaning.

① cultural imitation
② verbal substitution
③ artistic judgment
④ mechanical copying
⑤ reader persuasion

4. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

After the devastating flood of 1927, Congress approved the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project, which resulted in the construction of 20,000 miles of levees and floodways. This disrupted the delicate balance of the Mississippi’s watercourses, and the surrounding wetlands began to subside. So far, 1,800 square miles of Louisiana wetlands have disappeared. This disaster has taken a heavy toll. The vanishing swamps not only play a vital role in storm surge reduction and nutrient filtration but also are a critical ecosystem. In fact, almost half of the threatened and endangered species in America depend on wetlands. One potential answer is Louisiana’s Coastal Master Plan. It aims to recreate the natural processes that built the state’s delta, which would protect existing wetlands and restore areas that have been lost. There is an easy way the public can assist, too: eating oysters. Oyster shells can be used to rebuild the reefs. Nearly 5,000 tons of shells have been used for this already, thanks to recycling programs at Louisiana restaurants. Therefore, efforts to revive Louisiana’s coast are ultimately attempts to recover a form of ________ essential to both human safety and biodiversity.

① habitat loss
② ecological shielding
③ restaurant recycling
④ river control
⑤ species decline

5. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Inflation tends to have a negative connotation because it is commonly associated with reduced purchasing power and monetary savings. Some economists, however, insist that a healthy amount of inflation might actually work in the public’s favor. Most notably, distinguished economist John Maynard Keynes asserted that moderate inflation is critical to counteract the paradox of thrift, which states that savings can actually be damaging to economic growth. If people are not spending their money, the economy suffers because there is less overall demand. Inflation can also give a financial boost to those in debt, such as mortgage borrowers and people with student loans. The value of loans decreases with inflation and this in turn encourages spending. Inflation targeting — or making adjustments to stick to an inflation rate that is chosen — is used by central banks all over the world with the goal of stimulating the economy and maintaining maximum employment. If people know that prices will rise in the future, it motivates them to buy goods and services now. Therefore, moderate inflation can function as a form of economic ________ by prompting present consumption and easing the burden of existing debt.

① debt expansion
② market caution
③ demand activation
④ price stability
⑤ savings accumulation

6. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

When looking at the simplicity of human cells, the smallest building blocks of organic life, imagining that viruses — even less complex entities — could overtake them is difficult. Yet they can, and they do. The simplest viruses have only two parts: DNA or RNA that is a blueprint for making more viruses and a protein shell for protection. However, though they contain the instructions for reproduction, they lack the proper chemical substances — enzymes — to be able to do so on their own. They need a host to be able to do anything at all. They first infiltrate a cell, and then, once inside, add their genetic blueprint. The cell does not realize the difference and unknowingly begins to produce more of the virus instead of replicating itself. Each new virus can then infect another cell, repeating the infection cycle. This shows that even a virus with a very simple structure can achieve ________ by exploiting a host cell’s machinery.

① cellular autonomy
② reproductive leverage
③ genetic awareness
④ metabolic resistance
⑤ structural stability

7. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Populism refers to a political approach that views the world as divided, with corrupt government elites on one end controlling everything and good, ordinary people whose expectations are not being met on the other. While it is true that mainstream governments sometimes fail to meet the public’s expectations, turning to populism as an alternative can be destructive to social order. When a populist leader rises to power, they often suggest that problems have become urgent and that maintaining the status quo will only make matters worse for the people. This creates a sense of panic and causes the people to offer their support for the leader, even when leader’s solutions for so-called problems like immigration or free trade are not actually in the best interest of all the people. That is because “the people” frequently excludes minorities and other marginalized members of the population, which means that populism can turn members of the same society against one another, promote intolerance, and generally create additional problems. In this sense, populism is presented not as a cure for public frustration but as a source of social ________.

① cohesion
② fragmentation
③ participation
④ stability
⑤ representation

8. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Humans are able to envision the future, and interestingly enough, it seems as though some animals can too. In one study, a species of weasel was observed eating ripe bananas immediately but then storing other unripe ones in trees, allowing them to mature. They would then come back to eat the fruit they had saved at a later time. This shows that the weasels were aware to some degree that in the near future, those bananas would become ripe enough to eat. That is, they were able to deduce a probable outcome and act accordingly. This ability to prepare for the future has been seen in a variety of animal species. It proves that they are not only capable of mental time travel but that they also possess enough reasoning and logic to know the best course of action to take for their own survival. In other words, these animals can guide present behavior by anticipating a(n) ________.

① feeding result
② later payoff
③ stored instinct
④ immediate appetite
⑤ survival memory

9. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

One of the most remarkable aspects of the human body is its ability to regulate itself and maintain optimal functioning. It uses a variety of natural processes to achieve this, including the self-digestion system of autophagy. This mechanism is the body’s way of regenerating new and healthy cells through the removal of damaged cell components. When a person’s cells are stressed, autophagy is increased in order to ensure the normal operation of the body and keep it in homeostasis. It efficiently targets dysfunctional cells and ensures their elimination, often through the degradation of damaged and toxic proteins. The parts of the cell that are reused are the cytoplasm — fluid inside the cell — and organelles, which are structures with particular functions. These are broken down into amino acids, which the body utilizes for energy and cellular repair. In this way, autophagy helps prevent numerous health conditions such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s and can even help fight against infectious diseases. Overall, autophagy serves as a form of cellular ________ that supports bodily balance and protection.

① exhaustion
② recycling
③ infection
④ expansion
⑤ storage

10. 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Common-pool resources are goods that are available to a large majority of the public even though they have a limited stock that is vulnerable to abuse. For example, although there are plentiful forests, if every person were to collect as much wood as possible from these forests, their decline would be inevitable. A good such as this can be exploited over time, leading to an unreliable supply as individuals consume the resource to the detriment of others. A shortage impacts not only other members of a society or community but the very ones who seek out the supply and are able to consume it, too. This is what’s known as the “tragedy of the commons.” Preventing the overconsumption or depletion of such goods is accomplished through a number of actions, including government regulation and making the once common-pool resource into a private good. Collective action is also an effective method of controlling the consumption of the resource because individuals work together to preserve it. In short, the core problem arises when people pursue immediate benefit without regard for long-term ________.

① personal ownership
② mutual restraint
③ public access
④ private profit
⑤ resource abundance

11. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Greed is a biologically based behavior intrinsic to human nature. Urges are fundamental to the survival of all living creatures, and yet humans not only experience desire from a biological standpoint, but from a social one as well. This differentiates the impulses humans have from those felt by animals, such as the drive to reproduce. People desire more than to merely stay alive; they also want material possessions and wealth. But in the modern world, greed is somewhat of a paradox, since individual behavior that resembles greed is natural and encouraged — people are advised to seek wealth and prosperity to the best of their abilities — while greed itself is condemned by society. This is because while greed actually benefits the individual, it can come at a cost for civilization when unrestricted. Sociologists assert that society aims to find an equilibrium of motivating individuals with greed while still limiting unrestrained greed by labeling it as a vice. In other words, society tries to preserve personal drive while preventing ________.

