1. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Clear communications are valued in all areas of modern society, and this is particularly true in the workplace. Unfortunately, many bosses operate on what is called a “need-to-know basis,” providing staff with information only when absolutely necessary. Instead, they must be transparent with their workers, both in good times and bad. Why is this so important? It’s because many people want to feel a sense of ownership in the work they do and to believe that they can be a part of the solution if a crisis occurs. Leaders should, therefore, be upfront with their staff about any issues the company or team may be facing, essentially acknowledging that their employees are also their peers. This will help them win the trust and respect of their employees while increasing the level of staff involvement, which benefits the company as a whole.

① limits of sharing crisis information with all staff
② need for openness to build workplace commitment
③ causes of poor communication between bosses and workers
④ dangers of treating employees as equal decision makers
⑤ ways to improve company profits through strict control

2. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Brains are incredibly complex structures responsible for an abundance of crucial tasks. Yet, in spite of being such vital organs, they are not perfect; one could even say they have a mind of their own. When it comes to problem-solving, the human brain prefers taking shortcuts (also known as heuristics) to arrive at solutions. It will recall similar past circumstances or depend on prior knowledge in order to bypass critical thinking — it’s lazy that way. This can prevent a person from considering other options or contemplating an important matter long enough. Brains can also cause people to think they’ve had experiences they’ve never actually had before (false memories). If a person hears a story or watches a video, his or her brain can fool them into thinking that they went through what they heard or saw. With so much information to process, it shouldn’t be a surprise that our minds slip up sometimes.

① benefits of heuristics in human decision-making
② dangers of mental shortcuts and memory errors
③ ways to improve critical thinking through practice
④ influence of past experiences on brain development
⑤ importance of processing large amounts of information

3. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Many people read translated versions of classics like the Odyssey. While translations may seem convenient, we can’t always be sure that we fully understand what the original writers were trying to say because not all translations are reliable. The thing is, translators must be equally proficient in both languages involved in a translation, and they must have a good understanding of the work itself. Exact translations can be impossible due to the use of figurative language, which can’t be translated literally. Furthermore, the words writers use in their work are often chosen very carefully. For instance, poets may select words that rhyme, which may not be possible to duplicate in another language. The original meaning can therefore be lost. The director of the British Centre for Literary Translation commented on the issue, insisting, “There’s not a single word in any of the languages I translate that can map perfectly onto a word in English. So it’s always interpretative, approximate, creative.”

① benefits of rhyme and figurative language in translation
② limits of conveying an author’s exact meaning across languages
③ need for faster access to translated versions of classics
④ roles of skilled translators in preserving every original word
⑤ reasons why literal translation ensures faithful understanding

4. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

After the devastating flood of 1927, Congress approved the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project, which resulted in the construction of 20,000 miles of levees and floodways. This disrupted the delicate balance of the Mississippi’s watercourses, and the surrounding wetlands began to subside. So far, 1,800 square miles of Louisiana wetlands have disappeared. This disaster has taken a heavy toll. The vanishing swamps not only play a vital role in storm surge reduction and nutrient filtration but also are a critical ecosystem. In fact, almost half of the threatened and endangered species in America depend on wetlands. One potential answer is Louisiana’s Coastal Master Plan. It aims to recreate the natural processes that built the state’s delta, which would protect existing wetlands and restore areas that have been lost. There is an easy way the public can assist, too: eating oysters. Oyster shells can be used to rebuild the reefs. Nearly 5,000 tons of shells have been used for this already, thanks to recycling programs at Louisiana restaurants.

① economic benefits of oyster recycling programs
② impacts of river control on wetland loss and recovery
③ reasons for endangered species moving into wetlands
④ limits of floodways in reducing storm damage
⑤ growth of restaurant-based shell collection in Louisiana

5. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Inflation tends to have a negative connotation because it is commonly associated with reduced purchasing power and monetary savings. Some economists, however, insist that a healthy amount of inflation might actually work in the public’s favor. Most notably, distinguished economist John Maynard Keynes asserted that moderate inflation is critical to counteract the paradox of thrift, which states that savings can actually be damaging to economic growth. If people are not spending their money, the economy suffers because there is less overall demand. Inflation can also give a financial boost to those in debt, such as mortgage borrowers and people with student loans. The value of loans decreases with inflation and this in turn encourages spending. Inflation targeting — or making adjustments to stick to an inflation rate that is chosen — is used by central banks all over the world with the goal of stimulating the economy and maintaining maximum employment. If people know that prices will rise in the future, it motivates them to buy goods and services now.

① dangers of inflation for household savings and demand
② benefits of moderate inflation in encouraging economic activity
③ reasons for central banks to reduce all price increases
④ effects of inflation on mortgage borrowers and students
⑤ ways to protect purchasing power through personal saving

6. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

When looking at the simplicity of human cells, the smallest building blocks of organic life, imagining that viruses — even less complex entities — could overtake them is difficult. Yet they can, and they do. The simplest viruses have only two parts: DNA or RNA that is a blueprint for making more viruses and a protein shell for protection. However, though they contain the instructions for reproduction, they lack the proper chemical substances — enzymes — to be able to do so on their own. They need a host to be able to do anything at all. They first infiltrate a cell, and then, once inside, add their genetic blueprint. The cell does not realize the difference and unknowingly begins to produce more of the virus instead of replicating itself. Each new virus can then infect another cell, repeating the infection cycle.

① protein shells as the main defense of viruses
② effects of viral takeover on host cell activity
③ reasons human cells fail to recognize enzymes
④ ways to block repeated infection by simple viruses
⑤ differences between DNA viruses and RNA viruses

7. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Populism refers to a political approach that views the world as divided, with corrupt government elites on one end controlling everything and good, ordinary people whose expectations are not being met on the other. While it is true that mainstream governments sometimes fail to meet the public’s expectations, turning to populism as an alternative can be destructive to social order. When a populist leader rises to power, they often suggest that problems have become urgent and that maintaining the status quo will only make matters worse for the people. This creates a sense of panic and causes the people to offer their support for the leader, even when leader’s solutions for so-called problems like immigration or free trade are not actually in the best interest of all the people. That is because “the people” frequently excludes minorities and other marginalized members of the population, which means that populism can turn members of the same society against one another, promote intolerance, and generally create additional problems.

① dangers of panic-based politics dividing a community
② benefits of urgent action against immigration and free trade
③ reasons mainstream governments fail public expectations
④ ways populist leaders gain trust from ordinary citizens
⑤ importance of protecting minorities through political compromise

8. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Humans are able to envision the future, and interestingly enough, it seems as though some animals can too. In one study, a species of weasel was observed eating ripe bananas immediately but then storing other unripe ones in trees, allowing them to mature. They would then come back to eat the fruit they had saved at a later time. This shows that the weasels were aware to some degree that in the near future, those bananas would become ripe enough to eat. That is, they were able to deduce a(n) probable outcome and act accordingly. This ability to prepare for the future has been seen in a variety of animal species. It proves that they are not only capable of mental time travel but that they also possess enough reasoning and logic to know the best course of action to take for their own survival.

① storing fruit for later use in animals
② limits of animal reasoning about future events
③ reasons some animals prefer unripe bananas
④ the role of delayed planning in animal survival
⑤ differences between human and animal time travel

9. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

One of the most remarkable aspects of the human body is its ability to regulate itself and maintain optimal functioning. It uses a variety of natural processes to achieve this, including the self-digestion system of autophagy. This mechanism is the body’s way of regenerating new and healthy cells through the removal of damaged cell components. When a person’s cells are stressed, autophagy is increased in order to ensure the normal operation of the body and keep it in homeostasis. It efficiently targets dysfunctional cells and ensures their elimination, often through the degradation of damaged and toxic proteins. The parts of the cell that are reused are the cytoplasm — fluid inside the cell — and organelles, which are structures with particular functions. These are broken down into amino acids, which the body utilizes for energy and cellular repair. In this way, autophagy helps prevent numerous health conditions such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s and can even help fight against infectious diseases.

① limits of damaged proteins in cellular repair
② ways to increase amino acids through organelles
③ effects of cellular recycling on bodily stability
④ causes of Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s in stressed cells
⑤ dangers of toxic proteins in infectious diseases

10. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Common-pool resources are goods that are available to a large majority of the public even though they have a limited stock that is vulnerable to abuse. For example, although there are plentiful forests, if every person were to collect as much wood as possible from these forests, their decline would be inevitable. A good such as this can be exploited over time, leading to an unreliable supply as individuals consume the resource to the detriment of others. A shortage impacts not only other members of a society or community but the very ones who seek out the supply and are able to consume it, too. This is what’s known as the “tragedy of the commons.” Preventing the overconsumption or depletion of such goods is accomplished through a number of actions, including government regulation and making the once common-pool resource into a private good. Collective action is also an effective method of controlling the consumption of the resource because individuals work together to preserve it.

① effects of forests on long-term public wealth
② dangers of unchecked use of shared resources
③ benefits of private ownership of natural goods
④ reasons for government control of wood collection
⑤ changes in public access to natural resources

11. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Greed is a biologically based behavior intrinsic to human nature. Urges are fundamental to the survival of all living creatures, and yet humans not only experience desire from a biological standpoint, but from a social one as well. This differentiates the impulses humans have from those felt by animals, such as the drive to reproduce. People desire more than to merely stay alive; they also want material possessions and wealth. But in the modern world, greed is somewhat of a paradox, since individual behavior that resembles greed is natural and encouraged — people are advised to seek wealth and prosperity to the best of their abilities — while greed itself is condemned by society. This is because while greed actually benefits the individual, it can come at a cost for civilization when unrestricted. Sociologists assert that society aims to find an equilibrium of motivating individuals with greed while still limiting unrestrained greed by labeling it as a vice.

① benefits of material possessions for human survival
② dangers of condemning wealth in modern society
③ differences between human and animal urges
④ ways to remove greed from social life
⑤ balancing personal drive and social restraint

12. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Cloud computing has already transformed how many businesses operate around the world, and it will also soon shape people’s lifestyles. One of the most significant changes has been increased flexibility in the workplace. Now that companies have the power to store, process, and manage all of their files on the cloud, employees are able to access data remotely as long as they can connect to the Internet. They no longer have to physically visit an office in order to obtain certain information and can virtually collaborate with others rather than setting aside time to meet. Cloud storage also means that people will not need to rely on as many devices to use or share content. A person can simply save their files on the cloud, generate links, and invite others to view them rather than having to go through the process of using a USB drive.

① the need for stronger security in cloud services
② the effects of cloud computing on daily work patterns
③ the limits of Internet access in modern companies
④ the reasons for storing files on personal devices
⑤ the dangers of replacing office meetings with online links

13. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Swiss psychologist Carl Jung is credited with a great many of the field’s most enduring concepts. But for practicing therapists the most useful of these is his approach to diagnosis. Rather than classifying psychological phenomena as discrete disorders and shuttling patients into one-size-fits-all treatments, Jung’s concept of the “complex” allows clinicians to identify how their conflicting problems are intertwined. This approach has been invaluable in understanding the behavior of certain patients who act according to a complex. For Jung, the complex is a mass of interrelated ideas that operate in the unconscious mind. This “hidden mass of memories” is formed in our childhood and wields a powerful influence — in both positive and negative ways — over our present and future. Discussing issues in these terms allows therapists to discuss how mechanisms of this sort work in a holistic sense. In addition, it relieves the pressure of delivering unrealistically rapid relief to patients.

