1. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Clear communications are valued in all areas of modern society, and this is particularly true in the workplace. Unfortunately, many bosses operate on what is called a “need-to-know basis,” providing staff with information only when absolutely necessary. Instead, they must be transparent with their workers, both in good times and bad. Why is this so important? It’s because many people want to feel a sense of ownership in the work they do and to believe that they can be a part of the solution if a crisis occurs. Leaders should, therefore, be upfront with their staff about any issues the company or team may be facing, essentially acknowledging that their employees are also their peers. This will help them win the trust and respect of their employees while increasing the level of staff involvement, which benefits the company as a whole.

① effects of crisis management on team performance
② need for openness between leaders and employees
③ limits of sharing only necessary workplace information
④ ways to increase ownership during company crises
⑤ influence of peer relations on workplace communication

2. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Brains are incredibly complex structures responsible for an abundance of crucial tasks. Yet, in spite of being such vital organs, they are not perfect; one could even say they have a mind of their own. When it comes to problem-solving, the human brain prefers taking shortcuts (also known as heuristics) to arrive at solutions. It will recall similar past circumstances or depend on prior knowledge in order to bypass critical thinking — it’s lazy that way. This can prevent a person from considering other options or contemplating an important matter long enough. Brains can also cause people to think they’ve had experiences they’ve never actually had before (false memories). If a person hears a story or watches a video, his or her brain can fool them into thinking that they went through what they heard or saw. With so much information to process, it shouldn’t be a surprise that our minds slip up sometimes.

① benefits of heuristics in everyday problem-solving
② need for training memory through repeated experience
③ ways to prevent false memories and careless thinking
④ limits of mental processing in human judgment
⑤ importance of prior knowledge in efficient decision-making

3. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Many people read translated versions of classics like the Odyssey. While translations may seem convenient, we can’t always be sure that we fully understand what the original writers were trying to say because not all translations are reliable. The thing is, translators must be equally proficient in both languages involved in a translation, and they must have a good understanding of the work itself. Exact translations can be impossible due to the use of figurative language, which can’t be translated literally. Furthermore, the words writers use in their work are often chosen very carefully. For instance, poets may select words that rhyme, which may not be possible to duplicate in another language. The original meaning can therefore be lost. The director of the British Centre for Literary Translation commented on the issue, insisting, “There’s not a single word in any of the languages I translate that can map perfectly onto a word in English. So it’s always interpretative, approximate, creative.”

① benefits of figurative language in literary translation
② difficulties in preserving meaning through translation
③ need for rhyme patterns in translated poetry
④ ways to improve translators' skills in two languages
⑤ influence of English words on foreign literary works

4. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

After the devastating flood of 1927, Congress approved the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project, which resulted in the construction of 20,000 miles of levees and floodways. This disrupted the delicate balance of the Mississippi’s watercourses, and the surrounding wetlands began to subside. So far, 1,800 square miles of Louisiana wetlands have disappeared. This disaster has taken a heavy toll. The vanishing swamps not only play a vital role in storm surge reduction and nutrient filtration but also are a critical ecosystem. In fact, almost half of the threatened and endangered species in America depend on wetlands. One potential answer is Louisiana’s Coastal Master Plan. It aims to recreate the natural processes that built the state’s delta, which would protect existing wetlands and restore areas that have been lost. There is an easy way the public can assist, too: eating oysters. Oyster shells can be used to rebuild the reefs. Nearly 5,000 tons of shells have been used for this already, thanks to recycling programs at Louisiana restaurants.

① benefits of oyster recycling for restaurant profits
② causes of severe flooding in the Mississippi basin
③ limits of levees in protecting coastal communities
④ need for restoring natural systems behind wetland recovery
⑤ growth of endangered species in Louisiana wetlands

5. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Inflation tends to have a negative connotation because it is commonly associated with reduced purchasing power and monetary savings. Some economists, however, insist that a healthy amount of inflation might actually work in the public’s favor. Most notably, distinguished economist John Maynard Keynes asserted that moderate inflation is critical to counteract the paradox of thrift, which states that savings can actually be damaging to economic growth. If people are not spending their money, the economy suffers because there is less overall demand. Inflation can also give a financial boost to those in debt, such as mortgage borrowers and people with student loans. The value of loans decreases with inflation and this in turn encourages spending. Inflation targeting — or making adjustments to stick to an inflation rate that is chosen — is used by central banks all over the world with the goal of stimulating the economy and maintaining maximum employment. If people know that prices will rise in the future, it motivates them to buy goods and services now.

① negative effects of inflation on personal savings
② reasons for central banks to limit consumer borrowing
③ ways to protect mortgage borrowers from rising prices
④ the economic value of moderate inflation in boosting demand
⑤ dangers of reduced loan values for long-term growth

6. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

When looking at the simplicity of human cells, the smallest building blocks of organic life, imagining that viruses — even less complex entities — could overtake them is difficult. Yet they can, and they do. The simplest viruses have only two parts: DNA or RNA that is a blueprint for making more viruses and a protein shell for protection. However, though they contain the instructions for reproduction, they lack the proper chemical substances — enzymes — to be able to do so on their own. They need a host to be able to do anything at all. They first infiltrate a cell, and then, once inside, add their genetic blueprint. The cell does not realize the difference and unknowingly begins to produce more of the virus instead of replicating itself. Each new virus can then infect another cell, repeating the infection cycle.

① viral DNA and RNA as protective structures
② the effects of enzymes on cell protection
③ reasons for the repeated spread of cell infections
④ ways to block viruses from entering host cells
⑤ differences between human cells and protein shells

7. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Populism refers to a political approach that views the world as divided, with corrupt government elites on one end controlling everything and good, ordinary people whose expectations are not being met on the other. While it is true that mainstream governments sometimes fail to meet the public’s expectations, turning to populism as an alternative can be destructive to social order. When a populist leader rises to power, they often suggest that problems have become urgent and that maintaining the status quo will only make matters worse for the people. This creates a sense of panic and causes the people to offer their support for the leader, even when leader’s solutions for so-called problems like immigration or free trade are not actually in the best interest of all the people. That is because “the people” frequently excludes minorities and other marginalized members of the population, which means that populism can turn members of the same society against one another, promote intolerance, and generally create additional problems.

① benefits of urgent action against immigration and free trade
② limits of mainstream governments in meeting public expectations
③ dangers of crisis-driven politics that divide communities
④ ways to restore trust between political elites and citizens
⑤ roles of populist leaders in protecting marginalized groups

8. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Humans are able to envision the future, and interestingly enough, it seems as though some animals can too. In one study, a species of weasel was observed eating ripe bananas immediately but then storing other unripe ones in trees, allowing them to mature. They would then come back to eat the fruit they had saved at a later time. This shows that the weasels were aware to some degree that in the near future, those bananas would become ripe enough to eat. That is, they were able to deduce a(n) probable outcome and act accordingly. This ability to prepare for the future has been seen in a variety of animal species. It proves that they are not only capable of mental time travel but that they also possess enough reasoning and logic to know the best course of action to take for their own survival.

① storing fruit as a common feeding habit of weasels
② limits of animal logic in predicting food conditions
③ effects of ripe bananas on animal survival strategies
④ how animals use foresight and reasoning for survival
⑤ reasons some animals prefer unripe fruit to ripe fruit

9. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

One of the most remarkable aspects of the human body is its ability to regulate itself and maintain optimal functioning. It uses a variety of natural processes to achieve this, including the self-digestion system of autophagy. This mechanism is the body’s way of regenerating new and healthy cells through the removal of damaged cell components. When a person’s cells are stressed, autophagy is increased in order to ensure the normal operation of the body and keep it in homeostasis. It efficiently targets dysfunctional cells and ensures their elimination, often through the degradation of damaged and toxic proteins. The parts of the cell that are reused are the cytoplasm — fluid inside the cell — and organelles, which are structures with particular functions. These are broken down into amino acids, which the body utilizes for energy and cellular repair. In this way, autophagy helps prevent numerous health conditions such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s and can even help fight against infectious diseases.

① harmful effects of cellular stress on protein breakdown
② roles of internal recycling in bodily balance and defense
③ reasons for toxic proteins causing infectious diseases
④ limits of amino acids in repairing damaged cell parts
⑤ ways to increase cytoplasm and organelles in cells

10. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Common-pool resources are goods that are available to a large majority of the public even though they have a limited stock that is vulnerable to abuse. For example, although there are plentiful forests, if every person were to collect as much wood as possible from these forests, their decline would be inevitable. A good such as this can be exploited over time, leading to an unreliable supply as individuals consume the resource to the detriment of others. A shortage impacts not only other members of a society or community but the very ones who seek out the supply and are able to consume it, too. This is what’s known as the “tragedy of the commons.” Preventing the overconsumption or depletion of such goods is accomplished through a number of actions, including government regulation and making the once common-pool resource into a private good. Collective action is also an effective method of controlling the consumption of the resource because individuals work together to preserve it.

① benefits of public access to forest resources
② dangers of shared goods without consumption limits
③ reasons for turning forests into private property
④ effects of government policy on wood production
⑤ ways to increase the supply of common resources

11. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Greed is a biologically based behavior intrinsic to human nature. Urges are fundamental to the survival of all living creatures, and yet humans not only experience desire from a biological standpoint, but from a social one as well. This differentiates the impulses humans have from those felt by animals, such as the drive to reproduce. People desire more than to merely stay alive; they also want material possessions and wealth. But in the modern world, greed is somewhat of a paradox, since individual behavior that resembles greed is natural and encouraged — people are advised to seek wealth and prosperity to the best of their abilities — while greed itself is condemned by society. This is because while greed actually benefits the individual, it can come at a cost for civilization when unrestricted. Sociologists assert that society aims to find an equilibrium of motivating individuals with greed while still limiting unrestrained greed by labeling it as a vice.

① the biological roots of reproductive desire in animals
② the need to balance self-interest and social order
③ the benefits of condemning all forms of wealth seeking
④ the differences between survival urges and material success
⑤ the ways to prevent people from pursuing prosperity

12. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Cloud computing has already transformed how many businesses operate around the world, and it will also soon shape people’s lifestyles. One of the most significant changes has been increased flexibility in the workplace. Now that companies have the power to store, process, and manage all of their files on the cloud, employees are able to access data remotely as long as they can connect to the Internet. They no longer have to physically visit an office in order to obtain certain information and can virtually collaborate with others rather than setting aside time to meet. Cloud storage also means that people will not need to rely on as many devices to use or share content. A person can simply save their files on the cloud, generate links, and invite others to view them rather than having to go through the process of using a USB drive.

① effects of cloud systems on work flexibility
② difficulties in protecting files stored on the cloud
③ reasons for reducing meetings in modern offices
④ limits of internet access in remote collaboration
⑤ changes in personal device design through cloud storage

13. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Swiss psychologist Carl Jung is credited with a great many of the field’s most enduring concepts. But for practicing therapists the most useful of these is his approach to diagnosis. Rather than classifying psychological phenomena as discrete disorders and shuttling patients into one-size-fits-all treatments, Jung’s concept of the “complex” allows clinicians to identify how their conflicting problems are intertwined. This approach has been invaluable in understanding the behavior of certain patients who act according to a complex. For Jung, the complex is a mass of interrelated ideas that operate in the unconscious mind. This “hidden mass of memories” is formed in our childhood and wields a powerful influence — in both positive and negative ways — over our present and future. Discussing issues in these terms allows therapists to discuss how mechanisms of this sort work in a holistic sense. In addition, it relieves the pressure of delivering unrealistically rapid relief to patients.

① limits of classifying childhood memories as separate disorders
② benefits of viewing mental troubles as connected patterns
③ dangers of delaying rapid relief in clinical treatment
④ reasons for patients’ hidden memories in early childhood
⑤ effects of one-size-fits-all treatments on future behavior

14. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

As popular culture has migrated from celebrity-centric to influencer-centric, money has moved along with it. This has led to the establishment of the creator economy. Powered by social media stars, this new ecosystem is in rapid growth; in 2021 alone, the creator economy collected more than 1.3 billion dollars in funding. But it wasn’t always such a profitable field, and “Internet celebrities” were once looked down upon by the old guards of traditional marketplaces. Not much of a surprise, considering they barely made anything and had yet to penetrate their way fully into the consciousness of the public. Then suddenly, Internet platforms began their meteoric rise and became the birthplace for social media giants who amassed huge followings. This resulted in a change in power dynamics. Platforms now must be able to compensate their influencers who bring in millions of users. And even then, it may not be enough, as more and more creators are accumulating wealth on their own terms.

① reasons for public distrust of internet celebrities
② changes in economic power within digital culture
③ limits of platform funding for social media stars
④ ways influencers attract millions of online users
⑤ differences between celebrities and internet creators

15. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

If science and technology continue on the current trajectory, the end result can only be the extinction of homo sapiens as a species or at least civilization as we know it. At some point, Artificial Intelligence will be perfected, which will spawn even more intelligence, and so forth, making humanity irrelevant. Therefore, it is in the interest of our existence to temper our need for discovery with the wisdom of restraint. Philosophy, in this regard, is our best weapon against the untamed dangers of scientific exploration. While often thought of as an opposing force, philosophy is actually closely associated with science and robust enough to ward off crises. Philosophy shares the ideals of logic and rigorous argumentation with science. However, unlike science, which only asks how, philosophy asks why. This is a consideration lacking in science but sorely needed.

① the benefits of artificial intelligence for human progress
② the need for philosophical restraint in scientific advancement
③ the differences between logic in science and philosophy
④ ways to perfect artificial intelligence without social crises
⑤ the causes of human extinction through scientific discovery

16. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Mental rehearsal describes the technique of practicing an action in your mind before performing it in real life. It is common with athletes but is just as useful in a wide variety of other fields and endeavors. Its benefits are well-known and include increased confidence and concentration, reduced anxiety, and the ability to envision solutions to potential problems. To get the best results, it helps to engage as many of your senses as you can. You might visualize yourself crossing the finish line at a race or shaking a client’s hand over a successfully completed deal. Then, with your sense of hearing, you might imagine the roar of a cheering crowd or words of congratulations from your colleagues. Picturing positive outcomes such as these can help any concerns you might have about your preparedness melt away and give you a sense of control over an upcoming event.

① ways to engage multiple senses during practice
② risks of depending too much on imagined success
③ effects of mental rehearsal on performance readiness
④ reasons athletes use visual images before competition
⑤ importance of solving problems in advance of failure

17. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

In the 1950s, Solomon Asch demonstrated the power of peer pressure in an experiment in which participants took a visual perception test requiring them to identify a line that was closest in length to another. This was a simple task, with the correct answer being obvious to participants 99% of the time in independent tests prior to the actual experiment. During the actual experiment, a single study participant was put in a room with several actors. The actors had been told beforehand to provide wrong answers to the questions, and it was found that the effect this had on the actual study participant was to go along with the rest of the group out of fear of being ridiculed. In fact, despite the correct answer being clear to them, many of the participants agreed with the majority and provided the incorrect answer in 12 critical trials of this experiment. However, when two participants were included in the same study instead of just one, and both were aware of what the correct answer was, they almost never followed the majority.

① reasons for errors in visual perception tests
② benefits of group agreement in simple judgments
③ effects of majority pressure on individual judgment
④ ways to prevent ridicule in psychology experiments
⑤ differences between actors and participants in research

1. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Clear communications are valued in all areas of modern society, and this is particularly true in the workplace. Unfortunately, many bosses operate on what is called a “need-to-know basis,” providing staff with information only when absolutely necessary. Instead, they must be transparent with their workers, both in good times and bad. Why is this so important? It’s because many people want to feel a sense of ownership in the work they do and to believe that they can be a part of the solution if a crisis occurs. Leaders should, therefore, be upfront with their staff about any issues the company or team may be facing, essentially acknowledging that their employees are also their peers. This will help them win the trust and respect of their employees while increasing the level of staff involvement, which benefits the company as a whole.

요약문:

A workplace becomes stronger when leaders treat information not as something to be ___(A)___ from subordinates, but as a basis for shared responsibility that makes employees feel ___(B)___ in the organization’s fate.

① withheld …… invested
② withheld …… detached
③ circulated …… invested
④ circulated …… passive
⑤ concealed …… detached

2. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Brains are incredibly complex structures responsible for an abundance of crucial tasks. Yet, in spite of being such vital organs, they are not perfect; one could even say they have a mind of their own. When it comes to problem-solving, the human brain prefers taking shortcuts (also known as heuristics) to arrive at solutions. It will recall similar past circumstances or depend on prior knowledge in order to bypass critical thinking — it’s lazy that way. This can prevent a person from considering other options or contemplating an important matter long enough. Brains can also cause people to think they’ve had experiences they’ve never actually had before (false memories). If a person hears a story or watches a video, his or her brain can fool them into thinking that they went through what they heard or saw. With so much information to process, it shouldn’t be a surprise that our minds slip up sometimes.

요약문:
The brain, though essential for navigating life, often sacrifices ___(A)___ for speed and may even manufacture a sense of ___(B)___ out of secondhand information.

① precision …… ownership
② precision …… caution
③ stability …… ownership
④ stability …… caution
⑤ restraint …… novelty

3. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Many people read translated versions of classics like the Odyssey. While translations may seem convenient, we can’t always be sure that we fully understand what the original writers were trying to say because not all translations are reliable. The thing is, translators must be equally proficient in both languages involved in a translation, and they must have a good understanding of the work itself. Exact translations can be impossible due to the use of figurative language, which can’t be translated literally. Furthermore, the words writers use in their work are often chosen very carefully. For instance, poets may select words that rhyme, which may not be possible to duplicate in another language. The original meaning can therefore be lost. The director of the British Centre for Literary Translation commented on the issue, insisting, “There’s not a single word in any of the languages I translate that can map perfectly onto a word in English. So it’s always interpretative, approximate, creative.”

요약문:
Reading a translated classic can give us access to a text, but because meaning is filtered through a translator’s skill and unavoidable artistic ___(A)___, what reaches the reader is often a(n) ___(B)___ version of the original rather than its exact verbal design.

　　　(A)　　　　　(B)
① mediation …… refracted
② mediation …… exhaustive
③ precision …… refracted
④ precision …… exhaustive
⑤ preservation …… transparent

4. 아래 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

After the devastating flood of 1927, Congress approved the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project, which resulted in the construction of 20,000 miles of levees and floodways. This disrupted the delicate balance of the Mississippi’s watercourses, and the surrounding wetlands began to subside. So far, 1,800 square miles of Louisiana wetlands have disappeared. This disaster has taken a heavy toll. The vanishing swamps not only play a vital role in storm surge reduction and nutrient filtration but also are a critical ecosystem. In fact, almost half of the threatened and endangered species in America depend on wetlands. One potential answer is Louisiana’s Coastal Master Plan. It aims to recreate the natural processes that built the state’s delta, which would protect existing wetlands and restore areas that have been lost. There is an easy way the public can assist, too: eating oysters. Oyster shells can be used to rebuild the reefs. Nearly 5,000 tons of shells have been used for this already, thanks to recycling programs at Louisiana restaurants.

요약문:
The passage suggests that when human attempts to impose ___(A)___ on a living landscape interrupt its self-sustaining rhythms, recovery depends on restoring the system’s ___(B)___ rather than merely defending its surface.

① control …… resilience
② control …… visibility
③ isolation …… resilience
④ isolation …… profitability
⑤ expansion …… visibility

5. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Inflation tends to have a negative connotation because it is commonly associated with reduced purchasing power and monetary savings. Some economists, however, insist that a healthy amount of inflation might actually work in the public’s favor. Most notably, distinguished economist John Maynard Keynes asserted that moderate inflation is critical to counteract the paradox of thrift, which states that savings can actually be damaging to economic growth. If people are not spending their money, the economy suffers because there is less overall demand. Inflation can also give a financial boost to those in debt, such as mortgage borrowers and people with student loans. The value of loans decreases with inflation and this in turn encourages spending. Inflation targeting — or making adjustments to stick to an inflation rate that is chosen — is used by central banks all over the world with the goal of stimulating the economy and maintaining maximum employment. If people know that prices will rise in the future, it motivates them to buy goods and services now.

요약문:
What is often treated as a threat to personal wealth can, when kept within bounds, serve as a form of economic ___(A)___ by weakening the appeal of ___(B)___ and drawing consumption into the present.