① collective prosperity
② social collapse
③ personal survival
④ moral approval
⑤ biological reproduction

12. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Cloud computing has already transformed how many businesses operate around the world, and it will also soon shape people’s lifestyles. One of the most significant changes has been increased flexibility in the workplace. Now that companies have the power to store, process, and manage all of their files on the cloud, employees are able to access data remotely as long as they can connect to the Internet. They no longer have to physically visit an office in order to obtain certain information and can virtually collaborate with others rather than setting aside time to meet. Cloud storage also means that people will not need to rely on as many devices to use or share content. A person can simply save their files on the cloud, generate links, and invite others to view them, suggesting a broader shift toward ________ in both work and content sharing.

① location dependence
② digital mediation
③ workplace isolation
④ device expansion
⑤ data possession

13. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

The Swiss psychologist Carl Jung is credited with a great many of the field’s most enduring concepts. But for practicing therapists the most useful of these is his approach to diagnosis. Rather than classifying psychological phenomena as discrete disorders and shuttling patients into one-size-fits-all treatments, Jung’s concept of the “complex” allows clinicians to identify how their conflicting problems are intertwined. This approach has been invaluable in understanding the behavior of certain patients who act according to a complex. For Jung, the complex is a mass of interrelated ideas that operate in the unconscious mind. This “hidden mass of memories” is formed in our childhood and wields a powerful influence — in both positive and negative ways — over our present and future. Discussing issues in these terms allows therapists to discuss how mechanisms of this sort work in a ________ sense. In addition, it relieves the pressure of delivering unrealistically rapid relief to patients.

① fragmented
② developmental
③ therapeutic
④ reciprocal
⑤ holistic

14. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

As popular culture has migrated from celebrity-centric to influencer-centric, money has moved along with it. This has led to the establishment of the creator economy. Powered by social media stars, this new ecosystem is in rapid growth; in 2021 alone, the creator economy collected more than 1.3 billion dollars in funding. But it wasn’t always such a profitable field, and “Internet celebrities” were once looked down upon by the old guards of traditional marketplaces. Not much of a surprise, considering they barely made anything and had yet to penetrate their way fully into the consciousness of the public. Then suddenly, Internet platforms began their meteoric rise and became the birthplace for social media giants who amassed huge followings. This resulted in a change in power dynamics. Platforms now must be able to compensate their influencers who bring in millions of users. And even then, it may not be enough, as more and more creators are accumulating wealth on their own terms. This shows that digital platforms are no longer the unquestioned ________ in this ecosystem.

① revenue engines
② value brokers
③ trend catalysts
④ prestige markers
⑤ dominant gatekeepers

15. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

If science and technology continue on the current trajectory, the end result can only be the extinction of homo sapiens as a species or at least civilization as we know it. At some point, Artificial Intelligence will be perfected, which will spawn even more intelligence, and so forth, making humanity irrelevant. Therefore, it is in the interest of our existence to temper our need for discovery with the wisdom of restraint. Philosophy, in this regard, is our best weapon against the untamed dangers of scientific exploration. While often thought of as an opposing force, philosophy is actually closely associated with science and robust enough to ward off crises. Philosophy shares the ideals of logic and rigorous argumentation with science. However, unlike science, which only asks how, philosophy asks why. This is a consideration lacking in science but sorely needed. From the passage, philosophy is presented as a form of ________ that can keep scientific advance from endangering humanity.

① technical acceleration
② existential discipline
③ mechanical precision
④ unlimited curiosity
⑤ intellectual obedience

16. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Mental rehearsal describes the technique of practicing an action in your mind before performing it in real life. It is common with athletes but is just as useful in a wide variety of other fields and endeavors. Its benefits are well-known and include increased confidence and concentration, reduced anxiety, and the ability to envision solutions to potential problems. To get the best results, it helps to engage as many of your senses as you can. You might visualize yourself crossing the finish line at a race or shaking a client’s hand over a successfully completed deal. Then, with your sense of hearing, you might imagine the roar of a cheering crowd or words of congratulations from your colleagues. Picturing positive outcomes such as these can help any concerns you might have about your preparedness melt away and give you a sense of ________ over an upcoming event.

① dependence
② mastery
③ hesitation
④ praise
⑤ exposure

17. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

In the 1950s, Solomon Asch demonstrated the power of peer pressure in an experiment in which participants took a visual perception test requiring them to identify a line that was closest in length to another. This was a simple task, with the correct answer being obvious to participants 99% of the time in independent tests prior to the actual experiment. During the actual experiment, a single study participant was put in a room with several actors. The actors had been told beforehand to provide wrong answers to the questions, and it was found that the effect this had on the actual study participant was to go along with the rest of the group out of fear of being ridiculed. In fact, despite the correct answer being clear to them, many of the participants agreed with the majority and provided the incorrect answer in 12 critical trials of this experiment. However, when two participants were included in the same study instead of just one, and both were aware of what the correct answer was, they almost never followed the majority. Asch’s findings suggest that even an obvious judgment can collapse under social pressure, but the presence of an ally restores ________ against the pull of the group.

① collective dominance
② social compliance
③ perceptual caution
④ judgmental autonomy
⑤ mutual ridicule

1. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Clear communications are valued in all areas of modern society, and this is particularly true in the workplace. Unfortunately, many bosses operate on what is called a “need-to-know basis,” providing staff with information only when absolutely necessary. Instead, they must be transparent with their workers, both in good times and bad. It’s because many people want to feel a sense of ownership in the work they do and to believe that they can be a part of the solution if a crisis occurs. Leaders should, therefore, be upfront with their staff about any issues the company or team may be facing, __________________________, which benefits the company as a whole.

① thereby proving that respect from employees guarantees companywide gains
② thus making workers obey instructions without questioning leadership decisions
③ so that crises can be solved only by those in authority
④ thereby treating employees as fellow stakeholders in shared challenges
⑤ thus helping managers disclose information only at critical moments

2. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Brains are incredibly complex structures responsible for an abundance of crucial tasks. Yet, in spite of being such vital organs, they are not perfect; one could even say they have a mind of their own. When it comes to problem-solving, the human brain prefers taking shortcuts (also known as heuristics) to arrive at solutions. It will recall similar past circumstances or depend on prior knowledge in order to bypass critical thinking — it’s lazy that way. This can prevent a person from considering other options or contemplating an important matter long enough. Brains can also cause people to think they’ve had experiences they’ve never actually had before (false memories). If a person hears a story or watches a video, his or her brain can fool them into thinking that they went through what they heard or saw. With so much information to process, it shouldn’t be a surprise that our minds __________________________ sometimes.

① mistake borrowed impressions for lived reality
② create perfect memories from repeated information
③ solve difficult problems through careful reflection
④ store every event with complete accuracy
⑤ avoid confusion by relying on prior knowledge

3. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Many people read translated versions of classics like the Odyssey. While translations may seem convenient, we can’t always be sure that we fully understand what the original writers were trying to say because not all translations are reliable. The thing is, translators must be equally proficient in both languages involved in a translation, and they must have a good understanding of the work itself. Exact translations can be impossible due to the use of figurative language, which can’t be translated literally. Furthermore, the words writers use in their work are often chosen very carefully. For instance, poets may select words that rhyme, which may not be possible to duplicate in another language. The original meaning can therefore be lost. The director of the British Centre for Literary Translation commented on the issue, insisting, “There’s not a single word in any of the languages I translate that can map perfectly onto a word in English. So it’s always __________________________.”