① the limits of rapid relief in childhood therapy
② the value of viewing patients through interconnected patterns
③ the causes of hidden memories in the unconscious mind
④ the risks of classifying all disorders as childhood complexes
⑤ the need for one-size-fits-all treatments in diagnosis

14. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

As popular culture has migrated from celebrity-centric to influencer-centric, money has moved along with it. This has led to the establishment of the creator economy. Powered by social media stars, this new ecosystem is in rapid growth; in 2021 alone, the creator economy collected more than 1.3 billion dollars in funding. But it wasn’t always such a profitable field, and “Internet celebrities” were once looked down upon by the old guards of traditional marketplaces. Not much of a surprise, considering they barely made anything and had yet to penetrate their way fully into the consciousness of the public. Then suddenly, Internet platforms began their meteoric rise and became the birthplace for social media giants who amassed huge followings. This resulted in a change in power dynamics. Platforms now must be able to compensate their influencers who bring in millions of users. And even then, it may not be enough, as more and more creators are accumulating wealth on their own terms.

① the rise of internet platforms and huge online followings

② the growing need for platforms to reward top influencers

③ the emergence of a new market order around digital creators

④ the reasons internet celebrities were ignored in traditional markets

⑤ the harmful effects of creators gaining wealth without platforms

15. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

If science and technology continue on the current trajectory, the end result can only be the extinction of homo sapiens as a species or at least civilization as we know it. At some point, Artificial Intelligence will be perfected, which will spawn even more intelligence, and so forth, making humanity irrelevant. Therefore, it is in the interest of our existence to temper our need for discovery with the wisdom of restraint. Philosophy, in this regard, is our best weapon against the untamed dangers of scientific exploration. While often thought of as an opposing force, philosophy is actually closely associated with science and robust enough to ward off crises. Philosophy shares the ideals of logic and rigorous argumentation with science. However, unlike science, which only asks how, philosophy asks why. This is a consideration lacking in science but sorely needed.

① dangers of artificial intelligence for human civilization
② need for philosophical restraint in scientific progress
③ ways to perfect artificial intelligence through philosophy
④ benefits of logic and argumentation in modern science
⑤ limits of science as an enemy of philosophy

16. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Mental rehearsal describes the technique of practicing an action in your mind before performing it in real life. It is common with athletes but is just as useful in a wide variety of other fields and endeavors. Its benefits are well-known and include increased confidence and concentration, reduced anxiety, and the ability to envision solutions to potential problems. To get the best results, it helps to engage as many of your senses as you can. You might visualize yourself crossing the finish line at a race or shaking a client’s hand over a successfully completed deal. Then, with your sense of hearing, you might imagine the roar of a cheering crowd or words of congratulations from your colleagues. Picturing positive outcomes such as these can help any concerns you might have about your preparedness melt away and give you a sense of control over an upcoming event.

① benefits of using hearing during mental rehearsal
② limits of mental practice in athletic performance
③ reasons athletes rely on repeated physical training
④ value of multisensory mental rehearsal before performance
⑤ ways to prevent unexpected problems in competitions

17. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

In the 1950s, Solomon Asch demonstrated the power of peer pressure in an experiment in which participants took a visual perception test requiring them to identify a line that was closest in length to another. This was a simple task, with the correct answer being obvious to participants 99% of the time in independent tests prior to the actual experiment. During the actual experiment, a single study participant was put in a room with several actors. The actors had been told beforehand to provide wrong answers to the questions, and it was found that the effect this had on the actual study participant was to go along with the rest of the group out of fear of being ridiculed. In fact, despite the correct answer being clear to them, many of the participants agreed with the majority and provided the incorrect answer in 12 critical trials of this experiment. However, when two participants were included in the same study instead of just one, and both were aware of what the correct answer was, they almost never followed the majority.

① reasons for errors in visual perception tests
② effects of group pressure on individual judgment
③ ways to prevent ridicule in group situations
④ importance of actors in psychological experiments
⑤ limits of majority influence with social support

1. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Clear communications are valued in all areas of modern society, and this is particularly true in the workplace. Unfortunately, many bosses operate on what is called a “need-to-know basis,” providing staff with information only when absolutely necessary. Instead, they must be transparent with their workers, both in good times and bad. Why is this so important? It’s because many people want to feel a sense of ownership in the work they do and to believe that they can be a part of the solution if a crisis occurs. Leaders should, therefore, be upfront with their staff about any issues the company or team may be facing, essentially acknowledging that their employees are also their peers. This will help them win the trust and respect of their employees while increasing the level of staff involvement, which benefits the company as a whole.

요약문:
Organizations gain more than obedience when leaders abandon selective disclosure; by treating employees as intellectual partners rather than mere subordinates, they cultivate ___(A)___ and turn potential passivity into collective ___(B)___.

① reciprocity …… resilience
② reciprocity …… dependency
③ hierarchy …… resilience
④ hierarchy …… compliance
⑤ isolation …… dependency

2. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Brains are incredibly complex structures responsible for an abundance of crucial tasks. Yet, in spite of being such vital organs, they are not perfect; one could even say they have a mind of their own. When it comes to problem-solving, the human brain prefers taking shortcuts (also known as heuristics) to arrive at solutions. It will recall similar past circumstances or depend on prior knowledge in order to bypass critical thinking — it’s lazy that way. This can prevent a person from considering other options or contemplating an important matter long enough. Brains can also cause people to think they’ve had experiences they’ve never actually had before (false memories). If a person hears a story or watches a video, his or her brain can fool them into thinking that they went through what they heard or saw. With so much information to process, it shouldn’t be a surprise that our minds slip up sometimes.

요약문:
Rather than serving as a flawlessly rational engine, the brain often operates through ___(A)___ and can even blur the boundary between reality and ___(B)___.

① efficiency …… anticipation
② efficiency …… fabrication
③ approximation …… fabrication
④ approximation …… anticipation
⑤ precision …… intuition

3. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Many people read translated versions of classics like the Odyssey. While translations may seem convenient, we can’t always be sure that we fully understand what the original writers were trying to say because not all translations are reliable. The thing is, translators must be equally proficient in both languages involved in a translation, and they must have a good understanding of the work itself. Exact translations can be impossible due to the use of figurative language, which can’t be translated literally. Furthermore, the words writers use in their work are often chosen very carefully. For instance, poets may select words that rhyme, which may not be possible to duplicate in another language. The original meaning can therefore be lost. The director of the British Centre for Literary Translation commented on the issue, insisting, “There’s not a single word in any of the languages I translate that can map perfectly onto a word in English. So it’s always interpretative, approximate, creative.”

요약문:
Because literary language is bound to form as well as meaning, translation inevitably becomes an act of ___(A)___ rather than transparent transfer, leaving some degree of the original ___(B)___ beyond recovery.

① reconstruction …… precision
② reconstruction …… accessibility
③ replication …… precision
④ replication …… accessibility
⑤ preservation …… neutrality

4. 아래 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

After the devastating flood of 1927, Congress approved the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project, which resulted in the construction of 20,000 miles of levees and floodways. This disrupted the delicate balance of the Mississippi’s watercourses, and the surrounding wetlands began to subside. So far, 1,800 square miles of Louisiana wetlands have disappeared. This disaster has taken a heavy toll. The vanishing swamps not only play a vital role in storm surge reduction and nutrient filtration but also are a critical ecosystem. In fact, almost half of the threatened and endangered species in America depend on wetlands. One potential answer is Louisiana’s Coastal Master Plan. It aims to recreate the natural processes that built the state’s delta, which would protect existing wetlands and restore areas that have been lost. There is an easy way the public can assist, too: eating oysters. Oyster shells can be used to rebuild the reefs. Nearly 5,000 tons of shells have been used for this already, thanks to recycling programs at Louisiana restaurants.

요약문:
What was once framed as human control over a river has instead produced ecological ___(A)___, making large-scale recovery and even everyday consumer habits part of a broader effort to rebuild the coast’s ___(B)___.

① instability …… resilience
② instability …… isolation
③ efficiency …… resilience
④ efficiency …… isolation
⑤ prosperity …… permanence

5. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Inflation tends to have a negative connotation because it is commonly associated with reduced purchasing power and monetary savings. Some economists, however, insist that a healthy amount of inflation might actually work in the public’s favor. Most notably, distinguished economist John Maynard Keynes asserted that moderate inflation is critical to counteract the paradox of thrift, which states that savings can actually be damaging to economic growth. If people are not spending their money, the economy suffers because there is less overall demand. Inflation can also give a financial boost to those in debt, such as mortgage borrowers and people with student loans. The value of loans decreases with inflation and this in turn encourages spending. Inflation targeting — or making adjustments to stick to an inflation rate that is chosen — is used by central banks all over the world with the goal of stimulating the economy and maintaining maximum employment. If people know that prices will rise in the future, it motivates them to buy goods and services now.

요약문:
What appears to punish consumers in the short term may, at a broader level, function as an economic ___(A)___ by weakening the appeal of holding onto money and increasing borrowers’ ___(B)___.

① catalyst …… latitude
② catalyst …… caution
③ restraint …… latitude
④ restraint …… caution
⑤ burden …… paralysis

6. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

When looking at the simplicity of human cells, the smallest building blocks of organic life, imagining that viruses — even less complex entities — could overtake them is difficult. Yet they can, and they do. The simplest viruses have only two parts: DNA or RNA that is a blueprint for making more viruses and a protein shell for protection. However, though they contain the instructions for reproduction, they lack the proper chemical substances — enzymes — to be able to do so on their own. They need a host to be able to do anything at all. They first infiltrate a cell, and then, once inside, add their genetic blueprint. The cell does not realize the difference and unknowingly begins to produce more of the virus instead of replicating itself. Each new virus can then infect another cell, repeating the infection cycle.

요약문: Despite their structural ___(A)___, viruses achieve widespread replication not through self-sufficiency but by turning a host cell into an ___(B)___ producer of viral copies.

① modesty …… involuntary
② modesty …… efficient
③ autonomy …… involuntary
④ autonomy …… efficient
⑤ complexity …… deliberate

7. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Populism refers to a political approach that views the world as divided, with corrupt government elites on one end controlling everything and good, ordinary people whose expectations are not being met on the other. While it is true that mainstream governments sometimes fail to meet the public’s expectations, turning to populism as an alternative can be destructive to social order. When a populist leader rises to power, they often suggest that problems have become urgent and that maintaining the status quo will only make matters worse for the people. This creates a sense of panic and causes the people to offer their support for the leader, even when leader’s solutions for so-called problems like immigration or free trade are not actually in the best interest of all the people. That is because “the people” frequently excludes minorities and other marginalized members of the population, which means that populism can turn members of the same society against one another, promote intolerance, and generally create additional problems.