① catalyst …… hesitation
② catalyst …… austerity
③ restraint …… hesitation
④ restraint …… austerity
⑤ burden …… stability

6. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

When looking at the simplicity of human cells, the smallest building blocks of organic life, imagining that viruses — even less complex entities — could overtake them is difficult. Yet they can, and they do. The simplest viruses have only two parts: DNA or RNA that is a blueprint for making more viruses and a protein shell for protection. However, though they contain the instructions for reproduction, they lack the proper chemical substances — enzymes — to be able to do so on their own. They need a host to be able to do anything at all. They first infiltrate a cell, and then, once inside, add their genetic blueprint. The cell does not realize the difference and unknowingly begins to produce more of the virus instead of replicating itself. Each new virus can then infect another cell, repeating the infection cycle.

요약문:
Viruses prevail not through biological ___(A)___ but by turning a host cell into an ___(B)___ producer of viral copies.

① superiority …… autonomous
② superiority …… unwitting
③ self-sufficiency …… autonomous
④ self-sufficiency …… unwitting
⑤ complexity …… deliberate

7. 아래 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Populism refers to a political approach that views the world as divided, with corrupt government elites on one end controlling everything and good, ordinary people whose expectations are not being met on the other. While it is true that mainstream governments sometimes fail to meet the public’s expectations, turning to populism as an alternative can be destructive to social order. When a populist leader rises to power, they often suggest that problems have become urgent and that maintaining the status quo will only make matters worse for the people. This creates a sense of panic and causes the people to offer their support for the leader, even when leader’s solutions for so-called problems like immigration or free trade are not actually in the best interest of all the people. That is because “the people” frequently excludes minorities and other marginalized members of the population, which means that populism can turn members of the same society against one another, promote intolerance, and generally create additional problems.

요약문:

By recasting political frustration as an immediate crisis with a single righteous camp, populism converts disappointment into ___(A)___ and ultimately weakens civic ___(B)___ by defining some members of society as outside the people.

① mobilization …… cohesion
② mobilization …… neutrality
③ resignation …… cohesion
④ resignation …… neutrality
⑤ deliberation …… flexibility

8. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Humans are able to envision the future, and interestingly enough, it seems as though some animals can too. In one study, a species of weasel was observed eating ripe bananas immediately but then storing other unripe ones in trees, allowing them to mature. They would then come back to eat the fruit they had saved at a later time. This shows that the weasels were aware to some degree that in the near future, those bananas would become ripe enough to eat. That is, they were able to deduce a(n) probable outcome and act accordingly. This ability to prepare for the future has been seen in a variety of animal species. It proves that they are not only capable of mental time travel but that they also possess enough reasoning and logic to know the best course of action to take for their own survival.

요약문:

Rather than being trapped in the present, some animals show ___(A)___ by acting on what has not happened yet, which implies a level of cognition that is far from purely ___(B)___.

① foresight …… instinctive
② foresight …… temporary
③ imitation …… instinctive
④ imitation …… passive
⑤ caution …… temporary

9. 아래 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

One of the most remarkable aspects of the human body is its ability to regulate itself and maintain optimal functioning. It uses a variety of natural processes to achieve this, including the self-digestion system of autophagy. This mechanism is the body’s way of regenerating new and healthy cells through the removal of damaged cell components. When a person’s cells are stressed, autophagy is increased in order to ensure the normal operation of the body and keep it in homeostasis. It efficiently targets dysfunctional cells and ensures their elimination, often through the degradation of damaged and toxic proteins. The parts of the cell that are reused are the cytoplasm — fluid inside the cell — and organelles, which are structures with particular functions. These are broken down into amino acids, which the body utilizes for energy and cellular repair. In this way, autophagy helps prevent numerous health conditions such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s and can even help fight against infectious diseases.

요약문:

Rather than merely destroying worn-out cellular material, autophagy acts as an internal ___(A)___ strategy through which the body converts biological breakdown into ___(B)___, thereby preserving systemic balance and lowering disease risk.

① recycling …… resilience
② recycling …… confusion
③ disposal …… resilience
④ disposal …… stagnation
⑤ isolation …… confusion

10. 아래 글을 읽고, 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Common-pool resources are goods that are available to a large majority of the public even though they have a limited stock that is vulnerable to abuse. For example, although there are plentiful forests, if every person were to collect as much wood as possible from these forests, their decline would be inevitable. A good such as this can be exploited over time, leading to an unreliable supply as individuals consume the resource to the detriment of others. A shortage impacts not only other members of a society or community but the very ones who seek out the supply and are able to consume it, too. This is what’s known as the “tragedy of the commons.” Preventing the overconsumption or depletion of such goods is accomplished through a number of actions, including government regulation and making the once common-pool resource into a private good. Collective action is also an effective method of controlling the consumption of the resource because individuals work together to preserve it.

요약문:

A resource open to all can, in the absence of coordination, become a system of ___(A)___ in which short-term self-interest erodes long-term ___(B)___.

① rivalry …… resilience
② rivalry …… obedience
③ stewardship …… resilience
④ stewardship …… obedience
⑤ abundance …… efficiency

11. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Greed is a biologically based behavior intrinsic to human nature. Urges are fundamental to the survival of all living creatures, and yet humans not only experience desire from a biological standpoint, but from a social one as well. This differentiates the impulses humans have from those felt by animals, such as the drive to reproduce. People desire more than to merely stay alive; they also want material possessions and wealth. But in the modern world, greed is somewhat of a paradox, since individual behavior that resembles greed is natural and encouraged — people are advised to seek wealth and prosperity to the best of their abilities — while greed itself is condemned by society. This is because while greed actually benefits the individual, it can come at a cost for civilization when unrestricted. Sociologists assert that society aims to find an equilibrium of motivating individuals with greed while still limiting unrestrained greed by labeling it as a vice.

요약문:

Society treats acquisitive desire as a force to be selectively harnessed: it is useful as a private ___(A)___, but once left without moral brakes, it becomes a public ___(B)___.

① engine …… liability
② engine …… ritual
③ instinct …… liability
④ instinct …… ritual
⑤ ornament …… illusion

12. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Cloud computing has already transformed how many businesses operate around the world, and it will also soon shape people’s lifestyles. One of the most significant changes has been increased flexibility in the workplace. Now that companies have the power to store, process, and manage all of their files on the cloud, employees are able to access data remotely as long as they can connect to the Internet. They no longer have to physically visit an office in order to obtain certain information and can virtually collaborate with others rather than setting aside time to meet. Cloud storage also means that people will not need to rely on as many devices to use or share content. A person can simply save their files on the cloud, generate links, and invite others to view them rather than having to go through the process of using a USB drive.

요약문:
By relocating information from fixed places and objects to a networked environment, cloud computing expands human ___(A)___ while making many physical tools and in-person routines increasingly ___(B)___.

① mobility …… obsolete
② mobility …… transparent
③ stability …… obsolete
④ stability …… transparent
⑤ isolation …… burdensome

13. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

The Swiss psychologist Carl Jung is credited with a great many of the field’s most enduring concepts. But for practicing therapists the most useful of these is his approach to diagnosis. Rather than classifying psychological phenomena as discrete disorders and shuttling patients into one-size-fits-all treatments, Jung’s concept of the “complex” allows clinicians to identify how their conflicting problems are intertwined. This approach has been invaluable in understanding the behavior of certain patients who act according to a complex. For Jung, the complex is a mass of interrelated ideas that operate in the unconscious mind. This “hidden mass of memories” is formed in our childhood and wields a powerful influence — in both positive and negative ways — over our present and future. Discussing issues in these terms allows therapists to discuss how mechanisms of this sort work in a holistic sense. In addition, it relieves the pressure of delivering unrealistically rapid relief to patients.

요약문:
Jung’s idea of the complex shifts therapy away from forcing people into fixed labels and toward tracing the ___(A)___ beneath their symptoms, making treatment more ___(B)___ and less driven by demands for immediate results.

① architecture …… integrative
② architecture …… standardized
③ urgency …… integrative
④ urgency …… standardized
⑤ isolation …… mechanical

14. 아래 글의 요약문에서 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것은?

As popular culture has migrated from celebrity-centric to influencer-centric, money has moved along with it. This has led to the establishment of the creator economy. Powered by social media stars, this new ecosystem is in rapid growth; in 2021 alone, the creator economy collected more than 1.3 billion dollars in funding. But it wasn’t always such a profitable field, and “Internet celebrities” were once looked down upon by the old guards of traditional marketplaces. Not much of a surprise, considering they barely made anything and had yet to penetrate their way fully into the consciousness of the public. Then suddenly, Internet platforms began their meteoric rise and became the birthplace for social media giants who amassed huge followings. This resulted in a change in power dynamics. Platforms now must be able to compensate their influencers who bring in millions of users. And even then, it may not be enough, as more and more creators are accumulating wealth on their own terms.

요약문:
What began as a culturally marginal activity has been ___(A)___ into an economic force, to the point that the very systems once indifferent to online personalities now face growing ___(B)___ on them.

① converted …… reliance
② converted …… immunity
③ dismissed …… reliance
④ dismissed …… immunity
⑤ insulated …… resistance

15. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

If science and technology continue on the current trajectory, the end result can only be the extinction of homo sapiens as a species or at least civilization as we know it. At some point, Artificial Intelligence will be perfected, which will spawn even more intelligence, and so forth, making humanity irrelevant. Therefore, it is in the interest of our existence to temper our need for discovery with the wisdom of restraint. Philosophy, in this regard, is our best weapon against the untamed dangers of scientific exploration. While often thought of as an opposing force, philosophy is actually closely associated with science and robust enough to ward off crises. Philosophy shares the ideals of logic and rigorous argumentation with science. However, unlike science, which only asks how, philosophy asks why. This is a consideration lacking in science but sorely needed.

요약문:

What imperils humanity is not knowledge itself but its unchecked acceleration; only a ___(A)___ mode of thought that interrogates purpose, not merely process, can keep progress from turning ___(B)___.

① reflective …… catastrophic
② reflective …… mechanical
③ expansionist …… catastrophic
④ expansionist …… self-correcting
⑤ procedural …… mechanical

16. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Mental rehearsal describes the technique of practicing an action in your mind before performing it in real life. It is common with athletes but is just as useful in a wide variety of other fields and endeavors. Its benefits are well-known and include increased confidence and concentration, reduced anxiety, and the ability to envision solutions to potential problems. To get the best results, it helps to engage as many of your senses as you can. You might visualize yourself crossing the finish line at a race or shaking a client’s hand over a successfully completed deal. Then, with your sense of hearing, you might imagine the roar of a cheering crowd or words of congratulations from your colleagues. Picturing positive outcomes such as these can help any concerns you might have about your preparedness melt away and give you a sense of control over an upcoming event.

요약문:

By internally staging success as a richly sensory experience, people can turn uncertainty about future performance into ___(A)___ and approach upcoming challenges with greater ___(B)___.

① assurance …… command
② assurance …… hesitation
③ withdrawal …… command
④ withdrawal …… hesitation
⑤ imitation …… passivity

17. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

In the 1950s, Solomon Asch demonstrated the power of peer pressure in an experiment in which participants took a visual perception test requiring them to identify a line that was closest in length to another. This was a simple task, with the correct answer being obvious to participants 99% of the time in independent tests prior to the actual experiment. During the actual experiment, a single study participant was put in a room with several actors. The actors had been told beforehand to provide wrong answers to the questions, and it was found that the effect this had on the actual study participant was to go along with the rest of the group out of fear of being ridiculed. In fact, despite the correct answer being clear to them, many of the participants agreed with the majority and provided the incorrect answer in 12 critical trials of this experiment. However, when two participants were included in the same study instead of just one, and both were aware of what the correct answer was, they almost never followed the majority.

요약문:

Even unmistakable personal judgment can collapse into ___(A)___ when a lone individual faces a unanimous crowd, but that pressure is sharply weakened once social ___(B)___ appears.

① compliance …… reinforcement
② compliance …… isolation
③ hesitation …… reinforcement
④ hesitation …… isolation
⑤ resistance …… ambiguity

1. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Clear communications are valued in all areas of modern society, and this is particularly true in the workplace. Unfortunately, many bosses operate on what is called a need-to-know basis, providing staff with information only when absolutely necessary. Instead, they must be transparent with their workers, both in good times and bad. Why is this so important? It’s because many people want to feel a sense of ownership in the work they do and to believe that they can be a part of the solution if a crisis occurs. Leaders should, therefore, be upfront with their staff about any issues the company or team may be facing, essentially acknowledging that their employees are also their peers. This will help them win the trust and respect of their employees while increasing the level of staff involvement, which benefits the company as a whole.

① managers share facts only when workers cannot perform without them
② managers treat workers as equal partners in every decision the company makes
③ managers provide extra details so that staff can avoid all future crises
④ managers withhold bad news because open communication weakens trust at work
⑤ managers give all internal information to employees regardless of its relevance

2. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Brains are incredibly complex structures responsible for an abundance of crucial tasks. Yet, in spite of being such vital organs, they are not perfect; one could even say they have a mind of their own. When it comes to problem-solving, the human brain prefers taking shortcuts (also known as heuristics) to arrive at solutions. It will recall similar past circumstances or depend on prior knowledge in order to bypass critical thinking — it’s lazy that way. This can prevent a person from considering other options or contemplating an important matter long enough. Brains can also cause people to think they’ve had experiences they’ve never actually had before (false memories). If a person hears a story or watches a video, his or her brain can fool them into thinking that they went through what they heard or saw. With so much information to process, it shouldn’t be a surprise that our minds slip up sometimes.

① the brain can literally think and act as a separate living being
② the brain always leads people to make fully rational judgments
③ the brain sometimes operates in ways that distort accurate judgment
④ the brain stores every past experience in perfect detail and order
⑤ the brain proves that all human memories are completely unreliable

3. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Many people read translated versions of classics like the Odyssey. While translations may seem convenient, we can’t always be sure that we fully understand what the original writers were trying to say because not all translations are reliable. The thing is, translators must be equally proficient in both languages involved in a translation, and they must have a good understanding of the work itself. Exact translations can be impossible due to the use of figurative language, which can’t be translated literally. Furthermore, the words writers use in their work are often chosen very carefully. For instance, poets may select words that rhyme, which may not be possible to duplicate in another language. The original meaning can therefore be lost. The director of the British Centre for Literary Translation commented on the issue, insisting, “There’s not a single word in any of the languages I translate that can map perfectly onto a word in English. So it’s always interpretative, approximate, creative.”

① each foreign word physically matches one English word in form and sound
② translators can reproduce the writer’s meaning more exactly than readers expect
③ no word from one language can be transferred into English without some interpretation
④ English words usually carry richer meanings than words in other languages do
⑤ translation always fails because literary works should never be read in another language

4. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

After the devastating flood of 1927, Congress approved the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project, which resulted in the construction of 20,000 miles of levees and floodways. This disrupted the delicate balance of the Mississippi’s watercourses, and the surrounding wetlands began to subside. So far, 1,800 square miles of Louisiana wetlands have disappeared. This disaster has taken a heavy toll. The vanishing swamps not only play a vital role in storm surge reduction and nutrient filtration but also are a critical ecosystem. In fact, almost half of the threatened and endangered species in America depend on wetlands. One potential answer is Louisiana’s Coastal Master Plan. It aims to recreate the natural processes that built the state’s delta, which would protect existing wetlands and restore areas that have been lost. There is an easy way the public can assist, too: eating oysters. Oyster shells can be used to rebuild the reefs. Nearly 5,000 tons of shells have been used for this already, thanks to recycling programs at Louisiana restaurants.

① the damage mainly increased the cost of building more levees and floodways
② the situation caused serious losses to wetland functions and dependent species
③ the flood itself forced residents to pay heavily for local restaurant recycling programs
④ the wetlands became less useful only because oysters were no longer eaten by the public
⑤ the case shows that all endangered species in America live in Louisiana wetlands

5. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Inflation tends to have a negative connotation because it is commonly associated with reduced purchasing power and monetary savings. Some economists, however, insist that a healthy amount of inflation might actually work in the public’s favor. Most notably, distinguished economist John Maynard Keynes asserted that moderate inflation is critical to counteract the paradox of thrift, which states that savings can actually be damaging to economic growth. If people are not spending their money, the economy suffers because there is less overall demand. Inflation can also give a financial boost to those in debt, such as mortgage borrowers and people with student loans. The value of loans decreases with inflation and this in turn encourages spending. Inflation targeting — or making adjustments to stick to an inflation rate that is chosen — is used by central banks all over the world with the goal of stimulating the economy and maintaining maximum employment. If people know that prices will rise in the future, it motivates them to buy goods and services now.

① people become wealthier when they save more money during inflation
② excessive saving by individuals can weaken the economy as a whole
③ thrift always protects markets from drops in consumer demand
④ central banks should eliminate all inflation to increase employment
⑤ borrowers suffer more because inflation raises the real value of loans

6. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

When looking at the simplicity of human cells, the smallest building blocks of organic life, imagining that viruses — even less complex entities — could overtake them is difficult. Yet they can, and they do. The simplest viruses have only two parts: DNA or RNA that is a blueprint for making more viruses and a protein shell for protection. However, though they contain the instructions for reproduction, they lack the proper chemical substances — enzymes — to be able to do so on their own. They need a host to be able to do anything at all. They first infiltrate a cell, and then, once inside, add their genetic blueprint. The cell does not realize the difference and unknowingly begins to produce more of the virus instead of replicating itself. Each new virus can then infect another cell, repeating the infection cycle.

① the cell deliberately stops all of its basic life processes to protect itself
② the cell is deceived into serving the virus rather than carrying out its own reproduction
③ the cell physically breaks apart before the virus can complete its cycle
④ the cell becomes able to create both itself and the virus at the same time
⑤ the cell shows that all living things depend entirely on simpler organisms

7. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Populism refers to a political approach that views the world as divided, with corrupt government elites on one end controlling everything and good, ordinary people whose expectations are not being met on the other. While it is true that mainstream governments sometimes fail to meet the public’s expectations, turning to populism as an alternative can be destructive to social order. When a populist leader rises to power, they often suggest that problems have become urgent and that maintaining the status quo will only make matters worse for the people. This creates a sense of panic and causes the people to offer their support for the leader, even when leader’s solutions for so-called problems like immigration or free trade are not actually in the best interest of all the people. That is because “the people” frequently excludes minorities and other marginalized members of the population, which means that populism can turn members of the same society against one another, promote intolerance, and generally create additional problems.

① it increases the public’s practical burden by adding more administrative work
② it leaves citizens exposed to growing harm under existing conditions
③ it makes all social groups share political power more equally
④ it forces leaders to delay action until problems disappear naturally
⑤ it proves that immigration and free trade always damage a nation

8. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Humans are able to envision the future, and interestingly enough, it seems as though some animals can too. In one study, a species of weasel was observed eating ripe bananas immediately but then storing other unripe ones in trees, allowing them to mature. They would then come back to eat the fruit they had saved at a later time. This shows that the weasels were aware to some degree that in the near future, those bananas would become ripe enough to eat. That is, they were able to deduce a probable outcome and act accordingly. This ability to prepare for the future has been seen in a variety of animal species. It proves that they are not only capable of mental time travel but that they also possess enough reasoning and logic to know the best course of action to take for their own survival.

① they physically followed the fruit as it moved through the trees
② they failed to judge later conditions and simply reacted at random
③ they inferred what was likely to happen and adjusted their behavior
④ they remembered where bananas were and preferred sweeter food later
⑤ they showed that all animals always make perfectly logical decisions

9. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

One of the most remarkable aspects of the human body is its ability to regulate itself and maintain optimal functioning. It uses a variety of natural processes to achieve this, including the self-digestion system of autophagy. This mechanism is the body’s way of regenerating new and healthy cells through the removal of damaged cell components. When a person’s cells are stressed, autophagy is increased in order to ensure the normal operation of the body and keep it in homeostasis. It efficiently targets dysfunctional cells and ensures their elimination, often through the degradation of damaged and toxic proteins. The parts of the cell that are reused are the cytoplasm — fluid inside the cell — and organelles, which are structures with particular functions. These are broken down into amino acids, which the body utilizes for energy and cellular repair. In this way, autophagy helps prevent numerous health conditions such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s and can even help fight against infectious diseases. In the passage, the self-digestion system of autophagy most nearly implies that autophagy

① physically destroys all cell material to empty the inside of the cell
② keeps the body stable by selectively removing and recycling damaged cell parts
③ increases stress in cells so that they can operate more actively than before
④ mainly produces energy by turning every organelle into amino acids at all times
⑤ serves as a universal cure that completely blocks disease in every case

10. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Common-pool resources are goods that are available to a large majority of the public even though they have a limited stock that is vulnerable to abuse. For example, although there are plentiful forests, if every person were to collect as much wood as possible from these forests, their decline would be inevitable. A good such as this can be exploited over time, leading to an unreliable supply as individuals consume the resource to the detriment of others. A shortage impacts not only other members of a society or community but the very ones who seek out the supply and are able to consume it, too. This is what’s known as the “tragedy of the commons”. Preventing the overconsumption or depletion of such goods is accomplished through a number of actions, including government regulation and making the once common-pool resource into a private good. Collective action is also an effective method of controlling the consumption of the resource because individuals work together to preserve it.