① bound by the author’s exact wording
② interpretative, approximate, and creative
③ determined by a literal dictionary match
④ faithful because every language shares equivalents
⑤ restricted to preserving rhyme above meaning

4. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

After the devastating flood of 1927, Congress approved the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project, which resulted in the construction of 20,000 miles of levees and floodways. This disrupted the delicate balance of the Mississippi’s watercourses, and the surrounding wetlands began to subside. So far, 1,800 square miles of Louisiana wetlands have disappeared. This disaster has taken a heavy toll. The vanishing swamps not only play a vital role in storm surge reduction and nutrient filtration but also are a critical ecosystem. In fact, almost half of the threatened and endangered species in America depend on wetlands. One potential answer is Louisiana’s Coastal Master Plan. It aims to recreate the natural processes that built the state’s delta, which would protect existing wetlands and restore areas that have been lost. There is an easy way the public can assist, too: eating oysters. Oyster shells can be used to rebuild the reefs. Nearly 5,000 tons of shells have been used for this already, thanks to recycling programs at Louisiana restaurants. The passage suggests that effective coastal recovery depends on __________________________ rather than relying only on engineered barriers.

① letting protective structures recreate disappearing marshes
② restoring nature’s own land-building dynamics
③ expanding restaurant recycling beyond local seafood chains
④ turning endangered species into indicators of tourism value
⑤ replacing damaged swamps with stronger artificial channels

5. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Inflation tends to have a negative connotation because it is commonly associated with reduced purchasing power and monetary savings. Some economists, however, insist that a healthy amount of inflation might actually work in the public’s favor. Most notably, distinguished economist John Maynard Keynes asserted that moderate inflation is critical to counteract the paradox of thrift, which states that savings can actually be damaging to economic growth. If people are not spending their money, the economy suffers because there is less overall demand. Inflation can also give a financial boost to those in debt, such as mortgage borrowers and people with student loans. The value of loans decreases with inflation and this in turn encourages spending. Inflation targeting — or making adjustments to stick to an inflation rate that is chosen — is used by central banks all over the world with the goal of stimulating the economy and maintaining maximum employment. If people know that prices will rise in the future, it motivates them to buy goods and services now, ________________________.

① because rising demand makes future inflation inevitable
② because delayed purchases can weaken current economic activity
③ because lenders benefit most when prices keep climbing
④ because borrowers create inflation by spending loan money first
⑤ because saving money always produces stronger long-term growth

6. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

When looking at the simplicity of human cells, the smallest building blocks of organic life, imagining that viruses — even less complex entities — could overtake them is difficult. Yet they can, and they do. The simplest viruses have only two parts: DNA or RNA that is a blueprint for making more viruses and a protein shell for protection. However, though they contain the instructions for reproduction, they lack the proper chemical substances — enzymes — to be able to do so on their own. They need a host to be able to do anything at all. They first infiltrate a cell, and then, once inside, add their genetic blueprint. The cell does not realize the difference and unknowingly begins to produce more of the virus instead of replicating itself, showing that viruses succeed by __________________________.

① making the host carry out an alien plan
② giving the cell enzymes to copy itself
③ protecting their shell inside the blueprint
④ waiting for the host to reproduce first
⑤ building a simpler cell from viral protein

7. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Populism refers to a political approach that views the world as divided, with corrupt government elites on one end controlling everything and good, ordinary people whose expectations are not being met on the other. While it is true that mainstream governments sometimes fail to meet the public’s expectations, turning to populism as an alternative can be destructive to social order. When a populist leader rises to power, they often suggest that problems have become urgent and that maintaining the status quo will only make matters worse for the people. This creates a sense of panic and causes the people to offer their support for the leader, even when leader’s solutions for so-called problems like immigration or free trade are not actually in the best interest of all the people. That is because “the people” frequently excludes minorities and other marginalized members of the population, which means that populism can __________________________, promote intolerance, and generally create additional problems.

① recast civic tension as a battle within
② unite excluded groups by expanding public protection
③ solve trade disputes through urgent state action
④ deepen public trust by preserving shared norms
⑤ empower minorities through broader political inclusion

8. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Humans are able to envision the future, and interestingly enough, it seems as though some animals can too. In one study, a species of weasel was observed eating ripe bananas immediately but then storing other unripe ones in trees, allowing them to mature. They would then come back to eat the fruit they had saved at a later time. This shows that the weasels were aware to some degree that in the near future, those bananas would become ripe enough to eat. That is, they were able to deduce a probable outcome and act accordingly. This ability to prepare for the future has been seen in a variety of animal species. It proves that they are not only capable of mental time travel but that they also possess enough reasoning and logic to know __________________________ for their own survival.

① how stored bananas make future thinking possible
② which immediate reward deserves the fastest response
③ when ripe fruit should replace unripe food sources
④ what move most favors staying alive later
⑤ why animals fail to reason beyond present needs

9. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

One of the most remarkable aspects of the human body is its ability to regulate itself and maintain optimal functioning. It uses a variety of natural processes to achieve this, including the self-digestion system of autophagy. This mechanism is the body’s way of regenerating new and healthy cells through the removal of damaged cell components. When a person’s cells are stressed, autophagy is increased in order to ensure the normal operation of the body and keep it in homeostasis. It efficiently targets dysfunctional cells and ensures their elimination, often through the degradation of damaged and toxic proteins. The parts of the cell that are reused are the cytoplasm — fluid inside the cell — and organelles, which are structures with particular functions. These are broken down into amino acids, which the body utilizes for energy and cellular repair. In this way, autophagy helps prevent numerous health conditions such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s and can even help fight against infectious diseases, because it allows the body __________________________.

① to repair cells by generating toxic proteins
② to restore balance through internal renewal
③ to recycle amino acids into damaged organelles
④ to maintain stress by preserving faulty components
⑤ to remove diseases by creating entirely new tissues

10. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Common-pool resources are goods that are available to a large majority of the public even though they have a limited stock that is vulnerable to abuse. For example, although there are plentiful forests, if every person were to collect as much wood as possible from these forests, their decline would be inevitable. A good such as this can be exploited over time, leading to an unreliable supply as individuals consume the resource to the detriment of others. A shortage impacts not only other members of a society or community but the very ones who seek out the supply and are able to consume it, too. This is what’s known as the “tragedy of the commons.” Preventing the overconsumption or depletion of such goods is accomplished through a number of actions, including government regulation and making the once common-pool resource into a private good. Collective action is also an effective method of controlling the consumption of the resource because individuals work together __________________________.

① to increase their personal share first
② to preserve what all of them depend on
③ to consume the stock before rules appear
④ to transfer forests into unrelated markets
⑤ to reward those who exploit more quickly

11. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Greed is a biologically based behavior intrinsic to human nature. Urges are fundamental to the survival of all living creatures, and yet humans not only experience desire from a biological standpoint, but from a social one as well. This differentiates the impulses humans have from those felt by animals, such as the drive to reproduce. People desire more than to merely stay alive; they also want material possessions and wealth. But in the modern world, greed is somewhat of a paradox, since individual behavior that resembles greed is natural and encouraged — people are advised to seek wealth and prosperity to the best of their abilities — while greed itself is condemned by society. This is because while greed actually benefits the individual, it can come at a cost for civilization when unrestricted. Sociologists assert that society aims to find an equilibrium of motivating individuals with greed while still limiting unrestrained greed by labeling it as a vice, ________________________.