요약문:

By recasting political frustration as an immediate struggle between a virtuous majority and a corrupt few, populism gains ___(A)___ for remedies that appear protective but ultimately deepen social ___(B)___.

     (A)           (B)
① legitimacy …… fragmentation
② legitimacy …… cohesion
③ restraint …… fragmentation
④ restraint …… cohesion
⑤ ambiguity …… stability

8. 아래 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Humans are able to envision the future, and interestingly enough, it seems as though some animals can too. In one study, a species of weasel was observed eating ripe bananas immediately but then storing other unripe ones in trees, allowing them to mature. They would then come back to eat the fruit they had saved at a later time. This shows that the weasels were aware to some degree that in the near future, those bananas would become ripe enough to eat. That is, they were able to deduce a(n) probable outcome and act accordingly. This ability to prepare for the future has been seen in a variety of animal species. It proves that they are not only capable of mental time travel but that they also possess enough reasoning and logic to know the best course of action to take for their own survival.

요약문:
Rather than being trapped in the immediate present, some animals display ___(A)___ by anticipating changes in their environment and selecting behavior that maximizes later ___(B)___.

① foresight …… payoff
② foresight …… confusion
③ instinct …… payoff
④ instinct …… hesitation
⑤ impulsiveness …… confusion

9. 아래 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

One of the most remarkable aspects of the human body is its ability to regulate itself and maintain optimal functioning. It uses a variety of natural processes to achieve this, including the self-digestion system of autophagy. This mechanism is the body’s way of regenerating new and healthy cells through the removal of damaged cell components. When a person’s cells are stressed, autophagy is increased in order to ensure the normal operation of the body and keep it in homeostasis. It efficiently targets dysfunctional cells and ensures their elimination, often through the degradation of damaged and toxic proteins. The parts of the cell that are reused are the cytoplasm — fluid inside the cell — and organelles, which are structures with particular functions. These are broken down into amino acids, which the body utilizes for energy and cellular repair. In this way, autophagy helps prevent numerous health conditions such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s and can even help fight against infectious diseases.

요약문:
Rather than merely disposing of cellular waste, autophagy acts as an internal strategy of ___(A)___, turning biological breakdown into ___(B)___ that preserves systemic balance and lowers disease risk.

① renewal …… resilience
② renewal …… stagnation
③ concealment …… resilience
④ concealment …… fragility
⑤ depletion …… stagnation

10. 아래 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Common-pool resources are goods that are available to a large majority of the public even though they have a limited stock that is vulnerable to abuse. For example, although there are plentiful forests, if every person were to collect as much wood as possible from these forests, their decline would be inevitable. A good such as this can be exploited over time, leading to an unreliable supply as individuals consume the resource to the detriment of others. A shortage impacts not only other members of a society or community but the very ones who seek out the supply and are able to consume it, too. This is what’s known as the “tragedy of the commons.” Preventing the overconsumption or depletion of such goods is accomplished through a number of actions, including government regulation and making the once common-pool resource into a private good. Collective action is also an effective method of controlling the consumption of the resource because individuals work together to preserve it.

요약문:
Resources open to all can, without limits on use, slide into ___(A)___, since individually rational taking gradually destroys the ___(B)___ that everyone, including the takers, depends on.

① instability …… foundation
② instability …… privilege
③ abundance …… foundation
④ abundance …… privilege
⑤ efficiency …… incentive

11. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Greed is a biologically based behavior intrinsic to human nature. Urges are fundamental to the survival of all living creatures, and yet humans not only experience desire from a biological standpoint, but from a social one as well. This differentiates the impulses humans have from those felt by animals, such as the drive to reproduce. People desire more than to merely stay alive; they also want material possessions and wealth. But in the modern world, greed is somewhat of a paradox, since individual behavior that resembles greed is natural and encouraged — people are advised to seek wealth and prosperity to the best of their abilities — while greed itself is condemned by society. This is because while greed actually benefits the individual, it can come at a cost for civilization when unrestricted. Sociologists assert that society aims to find an equilibrium of motivating individuals with greed while still limiting unrestrained greed by labeling it as a vice.

요약문:

Society treats acquisitive desire as a useful engine only when it remains under ___(A)___, because what advances private gain can, once intensified beyond measure, become socially ___(B)___.

     (A)           (B)
① supervision …… corrosive
② supervision …… renewable
③ celebration …… corrosive
④ celebration …… renewable
⑤ instinct …… symbolic

12. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Cloud computing has already transformed how many businesses operate around the world, and it will also soon shape people’s lifestyles. One of the most significant changes has been increased flexibility in the workplace. Now that companies have the power to store, process, and manage all of their files on the cloud, employees are able to access data remotely as long as they can connect to the Internet. They no longer have to physically visit an office in order to obtain certain information and can virtually collaborate with others rather than setting aside time to meet. Cloud storage also means that people will not need to rely on as many devices to use or share content. A person can simply save their files on the cloud, generate links, and invite others to view them rather than having to go through the process of using a USB drive.

요약문:
By relocating information and interaction to a networked environment, cloud computing reduces workers’ ___(A)___ to fixed places and makes sharing far more ___(B)___ than device-based exchange.

① dependence …… seamless
② dependence …… burdensome
③ resistance …… seamless
④ resistance …… fragmented
⑤ isolation …… burdensome

13. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

The Swiss psychologist Carl Jung is credited with a great many of the field’s most enduring concepts. But for practicing therapists the most useful of these is his approach to diagnosis. Rather than classifying psychological phenomena as discrete disorders and shuttling patients into one-size-fits-all treatments, Jung’s concept of the “complex” allows clinicians to identify how their conflicting problems are intertwined. This approach has been invaluable in understanding the behavior of certain patients who act according to a complex. For Jung, the complex is a mass of interrelated ideas that operate in the unconscious mind. This “hidden mass of memories” is formed in our childhood and wields a powerful influence — in both positive and negative ways — over our present and future. Discussing issues in these terms allows therapists to discuss how mechanisms of this sort work in a holistic sense. In addition, it relieves the pressure of delivering unrealistically rapid relief to patients.

요약문:

Jung’s diagnostic framework shifts therapy away from treating symptoms as isolated malfunctions and toward reading them as ___(A)___ patterns shaped by early unconscious formations, which encourages broader understanding rather than demanding immediate ___(B)___.

① emergent …… resolution
② emergent …… compliance
③ incidental …… resolution
④ incidental …… compliance
⑤ rigid …… conformity

14. 아래 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

As popular culture has migrated from celebrity-centric to influencer-centric, money has moved along with it. This has led to the establishment of the creator economy. Powered by social media stars, this new ecosystem is in rapid growth; in 2021 alone, the creator economy collected more than 1.3 billion dollars in funding. But it wasn’t always such a profitable field, and “Internet celebrities” were once looked down upon by the old guards of traditional marketplaces. Not much of a surprise, considering they barely made anything and had yet to penetrate their way fully into the consciousness of the public. Then suddenly, Internet platforms began their meteoric rise and became the birthplace for social media giants who amassed huge followings. This resulted in a change in power dynamics. Platforms now must be able to compensate their influencers who bring in millions of users. And even then, it may not be enough, as more and more creators are accumulating wealth on their own terms.

요약문:
What began as a culturally marginal activity has evolved into a market force, as digital creators gained ___(A)___ over audience attention and, with it, increasing ___(B)___ from the systems that once dismissed them.

① leverage …… autonomy
② leverage …… obscurity
③ conformity …… autonomy
④ conformity …… dependence
⑤ fragility …… obscurity

15. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

If science and technology continue on the current trajectory, the end result can only be the extinction of homo sapiens as a species or at least civilization as we know it. At some point, Artificial Intelligence will be perfected, which will spawn even more intelligence, and so forth, making humanity irrelevant. Therefore, it is in the interest of our existence to temper our need for discovery with the wisdom of restraint. Philosophy, in this regard, is our best weapon against the untamed dangers of scientific exploration. While often thought of as an opposing force, philosophy is actually closely associated with science and robust enough to ward off crises. Philosophy shares the ideals of logic and rigorous argumentation with science. However, unlike science, which only asks how, philosophy asks why. This is a consideration lacking in science but sorely needed.

요약문:

What threatens humanity is not inquiry itself but innovation detached from ___(A)___; thus, the discipline most capable of keeping knowledge from turning ___(B)___ is philosophy, because it examines purposes rather than mere procedures.

① accountability …… catastrophic
② accountability …… mechanical
③ efficiency …… catastrophic
④ efficiency …… mechanical
⑤ curiosity …… ornamental

16. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Mental rehearsal describes the technique of practicing an action in your mind before performing it in real life. It is common with athletes but is just as useful in a wide variety of other fields and endeavors. Its benefits are well-known and include increased confidence and concentration, reduced anxiety, and the ability to envision solutions to potential problems. To get the best results, it helps to engage as many of your senses as you can. You might visualize yourself crossing the finish line at a race or shaking a client’s hand over a successfully completed deal. Then, with your sense of hearing, you might imagine the roar of a cheering crowd or words of congratulations from your colleagues. Picturing positive outcomes such as these can help any concerns you might have about your preparedness melt away and give you a sense of control over an upcoming event.

요약문:

By mentally staging success through rich sensory imagination, people can turn uncertain future performance into something more ___(A)___ and emotionally ___(B)___.

① manageable …… grounded
② manageable …… vulnerable
③ unpredictable …… grounded
④ unpredictable …… vulnerable
⑤ distant …… abstract

17. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

In the 1950s, Solomon Asch demonstrated the power of peer pressure in an experiment in which participants took a visual perception test requiring them to identify a line that was closest in length to another. This was a simple task, with the correct answer being obvious to participants 99% of the time in independent tests prior to the actual experiment. During the actual experiment, a single study participant was put in a room with several actors. The actors had been told beforehand to provide wrong answers to the questions, and it was found that the effect this had on the actual study participant was to go along with the rest of the group out of fear of being ridiculed. In fact, despite the correct answer being clear to them, many of the participants agreed with the majority and provided the incorrect answer in 12 critical trials of this experiment. However, when two participants were included in the same study instead of just one, and both were aware of what the correct answer was, they almost never followed the majority.

요약문:

Even unmistakable perception can be ___(A)___ by collective pressure, but the presence of even minimal social ___(B)___ sharply weakens the pull of a mistaken majority.

① distorted …… reinforcement
② distorted …… isolation
③ validated …… reinforcement
④ validated …… isolation
⑤ concealed …… obedience

1. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Clear communications are valued in all areas of modern society, and this is particularly true in the workplace. Unfortunately, many bosses operate on what is called a “need-to-know basis,” providing staff with information only when absolutely necessary. Instead, they must be transparent with their workers, both in good times and bad. Why is this so important? It’s because many people want to feel a sense of ownership in the work they do and to believe that they can be a part of the solution if a crisis occurs. Leaders should, therefore, be upfront with their staff about any issues the company or team may be facing, essentially acknowledging that their employees are also their peers. This will help them win the trust and respect of their employees while increasing the level of staff involvement, which benefits the company as a whole.