① common resources cause harm because people must use them in isolation
② shared resources are exhausted when individuals pursue their own immediate benefit
③ public goods remain stable as long as many people can freely reach them
④ governments should always convert every public resource into private property
⑤ the public suffers mainly because natural resources are distributed unfairly

11. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Greed is a biologically based behavior intrinsic to human nature. Urges are fundamental to the survival of all living creatures, and yet humans not only experience desire from a biological standpoint, but from a social one as well. This differentiates the impulses humans have from those felt by animals, such as the drive to reproduce. People desire more than to merely stay alive; they also want material possessions and wealth. But in the modern world, greed is somewhat of a paradox, since individual behavior that resembles greed is natural and encouraged — people are advised to seek wealth and prosperity to the best of their abilities — while greed itself is condemned by society. This is because while greed actually benefits the individual, it can come at a cost for civilization when unrestricted. Sociologists assert that society aims to find an equilibrium of motivating individuals with greed while still limiting unrestrained greed by labeling it as a vice.

① civilization must reward unlimited desire for private wealth
② society suffers damage when self-interest is left unchecked
③ greed reduces the biological need for human survival
④ individuals should ignore social pressure against greed
⑤ material prosperity always weakens social order in general

12. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Cloud computing has already transformed how many businesses operate around the world, and it will also soon shape people’s lifestyles. One of the most significant changes has been increased flexibility in the workplace. Now that companies have the power to store, process, and manage all of their files on the cloud, employees are able to access data remotely as long as they can connect to the Internet. They no longer have to physically visit an office in order to obtain certain information and can virtually collaborate with others rather than setting aside time to meet. Cloud storage also means that people will not need to rely on as many devices to use or share content. A person can simply save their files on the cloud, generate links, and invite others to view them rather than having to go through the process of using a USB drive.

① people must reserve extra hours for formal in-person meetings
② people can work together without arranging the same place and time
③ people should reduce online contact and return to office routines
④ people can store every kind of file only on company networks
⑤ people no longer need any physical device for any kind of task

13. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Swiss psychologist Carl Jung is credited with a great many of the field’s most enduring concepts. But for practicing therapists the most useful of these is his approach to diagnosis. Rather than classifying psychological phenomena as discrete disorders and shuttling patients into one-size-fits-all treatments, Jung’s concept of the “complex” allows clinicians to identify how their conflicting problems are intertwined. This approach has been invaluable in understanding the behavior of certain patients who act according to a complex. For Jung, the complex is a mass of interrelated ideas that operate in the unconscious mind. This “hidden mass of memories” is formed in our childhood and wields a powerful influence — in both positive and negative ways — over our present and future. Discussing issues in these terms allows therapists to discuss how mechanisms of this sort work in a holistic sense. In addition, it relieves the pressure of delivering unrealistically rapid relief to patients.

① it is a fixed category that separates one mental disorder from another
② it is a cluster of connected unconscious elements that jointly shape behavior
③ it is a childhood memory that therapists should treat as an isolated cause
④ it is a method that enables clinicians to provide immediate relief to patients
⑤ it is a general principle that all human problems can be solved in the same way

14. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

As popular culture has migrated from celebrity-centric to influencer-centric, money has moved along with it. This has led to the establishment of the creator economy. Powered by social media stars, this new ecosystem is in rapid growth; in 2021 alone, the creator economy collected more than 1.3 billion dollars in funding. But it wasn’t always such a profitable field, and “Internet celebrities” were once looked down upon by the old guards of traditional marketplaces. Not much of a surprise, considering they barely made anything and had yet to penetrate their way fully into the consciousness of the public. Then suddenly, Internet platforms began their meteoric rise and became the birthplace for social media giants who amassed huge followings. This resulted in a change in power dynamics. Platforms now must be able to compensate their influencers who bring in millions of users. And even then, it may not be enough, as more and more creators are accumulating wealth on their own terms.

① they physically forced themselves into public spaces and markets
② they had become widely recognized and accepted by ordinary people
③ they were prevented from earning money through online platforms
④ they needed traditional marketplaces to support their social status
⑤ they showed that all forms of fame eventually depend on the public

15. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

If science and technology continue on the current trajectory, the end result can only be the extinction of homo sapiens as a species or at least civilization as we know it. At some point, Artificial Intelligence will be perfected, which will spawn even more intelligence, and so forth, making humanity irrelevant. Therefore, it is in the interest of our existence to temper our need for discovery with the wisdom of restraint. Philosophy, in this regard, is our best weapon against the untamed dangers of scientific exploration. While often thought of as an opposing force, philosophy is actually closely associated with science and robust enough to ward off crises. Philosophy shares the ideals of logic and rigorous argumentation with science. However, unlike science, which only asks how, philosophy asks why. This is a consideration lacking in science but sorely needed.

① philosophy physically blocks destructive scientific tools
② philosophy helps control the risks caused by unchecked inquiry
③ philosophy proves that science and technology should always stop
④ philosophy creates more advanced methods for scientific discovery
⑤ philosophy guarantees that every crisis in civilization disappears

16. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Mental rehearsal describes the technique of practicing an action in your mind before performing it in real life. It is common with athletes but is just as useful in a wide variety of other fields and endeavors. Its benefits are well-known and include increased confidence and concentration, reduced anxiety, and the ability to envision solutions to potential problems. To get the best results, it helps to engage as many of your senses as you can. You might visualize yourself crossing the finish line at a race or shaking a client’s hand over a successfully completed deal. Then, with your sense of hearing, you might imagine the roar of a cheering crowd or words of congratulations from your colleagues. Picturing positive outcomes such as these can help any concerns you might have about your preparedness melt away and give you a sense of control over an upcoming event.

① your worries physically disappear as the event begins
② you become less uneasy and feel more capable of handling what is ahead
③ you depend on cheering and praise from others to stay prepared
④ you can solve every possible problem before it actually occurs
⑤ your senses matter only when you face athletic contests

17. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

In the 1950s, Solomon Asch demonstrated the power of peer pressure in an experiment in which participants took a visual perception test requiring them to identify a line that was closest in length to another. This was a simple task, with the correct answer being obvious to participants 99% of the time in independent tests prior to the actual experiment. During the actual experiment, a single study participant was put in a room with several actors. The actors had been told beforehand to provide wrong answers to the questions, and it was found that the effect this had on the actual study participant was to go along with the rest of the group out of fear of being ridiculed. In fact, despite the correct answer being clear to them, many of the participants agreed with the majority and provided the incorrect answer in 12 critical trials of this experiment. However, when two participants were included in the same study instead of just one, and both were aware of what the correct answer was, they almost never followed the majority.

① the participant physically moved together with the other people in the room
② the participant deliberately corrected the group to avoid public embarrassment
③ the participant accepted the group's wrong judgment rather than stand apart alone
④ the participant depended on the majority because the visual task was too difficult to solve independently
⑤ the participant always abandoned personal judgment whenever others expressed a different opinion

1. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Clear communications are valued in all areas of modern society, and this is particularly true in the workplace. Unfortunately, many bosses operate on what is called a “need-to-know basis,” providing staff with information only when absolutely necessary. Instead, they must be transparent with their workers, both in good times and bad. Why is this so important? It’s because many people want to feel a sense of ownership in the work they do and to believe that they can be a part of the solution if a crisis occurs. Leaders should, therefore, be upfront with their staff about any issues the company or team may be facing, essentially acknowledging that their employees are also their peers. This will help them win the trust and respect of their employees while increasing the level of staff involvement, which benefits the company as a whole.

① Need-to-Know Management in Times of Crisis
② Why Should Bosses Limit Information at Work?
③ Candor as the Basis of Shared Commitment
④ Trust and Respect: Rewards for Strict Control
⑤ How Can Workers Solve Every Company Problem?

[STEP 0: 지문 논지 분석 및 선지 설계]

- Topic (핵심 소재 및 함정용 키워드 추출): 인간의 뇌가 지닌 인지적 불완전성 / 함정 키워드: brain, shortcuts, heuristics, false memories
- Main Idea (필자의 주장/요지): 인간의 뇌는 매우 중요한 기능을 수행하지만, 효율성을 추구하는 과정에서 사고의 지름길을 택하고 기억까지 왜곡하는 등 본질적 한계를 드러낸다.
- Logical Structure (논리 전개 방식): 뇌의 중요성과 복잡성 제시 → 문제 해결에서의 지름길 사용 설명 → 그로 인한 판단 제한 제시 → 거짓 기억 사례 추가 → 정보 처리의 한계로 결론 정리
- 선지 배치 계획 (난이도 [상] 반영, 정답 위치 무작위 배정):
* ①번 선지: 부분요지 - 일반 형태 - problem-solving과 shortcuts를 전면에 내세워 일부 내용만 제목처럼 보이게 설계
* ②번 선지: 정답 - 콜론 형태 - brain 등의 표면 키워드를 배제하고, 전체를 추상화한 은유적 표현으로 총괄
* ③번 선지: 부분요지 - 의문문 형태 - false memories에 초점을 맞춰 후반부 예시를 전체 주제로 오인하게 유도
* ④번 선지: 역방향 - 일반 형태 - prior knowledge가 비판적 사고를 돕는다고 뒤집어 제시
* ⑤번 선지: 지문外 - 콜론 형태 - 정보 처리 부담을 줄이는 훈련법처럼 해결책 방향으로 이탈


2. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Brains are incredibly complex structures responsible for an abundance of crucial tasks. Yet, in spite of being such vital organs, they are not perfect; one could even say they have a mind of their own. When it comes to problem-solving, the human brain prefers taking shortcuts (also known as heuristics) to arrive at solutions. It will recall similar past circumstances or depend on prior knowledge in order to bypass critical thinking — it’s lazy that way. This can prevent a person from considering other options or contemplating an important matter long enough. Brains can also cause people to think they’ve had experiences they’ve never actually had before (false memories). If a person hears a story or watches a video, his or her brain can fool them into thinking that they went through what they heard or saw. With so much information to process, it shouldn’t be a surprise that our minds slip up sometimes.

① Why Brains Favor Shortcuts in Problem-Solving
② A Clever Servant: The Mind’s Fault Lines
③ Can False Memories Replace Real Experience?
④ Prior Knowledge Always Strengthens Critical Thinking
⑤ Heuristics: A Practical Guide to Better Thinking

3. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Many people read translated versions of classics like the Odyssey. While translations may seem convenient, we can’t always be sure that we fully understand what the original writers were trying to say because not all translations are reliable. The thing is, translators must be equally proficient in both languages involved in a translation, and they must have a good understanding of the work itself. Exact translations can be impossible due to the use of figurative language, which can’t be translated literally. Furthermore, the words writers use in their work are often chosen very carefully. For instance, poets may select words that rhyme, which may not be possible to duplicate in another language. The original meaning can therefore be lost. The director of the British Centre for Literary Translation commented on the issue, insisting, “There’s not a single word in any of the languages I translate that can map perfectly onto a word in English. So it’s always interpretative, approximate, creative.”

① Why Rhyme Often Disappears in Another Language
② Translation as an Exact Mirror of Original Meaning
③ Between Languages, Meaning Walks on Uneven Ground
④ The Best Methods for Reliable Literary Translation
⑤ How Figurative Language Improves Every Translation

4. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

After the devastating flood of 1927, Congress approved the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project, which resulted in the construction of 20,000 miles of levees and floodways. This disrupted the delicate balance of the Mississippi’s watercourses, and the surrounding wetlands began to subside. So far, 1,800 square miles of Louisiana wetlands have disappeared. This disaster has taken a heavy toll. The vanishing swamps not only play a vital role in storm surge reduction and nutrient filtration but also are a critical ecosystem. In fact, almost half of the threatened and endangered species in America depend on wetlands. One potential answer is Louisiana’s Coastal Master Plan. It aims to recreate the natural processes that built the state’s delta, which would protect existing wetlands and restore areas that have been lost. There is an easy way the public can assist, too: eating oysters. Oyster shells can be used to rebuild the reefs. Nearly 5,000 tons of shells have been used for this already, thanks to recycling programs at Louisiana restaurants.

① Saving Wetlands With Oyster Shell Recycling Alone
② Levees and Floodways: A Perfect Defense for Nature
③ Repairing a Broken Shield Along the Coast
④ Why Do Endangered Species Leave Wetlands Behind?
⑤ Louisiana Restaurants and the Growing Oyster Market

5. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Inflation tends to have a negative connotation because it is commonly associated with reduced purchasing power and monetary savings. Some economists, however, insist that a healthy amount of inflation might actually work in the public’s favor. Most notably, distinguished economist John Maynard Keynes asserted that moderate inflation is critical to counteract the paradox of thrift, which states that savings can actually be damaging to economic growth. If people are not spending their money, the economy suffers because there is less overall demand. Inflation can also give a financial boost to those in debt, such as mortgage borrowers and people with student loans. The value of loans decreases with inflation and this in turn encourages spending. Inflation targeting — or making adjustments to stick to an inflation rate that is chosen — is used by central banks all over the world with the goal of stimulating the economy and maintaining maximum employment. If people know that prices will rise in the future, it motivates them to buy goods and services now.

① Why Savings Still Drive Economic Growth Best
② Prices Rising, Demand Falling, Jobs Disappearing Fast
③ A Gentle Push That Keeps Markets in Motion
④ Inflation Targeting for Borrowers With Student Loans
⑤ Can Central Banks Fully Eliminate Inflation Risks

6. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

When looking at the simplicity of human cells, the smallest building blocks of organic life, imagining that viruses — even less complex entities — could overtake them is difficult. Yet they can, and they do. The simplest viruses have only two parts: DNA or RNA that is a blueprint for making more viruses and a protein shell for protection. However, though they contain the instructions for reproduction, they lack the proper chemical substances — enzymes — to be able to do so on their own. They need a host to be able to do anything at all. They first infiltrate a cell, and then, once inside, add their genetic blueprint. The cell does not realize the difference and unknowingly begins to produce more of the virus instead of replicating itself. Each new virus can then infect another cell, repeating the infection cycle.

① Virus Shells and the Role of Protection
② How Cells Defeat Simple Viral Attacks Alone
③ Borrowed Machinery Behind Silent Cellular Takeover
④ Why Enzymes Always Prevent Infection Cycles
⑤ Human Cells as the Smallest Units of Life

7. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Populism refers to a political approach that views the world as divided, with corrupt government elites on one end controlling everything and good, ordinary people whose expectations are not being met on the other. While it is true that mainstream governments sometimes fail to meet the public’s expectations, turning to populism as an alternative can be destructive to social order. When a populist leader rises to power, they often suggest that problems have become urgent and that maintaining the status quo will only make matters worse for the people. This creates a sense of panic and causes the people to offer their support for the leader, even when leader’s solutions for so-called problems like immigration or free trade are not actually in the best interest of all the people. That is because “the people” frequently excludes minorities and other marginalized members of the population, which means that populism can turn members of the same society against one another, promote intolerance, and generally create additional problems.

① Populism and the Panic Over Immigration
② When Political Rescue Becomes Civic Ruin
③ Can Free Trade Protect Ordinary People?
④ Populist Leaders as Voices of the People
⑤ Why Minorities Always Reject Social Unity

8. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Humans are able to envision the future, and interestingly enough, it seems as though some animals can too. In one study, a species of weasel was observed eating ripe bananas immediately but then storing other unripe ones in trees, allowing them to mature. They would then come back to eat the fruit they had saved at a later time. This shows that the weasels were aware to some degree that in the near future, those bananas would become ripe enough to eat. That is, they were able to deduce a(n) probable outcome and act accordingly. This ability to prepare for the future has been seen in a variety of animal species. It proves that they are not only capable of mental time travel but that they also possess enough reasoning and logic to know the best course of action to take for their own survival.

① Bananas and Trees: Clues to Weasel Feeding Habits
② How Animals Anticipate Tomorrow and Act With Reason
③ Do Animals Depend Only on Immediate Instincts?
④ Why Ripe Fruit Determines Survival in the Wild
⑤ Mental Time Travel: A Skill Unique to Humans

9. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

One of the most remarkable aspects of the human body is its ability to regulate itself and maintain optimal functioning. It uses a variety of natural processes to achieve this, including the self-digestion system of autophagy. This mechanism is the body’s way of regenerating new and healthy cells through the removal of damaged cell components. When a person’s cells are stressed, autophagy is increased in order to ensure the normal operation of the body and keep it in homeostasis. It efficiently targets dysfunctional cells and ensures their elimination, often through the degradation of damaged and toxic proteins. The parts of the cell that are reused are the cytoplasm — fluid inside the cell — and organelles, which are structures with particular functions. These are broken down into amino acids, which the body utilizes for energy and cellular repair. In this way, autophagy helps prevent numerous health conditions such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s and can even help fight against infectious diseases.

① Autophagy and the Removal of Toxic Proteins
② How Organelles Supply Energy for Cellular Repair
③ Clearing the Old to Sustain the Living Whole
④ Does Autophagy Cause Stress in Human Cells?
⑤ Homeostasis: A Cure for All Infectious Diseases

10. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Common-pool resources are goods that are available to a large majority of the public even though they have a limited stock that is vulnerable to abuse. For example, although there are plentiful forests, if every person were to collect as much wood as possible from these forests, their decline would be inevitable. A good such as this can be exploited over time, leading to an unreliable supply as individuals consume the resource to the detriment of others. A shortage impacts not only other members of a society or community but the very ones who seek out the supply and are able to consume it, too. This is what’s known as the “tragedy of the commons.” Preventing the overconsumption or depletion of such goods is accomplished through a number of actions, including government regulation and making the once common-pool resource into a private good. Collective action is also an effective method of controlling the consumption of the resource because individuals work together to preserve it.

① Forests and Wood: Why Abundance Soon Disappears
② When Shared Wealth Turns Into Shared Loss
③ Can Private Goods Always Replace Public Resources?
④ Government Regulation as the Only Way to Preserve Goods
⑤ The Unlimited Value of Common Resources for All

11. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Greed is a biologically based behavior intrinsic to human nature. Urges are fundamental to the survival of all living creatures, and yet humans not only experience desire from a biological standpoint, but from a social one as well. This differentiates the impulses humans have from those felt by animals, such as the drive to reproduce. People desire more than to merely stay alive; they also want material possessions and wealth. But in the modern world, greed is somewhat of a paradox, since individual behavior that resembles greed is natural and encouraged — people are advised to seek wealth and prosperity to the best of their abilities — while greed itself is condemned by society. This is because while greed actually benefits the individual, it can come at a cost for civilization when unrestricted. Sociologists assert that society aims to find an equilibrium of motivating individuals with greed while still limiting unrestrained greed by labeling it as a vice.

① Greed and Wealth: Keys to Human Prosperity
② Why Society Must Praise Unrestricted Greed
③ Between Instinct and Order: A Managed Human Drive
④ Human Desire for Material Possessions and Reproduction
⑤ Can Biological Urges Alone Sustain Civilization?

12. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Cloud computing has already transformed how many businesses operate around the world, and it will also soon shape people’s lifestyles. One of the most significant changes has been increased flexibility in the workplace. Now that companies have the power to store, process, and manage all of their files on the cloud, employees are able to access data remotely as long as they can connect to the Internet. They no longer have to physically visit an office in order to obtain certain information and can virtually collaborate with others rather than setting aside time to meet. Cloud storage also means that people will not need to rely on as many devices to use or share content. A person can simply save their files on the cloud, generate links, and invite others to view them rather than having to go through the process of using a USB drive.