① so private gain is treated as a public threat
② because prosperity disappears when desire is praised
③ by rewarding those who reject material ambition
④ while turning appetite into a carefully bounded engine
⑤ since civilization advances through limitless self-interest

12. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Cloud computing has already transformed how many businesses operate around the world, and it will also soon shape people’s lifestyles. One of the most significant changes has been increased flexibility in the workplace. Now that companies have the power to store, process, and manage all of their files on the cloud, employees are able to access data remotely as long as they can connect to the Internet. They no longer have to physically visit an office in order to obtain certain information and can virtually collaborate with others rather than setting aside time to meet. Cloud storage also means that people will not need to rely on as many devices to use or share content. A person can simply save their files on the cloud, generate links, and invite others to view them rather than having to go through the process of using a USB drive, which shows that cloud technology is gradually __________________________.

① making office visits necessary for secure collaboration
② turning physical access into an increasingly needless condition
③ creating more devices for people to manage content
④ reducing online teamwork by delaying data retrieval
⑤ causing workers to store files only at the office

13. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

The Swiss psychologist Carl Jung is credited with a great many of the field’s most enduring concepts. But for practicing therapists the most useful of these is his approach to diagnosis. Rather than classifying psychological phenomena as discrete disorders and shuttling patients into one-size-fits-all treatments, Jung’s concept of the “complex” allows clinicians to identify how their conflicting problems are intertwined. This approach has been invaluable in understanding the behavior of certain patients who act according to a complex. For Jung, the complex is a mass of interrelated ideas that operate in the unconscious mind. This “hidden mass of memories” is formed in our childhood and wields a powerful influence — in both positive and negative ways — over our present and future. Discussing issues in these terms allows therapists to discuss how mechanisms of this sort work in a holistic sense. In addition, it relieves the pressure of __________________________.

① producing immediate cures through standardized categories
② tracing unconscious conflicts through intertwined patterns
③ acknowledging childhood roots behind present behavior
④ exploring hidden mechanisms in an integrated framework
⑤ delaying treatment until patients identify their complexes

14. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

As popular culture has migrated from celebrity-centric to influencer-centric, money has moved along with it. This has led to the establishment of the creator economy. Powered by social media stars, this new ecosystem is in rapid growth; in 2021 alone, the creator economy collected more than 1.3 billion dollars in funding. But it wasn’t always such a profitable field, and “Internet celebrities” were once looked down upon by the old guards of traditional marketplaces. Not much of a surprise, considering they barely made anything and had yet to penetrate their way fully into the consciousness of the public. Then suddenly, Internet platforms began their meteoric rise and became the birthplace for social media giants who amassed huge followings. This resulted in a change in power dynamics. Platforms now must be able to compensate their influencers who bring in millions of users. And even then, it may not be enough, as more and more creators are __________________________.

① enriching the platforms that first discovered them
② converting attention into assets beyond platform control
③ relying on investors to secure lasting influence
④ remaining dependent on old marketplace gatekeepers
⑤ drawing public notice before earning any real income

15. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

If science and technology continue on the current trajectory, the end result can only be the extinction of homo sapiens as a species or at least civilization as we know it. At some point, Artificial Intelligence will be perfected, which will spawn even more intelligence, and so forth, making humanity irrelevant. Therefore, it is in the interest of our existence to temper our need for discovery with the wisdom of restraint. Philosophy, in this regard, is our best weapon against the untamed dangers of scientific exploration. While often thought of as an opposing force, philosophy is actually closely associated with science and robust enough to ward off crises. Philosophy shares the ideals of logic and rigorous argumentation with science. However, unlike science, which only asks how, philosophy asks why. This is a consideration __________________________.

① that science can answer through more precision
② that technological progress eventually renders unnecessary
③ that scientific success itself is bound to resolve
④ without which inquiry may outrun human survival
⑤ through which philosophy delays all useful discovery

16. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Mental rehearsal describes the technique of practicing an action in your mind before performing it in real life. It is common with athletes but is just as useful in a wide variety of other fields and endeavors. Its benefits are well-known and include increased confidence and concentration, reduced anxiety, and the ability to envision solutions to potential problems. To get the best results, it helps to engage as many of your senses as you can. You might visualize yourself crossing the finish line at a race or shaking a client’s hand over a successfully completed deal. Then, with your sense of hearing, you might imagine the roar of a cheering crowd or words of congratulations from your colleagues. Picturing positive outcomes such as these can help any concerns you might have about your preparedness melt away and give you __________________________.

① a cause for seeking others’ approval
② a firmer grasp on what lies ahead
③ a habit of ignoring possible setbacks
④ a reward for finishing difficult tasks
⑤ a reason to depend on external praise

17. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

In the 1950s, Solomon Asch demonstrated the power of peer pressure in an experiment in which participants took a visual perception test requiring them to identify a line that was closest in length to another. This was a simple task, with the correct answer being obvious to participants 99% of the time in independent tests prior to the actual experiment. During the actual experiment, a single study participant was put in a room with several actors. The actors had been told beforehand to provide wrong answers to the questions, and it was found that the effect this had on the actual study participant was __________________________. In fact, despite the correct answer being clear to them, many of the participants agreed with the majority and provided the incorrect answer in 12 critical trials of this experiment. However, when two participants were included in the same study instead of just one, and both were aware of what the correct answer was, they almost never followed the majority.

① to make the group revise its judgment first
② to let private certainty yield to social threat
③ to encourage everyone to answer more confidently
④ to prove that ridicule improved visual accuracy
⑤ to have the actors adopt the participant's view

1. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Clear communications are valued in all areas of modern society, and this is particularly true in the workplace.

(가) Why is this so important? It’s because many people want to feel a sense of ownership in the work they do and to believe that they can be a part of the solution if a crisis occurs.

(나) Leaders should, therefore, be upfront with their staff about any issues the company or team may be facing, essentially acknowledging that their employees are also their peers. This will help them win the trust and respect of their employees while increasing the level of staff involvement, which benefits the company as a whole.

(다) Unfortunately, many bosses operate on what is called a “need-to-know basis,” providing staff with information only when absolutely necessary. Instead, they must be transparent with their workers, both in good times and bad.

① (가) - (다) - (나)
② (나) - (가) - (다)
③ (다) - (가) - (나)
④ (다) - (나) - (가)
⑤ (나) - (다) - (가)

2. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Brains are incredibly complex structures responsible for an abundance of crucial tasks. Yet, in spite of being such vital organs, they are not perfect; one could even say they have a mind of their own.

(가) It will recall similar past circumstances or depend on prior knowledge in order to bypass critical thinking — it’s lazy that way. This can prevent a person from considering other options or contemplating an important matter long enough.

(나) Brains can also cause people to think they’ve had experiences they’ve never actually had before (false memories). If a person hears a story or watches a video, his or her brain can fool them into thinking that they went through what they heard or saw.

(다) When it comes to problem-solving, the human brain prefers taking shortcuts (also known as heuristics) to arrive at solutions. With so much information to process, it shouldn’t be a surprise that our minds slip up sometimes.

① (가) - (다) - (나)
② (나) - (가) - (다)
③ (다) - (가) - (나)
④ (다) - (나) - (가)
⑤ (나) - (다) - (가)

3. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Many people read translated versions of classics like the Odyssey. While translations may seem convenient, we can’t always be sure that we fully understand what the original writers were trying to say because not all translations are reliable.

(가) Furthermore, the words writers use in their work are often chosen very carefully. For instance, poets may select words that rhyme, which may not be possible to duplicate in another language.

(나) The thing is, translators must be equally proficient in both languages involved in a translation, and they must have a good understanding of the work itself. Exact translations can be impossible due to the use of figurative language, which can’t be translated literally.