① employers physically limit who can receive company reports
② leaders share information only when workers must have it
③ workers should know every detail before any task begins
④ managers trust employees less during difficult periods
⑤ companies improve when all authority is removed from bosses

2. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Brains are incredibly complex structures responsible for an abundance of crucial tasks. Yet, in spite of being such vital organs, they are not perfect; one could even say they have a mind of their own. When it comes to problem-solving, the human brain prefers taking shortcuts (also known as heuristics) to arrive at solutions. It will recall similar past circumstances or depend on prior knowledge in order to bypass critical thinking — it’s lazy that way. This can prevent a person from considering other options or contemplating an important matter long enough. Brains can also cause people to think they’ve had experiences they’ve never actually had before (false memories). If a person hears a story or watches a video, his or her brain can fool them into thinking that they went through what they heard or saw. With so much information to process, it shouldn’t be a surprise that our minds slip up sometimes.

① the brain operates exactly according to a person’s conscious control
② the brain sometimes functions in ways that mislead its owner
③ the brain develops an independent personality through experience
④ the brain stores all past events with complete accuracy
⑤ the brain should always be trusted in making quick decisions

3. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Many people read translated versions of classics like the Odyssey. While translations may seem convenient, we can’t always be sure that we fully understand what the original writers were trying to say because not all translations are reliable. The thing is, translators must be equally proficient in both languages involved in a translation, and they must have a good understanding of the work itself. Exact translations can be impossible due to the use of figurative language, which can’t be translated literally. Furthermore, the words writers use in their work are often chosen very carefully. For instance, poets may select words that rhyme, which may not be possible to duplicate in another language. The original meaning can therefore be lost. The director of the British Centre for Literary Translation commented on the issue, insisting, “There’s not a single word in any of the languages I translate that can map perfectly onto a word in English. So it’s always interpretative, approximate, creative.”

① each foreign word has a fixed English match in translation
② translators must replace creative writing with literal English words
③ no word from one language corresponds exactly to a word in another
④ English words usually preserve the full rhyme and force of the original
⑤ translated works always fail because literature depends on cultural difference

4. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

After the devastating flood of 1927, Congress approved the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project, which resulted in the construction of 20,000 miles of levees and floodways. This disrupted the delicate balance of the Mississippi’s watercourses, and the surrounding wetlands began to subside. So far, 1,800 square miles of Louisiana wetlands have disappeared. This disaster has taken a heavy toll. The vanishing swamps not only play a vital role in storm surge reduction and nutrient filtration but also are a critical ecosystem. In fact, almost half of the threatened and endangered species in America depend on wetlands. One potential answer is Louisiana’s Coastal Master Plan. It aims to recreate the natural processes that built the state’s delta, which would protect existing wetlands and restore areas that have been lost. There is an easy way the public can assist, too: eating oysters. Oyster shells can be used to rebuild the reefs. Nearly 5,000 tons of shells have been used for this already, thanks to recycling programs at Louisiana restaurants.

① the flood damage has remained limited to a few local communities
② the loss has caused serious ecological and protective consequences
③ the wetlands have quickly recovered through large restoration efforts
④ the disaster mainly refers to the economic gains from oyster recycling
⑤ the Mississippi’s changes prove that all ecosystems are equally unstable

5. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Inflation tends to have a negative connotation because it is commonly associated with reduced purchasing power and monetary savings. Some economists, however, insist that a healthy amount of inflation might actually work in the public’s favor. Most notably, distinguished economist John Maynard Keynes asserted that moderate inflation is critical to counteract the paradox of thrift, which states that savings can actually be damaging to economic growth. If people are not spending their money, the economy suffers because there is less overall demand. Inflation can also give a financial boost to those in debt, such as mortgage borrowers and people with student loans. The value of loans decreases with inflation and this in turn encourages spending. Inflation targeting — or making adjustments to stick to an inflation rate that is chosen — is used by central banks all over the world with the goal of stimulating the economy and maintaining maximum employment. If people know that prices will rise in the future, it motivates them to buy goods and services now.

① it physically helps ordinary people gain more money than before
② it harms the economy by making people save even more
③ it serves broader economic interests by encouraging present consumption
④ it guarantees that central banks can keep prices fully stable
⑤ it always benefits every member of society in the same way

6. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

When looking at the simplicity of human cells, the smallest building blocks of organic life, imagining that viruses — even less complex entities — could overtake them is difficult. Yet they can, and they do. The simplest viruses have only two parts: DNA or RNA that is a blueprint for making more viruses and a protein shell for protection. However, though they contain the instructions for reproduction, they lack the proper chemical substances — enzymes — to be able to do so on their own. They need a host to be able to do anything at all. They first infiltrate a cell, and then, once inside, add their genetic blueprint. The cell does not realize the difference and unknowingly begins to produce more of the virus instead of replicating itself. Each new virus can then infect another cell, repeating the infection cycle.

① the cell deliberately increases viral activity to defend itself
② the cell mistakes viral instructions for its own and follows them
③ the cell breaks down the virus before copying its own material
④ the cell physically carries the virus to another host by itself
⑤ the cell generally supports the growth of all simple life forms

7. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Populism refers to a political approach that views the world as divided, with corrupt government elites on one end controlling everything and good, ordinary people whose expectations are not being met on the other. While it is true that mainstream governments sometimes fail to meet the public’s expectations, turning to populism as an alternative can be destructive to social order. When a populist leader rises to power, they often suggest that problems have become urgent and that maintaining the status quo will only make matters worse for the people. This creates a sense of panic and causes the people to offer their support for the leader, even when leader’s solutions for so-called problems like immigration or free trade are not actually in the best interest of all the people. That is because “the people” frequently excludes minorities and other marginalized members of the population, which means that populism can turn members of the same society against one another, promote intolerance, and generally create additional problems.

① the existing system physically harms ordinary citizens more severely
② keeping current conditions unchanged will deepen fear and division in society
③ the public can protect social order by rejecting urgent political messages
④ political leaders must solve immigration and trade issues for every group
⑤ all forms of populism inevitably destroy democratic governments at once

8. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Humans are able to envision the future, and interestingly enough, it seems as though some animals can too. In one study, a species of weasel was observed eating ripe bananas immediately but then storing other unripe ones in trees, allowing them to mature. They would then come back to eat the fruit they had saved at a later time. This shows that the weasels were aware to some degree that in the near future, those bananas would become ripe enough to eat. That is, they were able to deduce a probable outcome and act accordingly. This ability to prepare for the future has been seen in a variety of animal species. It proves that they are not only capable of mental time travel but that they also possess enough reasoning and logic to know the best course of action to take for their own survival.

① they physically followed the movement of fruit and changed places with it
② they failed to expect later conditions and responded only after changes occurred
③ they inferred what was likely to happen and adjusted their behavior in advance
④ they preferred ripe food over unripe food because survival depends on immediate energy
⑤ they showed that all animals always make the most logical choice for survival

9. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

One of the most remarkable aspects of the human body is its ability to regulate itself and maintain optimal functioning. It uses a variety of natural processes to achieve this, including the self-digestion system of autophagy. This mechanism is the body’s way of regenerating new and healthy cells through the removal of damaged cell components. When a person’s cells are stressed, autophagy is increased in order to ensure the normal operation of the body and keep it in homeostasis. It efficiently targets dysfunctional cells and ensures their elimination, often through the degradation of damaged and toxic proteins. The parts of the cell that are reused are the cytoplasm — fluid inside the cell — and organelles, which are structures with particular functions. These are broken down into amino acids, which the body utilizes for energy and cellular repair. In this way, autophagy helps prevent numerous health conditions such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s and can even help fight against infectious diseases.

윗글의 self-digestion system of autophagy가 문맥상 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

① the body physically consumes itself as a sign of severe damage
② the body removes impaired cellular materials to preserve stable functioning
③ the body stores toxic proteins in cells to use them as future energy
④ the body creates all of its energy only from newly formed healthy cells
⑤ the body generally controls every disease through a single universal process

10. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Common-pool resources are goods that are available to a large majority of the public even though they have a limited stock that is vulnerable to abuse. For example, although there are plentiful forests, if every person were to collect as much wood as possible from these forests, their decline would be inevitable. A good such as this can be exploited over time, leading to an unreliable supply as individuals consume the resource to the detriment of others. A shortage impacts not only other members of a society or community but the very ones who seek out the supply and are able to consume it, too. This is what’s known as the tragedy of the commons. Preventing the overconsumption or depletion of such goods is accomplished through a number of actions, including government regulation and making the once common-pool resource into a private good. Collective action is also an effective method of controlling the consumption of the resource because individuals work together to preserve it.

① people physically lose access to common land because it is divided by force
② individuals end up harming their own long-term interests by overusing a shared resource
③ communities can always avoid shortages when resources are open to everyone
④ governments should turn every public resource into private property without exception
⑤ people usually consume more carefully when no rules limit their personal gain

11. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Greed is a biologically based behavior intrinsic to human nature. Urges are fundamental to the survival of all living creatures, and yet humans not only experience desire from a biological standpoint, but from a social one as well. This differentiates the impulses humans have from those felt by animals, such as the drive to reproduce. People desire more than to merely stay alive; they also want material possessions and wealth. But in the modern world, greed is somewhat of a paradox, since individual behavior that resembles greed is natural and encouraged — people are advised to seek wealth and prosperity to the best of their abilities — while greed itself is condemned by society. This is because while greed actually benefits the individual, it can come at a cost for civilization when unrestricted. Sociologists assert that society aims to find an equilibrium of motivating individuals with greed while still limiting unrestrained greed by labeling it as a vice.

① society rejects any effort by individuals to improve their financial condition
② society criticizes excessive self-interest even while rewarding its milder forms
③ society regards biological desire as less natural than social desire in human life
④ society believes that wealth should be distributed equally regardless of effort
⑤ society considers all forms of personal ambition harmful to civilization

12. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Cloud computing has already transformed how many businesses operate around the world, and it will also soon shape people’s lifestyles. One of the most significant changes has been increased flexibility in the workplace. Now that companies have the power to store, process, and manage all of their files on the cloud, employees are able to access data remotely as long as they can connect to the Internet. They no longer have to physically visit an office in order to obtain certain information and can virtually collaborate with others rather than setting aside time to meet. Cloud storage also means that people will not need to rely on as many devices to use or share content. A person can simply save their files on the cloud, generate links, and invite others to view them rather than having to go through the process of using a USB drive.