① Cloud Storage and Remote Work in Modern Offices
② When Files Travel, Walls Matter Less
③ Why USB Drives Still Rule Content Sharing
④ Cloud Computing as the Cure for Device Failure
⑤ Businesses around the World Depend Only on the Internet

13. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Swiss psychologist Carl Jung is credited with a great many of the field’s most enduring concepts. But for practicing therapists the most useful of these is his approach to diagnosis. Rather than classifying psychological phenomena as discrete disorders and shuttling patients into one-size-fits-all treatments, Jung’s concept of the “complex” allows clinicians to identify how their conflicting problems are intertwined. This approach has been invaluable in understanding the behavior of certain patients who act according to a complex. For Jung, the complex is a mass of interrelated ideas that operate in the unconscious mind. This “hidden mass of memories” is formed in our childhood and wields a powerful influence — in both positive and negative ways — over our present and future. Discussing issues in these terms allows therapists to discuss how mechanisms of this sort work in a holistic sense. In addition, it relieves the pressure of delivering unrealistically rapid relief to patients.

① Childhood Memories and Their Lasting Effects on Patients
② Why Discrete Disorders Need Faster Clinical Treatment
③ Reading Inner Conflicts Through a Wider Lens
④ The Complex: A Cure for All Mental Disorders
⑤ Can Unconscious Ideas Fully Explain Human Behavior?

14. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

As popular culture has migrated from celebrity-centric to influencer-centric, money has moved along with it. This has led to the establishment of the creator economy. Powered by social media stars, this new ecosystem is in rapid growth; in 2021 alone, the creator economy collected more than 1.3 billion dollars in funding. But it wasn’t always such a profitable field, and “Internet celebrities” were once looked down upon by the old guards of traditional marketplaces. Not much of a surprise, considering they barely made anything and had yet to penetrate their way fully into the consciousness of the public. Then suddenly, Internet platforms began their meteoric rise and became the birthplace for social media giants who amassed huge followings. This resulted in a change in power dynamics. Platforms now must be able to compensate their influencers who bring in millions of users. And even then, it may not be enough, as more and more creators are accumulating wealth on their own terms.

① Social Media Giants and Their Billion-Dollar Funding
② From the Margins to the Center of Cultural Power
③ Why Traditional Marketplaces Still Rule Online Fame
④ Internet Celebrities: A Short-Lived Trend in Business
⑤ How Platforms Can Better Reward Influencers Today

15. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

If science and technology continue on the current trajectory, the end result can only be the extinction of homo sapiens as a species or at least civilization as we know it. At some point, Artificial Intelligence will be perfected, which will spawn even more intelligence, and so forth, making humanity irrelevant. Therefore, it is in the interest of our existence to temper our need for discovery with the wisdom of restraint. Philosophy, in this regard, is our best weapon against the untamed dangers of scientific exploration. While often thought of as an opposing force, philosophy is actually closely associated with science and robust enough to ward off crises. Philosophy shares the ideals of logic and rigorous argumentation with science. However, unlike science, which only asks how, philosophy asks why. This is a consideration lacking in science but sorely needed.

① Artificial Intelligence and the End of Human Logic
② Science Without Philosophy: A Road Beyond Control
③ Why Science Must Reject Philosophy Entirely
④ The Need for Restraint in Scientific Discovery
⑤ Can Technology Alone Answer Why Humans Exist?

16. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Mental rehearsal describes the technique of practicing an action in your mind before performing it in real life. It is common with athletes but is just as useful in a wide variety of other fields and endeavors. Its benefits are well-known and include increased confidence and concentration, reduced anxiety, and the ability to envision solutions to potential problems. To get the best results, it helps to engage as many of your senses as you can. You might visualize yourself crossing the finish line at a race or shaking a client’s hand over a successfully completed deal. Then, with your sense of hearing, you might imagine the roar of a cheering crowd or words of congratulations from your colleagues. Picturing positive outcomes such as these can help any concerns you might have about your preparedness melt away and give you a sense of control over an upcoming event.

① Hearing Success Before the Event Begins
② Why Athletes Depend on Crowds and Praise
③ A Dry Run for the Mind Before Reality
④ Positive Images: A Cure for Every Problem
⑤ Seeing the Finish Line in Every Field

17. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

In the 1950s, Solomon Asch demonstrated the power of peer pressure in an experiment in which participants took a visual perception test requiring them to identify a line that was closest in length to another. This was a simple task, with the correct answer being obvious to participants 99% of the time in independent tests prior to the actual experiment. During the actual experiment, a single study participant was put in a room with several actors. The actors had been told beforehand to provide wrong answers to the questions, and it was found that the effect this had on the actual study participant was to go along with the rest of the group out of fear of being ridiculed. In fact, despite the correct answer being clear to them, many of the participants agreed with the majority and provided the incorrect answer in 12 critical trials of this experiment. However, when two participants were included in the same study instead of just one, and both were aware of what the correct answer was, they almost never followed the majority.

① Why Line Tests Often Produce Wrong Answers?

② The Majority as a Barrier to Independent Judgment

③ Fear of Ridicule in Early Psychology Labs

④ Two Participants: A Perfect Cure for Peer Pressure

⑤ How Visual Perception Defeats Group Influence

1. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Clear communications are valued in all areas of modern society, and this is particularly true in the workplace. Unfortunately, many bosses operate on what is called a “need-to-know basis,” providing staff with information only when absolutely necessary. Instead, they must be transparent with their workers, both in good times and bad. Why is this so important? It’s because many people want to feel a sense of ownership in the work they do and to believe that they can be a part of the solution if a crisis occurs. Leaders should, therefore, be upfront with their staff about any issues the company or team may be facing, essentially acknowledging that their employees are also their peers. This will help them win the trust and respect of their employees while increasing the level of staff involvement, which benefits the company as a whole.

① 위기 상황에서는 직원에게 필요한 정보만 선별 제공해야 한다.
② 리더는 직원과 동료 의식을 바탕으로 투명해야 한다.
③ 직원의 존중을 얻으려면 평소 성과 보상을 강화해야 한다.
④ 직원 참여를 높이려면 위기 해결 역할만 분명히 해야 한다.
⑤ 직장 소통에서는 좋은 시기에만 정보를 널리 공유해야 한다.

2. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Brains are incredibly complex structures responsible for an abundance of crucial tasks. Yet, in spite of being such vital organs, they are not perfect; one could even say they have a mind of their own. When it comes to problem-solving, the human brain prefers taking shortcuts (also known as heuristics) to arrive at solutions. It will recall similar past circumstances or depend on prior knowledge in order to bypass critical thinking — it’s lazy that way. This can prevent a person from considering other options or contemplating an important matter long enough. Brains can also cause people to think they’ve had experiences they’ve never actually had before (false memories). If a person hears a story or watches a video, his or her brain can fool them into thinking that they went through what they heard or saw. With so much information to process, it shouldn’t be a surprise that our minds slip up sometimes.

① 인간의 뇌는 방대한 정보를 처리하며 때때로 오류를 일으킬 수 있다.
② 인간의 뇌는 문제 해결에서 과거 지식에 의존하는 경향이 강하다.
③ 인간의 뇌는 중요한 문제를 충분히 오래 숙고하도록 훈련되어야 한다.
④ 인간의 뇌는 들은 이야기나 본 영상을 실제 경험으로 착각할 수 있다.
⑤ 인간의 뇌는 복잡한 구조일수록 더 정확한 판단을 내릴 수 있다.

3. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Many people read translated versions of classics like the Odyssey. While translations may seem convenient, we can’t always be sure that we fully understand what the original writers were trying to say because not all translations are reliable. The thing is, translators must be equally proficient in both languages involved in a translation, and they must have a good understanding of the work itself. Exact translations can be impossible due to the use of figurative language, which can’t be translated literally. Furthermore, the words writers use in their work are often chosen very carefully. For instance, poets may select words that rhyme, which may not be possible to duplicate in another language. The original meaning can therefore be lost. The director of the British Centre for Literary Translation commented on the issue, insisting, “There’s not a single word in any of the languages I translate that can map perfectly onto a word in English. So it’s always interpretative, approximate, creative.”

① 번역가는 두 언어와 작품 이해를 함께 갖춰야 한다.
② 번역은 해석과 근사에 의존해 원의가 달라질 수 있다.
③ 시 번역에서는 운율과 압운의 재현을 우선해야 한다.
④ 고전 번역은 독자의 편의를 위해 쉽게 바뀌어야 한다.
⑤ 비유적 표현은 문자 그대로 옮겨야 의미가 보존된다.

4. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

After the devastating flood of 1927, Congress approved the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project, which resulted in the construction of 20,000 miles of levees and floodways. This disrupted the delicate balance of the Mississippi’s watercourses, and the surrounding wetlands began to subside. So far, 1,800 square miles of Louisiana wetlands have disappeared. This disaster has taken a heavy toll. The vanishing swamps not only play a vital role in storm surge reduction and nutrient filtration but also are a critical ecosystem. In fact, almost half of the threatened and endangered species in America depend on wetlands. One potential answer is Louisiana’s Coastal Master Plan. It aims to recreate the natural processes that built the state’s delta, which would protect existing wetlands and restore areas that have been lost. There is an easy way the public can assist, too: eating oysters. Oyster shells can be used to rebuild the reefs. Nearly 5,000 tons of shells have been used for this already, thanks to recycling programs at Louisiana restaurants.

① 루이지애나 습지는 생태계 보전을 위해 엄격히 개발이 제한되어야 한다.
② 루이지애나 습지 복원은 자연 과정 재현과 시민 참여가 함께 필요하다.
③ 습지는 멸종위기종 보호를 위해 국가 차원의 감시가 강화되어야 한다.
④ 굴 껍데기 재활용은 해안 암초 복원의 가장 효과적인 해결책이다.
⑤ 미시시피강 수로 통제는 홍수 예방보다 습지 보전에 우선되어야 한다.

5. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Inflation tends to have a negative connotation because it is commonly associated with reduced purchasing power and monetary savings. Some economists, however, insist that a healthy amount of inflation might actually work in the public’s favor. Most notably, distinguished economist John Maynard Keynes asserted that moderate inflation is critical to counteract the paradox of thrift, which states that savings can actually be damaging to economic growth. If people are not spending their money, the economy suffers because there is less overall demand. Inflation can also give a financial boost to those in debt, such as mortgage borrowers and people with student loans. The value of loans decreases with inflation and this in turn encourages spending. Inflation targeting — or making adjustments to stick to an inflation rate that is chosen — is used by central banks all over the world with the goal of stimulating the economy and maintaining maximum employment. If people know that prices will rise in the future, it motivates them to buy goods and services now.

① 적정 인플레이션은 소비를 자극해 경제에 이로울 수 있다.
② 인플레이션은 대출자의 실질 채무를 줄여 주는 장치이다.
③ 저축의 역설을 막으려면 가계 저축을 줄여야 한다.
④ 중앙은행은 물가안정보다 고용 확대를 우선해야 한다.
⑤ 미래 물가 상승 기대는 현재 소비 결정에 큰 영향을 준다.

6. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

바이러스는 인간 세포보다 훨씬 단순한 존재이지만, 스스로 증식할 효소를 갖추지 못한 대신 숙주 세포 안으로 침투해 자신의 유전 정보를 주입함으로써 세포가 자신이 아닌 바이러스를 복제하도록 만든다. 이 과정에서 세포는 그 차이를 인식하지 못하고 새로운 바이러스를 계속 생산하며, 이렇게 만들어진 바이러스는 다시 다른 세포를 감염시키는 순환을 반복한다.

① 바이러스는 단순한 구조만으로도 세포를 침투할 수 있다.
② 바이러스는 숙주 세포를 이용해 스스로를 증식시킬 수 있다.
③ 세포는 외부 유전 정보를 스스로 구별하도록 진화해야 한다.
④ 바이러스의 단백질 껍질은 감염 확산의 핵심 원인이다.
⑤ 바이러스 감염은 세포 간 연쇄 이동으로 빠르게 심화된다.

7. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Populism refers to a political approach that views the world as divided, with corrupt government elites on one end controlling everything and good, ordinary people whose expectations are not being met on the other. While it is true that mainstream governments sometimes fail to meet the public’s expectations, turning to populism as an alternative can be destructive to social order. When a populist leader rises to power, they often suggest that problems have become urgent and that maintaining the status quo will only make matters worse for the people. This creates a sense of panic and causes the people to offer their support for the leader, even when leader’s solutions for so-called problems like immigration or free trade are not actually in the best interest of all the people. That is because “the people” frequently excludes minorities and other marginalized members of the population, which means that populism can turn members of the same society against one another, promote intolerance, and generally create additional problems.

① 포퓰리즘 지도자는 위기감을 조성해 지지를 확대한다.
② 포퓰리즘은 소외 집단을 배제해 사회 분열을 심화시킨다.
③ 기존 정부의 실패는 포퓰리즘 집권을 정당화할 수 있다.
④ 포퓰리즘은 대중의 불만을 신속히 정책에 반영해야 한다.
⑤ 포퓰리즘은 대안처럼 보이나 사회 질서를 해칠 수 있다.

8. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Humans are able to envision the future, and interestingly enough, it seems as though some animals can too. In one study, a species of weasel was observed eating ripe bananas immediately but then storing other unripe ones in trees, allowing them to mature. They would then come back to eat the fruit they had saved at a later time. This shows that the weasels were aware to some degree that in the near future, those bananas would become ripe enough to eat. That is, they were able to deduce a(n) probable outcome and act accordingly. This ability to prepare for the future has been seen in a variety of animal species. It proves that they are not only capable of mental time travel but that they also possess enough reasoning and logic to know the best course of action to take for their own survival.

① 동물은 미래를 예측해 생존에 맞게 행동할 수 있다.
② 족제비는 덜 익은 바나나를 저장하는 습성이 있다.
③ 동물의 미래 대비 능력은 먹이 저장 행동에서 드러난다.
④ 동물은 생존을 위해 현재보다 미래 먹이를 더 중시해야 한다.
⑤ 동물의 정신적 시간 여행은 인간의 능력과 본질적으로 같다.

9. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

One of the most remarkable aspects of the human body is its ability to regulate itself and maintain optimal functioning. It uses a variety of natural processes to achieve this, including the self-digestion system of autophagy. This mechanism is the body’s way of regenerating new and healthy cells through the removal of damaged cell components. When a person’s cells are stressed, autophagy is increased in order to ensure the normal operation of the body and keep it in homeostasis. It efficiently targets dysfunctional cells and ensures their elimination, often through the degradation of damaged and toxic proteins. The parts of the cell that are reused are the cytoplasm — fluid inside the cell — and organelles, which are structures with particular functions. These are broken down into amino acids, which the body utilizes for energy and cellular repair. In this way, autophagy helps prevent numerous health conditions such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s and can even help fight against infectious diseases.

① 자가포식은 세포 내 단백질을 분해해 에너지를 공급하는 과정이다.
② 자가포식은 손상 성분을 제거해 신체 항상성을 유지하게 한다.
③ 자가포식은 감염성 질환을 막는 대표적 면역 반응이라고 볼 수 있다.
④ 자가포식은 세포질과 소기관을 재활용해 조직을 빠르게 재생한다.
⑤ 자가포식은 세포 스트레스가 높을수록 손상 세포를 더 축적시킨다.

10. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Common-pool resources are goods that are available to a large majority of the public even though they have a limited stock that is vulnerable to abuse. For example, although there are plentiful forests, if every person were to collect as much wood as possible from these forests, their decline would be inevitable. A good such as this can be exploited over time, leading to an unreliable supply as individuals consume the resource to the detriment of others. A shortage impacts not only other members of a society or community but the very ones who seek out the supply and are able to consume it, too. This is what’s known as the “tragedy of the commons.” Preventing the overconsumption or depletion of such goods is accomplished through a number of actions, including government regulation and making the once common-pool resource into a private good. Collective action is also an effective method of controlling the consumption of the resource because individuals work together to preserve it.

① 공유 자원은 사유화보다 정부 규제로만 지켜야 한다.
② 공유 자원은 남용되기 쉬워 공동 관리가 필요하다.
③ 산림 자원은 개인의 자유로운 채취를 보장해야 한다.
④ 자원 부족은 공동체보다 소비자 자신에게만 피해이다.
⑤ 공유 자원은 충분해 보여도 결국 고갈될 수 있다.

11. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Greed is a biologically based behavior intrinsic to human nature. Urges are fundamental to the survival of all living creatures, and yet humans not only experience desire from a biological standpoint, but from a social one as well. This differentiates the impulses humans have from those felt by animals, such as the drive to reproduce. People desire more than to merely stay alive; they also want material possessions and wealth. But in the modern world, greed is somewhat of a paradox, since individual behavior that resembles greed is natural and encouraged — people are advised to seek wealth and prosperity to the best of their abilities — while greed itself is condemned by society. This is because while greed actually benefits the individual, it can come at a cost for civilization when unrestricted. Sociologists assert that society aims to find an equilibrium of motivating individuals with greed while still limiting unrestrained greed by labeling it as a vice.

① 사회는 개인의 탐욕을 미덕으로 인정해 성취를 끌어내야 한다.

② 탐욕은 개인에게 유익하나 사회는 그것을 적절히 통제해야 한다.

③ 인간의 욕망은 동물과 달리 사회적 조건에 의해 결정된다.

④ 물질적 부의 추구는 인간 본성에 따른 자연스러운 생존 전략이다.

⑤ 사회는 탐욕보다 번식 본능 같은 생물학적 충동을 더 중시한다.

12. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Cloud computing has already transformed how many businesses operate around the world, and it will also soon shape people’s lifestyles. One of the most significant changes has been increased flexibility in the workplace. Now that companies have the power to store, process, and manage all of their files on the cloud, employees are able to access data remotely as long as they can connect to the Internet. They no longer have to physically visit an office in order to obtain certain information and can virtually collaborate with others rather than setting aside time to meet. Cloud storage also means that people will not need to rely on as many devices to use or share content. A person can simply save their files on the cloud, generate links, and invite others to view them rather than having to go through the process of using a USB drive.

① 클라우드 환경은 기업의 파일 관리 효율을 높이는 데 핵심적이다.

② 클라우드 기술은 일과 생활 전반의 유연성을 확대할 수 있다.

③ 원격 근무에서는 인터넷 접속 환경을 먼저 안정화해야 한다.

④ 클라우드 저장소는 USB보다 콘텐츠 공유 절차를 단순화한다.

⑤ 기업은 사무실 방문 없이도 협업 체계를 강화해야 한다.

13. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Swiss psychologist Carl Jung is credited with a great many of the field’s most enduring concepts. But for practicing therapists the most useful of these is his approach to diagnosis. Rather than classifying psychological phenomena as discrete disorders and shuttling patients into one-size-fits-all treatments, Jung’s concept of the “complex” allows clinicians to identify how their conflicting problems are intertwined. This approach has been invaluable in understanding the behavior of certain patients who act according to a complex. For Jung, the complex is a mass of interrelated ideas that operate in the unconscious mind. This “hidden mass of memories” is formed in our childhood and wields a powerful influence — in both positive and negative ways — over our present and future. Discussing issues in these terms allows therapists to discuss how mechanisms of this sort work in a holistic sense. In addition, it relieves the pressure of delivering unrealistically rapid relief to patients.

① 치료사는 복합체 개념으로 무의식 기억의 형성 과정을 추적해야 한다.

② 치료사는 복합체 개념으로 얽힌 문제를 전체적으로 이해할 수 있다.

③ 치료사는 개별 환자를 유형화해 신속한 치료 효과를 제공해야 한다.

④ 치료사는 어린 시절 기억이 현재 행동에 미치는 영향을 우선 다뤄야 한다.

⑤ 치료사는 복합체에 따라 행동하는 환자의 특성을 집중 분석해야 한다.

14. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

As popular culture has migrated from celebrity-centric to influencer-centric, money has moved along with it. This has led to the establishment of the creator economy. Powered by social media stars, this new ecosystem is in rapid growth; in 2021 alone, the creator economy collected more than 1.3 billion dollars in funding. But it wasn’t always such a profitable field, and “Internet celebrities” were once looked down upon by the old guards of traditional marketplaces. Not much of a surprise, considering they barely made anything and had yet to penetrate their way fully into the consciousness of the public. Then suddenly, Internet platforms began their meteoric rise and became the birthplace for social media giants who amassed huge followings. This resulted in a change in power dynamics. Platforms now must be able to compensate their influencers who bring in millions of users. And even then, it may not be enough, as more and more creators are accumulating wealth on their own terms.