(다) The original meaning can therefore be lost. The director of the British Centre for Literary Translation commented on the issue, insisting, “There’s not a single word in any of the languages I translate that can map perfectly onto a word in English. So it’s always interpretative, approximate, creative.”

① (가) - (나) - (다)
② (가) - (다) - (나)
③ (나) - (가) - (다)
④ (다) - (가) - (나)
⑤ (다) - (나) - (가)

4. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

After the devastating flood of 1927, Congress approved the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project, which resulted in the construction of 20,000 miles of levees and floodways.

(가) One potential answer is Louisiana’s Coastal Master Plan. It aims to recreate the natural processes that built the state’s delta, which would protect existing wetlands and restore areas that have been lost.

(나) This disrupted the delicate balance of the Mississippi’s watercourses, and the surrounding wetlands began to subside. So far, 1,800 square miles of Louisiana wetlands have disappeared. This disaster has taken a heavy toll.

(다) The vanishing swamps not only play a vital role in storm surge reduction and nutrient filtration but also are a critical ecosystem. In fact, almost half of the threatened and endangered species in America depend on wetlands. There is an easy way the public can assist, too: eating oysters. Oyster shells can be used to rebuild the reefs. Nearly 5,000 tons of shells have been used for this already, thanks to recycling programs at Louisiana restaurants.

① (가)－(다)－(나)
② (나)－(다)－(가)
③ (나)－(가)－(다)
④ (다)－(가)－(나)
⑤ (다)－(나)－(가)

5. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것은?

Inflation tends to have a negative connotation because it is commonly associated with reduced purchasing power and monetary savings. Some economists, however, insist that a healthy amount of inflation might actually work in the public’s favor.

(가) Inflation can also give a financial boost to those in debt, such as mortgage borrowers and people with student loans. The value of loans decreases with inflation and this in turn encourages spending.

(나) Most notably, distinguished economist John Maynard Keynes asserted that moderate inflation is critical to counteract the paradox of thrift, which states that savings can actually be damaging to economic growth. If people are not spending their money, the economy suffers because there is less overall demand.

(다) Inflation targeting — or making adjustments to stick to an inflation rate that is chosen — is used by central banks all over the world with the goal of stimulating the economy and maintaining maximum employment. If people know that prices will rise in the future, it motivates them to buy goods and services now.

① (가) - (나) - (다)
② (가) - (다) - (나)
③ (나) - (가) - (다)
④ (나) - (다) - (가)
⑤ (다) - (가) - (나)

6. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

When looking at the simplicity of human cells, the smallest building blocks of organic life, imagining that viruses — even less complex entities — could overtake them is difficult. Yet they can, and they do.

(가) However, though they contain the instructions for reproduction, they lack the proper chemical substances — enzymes — to be able to do so on their own. They need a host to be able to do anything at all.

(나) They first infiltrate a cell, and then, once inside, add their genetic blueprint. The cell does not realize the difference and unknowingly begins to produce more of the virus instead of replicating itself.

(다) The simplest viruses have only two parts: DNA or RNA that is a blueprint for making more viruses and a protein shell for protection. Each new virus can then infect another cell, repeating the infection cycle.

① (가) - (다) - (나)
② (나) - (가) - (다)
③ (다) - (가) - (나)
④ (다) - (나) - (가)
⑤ (나) - (다) - (가)

7. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Populism refers to a political approach that views the world as divided, with corrupt government elites on one end controlling everything and good, ordinary people whose expectations are not being met on the other.

(가) When a populist leader rises to power, they often suggest that problems have become urgent and that maintaining the status quo will only make matters worse for the people. This creates a sense of panic and causes the people to offer their support for the leader, even when leader’s solutions for so-called problems like immigration or free trade are not actually in the best interest of all the people.

(나) While it is true that mainstream governments sometimes fail to meet the public’s expectations, turning to populism as an alternative can be destructive to social order. That is because “the people” frequently excludes minorities and other marginalized members of the population, which means that populism can turn members of the same society against one another, promote intolerance, and generally create additional problems.

(다) That is because “the people” frequently excludes minorities and other marginalized members of the population, which means that populism can turn members of the same society against one another, promote intolerance, and generally create additional problems. While it is true that mainstream governments sometimes fail to meet the public’s expectations, turning to populism as an alternative can be destructive to social order.

① (가) - (나) - (다)
② (나) - (가) - (다)
③ (나) - (다) - (가)
④ (다) - (나) - (가)
⑤ (다) - (가) - (나)

8. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Humans are able to envision the future, and interestingly enough, it seems as though some animals can too.

(가) This shows that the weasels were aware to some degree that in the near future, those bananas would become ripe enough to eat. That is, they were able to deduce a(n) probable outcome and act accordingly.

(나) This ability to prepare for the future has been seen in a variety of animal species. It proves that they are not only capable of mental time travel but that they also possess enough reasoning and logic to know the best course of action to take for their own survival.

(다) In one study, a species of weasel was observed eating ripe bananas immediately but then storing other unripe ones in trees, allowing them to mature. They would then come back to eat the fruit they had saved at a later time.

① (가) - (다) - (나)
② (나) - (가) - (다)
③ (다) - (가) - (나)
④ (다) - (나) - (가)
⑤ (나) - (다) - (가)

9. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

One of the most remarkable aspects of the human body is its ability to regulate itself and maintain optimal functioning. It uses a variety of natural processes to achieve this, including the self-digestion system of autophagy.

(가) The parts of the cell that are reused are the cytoplasm — fluid inside the cell — and organelles, which are structures with particular functions. These are broken down into amino acids, which the body utilizes for energy and cellular repair. In this way, autophagy helps prevent numerous health conditions such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s and can even help fight against infectious diseases.

(나) This mechanism is the body’s way of regenerating new and healthy cells through the removal of damaged cell components. When a person’s cells are stressed, autophagy is increased in order to ensure the normal operation of the body and keep it in homeostasis.

(다) It efficiently targets dysfunctional cells and ensures their elimination, often through the degradation of damaged and toxic proteins.

① (가)－(다)－(나)
② (나)－(다)－(가)
③ (나)－(가)－(다)
④ (다)－(가)－(나)
⑤ (다)－(나)－(가)

10. 다음 글에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Common-pool resources are goods that are available to a large majority of the public even though they have a limited stock that is vulnerable to abuse.

(가) A shortage impacts not only other members of a society or community but the very ones who seek out the supply and are able to consume it, too. This is what’s known as the “tragedy of the commons.”

(나) For example, although there are plentiful forests, if every person were to collect as much wood as possible from these forests, their decline would be inevitable. A good such as this can be exploited over time, leading to an unreliable supply as individuals consume the resource to the detriment of others.

(다) Preventing the overconsumption or depletion of such goods is accomplished through a number of actions, including government regulation and making the once common-pool resource into a private good. Collective action is also an effective method of controlling the consumption of the resource because individuals work together to preserve it.

① (가) - (나) - (다)
② (나) - (가) - (다)
③ (나) - (다) - (가)
④ (다) - (가) - (나)
⑤ (다) - (나) - (가)

11. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것은?

Greed is a biologically based behavior intrinsic to human nature.

(가) This differentiates the impulses humans have from those felt by animals, such as the drive to reproduce. People desire more than to merely stay alive; they also want material possessions and wealth.