① people must purchase more digital tools to handle online files efficiently
② people can depend less on separate physical tools for storing and sharing files
③ people should visit offices less often to improve cooperation with coworkers
④ people cannot exchange content unless they use Internet-based storage systems
⑤ people will eventually stop using any hardware for accessing digital information

13. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Swiss psychologist Carl Jung is credited with a great many of the field’s most enduring concepts. But for practicing therapists the most useful of these is his approach to diagnosis. Rather than classifying psychological phenomena as discrete disorders and shuttling patients into one-size-fits-all treatments, Jung’s concept of the “complex” allows clinicians to identify how their conflicting problems are intertwined. This approach has been invaluable in understanding the behavior of certain patients who act according to a complex. For Jung, the complex is a mass of interrelated ideas that operate in the unconscious mind. This hidden mass of memories is formed in our childhood and wields a powerful influence — in both positive and negative ways — over our present and future. Discussing issues in these terms allows therapists to discuss how mechanisms of this sort work in a holistic sense. In addition, it relieves the pressure of delivering unrealistically rapid relief to patients.

① it is a store of childhood experiences that silently shapes later behavior
② it is a fixed set of symptoms that requires the same treatment for all patients
③ it is a visible record of past events that patients can fully explain at once
④ it is a temporary emotional state that disappears when therapists name it
⑤ it is a universal rule that determines every human choice in the same way

14. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

As popular culture has migrated from celebrity-centric to influencer-centric, money has moved along with it. This has led to the establishment of the creator economy. Powered by social media stars, this new ecosystem is in rapid growth; in 2021 alone, the creator economy collected more than 1.3 billion dollars in funding. But it wasn’t always such a profitable field, and “Internet celebrities” were once looked down upon by the old guards of traditional marketplaces. Not much of a surprise, considering they barely made anything and had yet to penetrate their way fully into the consciousness of the public. Then suddenly, Internet platforms began their meteoric rise and became the birthplace for social media giants who amassed huge followings. This resulted in a change in power dynamics. Platforms now must be able to compensate their influencers who bring in millions of users. And even then, it may not be enough, as more and more creators are accumulating wealth on their own terms.

① they physically entered public spaces and met consumers face to face
② they failed to gain broad public recognition and cultural visibility
③ they quickly lost public attention despite earning large profits online
④ they were fully protected by traditional markets and old institutions
⑤ they proved that all media figures eventually become financially independent

15. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

If science and technology continue on the current trajectory, the end result can only be the extinction of homo sapiens as a species or at least civilization as we know it. At some point, Artificial Intelligence will be perfected, which will spawn even more intelligence, and so forth, making humanity irrelevant. Therefore, it is in the interest of our existence to temper our need for discovery with the wisdom of restraint. Philosophy, in this regard, is our best weapon against the untamed dangers of scientific exploration. While often thought of as an opposing force, philosophy is actually closely associated with science and robust enough to ward off crises. Philosophy shares the ideals of logic and rigorous argumentation with science. However, unlike science, which only asks how, philosophy asks why. This is a consideration lacking in science but sorely needed.

① we should slow scientific pursuit by applying careful self-limitation
② we should satisfy our curiosity by increasing technical innovation
③ we should separate philosophy completely from scientific practice
④ we should use stronger tools to defeat crises caused by science
⑤ we should reject all forms of discovery as harmful to humanity

16. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Mental rehearsal describes the technique of practicing an action in your mind before performing it in real life. It is common with athletes but is just as useful in a wide variety of other fields and endeavors. Its benefits are well-known and include increased confidence and concentration, reduced anxiety, and the ability to envision solutions to potential problems. To get the best results, it helps to engage as many of your senses as you can. You might visualize yourself crossing the finish line at a race or shaking a client’s hand over a successfully completed deal. Then, with your sense of hearing, you might imagine the roar of a cheering crowd or words of congratulations from your colleagues. Picturing positive outcomes such as these can help any concerns you might have about your preparedness melt away and give you a sense of control over an upcoming event.

① it makes you ignore possible problems and depend only on success
② it causes your worries to disappear and helps you feel more prepared
③ it lets you hear actual praise before the event really begins
④ it proves that athletes benefit from mental rehearsal more than others
⑤ it means that success always follows when you imagine positive results

17. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

In the 1950s, Solomon Asch demonstrated the power of peer pressure in an experiment in which participants took a visual perception test requiring them to identify a line that was closest in length to another. This was a simple task, with the correct answer being obvious to participants 99% of the time in independent tests prior to the actual experiment. During the actual experiment, a single study participant was put in a room with several actors. The actors had been told beforehand to provide wrong answers to the questions, and it was found that the effect this had on the actual study participant was to go along with the rest of the group out of fear of being ridiculed. In fact, despite the correct answer being clear to them, many of the participants agreed with the majority and provided the incorrect answer in 12 critical trials of this experiment. However, when two participants were included in the same study instead of just one, and both were aware of what the correct answer was, they almost never followed the majority.

① the participant physically moved together with the others to avoid being laughed at
② the participant openly challenged the group because ridicule no longer mattered
③ the participant accepted the group's wrong view to avoid social disapproval
④ the participant carefully compared line lengths with the rest of the group
⑤ the participant generally depended on others whenever a task seemed difficult

1. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Clear communications are valued in all areas of modern society, and this is particularly true in the workplace. Unfortunately, many bosses operate on what is called a “need-to-know basis,” providing staff with information only when absolutely necessary. Instead, they must be transparent with their workers, both in good times and bad. Why is this so important? It’s because many people want to feel a sense of ownership in the work they do and to believe that they can be a part of the solution if a crisis occurs. Leaders should, therefore, be upfront with their staff about any issues the company or team may be facing, essentially acknowledging that their employees are also their peers. This will help them win the trust and respect of their employees while increasing the level of staff involvement, which benefits the company as a whole.

① Why Bosses Should Share Only Necessary Information
② Trust Grows Where Walls of Silence Fall
③ Worker Ownership in Times of Corporate Crisis
④ Workplace Communication for Higher Individual Productivity
⑤ Should Leaders Distance Themselves From Employee Concerns?

2. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Brains are incredibly complex structures responsible for an abundance of crucial tasks. Yet, in spite of being such vital organs, they are not perfect; one could even say they have a mind of their own. When it comes to problem-solving, the human brain prefers taking shortcuts (also known as heuristics) to arrive at solutions. It will recall similar past circumstances or depend on prior knowledge in order to bypass critical thinking — it’s lazy that way. This can prevent a person from considering other options or contemplating an important matter long enough. Brains can also cause people to think they’ve had experiences they’ve never actually had before (false memories). If a person hears a story or watches a video, his or her brain can fool them into thinking that they went through what they heard or saw. With so much information to process, it shouldn’t be a surprise that our minds slip up sometimes.

① How Heuristics Help the Brain Solve Every Problem
② False Memories: Why Videos Replace Real Experience
③ The Mind at Cross-Purposes With Itself
④ Why Critical Thinking Always Defeats Mental Shortcuts
⑤ Brains and Memory: A Guide to Better Decisions

3. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Many people read translated versions of classics like the Odyssey. While translations may seem convenient, we can’t always be sure that we fully understand what the original writers were trying to say because not all translations are reliable. The thing is, translators must be equally proficient in both languages involved in a translation, and they must have a good understanding of the work itself. Exact translations can be impossible due to the use of figurative language, which can’t be translated literally. Furthermore, the words writers use in their work are often chosen very carefully. For instance, poets may select words that rhyme, which may not be possible to duplicate in another language. The original meaning can therefore be lost. The director of the British Centre for Literary Translation commented on the issue, insisting, “There’s not a single word in any of the languages I translate that can map perfectly onto a word in English. So it’s always interpretative, approximate, creative.”

① Why Poets Prefer Writing Beyond Their Native Tongue
② Translation and Trust: Can Meaning Survive the Crossing?
③ Figurative Language as the Only Barrier to Translation
④ How Bilingual Skill Guarantees Perfect Literary Equivalence
⑤ The Rising Global Demand for Reliable Classic Translations

4. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

After the devastating flood of 1927, Congress approved the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project, which resulted in the construction of 20,000 miles of levees and floodways. This disrupted the delicate balance of the Mississippi’s watercourses, and the surrounding wetlands began to subside. So far, 1,800 square miles of Louisiana wetlands have disappeared. This disaster has taken a heavy toll. The vanishing swamps not only play a vital role in storm surge reduction and nutrient filtration but also are a critical ecosystem. In fact, almost half of the threatened and endangered species in America depend on wetlands. One potential answer is Louisiana’s Coastal Master Plan. It aims to recreate the natural processes that built the state’s delta, which would protect existing wetlands and restore areas that have been lost. There is an easy way the public can assist, too: eating oysters. Oyster shells can be used to rebuild the reefs. Nearly 5,000 tons of shells have been used for this already, thanks to recycling programs at Louisiana restaurants.

① Oyster Recycling and the Return of Coastal Reefs
② When River Control Breaks a Living Shield
③ Can Wetlands Survive Without Endangered Species?
④ Louisiana Restaurants Leading a New Environmental Movement
⑤ Floodways as the Best Defense for Wetland Recovery

5. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Inflation tends to have a negative connotation because it is commonly associated with reduced purchasing power and monetary savings. Some economists, however, insist that a healthy amount of inflation might actually work in the public’s favor. Most notably, distinguished economist John Maynard Keynes asserted that moderate inflation is critical to counteract the paradox of thrift, which states that savings can actually be damaging to economic growth. If people are not spending their money, the economy suffers because there is less overall demand. Inflation can also give a financial boost to those in debt, such as mortgage borrowers and people with student loans. The value of loans decreases with inflation and this in turn encourages spending. Inflation targeting — or making adjustments to stick to an inflation rate that is chosen — is used by central banks all over the world with the goal of stimulating the economy and maintaining maximum employment. If people know that prices will rise in the future, it motivates them to buy goods and services now.

① How Inflation Protects Savings and Expands Purchasing Power
② Price Growth as a Spur to Present Demand
③ Central Banks and the Fight Against Student Debt
④ Why Moderate Inflation Can Harm Economic Recovery
⑤ Inflation Targeting: A Global Rule for Stable Prices

6. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

When looking at the simplicity of human cells, the smallest building blocks of organic life, imagining that viruses — even less complex entities — could overtake them is difficult. Yet they can, and they do. The simplest viruses have only two parts: DNA or RNA that is a blueprint for making more viruses and a protein shell for protection. However, though they contain the instructions for reproduction, they lack the proper chemical substances — enzymes — to be able to do so on their own. They need a host to be able to do anything at all. They first infiltrate a cell, and then, once inside, add their genetic blueprint. The cell does not realize the difference and unknowingly begins to produce more of the virus instead of replicating itself. Each new virus can then infect another cell, repeating the infection cycle.