① 전통 시장은 인터넷 유명인을 더 적극 수용해야 한다.
② 플랫폼은 거대 팔로어 창작자에 더 의존하게 되었다.
③ 창작자 경제는 대규모 투자로 빠르게 성장하고 있다.
④ 영향력 이동으로 창작자가 플랫폼보다 우위에 섰다.
⑤ 소셜 미디어 스타는 대중 인식을 먼저 확보해야 한다.

15. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

If science and technology continue on the current trajectory, the end result can only be the extinction of homo sapiens as a species or at least civilization as we know it. At some point, Artificial Intelligence will be perfected, which will spawn even more intelligence, and so forth, making humanity irrelevant. Therefore, it is in the interest of our existence to temper our need for discovery with the wisdom of restraint. Philosophy, in this regard, is our best weapon against the untamed dangers of scientific exploration. While often thought of as an opposing force, philosophy is actually closely associated with science and robust enough to ward off crises. Philosophy shares the ideals of logic and rigorous argumentation with science. However, unlike science, which only asks how, philosophy asks why. This is a consideration lacking in science but sorely needed.

① 과학의 위기를 막으려면 철학적 절제가 반드시 필요하다.

② 인공지능의 완성은 과학 발전의 필연적 귀결이어야 한다.

③ 과학은 논리적 엄밀성만으로도 충분히 자율 통제된다.

④ 철학은 과학과 다른 이유 탐구로 위험을 견제해야 한다.

⑤ 과학과 철학은 대립하므로 각자의 영역을 분리해야 한다.

16. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Mental rehearsal describes the technique of practicing an action in your mind before performing it in real life. It is common with athletes but is just as useful in a wide variety of other fields and endeavors. Its benefits are well-known and include increased confidence and concentration, reduced anxiety, and the ability to envision solutions to potential problems. To get the best results, it helps to engage as many of your senses as you can. You might visualize yourself crossing the finish line at a race or shaking a client’s hand over a successfully completed deal. Then, with your sense of hearing, you might imagine the roar of a cheering crowd or words of congratulations from your colleagues. Picturing positive outcomes such as these can help any concerns you might have about your preparedness melt away and give you a sense of control over an upcoming event.

① 실제 수행 전 감각을 동원한 마음속 연습은 불안을 줄이고 통제감을 높일 수 있다.
② 마음속 연습은 경기나 협상 장면의 성공 결과를 미리 떠올리는 데 그쳐야 한다.
③ 마음속 연습의 효과를 높이려면 청각적 상상보다 시각적 상상에 집중해야 한다.
④ 마음속 연습은 운동선수에게 특히 유용하므로 다른 분야에는 제한적으로 적용된다.
⑤ 마음속 연습은 준비 부족의 문제를 해결하기보다 집중력 향상에만 도움이 된다.

17. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

In the 1950s, Solomon Asch demonstrated the power of peer pressure in an experiment in which participants took a visual perception test requiring them to identify a line that was closest in length to another. This was a simple task, with the correct answer being obvious to participants 99% of the time in independent tests prior to the actual experiment. During the actual experiment, a single study participant was put in a room with several actors. The actors had been told beforehand to provide wrong answers to the questions, and it was found that the effect this had on the actual study participant was to go along with the rest of the group out of fear of being ridiculed. In fact, despite the correct answer being clear to them, many of the participants agreed with the majority and provided the incorrect answer in 12 critical trials of this experiment. However, when two participants were included in the same study instead of just one, and both were aware of what the correct answer was, they almost never followed the majority.

① 또래 압력은 분명한 사실 판단마저 왜곡할 수 있다.
② 시지각 과제는 집단 실험보다 개별 실험이 더 정확하다.
③ 다수의 오답 제시는 개인의 조롱 회피를 유도한다.
④ 또래 집단에서는 정답보다 협력이 더 중요할 수 있다.
⑤ 소수의 동조자만 있어도 다수 압력은 크게 약화될 수 있다.

1. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Clear communications are valued in all areas of modern society, and this is particularly true in the workplace. Unfortunately, many bosses operate on what is called a “need-to-know basis,” providing staff with information only when absolutely necessary. Instead, they must be transparent with their workers, both in good times and bad. Why is this so important? It’s because many people want to feel a sense of ownership in the work they do and to believe that they can be a part of the solution if a crisis occurs. Leaders should, therefore, be upfront with their staff about any issues the company or team may be facing, essentially acknowledging that their employees are also their peers. This will help them win the trust and respect of their employees while increasing the level of staff involvement, which benefits the company as a whole.

① 리더는 직원들에게 꼭 필요한 정보만 선별해 전달해야 한다.
② 리더는 직원들과의 신뢰를 위해 회사 정보를 투명하게 공유해야 한다.
③ 리더는 위기 상황에서만 직원들의 의견을 제한적으로 수렴해야 한다.
④ 리더는 직원들의 주인의식을 높이기 위해 업무 평가를 강화해야 한다.
⑤ 리더는 직원들을 동료로 인정하되 의사결정은 분리해야 한다.

2. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Brains are incredibly complex structures responsible for an abundance of crucial tasks. Yet, in spite of being such vital organs, they are not perfect; one could even say they have a mind of their own. When it comes to problem-solving, the human brain prefers taking shortcuts (also known as heuristics) to arrive at solutions. It will recall similar past circumstances or depend on prior knowledge in order to bypass critical thinking — it’s lazy that way. This can prevent a person from considering other options or contemplating an important matter long enough. Brains can also cause people to think they’ve had experiences they’ve never actually had before (false memories). If a person hears a story or watches a video, his or her brain can fool them into thinking that they went through what they heard or saw. With so much information to process, it shouldn’t be a surprise that our minds slip up sometimes.

① 사람은 문제 해결에서 익숙한 지식을 더 적극 활용해야 한다.
② 사람은 중요한 판단에서 뇌의 한계를 늘 의식해야 한다.
③ 사람은 비슷한 과거 경험을 신속히 떠올려 결정해야 한다.
④ 사람은 거짓 기억을 막기 위해 정보를 반복 확인해야 한다.
⑤ 사람은 많은 정보를 처리하도록 뇌를 꾸준히 훈련해야 한다.

3. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Many people read translated versions of classics like the Odyssey. While translations may seem convenient, we can’t always be sure that we fully understand what the original writers were trying to say because not all translations are reliable. The thing is, translators must be equally proficient in both languages involved in a translation, and they must have a good understanding of the work itself. Exact translations can be impossible due to the use of figurative language, which can’t be translated literally. Furthermore, the words writers use in their work are often chosen very carefully. For instance, poets may select words that rhyme, which may not be possible to duplicate in another language. The original meaning can therefore be lost. The director of the British Centre for Literary Translation commented on the issue, insisting, “There’s not a single word in any of the languages I translate that can map perfectly onto a word in English. So it’s always interpretative, approximate, creative.”

① 독자는 번역 작품을 읽을 때 원문의 의미 손실 가능성을 염두에 두어야 한다.
② 독자는 번역 작품을 읽을 때 운율과 각운의 재현 여부를 따져야 한다.
③ 독자는 번역 작품을 읽을 때 번역가의 창의적 해석을 적극 수용해야 한다.
④ 독자는 번역 작품을 읽을 때 번역가의 이중 언어 능력을 우선 평가해야 한다.
⑤ 독자는 번역 작품을 읽을 때 작품의 문학적 가치부터 먼저 판단해야 한다.

4. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

After the devastating flood of 1927, Congress approved the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project, which resulted in the construction of 20,000 miles of levees and floodways. This disrupted the delicate balance of the Mississippi’s watercourses, and the surrounding wetlands began to subside. So far, 1,800 square miles of Louisiana wetlands have disappeared. This disaster has taken a heavy toll. The vanishing swamps not only play a vital role in storm surge reduction and nutrient filtration but also are a critical ecosystem. In fact, almost half of the threatened and endangered species in America depend on wetlands. One potential answer is Louisiana’s Coastal Master Plan. It aims to recreate the natural processes that built the state’s delta, which would protect existing wetlands and restore areas that have been lost. There is an easy way the public can assist, too: eating oysters. Oyster shells can be used to rebuild the reefs. Nearly 5,000 tons of shells have been used for this already, thanks to recycling programs at Louisiana restaurants.

① 루이지애나는 홍수 피해를 줄일 제방을 더 늘려야 한다.
② 루이지애나는 멸종위기종 보호 구역을 더 넓혀야 한다.
③ 루이지애나는 습지 복원을 위해 자연 과정을 재현해야 한다.
④ 루이지애나는 굴 소비를 늘려 산호초를 우선 복원해야 한다.
⑤ 루이지애나는 식당 재활용 프로그램을 전국으로 확대해야 한다.

5. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Inflation tends to have a negative connotation because it is commonly associated with reduced purchasing power and monetary savings. Some economists, however, insist that a healthy amount of inflation might actually work in the public’s favor. Most notably, distinguished economist John Maynard Keynes asserted that moderate inflation is critical to counteract the paradox of thrift, which states that savings can actually be damaging to economic growth. If people are not spending their money, the economy suffers because there is less overall demand. Inflation can also give a financial boost to those in debt, such as mortgage borrowers and people with student loans. The value of loans decreases with inflation and this in turn encourages spending. Inflation targeting — or making adjustments to stick to an inflation rate that is chosen — is used by central banks all over the world with the goal of stimulating the economy and maintaining maximum employment. If people know that prices will rise in the future, it motivates them to buy goods and services now.

① 중앙은행은 물가 상승을 억제하는 긴축에 집중해야 한다.
② 중앙은행은 적정한 인플레이션율을 유지해야 한다.
③ 중앙은행은 부채 상환 부담을 직접 줄여 주어야 한다.
④ 중앙은행은 저축 확대를 통해 총수요를 늘려야 한다.
⑤ 중앙은행은 고용 안정보다 화폐가치 보전에 힘써야 한다.

6. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

When looking at the simplicity of human cells, the smallest building blocks of organic life, imagining that viruses — even less complex entities — could overtake them is difficult. Yet they can, and they do. The simplest viruses have only two parts: DNA or RNA that is a blueprint for making more viruses and a protein shell for protection. However, though they contain the instructions for reproduction, they lack the proper chemical substances — enzymes — to be able to do so on their own. They need a host to be able to do anything at all. They first infiltrate a cell, and then, once inside, add their genetic blueprint. The cell does not realize the difference and unknowingly begins to produce more of the virus instead of replicating itself. Each new virus can then infect another cell, repeating the infection cycle.

① 바이러스는 세포 밖에서 스스로 증식하도록 진화해야 한다.
② 바이러스는 숙주 세포를 침투해 유전 정보를 주입해야 한다.
③ 바이러스는 단백질 껍질보다 효소를 먼저 갖추어야 한다.
④ 바이러스는 세포 감염 뒤 즉시 숙주를 파괴해야 한다.
⑤ 바이러스는 인간 세포보다 더 복잡한 구조를 가져야 한다.

7. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Populism refers to a political approach that views the world as divided, with corrupt government elites on one end controlling everything and good, ordinary people whose expectations are not being met on the other. While it is true that mainstream governments sometimes fail to meet the public’s expectations, turning to populism as an alternative can be destructive to social order. When a populist leader rises to power, they often suggest that problems have become urgent and that maintaining the status quo will only make matters worse for the people. This creates a sense of panic and causes the people to offer their support for the leader, even when leader’s solutions for so-called problems like immigration or free trade are not actually in the best interest of all the people. That is because “the people” frequently excludes minorities and other marginalized members of the population, which means that populism can turn members of the same society against one another, promote intolerance, and generally create additional problems.

① 정부는 대중의 기대를 꾸준히 충족시키는 정책을 펴야 한다.
② 사회는 포퓰리즘의 배제성과 분열 조장을 경계해야 한다.
③ 지도자는 이민과 무역 문제를 신속히 해결해야 한다.
④ 사회는 소수자 집단의 정치 참여를 우선 확대해야 한다.
⑤ 정부는 위기 상황에서 현상 유지를 끝까지 고수해야 한다.

8. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Humans are able to envision the future, and interestingly enough, it seems as though some animals can too. In one study, a species of weasel was observed eating ripe bananas immediately but then storing other unripe ones in trees, allowing them to mature. They would then come back to eat the fruit they had saved at a later time. This shows that the weasels were aware to some degree that in the near future, those bananas would become ripe enough to eat. That is, they were able to deduce a(n) probable outcome and act accordingly. This ability to prepare for the future has been seen in a variety of animal species. It proves that they are not only capable of mental time travel but that they also possess enough reasoning and logic to know the best course of action to take for their own survival.

① 동물의 미래 대비 행동을 생존 전략으로 이해해야 한다.
② 동물의 먹이 저장 습관을 종별로 세밀히 비교해야 한다.
③ 동물의 시간 인식 능력을 인간과 엄격히 구분해야 한다.
④ 동물의 바람직한 행동은 즉각적 본능으로 보아야 한다.
⑤ 동물의 과일 선택 행동을 서식 환경과 함께 분석해야 한다.

9. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

One of the most remarkable aspects of the human body is its ability to regulate itself and maintain optimal functioning. It uses a variety of natural processes to achieve this, including the self-digestion system of autophagy. This mechanism is the body’s way of regenerating new and healthy cells through the removal of damaged cell components. When a person’s cells are stressed, autophagy is increased in order to ensure the normal operation of the body and keep it in homeostasis. It efficiently targets dysfunctional cells and ensures their elimination, often through the degradation of damaged and toxic proteins. The parts of the cell that are reused are the cytoplasm — fluid inside the cell — and organelles, which are structures with particular functions. These are broken down into amino acids, which the body utilizes for energy and cellular repair. In this way, autophagy helps prevent numerous health conditions such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s and can even help fight against infectious diseases.

① 우리 몸은 세포 항상성을 위해 독성 단백질부터 우선 제거해야 한다.
② 우리 몸은 손상 세포 성분을 제거해 새롭고 건강한 세포를 유지해야 한다.
③ 우리 몸은 세포질과 소기관을 에너지원으로 적극 전환해야 한다.
④ 우리 몸은 감염병 대응을 위해 아미노산 재활용을 늘려야 한다.
⑤ 우리 몸은 세포 스트레스 상황에서 자가포식만 지속적으로 강화해야 한다.

10. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Common-pool resources are goods that are available to a large majority of the public even though they have a limited stock that is vulnerable to abuse. For example, although there are plentiful forests, if every person were to collect as much wood as possible from these forests, their decline would be inevitable. A good such as this can be exploited over time, leading to an unreliable supply as individuals consume the resource to the detriment of others. A shortage impacts not only other members of a society or community but the very ones who seek out the supply and are able to consume it, too. This is what’s known as the “tragedy of the commons.” Preventing the overconsumption or depletion of such goods is accomplished through a number of actions, including government regulation and making the once common-pool resource into a private good. Collective action is also an effective method of controlling the consumption of the resource because individuals work together to preserve it.

① 공유 자원은 시장 가격에 맡겨 자율 조정해야 한다.
② 공유 자원은 사적 소유로만 전환해야 한다.
③ 공유 자원은 채취 기회를 모두에게 균등화해야 한다.
④ 공유 자원은 남용 방지를 위해 함께 관리해야 한다.
⑤ 공유 자원은 부족 사태 뒤에 규제를 강화해야 한다.

11. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Greed is a biologically based behavior intrinsic to human nature. Urges are fundamental to the survival of all living creatures, and yet humans not only experience desire from a biological standpoint, but from a social one as well. This differentiates the impulses humans have from those felt by animals, such as the drive to reproduce. People desire more than to merely stay alive; they also want material possessions and wealth. But in the modern world, greed is somewhat of a paradox, since individual behavior that resembles greed is natural and encouraged — people are advised to seek wealth and prosperity to the best of their abilities — while greed itself is condemned by society. This is because while greed actually benefits the individual, it can come at a cost for civilization when unrestricted. Sociologists assert that society aims to find an equilibrium of motivating individuals with greed while still limiting unrestrained greed by labeling it as a vice.

① 사회는 개인의 부 추구를 전면적으로 장려해야 한다.
② 사회는 탐욕을 악덕으로만 규정해 철저히 억제해야 한다.
③ 사회는 탐욕을 개인의 자유 선택에 맡겨 두어야 한다.
④ 사회는 탐욕을 동기화하되 무절제함은 제한해야 한다.
⑤ 사회는 물질적 욕망보다 생존 본능을 우선시해야 한다.

12. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Cloud computing has already transformed how many businesses operate around the world, and it will also soon shape people’s lifestyles. One of the most significant changes has been increased flexibility in the workplace. Now that companies have the power to store, process, and manage all of their files on the cloud, employees are able to access data remotely as long as they can connect to the Internet. They no longer have to physically visit an office in order to obtain certain information and can virtually collaborate with others rather than setting aside time to meet. Cloud storage also means that people will not need to rely on as many devices to use or share content. A person can simply save their files on the cloud, generate links, and invite others to view them rather than having to go through the process of using a USB drive.

① 기업은 클라우드 기반 협업 규칙을 미리 표준화해야 한다.
② 기업은 클라우드로 파일 접근의 장소 제약을 줄여야 한다.
③ 기업은 클라우드 보안을 위해 저장 권한을 최소화해야 한다.
④ 기업은 클라우드 자료 공유에 링크 방식을 우선 도입해야 한다.
⑤ 기업은 클라우드 업무에 필요한 기기 수를 줄여야 한다.

13. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Swiss psychologist Carl Jung is credited with a great many of the field’s most enduring concepts. But for practicing therapists the most useful of these is his approach to diagnosis. Rather than classifying psychological phenomena as discrete disorders and shuttling patients into one-size-fits-all treatments, Jung’s concept of the “complex” allows clinicians to identify how their conflicting problems are intertwined. This approach has been invaluable in understanding the behavior of certain patients who act according to a complex. For Jung, the complex is a mass of interrelated ideas that operate in the unconscious mind. This “hidden mass of memories” is formed in our childhood and wields a powerful influence — in both positive and negative ways — over our present and future. Discussing issues in these terms allows therapists to discuss how mechanisms of this sort work in a holistic sense. In addition, it relieves the pressure of delivering unrealistically rapid relief to patients.

① 치료사는 환자에게 빠른 증상 완화를 우선 제공해야 한다.
② 치료사는 무의식의 복합체를 중심으로 문제를 통합적으로 이해해야 한다.
③ 치료사는 심리 현상을 개별 장애로 더 세밀히 분류해야 한다.
④ 치료사는 어린 시절 기억의 긍정적 영향만 집중적으로 다뤄야 한다.
⑤ 치료사는 환자 행동의 현재 양상만 관찰하여 치료해야 한다.

14. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

As popular culture has migrated from celebrity-centric to influencer-centric, money has moved along with it. This has led to the establishment of the creator economy. Powered by social media stars, this new ecosystem is in rapid growth; in 2021 alone, the creator economy collected more than 1.3 billion dollars in funding. But it wasn’t always such a profitable field, and “Internet celebrities” were once looked down upon by the old guards of traditional marketplaces. Not much of a surprise, considering they barely made anything and had yet to penetrate their way fully into the consciousness of the public. Then suddenly, Internet platforms began their meteoric rise and became the birthplace for social media giants who amassed huge followings. This resulted in a change in power dynamics. Platforms now must be able to compensate their influencers who bring in millions of users. And even then, it may not be enough, as more and more creators are accumulating wealth on their own terms.

① 플랫폼은 인플루언서의 활동 기준을 더 엄격히 관리해야 한다.
② 플랫폼은 인플루언서에게 충분한 보상을 제공해야 한다.
③ 플랫폼은 전통 시장과의 협력 구조를 우선 확대해야 한다.
④ 플랫폼은 소셜 미디어 스타의 대중 인지도를 높여야 한다.
⑤ 플랫폼은 창작자의 독자 수익화를 제한 없이 허용해야 한다.

15. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

If science and technology continue on the current trajectory, the end result can only be the extinction of homo sapiens as a species or at least civilization as we know it. At some point, Artificial Intelligence will be perfected, which will spawn even more intelligence, and so forth, making humanity irrelevant. Therefore, it is in the interest of our existence to temper our need for discovery with the wisdom of restraint. Philosophy, in this regard, is our best weapon against the untamed dangers of scientific exploration. While often thought of as an opposing force, philosophy is actually closely associated with science and robust enough to ward off crises. Philosophy shares the ideals of logic and rigorous argumentation with science. However, unlike science, which only asks how, philosophy asks why. This is a consideration lacking in science but sorely needed.