(나) But in the modern world, greed is somewhat of a paradox, since individual behavior that resembles greed is natural and encouraged — people are advised to seek wealth and prosperity to the best of their abilities — while greed itself is condemned by society.

(다) Urges are fundamental to the survival of all living creatures, and yet humans not only experience desire from a biological standpoint, but from a social one as well. This is because while greed actually benefits the individual, it can come at a cost for civilization when unrestricted. Sociologists assert that society aims to find an equilibrium of motivating individuals with greed while still limiting unrestrained greed by labeling it as a vice.

① (가) - (나) - (다)
② (가) - (다) - (나)
③ (다) - (가) - (나)
④ (다) - (나) - (가)
⑤ (나) - (다) - (가)

12. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Cloud computing has already transformed how many businesses operate around the world, and it will also soon shape people’s lifestyles. One of the most significant changes has been increased flexibility in the workplace.

(가) Now that companies have the power to store, process, and manage all of their files on the cloud, employees are able to access data remotely as long as they can connect to the Internet. They no longer have to physically visit an office in order to obtain certain information and can virtually collaborate with others rather than setting aside time to meet.

(나) Cloud storage also means that people will not need to rely on as many devices to use or share content. A person can simply save their files on the cloud, generate links, and invite others to view them rather than having to go through the process of using a USB drive.

(다) This increased flexibility allows workers to perform many tasks regardless of location, which changes not only where people work but also how they organize their daily routines. As cloud-based systems become more common, the boundary between office work and personal life is likely to become less rigid.

① (가) - (다) - (나)
② (나) - (가) - (다)
③ (다) - (가) - (나)
④ (가) - (나) - (다)
⑤ (나) - (다) - (가)

13. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

The Swiss psychologist Carl Jung is credited with a great many of the field’s most enduring concepts. But for practicing therapists the most useful of these is his approach to diagnosis.

(가) Rather than classifying psychological phenomena as discrete disorders and shuttling patients into one-size-fits-all treatments, Jung’s concept of the “complex” allows clinicians to identify how their conflicting problems are intertwined. This approach has been invaluable in understanding the behavior of certain patients who act according to a complex.

(나) Discussing issues in these terms allows therapists to discuss how mechanisms of this sort work in a holistic sense. In addition, it relieves the pressure of delivering unrealistically rapid relief to patients.

(다) For Jung, the complex is a mass of interrelated ideas that operate in the unconscious mind. This “hidden mass of memories” is formed in our childhood and wields a powerful influence — in both positive and negative ways — over our present and future.

① (가) - (나) - (다)
② (가) - (다) - (나)
③ (나) - (가) - (다)
④ (다) - (가) - (나)
⑤ (다) - (나) - (가)

14. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

As popular culture has migrated from celebrity-centric to influencer-centric, money has moved along with it. This has led to the establishment of the creator economy.

(가) But it wasn’t always such a profitable field, and “Internet celebrities” were once looked down upon by the old guards of traditional marketplaces. Not much of a surprise, considering they barely made anything and had yet to penetrate their way fully into the consciousness of the public.

(나) Then suddenly, Internet platforms began their meteoric rise and became the birthplace for social media giants who amassed huge followings. This resulted in a change in power dynamics.

(다) Powered by social media stars, this new ecosystem is in rapid growth; in 2021 alone, the creator economy collected more than 1.3 billion dollars in funding. Platforms now must be able to compensate their influencers who bring in millions of users. And even then, it may not be enough, as more and more creators are accumulating wealth on their own terms.

① (가) - (나) - (다)
② (가) - (다) - (나)
③ (나) - (가) - (다)
④ (다) - (가) - (나)
⑤ (다) - (나) - (가)

15. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것은?

If science and technology continue on the current trajectory, the end result can only be the extinction of homo sapiens as a species or at least civilization as we know it.

(가) Therefore, it is in the interest of our existence to temper our need for discovery with the wisdom of restraint. Philosophy, in this regard, is our best weapon against the untamed dangers of scientific exploration.

(나) At some point, Artificial Intelligence will be perfected, which will spawn even more intelligence, and so forth, making humanity irrelevant. While often thought of as an opposing force, philosophy is actually closely associated with science and robust enough to ward off crises.

(다) Philosophy shares the ideals of logic and rigorous argumentation with science. However, unlike science, which only asks how, philosophy asks why. This is a consideration lacking in science but sorely needed.

① (가) - (나) - (다)
② (가) - (다) - (나)
③ (나) - (가) - (다)
④ (다) - (가) - (나)
⑤ (다) - (나) - (가)

16. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Mental rehearsal describes the technique of practicing an action in your mind before performing it in real life. It is common with athletes but is just as useful in a wide variety of other fields and endeavors.

(가) To get the best results, it helps to engage as many of your senses as you can. You might visualize yourself crossing the finish line at a race or shaking a client’s hand over a successfully completed deal.

(나) Then, with your sense of hearing, you might imagine the roar of a cheering crowd or words of congratulations from your colleagues. Picturing positive outcomes such as these can help any concerns you might have about your preparedness melt away and give you a sense of control over an upcoming event.

(다) Its benefits are well-known and include increased confidence and concentration, reduced anxiety, and the ability to envision solutions to potential problems.

① (가) - (다) - (나)
② (나) - (가) - (다)
③ (다) - (가) - (나)
④ (다) - (나) - (가)
⑤ (나) - (다) - (가)

17. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

In the 1950s, Solomon Asch demonstrated the power of peer pressure in an experiment in which participants took a visual perception test requiring them to identify a line that was closest in length to another. This was a simple task, with the correct answer being obvious to participants 99% of the time in independent tests prior to the actual experiment.

(가) During the actual experiment, a single study participant was put in a room with several actors. The actors had been told beforehand to provide wrong answers to the questions, and it was found that the effect this had on the actual study participant was to go along with the rest of the group out of fear of being ridiculed.

(나) In fact, despite the correct answer being clear to them, many of the participants agreed with the majority and provided the incorrect answer in 12 critical trials of this experiment. However, when two participants were included in the same study instead of just one, and both were aware of what the correct answer was, they almost never followed the majority.

(다) This was a simple task, with the correct answer being obvious to participants 99% of the time in independent tests prior to the actual experiment. During the actual experiment, a single study participant was put in a room with several actors.

① (가)－(나)－(다)
② (가)－(다)－(나)
③ (다)－(가)－(나)
④ (나)－(가)－(다)
⑤ (나)－(다)－(가)

1. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

It’s because many people want to feel a sense of ownership in the work they do and to believe that they can be a part of the solution if a crisis occurs.

Clear communications are valued in all areas of modern society, and this is particularly true in the workplace. Unfortunately, many bosses operate on what is called a “need-to-know basis,” providing staff with information only when absolutely necessary. ① Instead, they must be transparent with their workers, both in good times and bad. Why is this so important? ② Leaders should, therefore, be upfront with their staff about any issues the company or team may be facing, essentially acknowledging that their employees are also their peers. ③ This will help them win the trust and respect of their employees while increasing the level of staff involvement, which benefits the company as a whole. ④

①
②
③
④
⑤

2. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

It will recall similar past circumstances or depend on prior knowledge in order to bypass critical thinking — it’s lazy that way.