① How Viruses Enter Cells and Spread Further
② When Cells Defeat Simple Viral Attacks Alone
③ Borrowed Machinery Behind a Silent Biological Takeover
④ DNA and RNA: The Basic Parts of Viruses
⑤ Stopping Infection Through Stronger Protein Shells

7. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Populism refers to a political approach that views the world as divided, with corrupt government elites on one end controlling everything and good, ordinary people whose expectations are not being met on the other. While it is true that mainstream governments sometimes fail to meet the public’s expectations, turning to populism as an alternative can be destructive to social order. When a populist leader rises to power, they often suggest that problems have become urgent and that maintaining the status quo will only make matters worse for the people. This creates a sense of panic and causes the people to offer their support for the leader, even when leader’s solutions for so-called problems like immigration or free trade are not actually in the best interest of all the people. That is because “the people” frequently excludes minorities and other marginalized members of the population, which means that populism can turn members of the same society against one another, promote intolerance, and generally create additional problems.

① Populism and the Urgent Need for Strong Leadership
② Immigration and Free Trade as Sources of Public Panic
③ A False Cure That Fractures the Civic Whole
④ Can Populism Restore Trust in Government Elites?
⑤ Why Minorities Should Lead Social Change

8. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Humans are able to envision the future, and interestingly enough, it seems as though some animals can too. In one study, a species of weasel was observed eating ripe bananas immediately but then storing other unripe ones in trees, allowing them to mature. They would then come back to eat the fruit they had saved at a later time. This shows that the weasels were aware to some degree that in the near future, those bananas would become ripe enough to eat. That is, they were able to deduce a(n) probable outcome and act accordingly. This ability to prepare for the future has been seen in a variety of animal species. It proves that they are not only capable of mental time travel but that they also possess enough reasoning and logic to know the best course of action to take for their own survival.

① Bananas in Trees: A Weasel Feeding Strategy
② Why Do Animals Fail to Predict Future Needs?
③ Beyond Instinct, Toward Foresight and Adaptive Judgment
④ Mental Time Travel as a Uniquely Human Skill
⑤ How Storing Fruit Improves Forest Survival

9. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

One of the most remarkable aspects of the human body is its ability to regulate itself and maintain optimal functioning. It uses a variety of natural processes to achieve this, including the self-digestion system of autophagy. This mechanism is the body’s way of regenerating new and healthy cells through the removal of damaged cell components. When a person’s cells are stressed, autophagy is increased in order to ensure the normal operation of the body and keep it in homeostasis. It efficiently targets dysfunctional cells and ensures their elimination, often through the degradation of damaged and toxic proteins. The parts of the cell that are reused are the cytoplasm — fluid inside the cell — and organelles, which are structures with particular functions. These are broken down into amino acids, which the body utilizes for energy and cellular repair. In this way, autophagy helps prevent numerous health conditions such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s and can even help fight against infectious diseases.

① Autophagy and the Breakdown of Toxic Proteins
② Cellular Recycling for the Balance of Life
③ Can Damaged Organelles Become New Sources of Energy?
④ Why Autophagy Causes Stress in Human Cells
⑤ Preventing All Infectious Diseases Through Amino Acids

10. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Common-pool resources are goods that are available to a large majority of the public even though they have a limited stock that is vulnerable to abuse. For example, although there are plentiful forests, if every person were to collect as much wood as possible from these forests, their decline would be inevitable. A good such as this can be exploited over time, leading to an unreliable supply as individuals consume the resource to the detriment of others. A shortage impacts not only other members of a society or community but the very ones who seek out the supply and are able to consume it, too. This is what’s known as the “tragedy of the commons.” Preventing the overconsumption or depletion of such goods is accomplished through a number of actions, including government regulation and making the once common-pool resource into a private good. Collective action is also an effective method of controlling the consumption of the resource because individuals work together to preserve it.

① Forests in Danger: Why Wood Should Be Private
② When Shared Plenty Turns Into Shared Loss
③ Can Government Alone Save Common-Pool Resources?
④ The Benefits of Consuming Public Goods Without Limits
⑤ Collective Action: The Best Way to Protect Every Resource

11. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Greed is a biologically based behavior intrinsic to human nature. Urges are fundamental to the survival of all living creatures, and yet humans not only experience desire from a biological standpoint, but from a social one as well. This differentiates the impulses humans have from those felt by animals, such as the drive to reproduce. People desire more than to merely stay alive; they also want material possessions and wealth. But in the modern world, greed is somewhat of a paradox, since individual behavior that resembles greed is natural and encouraged — people are advised to seek wealth and prosperity to the best of their abilities — while greed itself is condemned by society. This is because while greed actually benefits the individual, it can come at a cost for civilization when unrestricted. Sociologists assert that society aims to find an equilibrium of motivating individuals with greed while still limiting unrestrained greed by labeling it as a vice.

① Wealth Seeking and Social Success in Modern Life
② Why Society Praises Greed Without Any Limits
③ Between Instinct and Restraint: A Social Balancing Act
④ Human Desire for Reproduction and Animal Survival
⑤ Greed as the Only Basis of Civilized Progress

12. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Cloud computing has already transformed how many businesses operate around the world, and it will also soon shape people’s lifestyles. One of the most significant changes has been increased flexibility in the workplace. Now that companies have the power to store, process, and manage all of their files on the cloud, employees are able to access data remotely as long as they can connect to the Internet. They no longer have to physically visit an office in order to obtain certain information and can virtually collaborate with others rather than setting aside time to meet. Cloud storage also means that people will not need to rely on as many devices to use or share content. A person can simply save their files on the cloud, generate links, and invite others to view them rather than having to go through the process of using a USB drive.

① Cloud Files and Remote Work in Modern Offices
② A Wider Field for Work and Daily Access
③ Why Do Workers Need More Office Devices?
④ Cloud Storage: A Faster Path to USB Sharing
⑤ Internet Companies and the Future of Global Business

13. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Swiss psychologist Carl Jung is credited with a great many of the field’s most enduring concepts. But for practicing therapists the most useful of these is his approach to diagnosis. Rather than classifying psychological phenomena as discrete disorders and shuttling patients into one-size-fits-all treatments, Jung’s concept of the “complex” allows clinicians to identify how their conflicting problems are intertwined. This approach has been invaluable in understanding the behavior of certain patients who act according to a complex. For Jung, the complex is a mass of interrelated ideas that operate in the unconscious mind. This “hidden mass of memories” is formed in our childhood and wields a powerful influence — in both positive and negative ways — over our present and future. Discussing issues in these terms allows therapists to discuss how mechanisms of this sort work in a holistic sense. In addition, it relieves the pressure of delivering unrealistically rapid relief to patients.

① Childhood Memories and Their Lasting Influence
② Why Discrete Disorders Need Faster Treatment
③ A Map for the Knotted Inner Life
④ Jung’s Complex: A Cure for All Patients
⑤ Can Therapists Ignore Diagnosis and Just Listen?

14. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

As popular culture has migrated from celebrity-centric to influencer-centric, money has moved along with it. This has led to the establishment of the creator economy. Powered by social media stars, this new ecosystem is in rapid growth; in 2021 alone, the creator economy collected more than 1.3 billion dollars in funding. But it wasn’t always such a profitable field, and “Internet celebrities” were once looked down upon by the old guards of traditional marketplaces. Not much of a surprise, considering they barely made anything and had yet to penetrate their way fully into the consciousness of the public. Then suddenly, Internet platforms began their meteoric rise and became the birthplace for social media giants who amassed huge followings. This resulted in a change in power dynamics. Platforms now must be able to compensate their influencers who bring in millions of users. And even then, it may not be enough, as more and more creators are accumulating wealth on their own terms.

① Social Media Stars and Their Billion-Dollar Funding
② From Public Scorn to a Shift in Leverage
③ Why Traditional Marketplaces Still Rule Online Fame
④ Internet Platforms as the Only Source of Creator Wealth
⑤ The Creator Economy and New Rules for Users

15. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

If science and technology continue on the current trajectory, the end result can only be the extinction of homo sapiens as a species or at least civilization as we know it. At some point, Artificial Intelligence will be perfected, which will spawn even more intelligence, and so forth, making humanity irrelevant. Therefore, it is in the interest of our existence to temper our need for discovery with the wisdom of restraint. Philosophy, in this regard, is our best weapon against the untamed dangers of scientific exploration. While often thought of as an opposing force, philosophy is actually closely associated with science and robust enough to ward off crises. Philosophy shares the ideals of logic and rigorous argumentation with science. However, unlike science, which only asks how, philosophy asks why. This is a consideration lacking in science but sorely needed.

① Artificial Intelligence and the End of Human Labor
② Why Science Needs a Brake Beyond Discovery
③ Philosophy: A Tool for Faster Scientific Progress
④ Can Technology Save Civilization from Human Irrelevance?
⑤ The Superiority of Philosophy Over All Sciences

16. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Mental rehearsal describes the technique of practicing an action in your mind before performing it in real life. It is common with athletes but is just as useful in a wide variety of other fields and endeavors. Its benefits are well-known and include increased confidence and concentration, reduced anxiety, and the ability to envision solutions to potential problems. To get the best results, it helps to engage as many of your senses as you can. You might visualize yourself crossing the finish line at a race or shaking a client’s hand over a successfully completed deal. Then, with your sense of hearing, you might imagine the roar of a cheering crowd or words of congratulations from your colleagues. Picturing positive outcomes such as these can help any concerns you might have about your preparedness melt away and give you a sense of control over an upcoming event.

① Mental Rehearsal for Athletes: Crossing the Finish Line
② Hearing Praise in Advance for Better Career Success
③ A Dry Run for the Mind Before the Real Test
④ Why Does Mental Rehearsal Increase Anxiety Before Events?
⑤ Positive Outcomes as the Answer to Every Future Problem

17. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

In the 1950s, Solomon Asch demonstrated the power of peer pressure in an experiment in which participants took a visual perception test requiring them to identify a line that was closest in length to another. This was a simple task, with the correct answer being obvious to participants 99% of the time in independent tests prior to the actual experiment. During the actual experiment, a single study participant was put in a room with several actors. The actors had been told beforehand to provide wrong answers to the questions, and it was found that the effect this had on the actual study participant was to go along with the rest of the group out of fear of being ridiculed. In fact, despite the correct answer being clear to them, many of the participants agreed with the majority and provided the incorrect answer in 12 critical trials of this experiment. However, when two participants were included in the same study instead of just one, and both were aware of what the correct answer was, they almost never followed the majority.

① Why Do Wrong Answers Spread So Easily?

② A Line Test and the Fear of Ridicule

③ When Judgment Bends Beneath Social Weight

④ Two Participants: A Cure for Group Error

⑤ Majority Opinion Always Defeats Clear Perception

1. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Clear communications are valued in all areas of modern society, and this is particularly true in the workplace. Unfortunately, many bosses operate on what is called a “need-to-know basis,” providing staff with information only when absolutely necessary. Instead, they must be transparent with their workers, both in good times and bad. Why is this so important? It’s because many people want to feel a sense of ownership in the work they do and to believe that they can be a part of the solution if a crisis occurs. Leaders should, therefore, be upfront with their staff about any issues the company or team may be facing, essentially acknowledging that their employees are also their peers. This will help them win the trust and respect of their employees while increasing the level of staff involvement, which benefits the company as a whole.