① 인류는 과학 탐구의 속도를 더 정교하게 관리해야 한다.

② 인류는 과학과 철학의 협력 체계를 더욱 강화해야 한다.

③ 인류는 과학기술의 위험을 막기 위해 철학적 절제를 받아들여야 한다.

④ 인류는 과학보다 철학의 논리성을 더 우선시해야 한다.

⑤ 인류는 인공지능의 발전 방향을 엄격히 통제해야 한다.

16. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Mental rehearsal describes the technique of practicing an action in your mind before performing it in real life. It is common with athletes but is just as useful in a wide variety of other fields and endeavors. Its benefits are well-known and include increased confidence and concentration, reduced anxiety, and the ability to envision solutions to potential problems. To get the best results, it helps to engage as many of your senses as you can. You might visualize yourself crossing the finish line at a race or shaking a client’s hand over a successfully completed deal. Then, with your sense of hearing, you might imagine the roar of a cheering crowd or words of congratulations from your colleagues. Picturing positive outcomes such as these can help any concerns you might have about your preparedness melt away and give you a sense of control over an upcoming event.

① 중요한 일을 앞두고 실제 연습 횟수를 최대한 늘려야 한다.
② 중요한 일을 앞두고 마음속 연습에 여러 감각을 동원해야 한다.
③ 중요한 일을 앞두고 예상 문제를 목록으로 정리해야 한다.
④ 중요한 일을 앞두고 타인의 격려를 반복해 상기해야 한다.
⑤ 중요한 일을 앞두고 성공 장면만 짧게 떠올려야 한다.

17. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

1950년대에 Solomon Asch는 참가자들이 다른 선과 길이가 가장 가까운 선을 고르는 시지각 검사를 통해 또래 압력의 힘을 입증했다. 이 과제는 실제 실험 이전의 독립적 검사에서 참가자들이 99%의 경우 정답을 맞힐 정도로 매우 단순했다. 실제 실험에서는 한 명의 진짜 참가자가 여러 명의 배우들과 함께 방에 들어갔고, 배우들은 미리 틀린 답을 하도록 지시받았다. 그 결과 진짜 참가자는 조롱당할까 두려워 집단의 답에 동조하는 경향을 보였다. 실제로 정답을 분명히 알고 있었음에도 많은 참가자들이 이 실험의 12번의 핵심 시행에서 다수의견에 동의하며 오답을 말했다. 그러나 한 명이 아니라 두 명의 진짜 참가자가 함께 들어가 둘 다 정답을 알고 있을 때에는, 그들은 거의 다수의견을 따르지 않았다.

① 사람들은 집단 속에서 비난의 두려움을 줄여야 한다.
② 사람들은 다수의 판단에 맞서 독립성을 지켜야 한다.
③ 사람들은 쉬운 과제일수록 신중하게 답해야 한다.
④ 사람들은 집단 과제에서 의견 일치를 우선해야 한다.
⑤ 사람들은 정답을 알 때 타인의 반응을 먼저 살펴야 한다.

1. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Clear communications are valued in all areas of modern society, and this is particularly true in the workplace. Unfortunately, many bosses operate on what is called a “need-to-know basis,” providing staff with information only when absolutely necessary. Instead, leaders should be transparent with their workers. It’s because many people want to feel a sense of ownership in the work they do and to believe that they can be a part of the solution if a crisis occurs. Leaders should, therefore, be upfront with their staff about any issues the company or team may be facing, essentially acknowledging that their employees are also their peers. This will help them win the trust and respect of their employees while increasing the level of staff involvement, which benefits the company as a whole. In short, workplace openness promotes ________.

① managerial dependence
② collective commitment
③ selective disclosure
④ executive distance
⑤ passive obedience

2. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Brains are incredibly complex structures responsible for an abundance of crucial tasks. Yet, in spite of being such vital organs, they are not perfect; one could even say they have a mind of their own. When it comes to problem-solving, the human brain prefers taking shortcuts (also known as heuristics) to arrive at solutions. It will recall similar past circumstances or depend on prior knowledge in order to bypass critical thinking — it’s lazy that way. This can prevent a person from considering other options or contemplating an important matter long enough. Brains can also cause people to think they’ve had experiences they’ve never actually had before (false memories). If a person hears a story or watches a video, his or her brain can fool them into thinking that they went through what they heard or saw. With so much information to process, it shouldn’t be a surprise that our minds slip up sometimes. Therefore, despite their remarkable complexity, our brains remain prone to ________.

① mental efficiency
② cognitive distortions
③ stored impressions
④ deliberate judgment
⑤ accurate recall

3. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Many people read translated versions of classics like the Odyssey. While translations may seem convenient, we can’t always be sure that we fully understand what the original writers were trying to say because not all translations are reliable. The thing is, translators must be equally proficient in both languages involved in a translation, and they must have a good understanding of the work itself. Exact translations can be impossible due to the use of figurative language, which can’t be translated literally. Furthermore, the words writers use in their work are often chosen very carefully. For instance, poets may select words that rhyme, which may not be possible to duplicate in another language. The original meaning can therefore be lost. The director of the British Centre for Literary Translation commented on the issue, insisting, “There’s not a single word in any of the languages I translate that can map perfectly onto a word in English. So it’s always ________.”

① language-bound
② source-bound
③ meaning-bound
④ culturally fixed
⑤ perfectly transferable

4. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

After the devastating flood of 1927, Congress approved the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project, which resulted in the construction of 20,000 miles of levees and floodways. This disrupted the delicate balance of the Mississippi’s watercourses, and the surrounding wetlands began to subside. So far, 1,800 square miles of Louisiana wetlands have disappeared. This disaster has taken a heavy toll. The vanishing swamps not only play a vital role in storm surge reduction and nutrient filtration but also are a critical ecosystem. In fact, almost half of the threatened and endangered species in America depend on wetlands. One potential answer is Louisiana’s Coastal Master Plan. It aims to recreate the natural processes that built the state’s delta, which would protect existing wetlands and restore areas that have been lost. There is an easy way the public can assist, too: eating oysters. Oyster shells can be used to rebuild the reefs. Nearly 5,000 tons of shells have been used for this already, thanks to recycling programs at Louisiana restaurants. Louisiana’s Coastal Master Plan seeks to reverse ecological ________ by reestablishing the forces that originally formed the delta.

① productivity
② dependence
③ decline
④ adaptation
⑤ expansion

5. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Inflation tends to have a negative connotation because it is commonly associated with reduced purchasing power and monetary savings. Some economists, however, insist that a healthy amount of inflation might actually work in the public’s favor. Most notably, distinguished economist John Maynard Keynes asserted that moderate inflation is critical to counteract the paradox of thrift, which states that savings can actually be damaging to economic growth. If people are not spending their money, the economy suffers because there is less overall demand. Inflation can also give a financial boost to those in debt, such as mortgage borrowers and people with student loans. The value of loans decreases with inflation and this in turn encourages spending. Inflation targeting — or making adjustments to stick to an inflation rate that is chosen — is used by central banks all over the world with the goal of stimulating the economy and maintaining maximum employment. If people know that prices will rise in the future, it motivates them to buy goods and services now. In this context, a modest level of inflation can function as an economic ________.

① growth burden
② savings reward
③ demand catalyst
④ price shield
⑤ debt stability

6. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

When looking at the simplicity of human cells, the smallest building blocks of organic life, imagining that viruses — even less complex entities — could overtake them is difficult. Yet they can, and they do. The simplest viruses have only two parts: DNA or RNA that is a blueprint for making more viruses and a protein shell for protection. However, though they contain the instructions for reproduction, they lack the proper chemical substances — enzymes — to be able to do so on their own. They need a host to be able to do anything at all. They first infiltrate a cell, and then, once inside, add their genetic blueprint. The cell does not realize the difference and unknowingly begins to produce more of the virus instead of replicating itself. Each new virus can then infect another cell, repeating the infection cycle. In short, a virus spreads by turning a cell into a ________ for its own multiplication.

① defensive barrier
② living reservoir
③ reproductive machine
④ genetic target
⑤ chemical shield

7. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Populism refers to a political approach that views the world as divided, with corrupt government elites on one end controlling everything and good, ordinary people whose expectations are not being met on the other. While it is true that mainstream governments sometimes fail to meet the public’s expectations, turning to populism as an alternative can be destructive to social order. When a populist leader rises to power, they often suggest that problems have become urgent and that maintaining the status quo will only make matters worse for the people. This creates a sense of panic and causes the people to offer their support for the leader, even when leader’s solutions for so-called problems like immigration or free trade are not actually in the best interest of all the people. That is because “the people” frequently excludes minorities and other marginalized members of the population, which means that populism can turn members of the same society against one another, promote intolerance, and generally create additional ________.

① civic unity
② social strain
③ public trust
④ policy stability
⑤ voter confidence

8. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Humans are able to envision the future, and interestingly enough, it seems as though some animals can too. In one study, a species of weasel was observed eating ripe bananas immediately but then storing other unripe ones in trees, allowing them to mature. They would then come back to eat the fruit they had saved at a later time. This shows that the weasels were aware to some degree that in the near future, those bananas would become ripe enough to eat. That is, they were able to deduce a probable outcome and act accordingly. This ability to prepare for the future has been seen in a variety of animal species. It proves that they are not only capable of mental time travel but that they also possess enough reasoning and logic to know the best course of action to take for their own survival, demonstrating a form of ________.

① delayed feeding
② adaptive foresight
③ stored nutrition
④ present instinct
⑤ seasonal planning

9. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

One of the most remarkable aspects of the human body is its ability to regulate itself and maintain optimal functioning. It uses a variety of natural processes to achieve this, including the self-digestion system of autophagy. This mechanism is the body’s way of regenerating new and healthy cells through the removal of damaged cell components. When a person’s cells are stressed, autophagy is increased in order to ensure the normal operation of the body and keep it in homeostasis. It efficiently targets dysfunctional cells and ensures their elimination, often through the degradation of damaged and toxic proteins. The parts of the cell that are reused are the cytoplasm — fluid inside the cell — and organelles, which are structures with particular functions. These are broken down into amino acids, which the body utilizes for energy and cellular repair. In this way, autophagy helps prevent numerous health conditions such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s and can even help fight against infectious diseases. Through this internal recycling process, the body preserves its ________ even under cellular stress.

① disease resistance
② protein balance
③ immune signaling
④ functional stability
⑤ energy storage

10. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Common-pool resources are goods that are available to a large majority of the public even though they have a limited stock that is vulnerable to abuse. For example, although there are plentiful forests, if every person were to collect as much wood as possible from these forests, their decline would be inevitable. A good such as this can be exploited over time, leading to an unreliable supply as individuals consume the resource to the detriment of others. A shortage impacts not only other members of a society or community but the very ones who seek out the supply and are able to consume it, too. This is what’s known as the “tragedy of the commons.” Preventing the overconsumption or depletion of such goods is accomplished through a number of actions, including government regulation and making the once common-pool resource into a private good. Collective action is also an effective method of controlling the consumption of the resource because individuals work together to preserve it. This shows that avoiding the tragedy of the commons depends on establishing ________ over use.

① shared sacrifice
② public access
③ private demand
④ mutual restraint
⑤ individual freedom

11. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Greed is a biologically based behavior intrinsic to human nature. Urges are fundamental to the survival of all living creatures, and yet humans not only experience desire from a biological standpoint, but from a social one as well. This differentiates the impulses humans have from those felt by animals, such as the drive to reproduce. People desire more than to merely stay alive; they also want material possessions and wealth. But in the modern world, greed is somewhat of a paradox, since individual behavior that resembles greed is natural and encouraged — people are advised to seek wealth and prosperity to the best of their abilities — while greed itself is condemned by society. This is because while greed actually benefits the individual, it can come at a cost for civilization when unrestricted. Sociologists assert that society aims to find an equilibrium of motivating individuals with greed while still limiting unrestrained greed by labeling it as a vice. In other words, society tries to preserve personal ________ while preventing social harm.

① status competition
② acquisitive drive
③ collective discipline
④ reproductive instinct
⑤ moral restraint

12. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Cloud computing has already transformed how many businesses operate around the world, and it will also soon shape people’s lifestyles. One of the most significant changes has been increased flexibility in the workplace. Now that companies have the power to store, process, and manage all of their files on the cloud, employees are able to access data remotely as long as they can connect to the Internet. They no longer have to physically visit an office in order to obtain certain information and can virtually collaborate with others rather than setting aside time to meet. Cloud storage also means that people will not need to rely on as many devices to use or share content. A person can simply save their files on the cloud, generate links, and invite others to view them, which points to a future of greater ________ in everyday digital activity.

① network dependence
② location freedom
③ office efficiency
④ hardware ownership
⑤ face-to-face contact

13. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

The Swiss psychologist Carl Jung is credited with a great many of the field’s most enduring concepts. But for practicing therapists the most useful of these is his approach to diagnosis. This approach has been invaluable in understanding the behavior of certain patients who act according to a complex. For Jung, the complex is a mass of interrelated ideas that operate in the unconscious mind. This “hidden mass of memories” is formed in our childhood and wields a powerful influence — in both positive and negative ways — over our present and future. Discussing issues in these terms allows therapists to discuss how mechanisms of this sort work in a ________ sense. In addition, it relieves the pressure of delivering unrealistically rapid relief to patients.

① developmental
② reciprocal
③ fragmented
④ holistic
⑤ immediate

14. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

As popular culture has migrated from celebrity-centric to influencer-centric, money has moved along with it. This has led to the establishment of the creator economy. Powered by social media stars, this new ecosystem is in rapid growth; in 2021 alone, the creator economy collected more than 1.3 billion dollars in funding. But it wasn’t always such a profitable field, and “Internet celebrities” were once looked down upon by the old guards of traditional marketplaces. Not much of a surprise, considering they barely made anything and had yet to penetrate their way fully into the consciousness of the public. Then suddenly, Internet platforms began their meteoric rise and became the birthplace for social media giants who amassed huge followings. This resulted in a change in power dynamics. Platforms now must be able to compensate their influencers who bring in millions of users. And even then, it may not be enough, as more and more creators are accumulating wealth on their own terms. This suggests that the center of market leverage has shifted toward ________.

① platform dependence
② audience capture
③ creator autonomy
④ celebrity approval
⑤ public neglect

15. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

If science and technology continue on the current trajectory, the end result can only be the extinction of homo sapiens as a species or at least civilization as we know it. At some point, Artificial Intelligence will be perfected, which will spawn even more intelligence, and so forth, making humanity irrelevant. Therefore, it is in the interest of our existence to temper our need for discovery with the wisdom of restraint. Philosophy, in this regard, is our best weapon against the untamed dangers of scientific exploration. While often thought of as an opposing force, philosophy is actually closely associated with science and robust enough to ward off crises. Philosophy shares the ideals of logic and rigorous argumentation with science. However, unlike science, which only asks how, philosophy asks why. This is a consideration lacking in science but sorely needed. In this sense, philosophy functions as a form of ________ for human progress.

① accelerated invention
② reflective restraint
③ technical expansion
④ automated prediction
⑤ scientific obedience

16. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Mental rehearsal describes the technique of practicing an action in your mind before performing it in real life. It is common with athletes but is just as useful in a wide variety of other fields and endeavors. Its benefits are well-known and include increased confidence and concentration, reduced anxiety, and the ability to envision solutions to potential problems. To get the best results, it helps to engage as many of your senses as you can. You might visualize yourself crossing the finish line at a race or shaking a client’s hand over a successfully completed deal. Then, with your sense of hearing, you might imagine the roar of a cheering crowd or words of congratulations from your colleagues. Picturing positive outcomes such as these can help any concerns you might have about your preparedness melt away and give you a sense of ________ over an upcoming event.

① mastery
② recognition
③ stimulation
④ dependence
⑤ hesitation

17. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

In the 1950s, Solomon Asch demonstrated the power of peer pressure in an experiment in which participants took a visual perception test requiring them to identify a line that was closest in length to another. This was a simple task, with the correct answer being obvious to participants 99% of the time in independent tests prior to the actual experiment. During the actual experiment, a single study participant was put in a room with several actors. The actors had been told beforehand to provide wrong answers to the questions, and it was found that the effect this had on the actual study participant was to go along with the rest of the group out of fear of being ridiculed. In fact, despite the correct answer being clear to them, many of the participants agreed with the majority and provided the incorrect answer in 12 critical trials of this experiment. However, when two participants were included in the same study instead of just one, and both were aware of what the correct answer was, they almost never followed the majority. This suggests that even a small amount of social support can protect individuals from ________.

① group praise
② public attention
③ social conformity
④ visual confusion
⑤ personal ambition

1. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Clear communications are valued in all areas of modern society, and this is particularly true in the workplace. Unfortunately, many bosses operate on what is called a “need-to-know basis,” providing staff with information only when absolutely necessary. Instead, they must be transparent with their workers, both in good times and bad. It’s because many people want to feel a sense of ownership in the work they do and to believe that they can be a part of the solution if a crisis occurs. Leaders should, therefore, be upfront with their staff about any issues the company or team may be facing, essentially acknowledging that their employees are also their peers. This will help them win the trust and respect of their employees while increasing the level of staff involvement, __________________________.

① which causes workers to disclose only essential facts
② which ultimately serves the organization at large
③ which makes transparency unnecessary in stable times
④ which mainly benefits teams during moments of crisis
⑤ which allows leaders to avoid treating staff as equals

2. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Brains are incredibly complex structures responsible for an abundance of crucial tasks. Yet, in spite of being such vital organs, they are not perfect; one could even say they have a mind of their own. When it comes to problem-solving, the human brain prefers taking shortcuts (also known as heuristics) to arrive at solutions. It will recall similar past circumstances or depend on prior knowledge in order to bypass critical thinking — it’s lazy that way. This can prevent a person from considering other options or contemplating an important matter long enough. Brains can also cause people to think they’ve had experiences they’ve never actually had before (false memories). If a person hears a story or watches a video, his or her brain can fool them into thinking that they went through what they heard or saw. With so much information to process, it shouldn’t be a surprise that our minds __________________________ sometimes.

① become more accurate through repetition
② mistake borrowed input for lived reality
③ strengthen judgment by rejecting shortcuts
④ store events exactly as they occurred
⑤ avoid confusion by relying on past patterns

3. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Many people read translated versions of classics like the Odyssey. While translations may seem convenient, we can’t always be sure that we fully understand what the original writers were trying to say because not all translations are reliable. The thing is, translators must be equally proficient in both languages involved in a translation, and they must have a good understanding of the work itself. Exact translations can be impossible due to the use of figurative language, which can’t be translated literally. Furthermore, the words writers use in their work are often chosen very carefully. For instance, poets may select words that rhyme, which may not be possible to duplicate in another language. The original meaning can therefore be lost. The director of the British Centre for Literary Translation commented on the issue, insisting, “There’s not a single word in any of the languages I translate that can map perfectly onto a word in English. So it’s always __________________________.”

① a literal transfer of each writer’s intent
② a careful copying of every poetic effect
③ an interpretive act shaped by approximation
④ a reliable path to the author’s exact meaning
⑤ a technical process guided by dictionary equivalence

4. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

After the devastating flood of 1927, Congress approved the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project, which resulted in the construction of 20,000 miles of levees and floodways. This disrupted the delicate balance of the Mississippi’s watercourses, and the surrounding wetlands began to subside. So far, 1,800 square miles of Louisiana wetlands have disappeared. This disaster has taken a heavy toll. The vanishing swamps not only play a vital role in storm surge reduction and nutrient filtration but also are a critical ecosystem. In fact, almost half of the threatened and endangered species in America depend on wetlands. One potential answer is Louisiana’s Coastal Master Plan. It aims to recreate the natural processes that built the state’s delta, which would protect existing wetlands and restore areas that have been lost. There is an easy way the public can assist, too: eating oysters. Oyster shells can be used to rebuild the reefs. Nearly 5,000 tons of shells have been used for this already, thanks to recycling programs at Louisiana restaurants. The passage suggests that effective restoration depends on __________________________ rather than treating wetlands as expendable land.