Brains are incredibly complex structures responsible for an abundance of crucial tasks. Yet, in spite of being such vital organs, they are not perfect; one could even say they have a mind of their own. ① When it comes to problem-solving, the human brain prefers taking shortcuts (also known as heuristics) to arrive at solutions. This can prevent a person from considering other options or contemplating an important matter long enough. ② Brains can also cause people to think they’ve had experiences they’ve never actually had before (false memories). If a person hears a story or watches a video, his or her brain can fool them into thinking that they went through what they heard or saw. ③ With so much information to process, it shouldn’t be a surprise that our minds slip up sometimes. ④ Brains are incredibly complex structures responsible for an abundance of crucial tasks. Yet, in spite of being such vital organs, they are not perfect; one could even say they have a mind of their own. ⑤ When it comes to problem-solving, the human brain prefers taking shortcuts (also known as heuristics) to arrive at solutions.

①
②
③
④
⑤

3. 다음 글에서 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

The original meaning can therefore be lost.

Many people read translated versions of classics like the Odyssey. While translations may seem convenient, we can’t always be sure that we fully understand what the original writers were trying to say because not all translations are reliable. ① The thing is, translators must be equally proficient in both languages involved in a translation, and they must have a good understanding of the work itself. Exact translations can be impossible due to the use of figurative language, which can’t be translated literally. ② Furthermore, the words writers use in their work are often chosen very carefully. ③ For instance, poets may select words that rhyme, which may not be possible to duplicate in another language. The director of the British Centre for Literary Translation commented on the issue, insisting, “There’s not a single word in any of the languages I translate that can map perfectly onto a word in English. ④ So it’s always interpretative, approximate, creative.” ⑤

4. 다음 글에서 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

This disaster has taken a heavy toll.

After the devastating flood of 1927, Congress approved the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project, which resulted in the construction of 20,000 miles of levees and floodways. This disrupted the delicate balance of the Mississippi’s watercourses, and the surrounding wetlands began to subside. ① So far, 1,800 square miles of Louisiana wetlands have disappeared. The vanishing swamps not only play a vital role in storm surge reduction and nutrient filtration but also are a critical ecosystem. ② In fact, almost half of the threatened and endangered species in America depend on wetlands. One potential answer is Louisiana’s Coastal Master Plan. ③ It aims to recreate the natural processes that built the state’s delta, which would protect existing wetlands and restore areas that have been lost. There is an easy way the public can assist, too: eating oysters. ④ Oyster shells can be used to rebuild the reefs. Nearly 5,000 tons of shells have been used for this already, thanks to recycling programs at Louisiana restaurants. ⑤

①
②
③
④
⑤

5. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

Inflation can also give a financial boost to those in debt, such as mortgage borrowers and people with student loans.

Inflation tends to have a negative connotation because it is commonly associated with reduced purchasing power and monetary savings. Some economists, however, insist that a healthy amount of inflation might actually work in the public’s favor. ① Most notably, distinguished economist John Maynard Keynes asserted that moderate inflation is critical to counteract the paradox of thrift, which states that savings can actually be damaging to economic growth. If people are not spending their money, the economy suffers because there is less overall demand. ② The value of loans decreases with inflation and this in turn encourages spending. Inflation targeting — or making adjustments to stick to an inflation rate that is chosen — is used by central banks all over the world with the goal of stimulating the economy and maintaining maximum employment. ③ If people know that prices will rise in the future, it motivates them to buy goods and services now. Some economists, however, insist that a healthy amount of inflation might actually work in the public’s favor. ④ Most notably, distinguished economist John Maynard Keynes asserted that moderate inflation is critical to counteract the paradox of thrift, which states that savings can actually be damaging to economic growth. If people are not spending their money, the economy suffers because there is less overall demand. ⑤ Inflation targeting — or making adjustments to stick to an inflation rate that is chosen — is used by central banks all over the world with the goal of stimulating the economy and maintaining maximum employment.

①
②
③
④
⑤

6. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

However, though they contain the instructions for reproduction, they lack the proper chemical substances — enzymes — to be able to do so on their own.

When looking at the simplicity of human cells, the smallest building blocks of organic life, imagining that viruses — even less complex entities — could overtake them is difficult. Yet they can, and they do. ① The simplest viruses have only two parts: DNA or RNA that is a blueprint for making more viruses and a protein shell for protection. They need a host to be able to do anything at all. ② They first infiltrate a cell, and then, once inside, add their genetic blueprint. The cell does not realize the difference and unknowingly begins to produce more of the virus instead of replicating itself. ③ Each new virus can then infect another cell, repeating the infection cycle. ④ ⑤

①
②
③
④
⑤

7. 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

This creates a sense of panic and causes the people to offer their support for the leader, even when leader’s solutions for so-called problems like immigration or free trade are not actually in the best interest of all the people.

Populism refers to a political approach that views the world as divided, with corrupt government elites on one end controlling everything and good, ordinary people whose expectations are not being met on the other. While it is true that mainstream governments sometimes fail to meet the public’s expectations, turning to populism as an alternative can be destructive to social order. ① When a populist leader rises to power, they often suggest that problems have become urgent and that maintaining the status quo will only make matters worse for the people. ② That is because “the people” frequently excludes minorities and other marginalized members of the population, which means that populism can turn members of the same society against one another, promote intolerance, and generally create additional problems. ③ Populism refers to a political approach that views the world as divided, with corrupt government elites on one end controlling everything and good, ordinary people whose expectations are not being met on the other. ④ While it is true that mainstream governments sometimes fail to meet the public’s expectations, turning to populism as an alternative can be destructive to social order. ⑤ When a populist leader rises to power, they often suggest that problems have become urgent and that maintaining the status quo will only make matters worse for the people.

8. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

This shows that the weasels were aware to some degree that in the near future, those bananas would become ripe enough to eat.

Humans are able to envision the future, and interestingly enough, it seems as though some animals can too. In one study, a species of weasel was observed eating ripe bananas immediately but then storing other unripe ones in trees, allowing them to mature. ① They would then come back to eat the fruit they had saved at a later time. ② That is, they were able to deduce a(n) probable outcome and act accordingly. ③ This ability to prepare for the future has been seen in a variety of animal species. ④ It proves that they are not only capable of mental time travel but that they also possess enough reasoning and logic to know the best course of action to take for their own survival. ⑤

①
②
③
④
⑤

9. 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

This mechanism is the body’s way of regenerating new and healthy cells through the removal of damaged cell components.

One of the most remarkable aspects of the human body is its ability to regulate itself and maintain optimal functioning. It uses a variety of natural processes to achieve this, including the self-digestion system of autophagy. ① When a person’s cells are stressed, autophagy is increased in order to ensure the normal operation of the body and keep it in homeostasis. It efficiently targets dysfunctional cells and ensures their elimination, often through the degradation of damaged and toxic proteins. ② The parts of the cell that are reused are the cytoplasm — fluid inside the cell — and organelles, which are structures with particular functions. These are broken down into amino acids, which the body utilizes for energy and cellular repair. ③ In this way, autophagy helps prevent numerous health conditions such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s and can even help fight against infectious diseases. ④ One of the most remarkable aspects of the human body is its ability to regulate itself and maintain optimal functioning. ⑤ It uses a variety of natural processes to achieve this, including the self-digestion system of autophagy.

10. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

This is what’s known as the “tragedy of the commons.”