① 위기 상황에서는 직원들에게 필요한 정보만 줘야 한다.
② 리더는 회사의 문제를 직원과 솔직히 공유해야 한다.
③ 직원의 존중은 성과 보상 제도를 통해 확보해야 한다.
④ 직원의 주인의식은 평상시의 자율성 부여로 충분하다.
⑤ 리더는 좋은 시기보다 나쁜 시기에만 더 투명해야 한다.

2. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Brains are incredibly complex structures responsible for an abundance of crucial tasks. Yet, in spite of being such vital organs, they are not perfect; one could even say they have a mind of their own. When it comes to problem-solving, the human brain prefers taking shortcuts (also known as heuristics) to arrive at solutions. It will recall similar past circumstances or depend on prior knowledge in order to bypass critical thinking — it’s lazy that way. This can prevent a person from considering other options or contemplating an important matter long enough. Brains can also cause people to think they’ve had experiences they’ve never actually had before (false memories). If a person hears a story or watches a video, his or her brain can fool them into thinking that they went through what they heard or saw. With so much information to process, it shouldn’t be a surprise that our minds slip up sometimes.

① 인간의 뇌는 중요한 판단에서 지름길에 쉽게 의존한다.
② 인간의 뇌는 과거 경험을 활용해 판단 오류를 줄여야 한다.
③ 인간의 뇌는 복잡한 정보 처리에서 기억을 왜곡할 수 있다.
④ 인간의 뇌는 효율적 문제 해결을 위해 직관을 믿어야 한다.
⑤ 인간의 뇌는 완벽하지 않아 사고와 기억에서 오류를 낳을 수 있다.

3. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Many people read translated versions of classics like the Odyssey. While translations may seem convenient, we can’t always be sure that we fully understand what the original writers were trying to say because not all translations are reliable. The thing is, translators must be equally proficient in both languages involved in a translation, and they must have a good understanding of the work itself. Exact translations can be impossible due to the use of figurative language, which can’t be translated literally. Furthermore, the words writers use in their work are often chosen very carefully. For instance, poets may select words that rhyme, which may not be possible to duplicate in another language. The original meaning can therefore be lost. The director of the British Centre for Literary Translation commented on the issue, insisting, “There’s not a single word in any of the languages I translate that can map perfectly onto a word in English. So it’s always interpretative, approximate, creative.”

① 번역가는 두 언어와 작품 자체에 모두 정통해야 한다.
② 문학 번역은 해석적이어서 원의가 완전히 보존되기 어렵다.
③ 시 번역에서는 운율과 압운의 재현을 우선해야 한다.
④ 고전 독자는 번역본보다 원전을 직접 읽어야만 한다.
⑤ 번역의 정확성은 개별 단어의 일대일 대응에 달려 있다.

4. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

After the devastating flood of 1927, Congress approved the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project, which resulted in the construction of 20,000 miles of levees and floodways. This disrupted the delicate balance of the Mississippi’s watercourses, and the surrounding wetlands began to subside. So far, 1,800 square miles of Louisiana wetlands have disappeared. This disaster has taken a heavy toll. The vanishing swamps not only play a vital role in storm surge reduction and nutrient filtration but also are a critical ecosystem. In fact, almost half of the threatened and endangered species in America depend on wetlands. One potential answer is Louisiana’s Coastal Master Plan. It aims to recreate the natural processes that built the state’s delta, which would protect existing wetlands and restore areas that have been lost. There is an easy way the public can assist, too: eating oysters. Oyster shells can be used to rebuild the reefs. Nearly 5,000 tons of shells have been used for this already, thanks to recycling programs at Louisiana restaurants.

① 습지는 멸종위기종 보호를 위해 우선 관리되어야 한다.
② 제방 건설은 습지 소실을 막는 핵심 대책이 되어야 한다.
③ 굴 껍데기 재활용은 해안 암초 복원의 실질적 방법이다.
④ 루이지애나 습지 복원은 자연 과정 회복과 시민 참여가 중요하다.
⑤ 미시시피강 수로 변화는 삼각주 산업 발전에 기여한 측면이 크다.

5. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Inflation tends to have a negative connotation because it is commonly associated with reduced purchasing power and monetary savings. Some economists, however, insist that a healthy amount of inflation might actually work in the public’s favor. Most notably, distinguished economist John Maynard Keynes asserted that moderate inflation is critical to counteract the paradox of thrift, which states that savings can actually be damaging to economic growth. If people are not spending their money, the economy suffers because there is less overall demand. Inflation can also give a financial boost to those in debt, such as mortgage borrowers and people with student loans. The value of loans decreases with inflation and this in turn encourages spending. Inflation targeting — or making adjustments to stick to an inflation rate that is chosen — is used by central banks all over the world with the goal of stimulating the economy and maintaining maximum employment. If people know that prices will rise in the future, it motivates them to buy goods and services now.

① 물가상승은 저축의 역설을 막는 핵심 수단이다.
② 적정 인플레이션은 소비와 고용을 살릴 수 있다.
③ 중앙은행은 물가보다 저축 장려에 집중해야 한다.
④ 인플레이션은 부채 부담을 줄여 소비를 늘린다.
⑤ 미래 물가 예측은 현재 소비 심리를 약화시킨다.

6. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

When looking at the simplicity of human cells, the smallest building blocks of organic life, imagining that viruses — even less complex entities — could overtake them is difficult. Yet they can, and they do. The simplest viruses have only two parts: DNA or RNA that is a blueprint for making more viruses and a protein shell for protection. However, though they contain the instructions for reproduction, they lack the proper chemical substances — enzymes — to be able to do so on their own. They need a host to be able to do anything at all. They first infiltrate a cell, and then, once inside, add their genetic blueprint. The cell does not realize the difference and unknowingly begins to produce more of the virus instead of replicating itself. Each new virus can then infect another cell, repeating the infection cycle.

① 바이러스는 단순한 구조만으로도 숙주세포를 장악할 수 있다.
② 바이러스는 단백질 껍질로 외부 환경의 위협을 견뎌야 한다.
③ 바이러스는 세포 안에서만 자신의 유전정보를 복제한다.
④ 바이러스는 효소가 없으므로 독립 생명체로 보아야 한다.
⑤ 바이러스는 감염 뒤 숙주세포를 즉시 파괴하는 방식이 핵심이다.

7. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Populism refers to a political approach that views the world as divided, with corrupt government elites on one end controlling everything and good, ordinary people whose expectations are not being met on the other. While it is true that mainstream governments sometimes fail to meet the public’s expectations, turning to populism as an alternative can be destructive to social order. When a populist leader rises to power, they often suggest that problems have become urgent and that maintaining the status quo will only make matters worse for the people. This creates a sense of panic and causes the people to offer their support for the leader, even when leader’s solutions for so-called problems like immigration or free trade are not actually in the best interest of all the people. That is because “the people” frequently excludes minorities and other marginalized members of the population, which means that populism can turn members of the same society against one another, promote intolerance, and generally create additional problems.

① 포퓰리즘 지도자는 위기감을 조성해 지지를 얻는다.
② 포퓰리즘은 사회 내부의 배제와 분열을 심화한다.
③ 정부 엘리트의 부패는 대중의 기대를 무너뜨린다.
④ 이민과 자유무역 문제는 신중히 재검토해야 한다.
⑤ 주류 정부는 대중의 요구를 더 충실히 반영해야 한다.

8. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Humans are able to envision the future, and interestingly enough, it seems as though some animals can too. In one study, a species of weasel was observed eating ripe bananas immediately but then storing other unripe ones in trees, allowing them to mature. They would then come back to eat the fruit they had saved at a later time. This shows that the weasels were aware to some degree that in the near future, those bananas would become ripe enough to eat. That is, they were able to deduce a(n) probable outcome and act accordingly. This ability to prepare for the future has been seen in a variety of animal species. It proves that they are not only capable of mental time travel but that they also possess enough reasoning and logic to know the best course of action to take for their own survival.

① 동물은 미래 결과를 추론해 생존에 맞게 행동할 수 있다.
② 족제비는 덜 익은 바나나를 저장하는 습성이 있다.
③ 동물의 미래 대비 능력은 먹이 저장 행동에서 잘 드러난다.
④ 동물은 생존을 위해 논리보다 본능에 의존해야 한다.
⑤ 동물의 정신적 시간 이동은 인간보다 제한적일 수 있다.

9. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

One of the most remarkable aspects of the human body is its ability to regulate itself and maintain optimal functioning. It uses a variety of natural processes to achieve this, including the self-digestion system of autophagy. This mechanism is the body’s way of regenerating new and healthy cells through the removal of damaged cell components. When a person’s cells are stressed, autophagy is increased in order to ensure the normal operation of the body and keep it in homeostasis. It efficiently targets dysfunctional cells and ensures their elimination, often through the degradation of damaged and toxic proteins. The parts of the cell that are reused are the cytoplasm — fluid inside the cell — and organelles, which are structures with particular functions. These are broken down into amino acids, which the body utilizes for energy and cellular repair. In this way, autophagy helps prevent numerous health conditions such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s and can even help fight against infectious diseases.

① 오토파지는 손상 단백질을 분해해 질병을 줄이는 과정이다.
② 오토파지는 세포 성분을 재활용해 항상성을 유지하는 장치이다.
③ 오토파지는 세포 스트레스가 생길 때만 작동해야 하는 기전이다.
④ 오토파지는 아미노산을 만들어 에너지원으로 공급하는 체계이다.
⑤ 오토파지는 감염성 질환보다 퇴행성 질환 예방에 더 중요하다.

10. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Common-pool resources are goods that are available to a large majority of the public even though they have a limited stock that is vulnerable to abuse. For example, although there are plentiful forests, if every person were to collect as much wood as possible from these forests, their decline would be inevitable. A good such as this can be exploited over time, leading to an unreliable supply as individuals consume the resource to the detriment of others. A shortage impacts not only other members of a society or community but the very ones who seek out the supply and are able to consume it, too. This is what’s known as the “tragedy of the commons.” Preventing the overconsumption or depletion of such goods is accomplished through a number of actions, including government regulation and making the once common-pool resource into a private good. Collective action is also an effective method of controlling the consumption of the resource because individuals work together to preserve it.

① 공유 자원은 사유화할 때만 안정적으로 보존될 수 있다.

② 공유 자원 남용은 모두에게 손해이므로 함께 관리해야 한다.

③ 숲과 같은 천연자원은 가능한 한 자유롭게 이용해야 한다.

④ 정부 규제는 공유 자원의 고갈을 막는 유일한 해결책이다.

⑤ 공유 자원의 부족은 주로 공동체 내부 갈등만 심화시킨다.

11. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Greed is a biologically based behavior intrinsic to human nature. Urges are fundamental to the survival of all living creatures, and yet humans not only experience desire from a biological standpoint, but from a social one as well. This differentiates the impulses humans have from those felt by animals, such as the drive to reproduce. People desire more than to merely stay alive; they also want material possessions and wealth. But in the modern world, greed is somewhat of a paradox, since individual behavior that resembles greed is natural and encouraged — people are advised to seek wealth and prosperity to the best of their abilities — while greed itself is condemned by society. This is because while greed actually benefits the individual, it can come at a cost for civilization when unrestricted. Sociologists assert that society aims to find an equilibrium of motivating individuals with greed while still limiting unrestrained greed by labeling it as a vice.