① rebuilding wetlands by expanding flood-control barriers
② reviving the forces that originally shaped the coast
③ protecting species by limiting restaurant shell recycling
④ reducing storm damage through artificial nutrient systems
⑤ accepting wetland loss as a cost of river management

5. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Inflation tends to have a negative connotation because it is commonly associated with reduced purchasing power and monetary savings. Some economists, however, insist that a healthy amount of inflation might actually work in the public’s favor. Most notably, distinguished economist John Maynard Keynes asserted that moderate inflation is critical to counteract the paradox of thrift, which states that savings can actually be damaging to economic growth. If people are not spending their money, the economy suffers because there is less overall demand. Inflation can also give a financial boost to those in debt, such as mortgage borrowers and people with student loans. The value of loans decreases with inflation and this in turn encourages spending. Inflation targeting — or making adjustments to stick to an inflation rate that is chosen — is used by central banks all over the world with the goal of stimulating the economy and maintaining maximum employment. If people know that prices will rise in the future, it motivates them to buy goods and services now. Therefore, according to the passage, moderate inflation can serve as __________________________.

① a device that turns idle money into present demand
② a policy that raises employment by increasing savings first
③ a burden that protects the real value of borrowed money
④ a signal that mainly rewards people who postpone consumption
⑤ a force that lowers demand by making households save more

6. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

When looking at the simplicity of human cells, the smallest building blocks of organic life, imagining that viruses — even less complex entities — could overtake them is difficult. Yet they can, and they do. The simplest viruses have only two parts: DNA or RNA that is a blueprint for making more viruses and a protein shell for protection. However, though they contain the instructions for reproduction, they lack the proper chemical substances — enzymes — to be able to do so on their own. They need a host to be able to do anything at all. They first infiltrate a cell, and then, once inside, add their genetic blueprint. The cell does not realize the difference and unknowingly begins to produce more of the virus instead of replicating itself, ________________________.

① allowing the invader’s plan to run the factory
② because the virus copies the cell before entering it
③ while protecting its own enzymes from destruction
④ so that the host can strengthen its outer shell
⑤ after the cell teaches the virus how to reproduce

7. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Populism refers to a political approach that views the world as divided, with corrupt government elites on one end controlling everything and good, ordinary people whose expectations are not being met on the other. While it is true that mainstream governments sometimes fail to meet the public’s expectations, turning to populism as an alternative can be destructive to social order. When a populist leader rises to power, they often suggest that problems have become urgent and that maintaining the status quo will only make matters worse for the people. This creates a sense of panic and causes the people to offer their support for the leader, even when leader’s solutions for so-called problems like immigration or free trade are not actually in the best interest of all the people. That is because “the people” frequently excludes minorities and other marginalized members of the population, which means that populism can turn members of the same society against one another, promote intolerance, and generally __________________________.

① deepen fractures within the civic body
② repair divisions by empowering excluded groups
③ intensify panic through free trade debates
④ restore order by preserving the status quo
⑤ unite minorities under ordinary people’s leadership

8. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Humans are able to envision the future, and interestingly enough, it seems as though some animals can too. In one study, a species of weasel was observed eating ripe bananas immediately but then storing other unripe ones in trees, allowing them to mature. They would then come back to eat the fruit they had saved at a later time. This shows that the weasels were aware to some degree that in the near future, those bananas would become ripe enough to eat. That is, they were able to deduce a probable outcome and act accordingly. This ability to prepare for the future has been seen in a variety of animal species. It proves that they are not only capable of mental time travel but that they also possess enough reasoning and logic to __________________________.

① preserve food because ripe fruit was eaten first
② choose the most adaptive response in advance
③ revisit trees where bananas had matured later
④ predict survival only through repeated accident
⑤ store unripe bananas so they could become edible

9. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

One of the most remarkable aspects of the human body is its ability to regulate itself and maintain optimal functioning. It uses a variety of natural processes to achieve this, including the self-digestion system of autophagy. This mechanism is the body’s way of regenerating new and healthy cells through the removal of damaged cell components. When a person’s cells are stressed, autophagy is increased in order to ensure the normal operation of the body and keep it in homeostasis. It efficiently targets dysfunctional cells and ensures their elimination, often through the degradation of damaged and toxic proteins. The parts of the cell that are reused are the cytoplasm — fluid inside the cell — and organelles, which are structures with particular functions. These are broken down into amino acids, which the body utilizes for energy and cellular repair. In this way, autophagy helps prevent numerous health conditions such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s and can even help fight against infectious diseases by ______________________.

① making stressed cells produce more damaged proteins
② turning cellular waste into fuel and repair material
③ storing organelles to preserve toxic substances safely
④ increasing homeostasis through infectious diseases themselves
⑤ removing healthy cells before they become inefficient

10. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Common-pool resources are goods that are available to a large majority of the public even though they have a limited stock that is vulnerable to abuse. For example, although there are plentiful forests, if every person were to collect as much wood as possible from these forests, their decline would be inevitable. A good such as this can be exploited over time, leading to an unreliable supply as individuals consume the resource to the detriment of others. A shortage impacts not only other members of a society or community but the very ones who seek out the supply and are able to consume it, too. This is what’s known as the “tragedy of the commons.” Preventing the overconsumption or depletion of such goods is accomplished through a number of actions, including government regulation and making the once common-pool resource into a private good. Collective action is also an effective method of controlling the consumption of the resource because individuals work together __________________.

① to expand private ownership for profit
② to preserve what all might otherwise exhaust
③ to reward those who consume the fastest
④ to increase access without limiting demand
⑤ to replace public goods with luxury products

11. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Greed is a biologically based behavior intrinsic to human nature. Urges are fundamental to the survival of all living creatures, and yet humans not only experience desire from a biological standpoint, but from a social one as well. This differentiates the impulses humans have from those felt by animals, such as the drive to reproduce. People desire more than to merely stay alive; they also want material possessions and wealth. But in the modern world, greed is somewhat of a paradox, since individual behavior that resembles greed is natural and encouraged — people are advised to seek wealth and prosperity to the best of their abilities — while greed itself is condemned by society. This is because while greed actually benefits the individual, it can come at a cost for civilization when unrestricted. Sociologists assert that society aims to find an equilibrium of motivating individuals with greed while still limiting unrestrained greed by labeling it as a vice, __________________________.

① because shared order is damaged by unchecked private gain
② because social blame produces the desire for prosperity
③ because wealth alone keeps civilization in equilibrium
④ because biological urges are stronger than social standards
⑤ because material ambition replaces the instinct to survive

12. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Cloud computing has already transformed how many businesses operate around the world, and it will also soon shape people’s lifestyles. One of the most significant changes has been increased flexibility in the workplace. Now that companies have the power to store, process, and manage all of their files on the cloud, employees are able to access data remotely as long as they can connect to the Internet. They no longer have to physically visit an office in order to obtain certain information and can virtually collaborate with others rather than setting aside time to meet. Cloud storage also means that people will not need to rely on as many devices to use or share content. A person can simply save their files on the cloud, generate links, and invite others to view them rather than having to go through the process of using a USB drive, __________________________.

① allowing offices to centralize workers in one place
② making physical carriers largely unnecessary for sharing
③ requiring users to duplicate files across several machines
④ leading workers to visit offices more often for access
⑤ forcing companies to limit collaboration to scheduled meetings

13. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

The Swiss psychologist Carl Jung is credited with a great many of the field’s most enduring concepts. But for practicing therapists the most useful of these is his approach to diagnosis. Rather than classifying psychological phenomena as discrete disorders and shuttling patients into one-size-fits-all treatments, Jung’s concept of the “complex” allows clinicians to identify how their conflicting problems are intertwined. This approach has been invaluable in understanding the behavior of certain patients who act according to a complex. For Jung, the complex is a mass of interrelated ideas that operate in the unconscious mind. This “hidden mass of memories” is formed in our childhood and wields a powerful influence — in both positive and negative ways — over our present and future. Discussing issues in these terms allows therapists to discuss how mechanisms of this sort work in a holistic sense. In addition, it relieves the pressure of __________________________.

① forcing patients into uniform categories too quickly
② tracing present struggles to buried formative patterns
③ explaining behavior as a web of linked tensions
④ promising unrealistically swift improvement to patients
⑤ treating childhood memories as mostly beneficial forces

14. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

As popular culture has migrated from celebrity-centric to influencer-centric, money has moved along with it. This has led to the establishment of the creator economy. Powered by social media stars, this new ecosystem is in rapid growth; in 2021 alone, the creator economy collected more than 1.3 billion dollars in funding. But it wasn’t always such a profitable field, and “Internet celebrities” were once looked down upon by the old guards of traditional marketplaces. Not much of a surprise, considering they barely made anything and had yet to penetrate their way fully into the consciousness of the public. Then suddenly, Internet platforms began their meteoric rise and became the birthplace for social media giants who amassed huge followings. This resulted in a change in power dynamics. Platforms now must be able to compensate their influencers who bring in millions of users. And even then, it may not be enough, as more and more creators are __________________________.

① turning platform traffic into private leverage
② being compensated by platforms for millions of users
③ relying on social media giants for public recognition
④ restoring the old authority of traditional marketplaces
⑤ expanding because platforms suddenly amassed followers

15. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

If science and technology continue on the current trajectory, the end result can only be the extinction of homo sapiens as a species or at least civilization as we know it. At some point, Artificial Intelligence will be perfected, which will spawn even more intelligence, and so forth, making humanity irrelevant. Therefore, it is in the interest of our existence to temper our need for discovery with the wisdom of restraint. Philosophy, in this regard, is our best weapon against the untamed dangers of scientific exploration. While often thought of as an opposing force, philosophy is actually closely associated with science and robust enough to ward off crises. Philosophy shares the ideals of logic and rigorous argumentation with science. However, unlike science, which only asks how, philosophy asks why. This is a consideration __________________________.

① that scientific progress eventually makes unnecessary
② that only philosophy can force science to abandon
③ that advanced technology can answer more efficiently
④ whose absence leaves inquiry dangerously directionless
⑤ whose value disappears once intelligence exceeds humanity

16. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Mental rehearsal describes the technique of practicing an action in your mind before performing it in real life. It is common with athletes but is just as useful in a wide variety of other fields and endeavors. Its benefits are well-known and include increased confidence and concentration, reduced anxiety, and the ability to envision solutions to potential problems. To get the best results, it helps to engage as many of your senses as you can. You might visualize yourself crossing the finish line at a race or shaking a client’s hand over a successfully completed deal. Then, with your sense of hearing, you might imagine the roar of a cheering crowd or words of congratulations from your colleagues. Picturing positive outcomes such as these can help any concerns you might have about your preparedness __________________________ and give you a sense of control over an upcoming event.

① dissolve because success is already guaranteed
② fade by making uncertainty feel manageable
③ grow as every risk becomes more visible
④ disappear once others confirm your talent
⑤ weaken through replaying external praise alone

17. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

In the 1950s, Solomon Asch demonstrated the power of peer pressure in an experiment in which participants took a visual perception test requiring them to identify a line that was closest in length to another. This was a simple task, with the correct answer being obvious to participants 99% of the time in independent tests prior to the actual experiment. During the actual experiment, a single study participant was put in a room with several actors. The actors had been told beforehand to provide wrong answers to the questions, and it was found that the effect this had on the actual study participant was to go along with the rest of the group out of fear of being ridiculed. In fact, despite the correct answer being clear to them, many of the participants agreed with the majority and provided the incorrect answer in 12 critical trials of this experiment. However, when two participants were included in the same study instead of just one, and both were aware of what the correct answer was, they almost never followed the majority, suggesting that conformity weakens when __________________________.

① social isolation is no longer absolute
② the majority becomes easier to ridicule
③ visual tasks grow harder to evaluate
④ fear depends entirely on wrong answers
⑤ independent tests are repeated in groups

2. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Brains are incredibly complex structures responsible for an abundance of crucial tasks. Yet, in spite of being such vital organs, they are not perfect; one could even say they have a mind of their own.

(가) It will recall similar past circumstances or depend on prior knowledge in order to bypass critical thinking — it’s lazy that way. This can prevent a person from considering other options or contemplating an important matter long enough.

(나) Brains can also cause people to think they’ve had experiences they’ve never actually had before (false memories). If a person hears a story or watches a video, his or her brain can fool them into thinking that they went through what they heard or saw.

(다) When it comes to problem-solving, the human brain prefers taking shortcuts (also known as heuristics) to arrive at solutions. With so much information to process, it shouldn’t be a surprise that our minds slip up sometimes.

① (가) - (다) - (나)
② (다) - (가) - (나)
③ (다) - (나) - (가)
④ (나) - (가) - (다)
⑤ (나) - (다) - (가)

3. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Many people read translated versions of classics like the Odyssey. While translations may seem convenient, we can’t always be sure that we fully understand what the original writers were trying to say because not all translations are reliable.

(가) Exact translations can be impossible due to the use of figurative language, which can’t be translated literally. Furthermore, the words writers use in their work are often chosen very carefully.

(나) The original meaning can therefore be lost. The director of the British Centre for Literary Translation commented on the issue, insisting, “There’s not a single word in any of the languages I translate that can map perfectly onto a word in English. So it’s always interpretative, approximate, creative.”

(다) The thing is, translators must be equally proficient in both languages involved in a translation, and they must have a good understanding of the work itself. For instance, poets may select words that rhyme, which may not be possible to duplicate in another language.

① (가)－(다)－(나)
② (나)－(가)－(다)
③ (다)－(가)－(나)
④ (다)－(나)－(가)
⑤ (나)－(다)－(가)

4. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

After the devastating flood of 1927, Congress approved the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project, which resulted in the construction of 20,000 miles of levees and floodways.

(가) This disaster has taken a heavy toll. The vanishing swamps not only play a vital role in storm surge reduction and nutrient filtration but also are a critical ecosystem.

(나) This disrupted the delicate balance of the Mississippi’s watercourses, and the surrounding wetlands began to subside. So far, 1,800 square miles of Louisiana wetlands have disappeared.

(다) In fact, almost half of the threatened and endangered species in America depend on wetlands. One potential answer is Louisiana’s Coastal Master Plan. It aims to recreate the natural processes that built the state’s delta, which would protect existing wetlands and restore areas that have been lost. There is an easy way the public can assist, too: eating oysters. Oyster shells can be used to rebuild the reefs. Nearly 5,000 tons of shells have been used for this already, thanks to recycling programs at Louisiana restaurants.

① (가)－(나)－(다)
② (나)－(가)－(다)
③ (나)－(다)－(가)
④ (다)－(가)－(나)
⑤ (다)－(나)－(가)

5. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Inflation tends to have a negative connotation because it is commonly associated with reduced purchasing power and monetary savings. Some economists, however, insist that a healthy amount of inflation might actually work in the public’s favor.

(가) Most notably, distinguished economist John Maynard Keynes asserted that moderate inflation is critical to counteract the paradox of thrift, which states that savings can actually be damaging to economic growth. If people are not spending their money, the economy suffers because there is less overall demand.

(나) Inflation targeting — or making adjustments to stick to an inflation rate that is chosen — is used by central banks all over the world with the goal of stimulating the economy and maintaining maximum employment. If people know that prices will rise in the future, it motivates them to buy goods and services now.

(다) Inflation can also give a financial boost to those in debt, such as mortgage borrowers and people with student loans. The value of loans decreases with inflation and this in turn encourages spending.

① (가) - (다) - (나)
② (나) - (가) - (다)
③ (나) - (다) - (가)
④ (다) - (가) - (나)
⑤ (다) - (나) - (가)

6. 다음 글에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것은?

When looking at the simplicity of human cells, the smallest building blocks of organic life, imagining that viruses — even less complex entities — could overtake them is difficult. Yet they can, and they do.

(가) However, though they contain the instructions for reproduction, they lack the proper chemical substances — enzymes — to be able to do so on their own. They need a host to be able to do anything at all.

(나) They first infiltrate a cell, and then, once inside, add their genetic blueprint. The cell does not realize the difference and unknowingly begins to produce more of the virus instead of replicating itself.

(다) The simplest viruses have only two parts: DNA or RNA that is a blueprint for making more viruses and a protein shell for protection. Each new virus can then infect another cell, repeating the infection cycle.

① (가) - (다) - (나)
② (다) - (가) - (나)
③ (다) - (나) - (가)
④ (나) - (가) - (다)
⑤ (나) - (다) - (가)

7. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Populism refers to a political approach that views the world as divided, with corrupt government elites on one end controlling everything and good, ordinary people whose expectations are not being met on the other.

(가) When a populist leader rises to power, they often suggest that problems have become urgent and that maintaining the status quo will only make matters worse for the people. This creates a sense of panic and causes the people to offer their support for the leader, even when leader’s solutions for so-called problems like immigration or free trade are not actually in the best interest of all the people.

(나) While it is true that mainstream governments sometimes fail to meet the public’s expectations, turning to populism as an alternative can be destructive to social order.

(다) That is because “the people” frequently excludes minorities and other marginalized members of the population, which means that populism can turn members of the same society against one another, promote intolerance, and generally create additional problems.

① (가)－(다)－(나)
② (나)－(가)－(다)
③ (나)－(다)－(가)
④ (다)－(가)－(나)
⑤ (다)－(나)－(가)

8. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Humans are able to envision the future, and interestingly enough, it seems as though some animals can too.

(가) This shows that the weasels were aware to some degree that in the near future, those bananas would become ripe enough to eat. That is, they were able to deduce a(n) probable outcome and act accordingly.

(나) In one study, a species of weasel was observed eating ripe bananas immediately but then storing other unripe ones in trees, allowing them to mature. They would then come back to eat the fruit they had saved at a later time.

(다) This ability to prepare for the future has been seen in a variety of animal species. It proves that they are not only capable of mental time travel but that they also possess enough reasoning and logic to know the best course of action to take for their own survival.

① (가) - (나) - (다)
② (나) - (가) - (다)
③ (나) - (다) - (가)
④ (다) - (가) - (나)
⑤ (다) - (나) - (가)

9. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것은?

One of the most remarkable aspects of the human body is its ability to regulate itself and maintain optimal functioning. It uses a variety of natural processes to achieve this, including the self-digestion system of autophagy.

(가) This mechanism is the body’s way of regenerating new and healthy cells through the removal of damaged cell components. When a person’s cells are stressed, autophagy is increased in order to ensure the normal operation of the body and keep it in homeostasis.

(나) The parts of the cell that are reused are the cytoplasm — fluid inside the cell — and organelles, which are structures with particular functions. These are broken down into amino acids, which the body utilizes for energy and cellular repair. In this way, autophagy helps prevent numerous health conditions such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s and can even help fight against infectious diseases.

(다) It efficiently targets dysfunctional cells and ensures their elimination, often through the degradation of damaged and toxic proteins. The parts of the cell that are reused are the cytoplasm — fluid inside the cell — and organelles, which are structures with particular functions.

① (가) - (다) - (나)
② (나) - (가) - (다)
③ (다) - (가) - (나)
④ (다) - (나) - (가)
⑤ (나) - (다) - (가)

10. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Common-pool resources are goods that are available to a large majority of the public even though they have a limited stock that is vulnerable to abuse.

(가) A good such as this can be exploited over time, leading to an unreliable supply as individuals consume the resource to the detriment of others. A shortage impacts not only other members of a society or community but the very ones who seek out the supply and are able to consume it, too.

(나) This is what’s known as the “tragedy of the commons.” Preventing the overconsumption or depletion of such goods is accomplished through a number of actions, including government regulation and making the once common-pool resource into a private good.

(다) For example, although there are plentiful forests, if every person were to collect as much wood as possible from these forests, their decline would be inevitable. Collective action is also an effective method of controlling the consumption of the resource because individuals work together to preserve it.

① (가) - (다) - (나)
② (나) - (가) - (다)
③ (다) - (가) - (나)
④ (다) - (나) - (가)
⑤ (나) - (다) - (가)

11. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장 뒤에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

Greed is a biologically based behavior intrinsic to human nature.

(가) But in the modern world, greed is somewhat of a paradox, since individual behavior that resembles greed is natural and encouraged — people are advised to seek wealth and prosperity to the best of their abilities — while greed itself is condemned by society. This is because while greed actually benefits the individual, it can come at a cost for civilization when unrestricted.

(나) Urges are fundamental to the survival of all living creatures, and yet humans not only experience desire from a biological standpoint, but from a social one as well. This differentiates the impulses humans have from those felt by animals, such as the drive to reproduce.

(다) People desire more than to merely stay alive; they also want material possessions and wealth. Sociologists assert that society aims to find an equilibrium of motivating individuals with greed while still limiting unrestrained greed by labeling it as a vice.