Common-pool resources are goods that are available to a large majority of the public even though they have a limited stock that is vulnerable to abuse. For example, although there are plentiful forests, if every person were to collect as much wood as possible from these forests, their decline would be inevitable. ① A good such as this can be exploited over time, leading to an unreliable supply as individuals consume the resource to the detriment of others. ② A shortage impacts not only other members of a society or community but the very ones who seek out the supply and are able to consume it, too. ③ Preventing the overconsumption or depletion of such goods is accomplished through a number of actions, including government regulation and making the once common-pool resource into a private good. ④ Collective action is also an effective method of controlling the consumption of the resource because individuals work together to preserve it. ⑤

①
②
③
④
⑤

11. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

This is because while greed actually benefits the individual, it can come at a cost for civilization when unrestricted.

Greed is a biologically based behavior intrinsic to human nature. Urges are fundamental to the survival of all living creatures, and yet humans not only experience desire from a biological standpoint, but from a social one as well. ① This differentiates the impulses humans have from those felt by animals, such as the drive to reproduce. People desire more than to merely stay alive; they also want material possessions and wealth. ② But in the modern world, greed is somewhat of a paradox, since individual behavior that resembles greed is natural and encouraged — people are advised to seek wealth and prosperity to the best of their abilities — while greed itself is condemned by society. ③ Sociologists assert that society aims to find an equilibrium of motivating individuals with greed while still limiting unrestrained greed by labeling it as a vice. ④ Greed is a biologically based behavior intrinsic to human nature. Urges are fundamental to the survival of all living creatures, and yet humans not only experience desire from a biological standpoint, but from a social one as well. ⑤ This differentiates the impulses humans have from those felt by animals, such as the drive to reproduce.

12. 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

They no longer have to physically visit an office in order to obtain certain information and can virtually collaborate with others rather than setting aside time to meet.

Cloud computing has already transformed how many businesses operate around the world, and it will also soon shape people’s lifestyles. One of the most significant changes has been increased flexibility in the workplace. ① Now that companies have the power to store, process, and manage all of their files on the cloud, employees are able to access data remotely as long as they can connect to the Internet. ② Cloud storage also means that people will not need to rely on as many devices to use or share content. ③ A person can simply save their files on the cloud, generate links, and invite others to view them rather than having to go through the process of using a USB drive. ④ For many users, this shift makes digital sharing faster and more convenient in everyday life. ⑤ It also reduces the need to carry physical storage tools from place to place.

①
②
③
④
⑤

13. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

This approach has been invaluable in understanding the behavior of certain patients who act according to a complex.

The Swiss psychologist Carl Jung is credited with a great many of the field’s most enduring concepts. But for practicing therapists the most useful of these is his approach to diagnosis. ① Rather than classifying psychological phenomena as discrete disorders and shuttling patients into one-size-fits-all treatments, Jung’s concept of the “complex” allows clinicians to identify how their conflicting problems are intertwined. For Jung, the complex is a mass of interrelated ideas that operate in the unconscious mind. ② This “hidden mass of memories” is formed in our childhood and wields a powerful influence — in both positive and negative ways — over our present and future. Discussing issues in these terms allows therapists to discuss how mechanisms of this sort work in a holistic sense. ③ In addition, it relieves the pressure of delivering unrealistically rapid relief to patients. The Swiss psychologist Carl Jung is credited with a great many of the field’s most enduring concepts. ④ But for practicing therapists the most useful of these is his approach to diagnosis. Rather than classifying psychological phenomena as discrete disorders and shuttling patients into one-size-fits-all treatments, Jung’s concept of the “complex” allows clinicians to identify how their conflicting problems are intertwined. ⑤ For Jung, the complex is a mass of interrelated ideas that operate in the unconscious mind.

①
②
③
④
⑤

14. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?

This resulted in a change in power dynamics.

As popular culture has migrated from celebrity-centric to influencer-centric, money has moved along with it. This has led to the establishment of the creator economy. ① Powered by social media stars, this new ecosystem is in rapid growth; in 2021 alone, the creator economy collected more than 1.3 billion dollars in funding. But it wasn’t always such a profitable field, and “Internet celebrities” were once looked down upon by the old guards of traditional marketplaces. ② Not much of a surprise, considering they barely made anything and had yet to penetrate their way fully into the consciousness of the public. Then suddenly, Internet platforms began their meteoric rise and became the birthplace for social media giants who amassed huge followings. ③ Platforms now must be able to compensate their influencers who bring in millions of users. And even then, it may not be enough, as more and more creators are accumulating wealth on their own terms. ④ This has led to the establishment of the creator economy. As popular culture has migrated from celebrity-centric to influencer-centric, money has moved along with it. ⑤ Powered by social media stars, this new ecosystem is in rapid growth; in 2021 alone, the creator economy collected more than 1.3 billion dollars in funding.

①
②
③
④
⑤

15. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

Therefore, it is in the interest of our existence to temper our need for discovery with the wisdom of restraint.

If science and technology continue on the current trajectory, the end result can only be the extinction of homo sapiens as a species or at least civilization as we know it. At some point, Artificial Intelligence will be perfected, which will spawn even more intelligence, and so forth, making humanity irrelevant. ① Philosophy, in this regard, is our best weapon against the untamed dangers of scientific exploration. While often thought of as an opposing force, philosophy is actually closely associated with science and robust enough to ward off crises. ② Philosophy shares the ideals of logic and rigorous argumentation with science. However, unlike science, which only asks how, philosophy asks why. ③ This is a consideration lacking in science but sorely needed. ④ ⑤

①
②
③
④
⑤

16. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

Then, with your sense of hearing, you might imagine the roar of a cheering crowd or words of congratulations from your colleagues.

Mental rehearsal describes the technique of practicing an action in your mind before performing it in real life. It is common with athletes but is just as useful in a wide variety of other fields and endeavors. ① Its benefits are well-known and include increased confidence and concentration, reduced anxiety, and the ability to envision solutions to potential problems. To get the best results, it helps to engage as many of your senses as you can. ② You might visualize yourself crossing the finish line at a race or shaking a client’s hand over a successfully completed deal. Picturing positive outcomes such as these can help any concerns you might have about your preparedness melt away and give you a sense of control over an upcoming event. ③ Mental rehearsal describes the technique of practicing an action in your mind before performing it in real life. It is common with athletes but is just as useful in a wide variety of other fields and endeavors. ④ Its benefits are well-known and include increased confidence and concentration, reduced anxiety, and the ability to envision solutions to potential problems. To get the best results, it helps to engage as many of your senses as you can. ⑤ You might visualize yourself crossing the finish line at a race or shaking a client’s hand over a successfully completed deal.

①
②
③
④
⑤

17. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

This was a simple task, with the correct answer being obvious to participants 99% of the time in independent tests prior to the actual experiment.

In the 1950s, Solomon Asch demonstrated the power of peer pressure in an experiment in which participants took a visual perception test requiring them to identify a line that was closest in length to another. ① During the actual experiment, a single study participant was put in a room with several actors. The actors had been told beforehand to provide wrong answers to the questions, and it was found that the effect this had on the actual study participant was to go along with the rest of the group out of fear of being ridiculed. ② In fact, despite the correct answer being clear to them, many of the participants agreed with the majority and provided the incorrect answer in 12 critical trials of this experiment. ③ However, when two participants were included in the same study instead of just one, and both were aware of what the correct answer was, they almost never followed the majority. ④ Solomon Asch’s findings became a classic example of how strongly social pressure can shape human judgment even in situations where the truth seems obvious. ⑤ The experiment remains widely cited in discussions of conformity and group influence.

①
②
③
④
⑤