① (가) - (나) - (다)
② (나) - (다) - (가)
③ (나) - (가) - (다)
④ (다) - (나) - (가)
⑤ (다) - (가) - (나)

12. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

Cloud computing has already transformed how many businesses operate around the world, and it will also soon shape people’s lifestyles.

(가) Now that companies have the power to store, process, and manage all of their files on the cloud, employees are able to access data remotely as long as they can connect to the Internet. They no longer have to physically visit an office in order to obtain certain information and can virtually collaborate with others rather than setting aside time to meet.

(나) Cloud storage also means that people will not need to rely on as many devices to use or share content. A person can simply save their files on the cloud, generate links, and invite others to view them rather than having to go through the process of using a USB drive.

(다) One of the most significant changes has been increased flexibility in the workplace.

① (가) - (다) - (나)
② (나) - (가) - (다)
③ (다) - (가) - (나)
④ (다) - (나) - (가)
⑤ (나) - (다) - (가)

13. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

The Swiss psychologist Carl Jung is credited with a great many of the field’s most enduring concepts. But for practicing therapists the most useful of these is his approach to diagnosis.

(가) Rather than classifying psychological phenomena as discrete disorders and shuttling patients into one-size-fits-all treatments, Jung’s concept of the “complex” allows clinicians to identify how their conflicting problems are intertwined. This approach has been invaluable in understanding the behavior of certain patients who act according to a complex.

(나) Discussing issues in these terms allows therapists to discuss how mechanisms of this sort work in a holistic sense. In addition, it relieves the pressure of delivering unrealistically rapid relief to patients.

(다) For Jung, the complex is a mass of interrelated ideas that operate in the unconscious mind. This “hidden mass of memories” is formed in our childhood and wields a powerful influence — in both positive and negative ways — over our present and future.

① (가)－(나)－(다)
② (가)－(다)－(나)
③ (나)－(가)－(다)
④ (다)－(가)－(나)
⑤ (다)－(나)－(가)

14. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

As popular culture has migrated from celebrity-centric to influencer-centric, money has moved along with it. This has led to the establishment of the creator economy.

(가) But it wasn’t always such a profitable field, and “Internet celebrities” were once looked down upon by the old guards of traditional marketplaces. Not much of a surprise, considering they barely made anything and had yet to penetrate their way fully into the consciousness of the public.

(나) Then suddenly, Internet platforms began their meteoric rise and became the birthplace for social media giants who amassed huge followings. This resulted in a change in power dynamics.

(다) Powered by social media stars, this new ecosystem is in rapid growth; in 2021 alone, the creator economy collected more than 1.3 billion dollars in funding. Platforms now must be able to compensate their influencers who bring in millions of users. And even then, it may not be enough, as more and more creators are accumulating wealth on their own terms.

① (가) - (다) - (나)
② (나) - (가) - (다)
③ (다) - (가) - (나)
④ (가) - (나) - (다)
⑤ (다) - (나) - (가)

15. 다음 글에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것은?

If science and technology continue on the current trajectory, the end result can only be the extinction of homo sapiens as a species or at least civilization as we know it.

(가) Philosophy, in this regard, is our best weapon against the untamed dangers of scientific exploration. While often thought of as an opposing force, philosophy is actually closely associated with science and robust enough to ward off crises.

(나) At some point, Artificial Intelligence will be perfected, which will spawn even more intelligence, and so forth, making humanity irrelevant. Therefore, it is in the interest of our existence to temper our need for discovery with the wisdom of restraint.

(다) Philosophy shares the ideals of logic and rigorous argumentation with science. However, unlike science, which only asks how, philosophy asks why. This is a consideration lacking in science but sorely needed.

① (가)－(나)－(다)
② (가)－(다)－(나)
③ (나)－(가)－(다)
④ (다)－(가)－(나)
⑤ (다)－(나)－(가)

16. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것은?

Mental rehearsal describes the technique of practicing an action in your mind before performing it in real life. It is common with athletes but is just as useful in a wide variety of other fields and endeavors.

(가) To get the best results, it helps to engage as many of your senses as you can. You might visualize yourself crossing the finish line at a race or shaking a client’s hand over a successfully completed deal.

(나) Then, with your sense of hearing, you might imagine the roar of a cheering crowd or words of congratulations from your colleagues. Picturing positive outcomes such as these can help any concerns you might have about your preparedness melt away and give you a sense of control over an upcoming event.

(다) Its benefits are well-known and include increased confidence and concentration, reduced anxiety, and the ability to envision solutions to potential problems.

① (가) - (다) - (나)
② (나) - (가) - (다)
③ (다) - (가) - (나)
④ (다) - (나) - (가)
⑤ (나) - (다) - (가)

17. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

In the 1950s, Solomon Asch demonstrated the power of peer pressure in an experiment in which participants took a visual perception test requiring them to identify a line that was closest in length to another. This was a simple task, with the correct answer being obvious to participants 99% of the time in independent tests prior to the actual experiment.

(가) During the actual experiment, a single study participant was put in a room with several actors. The actors had been told beforehand to provide wrong answers to the questions, and it was found that the effect this had on the actual study participant was to go along with the rest of the group out of fear of being ridiculed.

(나) In fact, despite the correct answer being clear to them, many of the participants agreed with the majority and provided the incorrect answer in 12 critical trials of this experiment. However, when two participants were included in the same study instead of just one, and both were aware of what the correct answer was, they almost never followed the majority.

(다) This was a simple task, with the correct answer being obvious to participants 99% of the time in independent tests prior to the actual experiment. During the actual experiment, a single study participant was put in a room with several actors.

① (가)－(나)－(다)
② (가)－(다)－(나)
③ (다)－(가)－(나)
④ (나)－(가)－(다)
⑤ (나)－(다)－(가)

1. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

Instead, they must be transparent with their workers, both in good times and bad.

Clear communications are valued in all areas of modern society, and this is particularly true in the workplace. Unfortunately, many bosses operate on what is called a “need-to-know basis,” providing staff with information only when absolutely necessary. ① Why is this so important? It’s because many people want to feel a sense of ownership in the work they do and to believe that they can be a part of the solution if a crisis occurs. ② Leaders should, therefore, be upfront with their staff about any issues the company or team may be facing, essentially acknowledging that their employees are also their peers. ③ This will help them win the trust and respect of their employees while increasing the level of staff involvement, which benefits the company as a whole. ④ Clear communications are valued in all areas of modern society, and this is particularly true in the workplace. ⑤ Unfortunately, many bosses operate on what is called a “need-to-know basis,” providing staff with information only when absolutely necessary.

①
②
③
④
⑤

2. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

It will recall similar past circumstances or depend on prior knowledge in order to bypass critical thinking — it’s lazy that way.

Brains are incredibly complex structures responsible for an abundance of crucial tasks. Yet, in spite of being such vital organs, they are not perfect; one could even say they have a mind of their own. ① When it comes to problem-solving, the human brain prefers taking shortcuts (also known as heuristics) to arrive at solutions. ② This can prevent a person from considering other options or contemplating an important matter long enough. Brains can also cause people to think they’ve had experiences they’ve never actually had before (false memories). ③ If a person hears a story or watches a video, his or her brain can fool them into thinking that they went through what they heard or saw. ④ With so much information to process, it shouldn’t be a surprise that our minds slip up sometimes. ⑤

①
②
③
④
⑤

3. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

The original meaning can therefore be lost.

Many people read translated versions of classics like the Odyssey. While translations may seem convenient, we can’t always be sure that we fully understand what the original writers were trying to say because not all translations are reliable. ① The thing is, translators must be equally proficient in both languages involved in a translation, and they must have a good understanding of the work itself. Exact translations can be impossible due to the use of figurative language, which can’t be translated literally. ② Furthermore, the words writers use in their work are often chosen very carefully. For instance, poets may select words that rhyme, which may not be possible to duplicate in another language. ③ The director of the British Centre for Literary Translation commented on the issue, insisting, “There’s not a single word in any of the languages I translate that can map perfectly onto a word in English. ④ So it’s always interpretative, approximate, creative.” ⑤

4. 다음 글에서 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

This disaster has taken a heavy toll.

After the devastating flood of 1927, Congress approved the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project, which resulted in the construction of 20,000 miles of levees and floodways. This disrupted the delicate balance of the Mississippi’s watercourses, and the surrounding wetlands began to subside. ① So far, 1,800 square miles of Louisiana wetlands have disappeared. The vanishing swamps not only play a vital role in storm surge reduction and nutrient filtration but also are a critical ecosystem. ② In fact, almost half of the threatened and endangered species in America depend on wetlands. One potential answer is Louisiana’s Coastal Master Plan. ③ It aims to recreate the natural processes that built the state’s delta, which would protect existing wetlands and restore areas that have been lost. There is an easy way the public can assist, too: eating oysters. ④ Oyster shells can be used to rebuild the reefs. Nearly 5,000 tons of shells have been used for this already, thanks to recycling programs at Louisiana restaurants. ⑤

① ①
② ②
③ ③
④ ④
⑤ ⑤

5. 다음 글에서 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

Inflation can also give a financial boost to those in debt, such as mortgage borrowers and people with student loans.

Inflation tends to have a negative connotation because it is commonly associated with reduced purchasing power and monetary savings. Some economists, however, insist that a healthy amount of inflation might actually work in the public’s favor. ① Most notably, distinguished economist John Maynard Keynes asserted that moderate inflation is critical to counteract the paradox of thrift, which states that savings can actually be damaging to economic growth. If people are not spending their money, the economy suffers because there is less overall demand. ② The value of loans decreases with inflation and this in turn encourages spending. Inflation targeting — or making adjustments to stick to an inflation rate that is chosen — is used by central banks all over the world with the goal of stimulating the economy and maintaining maximum employment. ③ If people know that prices will rise in the future, it motivates them to buy goods and services now. ④ Some economists, however, insist that a healthy amount of inflation might actually work in the public’s favor. Most notably, distinguished economist John Maynard Keynes asserted that moderate inflation is critical to counteract the paradox of thrift, which states that savings can actually be damaging to economic growth. ⑤ If people are not spending their money, the economy suffers because there is less overall demand.

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6. 다음 글에서 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

However, though they contain the instructions for reproduction, they lack the proper chemical substances — enzymes — to be able to do so on their own.

When looking at the simplicity of human cells, the smallest building blocks of organic life, imagining that viruses — even less complex entities — could overtake them is difficult. Yet they can, and they do. ① The simplest viruses have only two parts: DNA or RNA that is a blueprint for making more viruses and a protein shell for protection. ② They need a host to be able to do anything at all. ③ They first infiltrate a cell, and then, once inside, add their genetic blueprint. ④ The cell does not realize the difference and unknowingly begins to produce more of the virus instead of replicating itself. ⑤ Each new virus can then infect another cell, repeating the infection cycle.

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7. 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

This creates a sense of panic and causes the people to offer their support for the leader, even when leader’s solutions for so-called problems like immigration or free trade are not actually in the best interest of all the people.

Populism refers to a political approach that views the world as divided, with corrupt government elites on one end controlling everything and good, ordinary people whose expectations are not being met on the other. While it is true that mainstream governments sometimes fail to meet the public’s expectations, turning to populism as an alternative can be destructive to social order. ① When a populist leader rises to power, they often suggest that problems have become urgent and that maintaining the status quo will only make matters worse for the people. ② That is because “the people” frequently excludes minorities and other marginalized members of the population, which means that populism can turn members of the same society against one another, promote intolerance, and generally create additional problems. ③ Populism therefore does not simply respond to public frustration but can also deepen division within society. ④ By framing politics as a struggle between a pure people and a corrupt elite, it narrows the range of voices considered legitimate. ⑤ As a result, those who do not fit the populist image of “the people” may be ignored or blamed.

8. 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

That is, they were able to deduce a(n) probable outcome and act accordingly.

Humans are able to envision the future, and interestingly enough, it seems as though some animals can too. In one study, a species of weasel was observed eating ripe bananas immediately but then storing other unripe ones in trees, allowing them to mature. ① They would then come back to eat the fruit they had saved at a later time. This shows that the weasels were aware to some degree that in the near future, those bananas would become ripe enough to eat. ② This ability to prepare for the future has been seen in a variety of animal species. It proves that they are not only capable of mental time travel but that they also possess enough reasoning and logic to know the best course of action to take for their own survival. ③ Humans are able to envision the future, and interestingly enough, it seems as though some animals can too. ④ In one study, a species of weasel was observed eating ripe bananas immediately but then storing other unripe ones in trees, allowing them to mature. ⑤ They would then come back to eat the fruit they had saved at a later time.

9. 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

These are broken down into amino acids, which the body utilizes for energy and cellular repair.

One of the most remarkable aspects of the human body is its ability to regulate itself and maintain optimal functioning. It uses a variety of natural processes to achieve this, including the self-digestion system of autophagy. ① This mechanism is the body’s way of regenerating new and healthy cells through the removal of damaged cell components. When a person’s cells are stressed, autophagy is increased in order to ensure the normal operation of the body and keep it in homeostasis. ② It efficiently targets dysfunctional cells and ensures their elimination, often through the degradation of damaged and toxic proteins. The parts of the cell that are reused are the cytoplasm — fluid inside the cell — and organelles, which are structures with particular functions. ③ In this way, autophagy helps prevent numerous health conditions such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s and can even help fight against infectious diseases. ④ One of the most remarkable aspects of the human body is its ability to regulate itself and maintain optimal functioning. It uses a variety of natural processes to achieve this, including the self-digestion system of autophagy. ⑤ This mechanism is the body’s way of regenerating new and healthy cells through the removal of damaged cell components.

10. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

This is what’s known as the “tragedy of the commons.”

Common-pool resources are goods that are available to a large majority of the public even though they have a limited stock that is vulnerable to abuse. For example, although there are plentiful forests, if every person were to collect as much wood as possible from these forests, their decline would be inevitable. ① A good such as this can be exploited over time, leading to an unreliable supply as individuals consume the resource to the detriment of others. ② A shortage impacts not only other members of a society or community but the very ones who seek out the supply and are able to consume it, too. ③ Preventing the overconsumption or depletion of such goods is accomplished through a number of actions, including government regulation and making the once common-pool resource into a private good. ④ Collective action is also an effective method of controlling the consumption of the resource because individuals work together to preserve it. ⑤

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11. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

This is because while greed actually benefits the individual, it can come at a cost for civilization when unrestricted.

Greed is a biologically based behavior intrinsic to human nature. Urges are fundamental to the survival of all living creatures, and yet humans not only experience desire from a biological standpoint, but from a social one as well. ① This differentiates the impulses humans have from those felt by animals, such as the drive to reproduce. People desire more than to merely stay alive; they also want material possessions and wealth. ② But in the modern world, greed is somewhat of a paradox, since individual behavior that resembles greed is natural and encouraged — people are advised to seek wealth and prosperity to the best of their abilities — while greed itself is condemned by society. ③ Sociologists assert that society aims to find an equilibrium of motivating individuals with greed while still limiting unrestrained greed by labeling it as a vice. ④ Urges are fundamental to the survival of all living creatures, and yet humans not only experience desire from a biological standpoint, but from a social one as well. ⑤ This differentiates the impulses humans have from those felt by animals, such as the drive to reproduce.

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12. 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

They no longer have to physically visit an office in order to obtain certain information and can virtually collaborate with others rather than setting aside time to meet.

Cloud computing has already transformed how many businesses operate around the world, and it will also soon shape people’s lifestyles. One of the most significant changes has been increased flexibility in the workplace. ① Now that companies have the power to store, process, and manage all of their files on the cloud, employees are able to access data remotely as long as they can connect to the Internet. ② Cloud storage also means that people will not need to rely on as many devices to use or share content. ③ A person can simply save their files on the cloud, generate links, and invite others to view them rather than having to go through the process of using a USB drive. ④ This convenience is expected to influence not only business practices but also everyday life in the near future. ⑤ As a result, cloud computing continues to expand its impact across both workplaces and personal environments.

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13. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

In addition, it relieves the pressure of delivering unrealistically rapid relief to patients.

The Swiss psychologist Carl Jung is credited with a great many of the field’s most enduring concepts. But for practicing therapists the most useful of these is his approach to diagnosis. ① Rather than classifying psychological phenomena as discrete disorders and shuttling patients into one-size-fits-all treatments, Jung’s concept of the “complex” allows clinicians to identify how their conflicting problems are intertwined. This approach has been invaluable in understanding the behavior of certain patients who act according to a complex. ② For Jung, the complex is a mass of interrelated ideas that operate in the unconscious mind. This “hidden mass of memories” is formed in our childhood and wields a powerful influence — in both positive and negative ways — over our present and future. ③ Discussing issues in these terms allows therapists to discuss how mechanisms of this sort work in a holistic sense. ④ Rather than classifying psychological phenomena as discrete disorders and shuttling patients into one-size-fits-all treatments, Jung’s concept of the “complex” allows clinicians to identify how their conflicting problems are intertwined. ⑤ This approach has been invaluable in understanding the behavior of certain patients who act according to a complex.

14. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

This resulted in a change in power dynamics.

As popular culture has migrated from celebrity-centric to influencer-centric, money has moved along with it. This has led to the establishment of the creator economy. ① Powered by social media stars, this new ecosystem is in rapid growth; in 2021 alone, the creator economy collected more than 1.3 billion dollars in funding. But it wasn’t always such a profitable field, and “Internet celebrities” were once looked down upon by the old guards of traditional marketplaces. ② Not much of a surprise, considering they barely made anything and had yet to penetrate their way fully into the consciousness of the public. Then suddenly, Internet platforms began their meteoric rise and became the birthplace for social media giants who amassed huge followings. ③ Platforms now must be able to compensate their influencers who bring in millions of users. And even then, it may not be enough, as more and more creators are accumulating wealth on their own terms. ④ This has led to the establishment of the creator economy. Powered by social media stars, this new ecosystem is in rapid growth; in 2021 alone, the creator economy collected more than 1.3 billion dollars in funding. ⑤ But it wasn’t always such a profitable field, and “Internet celebrities” were once looked down upon by the old guards of traditional marketplaces.

15. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

This is a consideration lacking in science but sorely needed.

If science and technology continue on the current trajectory, the end result can only be the extinction of homo sapiens as a species or at least civilization as we know it. At some point, Artificial Intelligence will be perfected, which will spawn even more intelligence, and so forth, making humanity irrelevant. ① Therefore, it is in the interest of our existence to temper our need for discovery with the wisdom of restraint. Philosophy, in this regard, is our best weapon against the untamed dangers of scientific exploration. ② While often thought of as an opposing force, philosophy is actually closely associated with science and robust enough to ward off crises. Philosophy shares the ideals of logic and rigorous argumentation with science. ③ However, unlike science, which only asks how, philosophy asks why. ④ This is a consideration lacking in science but sorely needed. ⑤

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16. 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

Then, with your sense of hearing, you might imagine the roar of a cheering crowd or words of congratulations from your colleagues.

Mental rehearsal describes the technique of practicing an action in your mind before performing it in real life. It is common with athletes but is just as useful in a wide variety of other fields and endeavors. ① Its benefits are well-known and include increased confidence and concentration, reduced anxiety, and the ability to envision solutions to potential problems. To get the best results, it helps to engage as many of your senses as you can. ② You might visualize yourself crossing the finish line at a race or shaking a client’s hand over a successfully completed deal. ③ Picturing positive outcomes such as these can help any concerns you might have about your preparedness melt away and give you a sense of control over an upcoming event. ④ ⑤

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17. 다음 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

This was a simple task, with the correct answer being obvious to participants 99% of the time in independent tests prior to the actual experiment.

In the 1950s, Solomon Asch demonstrated the power of peer pressure in an experiment in which participants took a visual perception test requiring them to identify a line that was closest in length to another. ① During the actual experiment, a single study participant was put in a room with several actors. The actors had been told beforehand to provide wrong answers to the questions, and it was found that the effect this had on the actual study participant was to go along with the rest of the group out of fear of being ridiculed. ② In fact, despite the correct answer being clear to them, many of the participants agreed with the majority and provided the incorrect answer in 12 critical trials of this experiment. ③ However, when two participants were included in the same study instead of just one, and both were aware of what the correct answer was, they almost never followed the majority. ④ This showed that having even one ally greatly reduced the pressure to conform. ⑤ Asch’s experiment remains one of the most famous demonstrations of how social influence can override individual judgment.

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