① 인간의 탐욕은 부와 소유를 추구하는 사회적 욕망이다.

② 사회는 탐욕을 자극하되 무절제를 억제하는 균형을 추구한다.

③ 인간의 욕망은 동물의 본능보다 훨씬 복잡하게 작동한다.

④ 개인의 번영을 위해 탐욕은 사회적으로 더 장려되어야 한다.

⑤ 문명은 탐욕을 악으로 규정해 개인의 욕망을 통제한다.

12. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Cloud computing has already transformed how many businesses operate around the world, and it will also soon shape people’s lifestyles. One of the most significant changes has been increased flexibility in the workplace. Now that companies have the power to store, process, and manage all of their files on the cloud, employees are able to access data remotely as long as they can connect to the Internet. They no longer have to physically visit an office in order to obtain certain information and can virtually collaborate with others rather than setting aside time to meet. Cloud storage also means that people will not need to rely on as many devices to use or share content. A person can simply save their files on the cloud, generate links, and invite others to view them rather than having to go through the process of using a USB drive.

① 클라우드 기술은 업무와 생활 방식을 더 유연하게 바꿀 수 있다.
② 클라우드 환경에서는 원격 접속만으로 업무 효율을 높여야 한다.
③ 클라우드 저장소는 USB 없이 파일 공유를 가능하게 한다.
④ 기업은 모든 자료를 클라우드에서 직접 관리할 필요가 있다.
⑤ 인터넷만 연결되면 직원들은 사무실 없이도 협업이 가능하다.

13. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Swiss psychologist Carl Jung is credited with a great many of the field’s most enduring concepts. But for practicing therapists the most useful of these is his approach to diagnosis. Rather than classifying psychological phenomena as discrete disorders and shuttling patients into one-size-fits-all treatments, Jung’s concept of the “complex” allows clinicians to identify how their conflicting problems are intertwined. This approach has been invaluable in understanding the behavior of certain patients who act according to a complex. For Jung, the complex is a mass of interrelated ideas that operate in the unconscious mind. This “hidden mass of memories” is formed in our childhood and wields a powerful influence — in both positive and negative ways — over our present and future. Discussing issues in these terms allows therapists to discuss how mechanisms of this sort work in a holistic sense. In addition, it relieves the pressure of delivering unrealistically rapid relief to patients.

① 치료사는 복합체 개념으로 환자의 얽힌 문제를 통합적으로 이해할 수 있다.
② 치료사는 무의식의 복합체를 childhood 기억의 산물로만 보아야 한다.
③ 치료사는 환자 행동의 원인을 신속히 제거하는 데 집중해야 한다.
④ 치료사는 개별 장애 분류를 통해 맞춤형 치료를 더 정교화할 수 있다.
⑤ 치료사는 복합체에 따라 행동하는 특정 환자군만 우선 선별해야 한다.

14. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

As popular culture has migrated from celebrity-centric to influencer-centric, money has moved along with it. This has led to the establishment of the creator economy. Powered by social media stars, this new ecosystem is in rapid growth; in 2021 alone, the creator economy collected more than 1.3 billion dollars in funding. But it wasn’t always such a profitable field, and “Internet celebrities” were once looked down upon by the old guards of traditional marketplaces. Not much of a surprise, considering they barely made anything and had yet to penetrate their way fully into the consciousness of the public. Then suddenly, Internet platforms began their meteoric rise and became the birthplace for social media giants who amassed huge followings. This resulted in a change in power dynamics. Platforms now must be able to compensate their influencers who bring in millions of users. And even then, it may not be enough, as more and more creators are accumulating wealth on their own terms.

① 전통 시장은 인터넷 스타를 꾸준히 배척해 온 것이다.
② 플랫폼은 창작자 보상 체계를 더욱 강화해야 한다.
③ 창작자 경제는 자본과 영향력이 함께 이동한 결과이다.
④ 소셜 미디어 스타는 대중의 인식부터 먼저 얻어야 한다.
⑤ 인터넷 플랫폼의 급성장은 시장 지배력의 핵심이다.

15. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

If science and technology continue on the current trajectory, the end result can only be the extinction of homo sapiens as a species or at least civilization as we know it. At some point, Artificial Intelligence will be perfected, which will spawn even more intelligence, and so forth, making humanity irrelevant. Therefore, it is in the interest of our existence to temper our need for discovery with the wisdom of restraint. Philosophy, in this regard, is our best weapon against the untamed dangers of scientific exploration. While often thought of as an opposing force, philosophy is actually closely associated with science and robust enough to ward off crises. Philosophy shares the ideals of logic and rigorous argumentation with science. However, unlike science, which only asks how, philosophy asks why. This is a consideration lacking in science but sorely needed.

① 과학은 논리성과 엄밀성을 바탕으로 더 빠르게 발전해야 한다.

② 인공지능의 완성은 인간 문명의 위기를 곧바로 뜻한다.

③ 철학은 과학과 결합해 탐구의 위험을 절제해야 한다.

④ 철학은 과학과 달리 존재 이유만을 끝없이 물어야 한다.

⑤ 과학 탐구의 위기를 막으려면 기술 개발을 중단해야 한다.

16. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Mental rehearsal describes the technique of practicing an action in your mind before performing it in real life. It is common with athletes but is just as useful in a wide variety of other fields and endeavors. Its benefits are well-known and include increased confidence and concentration, reduced anxiety, and the ability to envision solutions to potential problems. To get the best results, it helps to engage as many of your senses as you can. You might visualize yourself crossing the finish line at a race or shaking a client’s hand over a successfully completed deal. Then, with your sense of hearing, you might imagine the roar of a cheering crowd or words of congratulations from your colleagues. Picturing positive outcomes such as these can help any concerns you might have about your preparedness melt away and give you a sense of control over an upcoming event.

① 실제 수행 전 마음속 연습은 불안을 줄이고 통제감을 높일 수 있다.
② 마음속 연습에서는 청각까지 동원해 장면을 더 생생히 해야 한다.
③ 운동선수들은 경기 전 결승선 통과 장면을 반복적으로 상상해야 한다.
④ 긍정적 결과를 그리면 준비 부족에 대한 걱정을 완전히 없앨 수 있다.
⑤ 실제 행동의 성공을 위해서는 시각적 이미지 훈련이 가장 중요하다.

17. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

In the 1950s, Solomon Asch demonstrated the power of peer pressure in an experiment in which participants took a visual perception test requiring them to identify a line that was closest in length to another. This was a simple task, with the correct answer being obvious to participants 99% of the time in independent tests prior to the actual experiment. During the actual experiment, a single study participant was put in a room with several actors. The actors had been told beforehand to provide wrong answers to the questions, and it was found that the effect this had on the actual study participant was to go along with the rest of the group out of fear of being ridiculed. In fact, despite the correct answer being clear to them, many of the participants agreed with the majority and provided the incorrect answer in 12 critical trials of this experiment. However, when two participants were included in the same study instead of just one, and both were aware of what the correct answer was, they almost never followed the majority.

① 집단의 압력은 분명한 판단도 왜곡시킬 수 있다.
② 다수의 오답은 개인이 조롱을 피하게 해 주는 수단이다.
③ 단순한 시각 과제일수록 개인은 독립적으로 판단해야 한다.
④ 또래 압력은 두 사람이 함께할 때 더 쉽게 강화된다.
⑤ 명백한 정답은 반복된 실험에서 결국 다수에게 수용된다.

1. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Clear communications are valued in all areas of modern society, and this is particularly true in the workplace. Unfortunately, many bosses operate on what is called a “need-to-know basis,” providing staff with information only when absolutely necessary. Instead, they must be transparent with their workers, both in good times and bad. Why is this so important? It’s because many people want to feel a sense of ownership in the work they do and to believe that they can be a part of the solution if a crisis occurs. Leaders should, therefore, be upfront with their staff about any issues the company or team may be facing, essentially acknowledging that their employees are also their peers. This will help them win the trust and respect of their employees while increasing the level of staff involvement, which benefits the company as a whole.

① 리더는 직원들에게 필요한 정보만 선별해 전달해야 한다.
② 리더는 직원들의 위기 대응 역량을 별도로 훈련해야 한다.
③ 리더는 직원들을 동료로 인정하며 문제를 솔직히 공유해야 한다.
④ 리더는 직원들의 업무 주인의식을 성과 평가에 반영해야 한다.
⑤ 리더는 직원 참여를 높이기 위해 보상 제도를 확대해야 한다.

2. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Brains are incredibly complex structures responsible for an abundance of crucial tasks. Yet, in spite of being such vital organs, they are not perfect; one could even say they have a mind of their own. When it comes to problem-solving, the human brain prefers taking shortcuts (also known as heuristics) to arrive at solutions. It will recall similar past circumstances or depend on prior knowledge in order to bypass critical thinking — it’s lazy that way. This can prevent a person from considering other options or contemplating an important matter long enough. Brains can also cause people to think they’ve had experiences they’ve never actually had before (false memories). If a person hears a story or watches a video, his or her brain can fool them into thinking that they went through what they heard or saw. With so much information to process, it shouldn’t be a surprise that our minds slip up sometimes.

① 우리는 문제 해결에서 직관적 판단을 더 적극적으로 활용해야 한다.
② 우리는 뇌의 한계를 인정하고 판단을 더 신중히 점검해야 한다.
③ 우리는 과거 경험을 토대로 빠르게 결론을 내려야 한다.
④ 우리는 거짓 기억을 줄이기 위해 정보 노출을 최소화해야 한다.
⑤ 우리는 중요한 판단에서 기존 지식을 우선적으로 믿어야 한다.

3. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Many people read translated versions of classics like the Odyssey. While translations may seem convenient, we can’t always be sure that we fully understand what the original writers were trying to say because not all translations are reliable. The thing is, translators must be equally proficient in both languages involved in a translation, and they must have a good understanding of the work itself. Exact translations can be impossible due to the use of figurative language, which can’t be translated literally. Furthermore, the words writers use in their work are often chosen very carefully. For instance, poets may select words that rhyme, which may not be possible to duplicate in another language. The original meaning can therefore be lost. The director of the British Centre for Literary Translation commented on the issue, insisting, “There’s not a single word in any of the languages I translate that can map perfectly onto a word in English. So it’s always interpretative, approximate, creative.”

① 독자는 번역 작품을 읽을 때 원문의 리듬을 우선 감상해야 한다.

② 독자는 번역 작품을 읽을 때 번역의 한계를 늘 의식해야 한다.

③ 독자는 번역 작품을 읽을 때 번역가의 개성을 적극 존중해야 한다.

④ 독자는 번역 작품을 읽을 때 운율 재현 여부를 먼저 따져야 한다.

⑤ 독자는 번역 작품을 읽을 때 원어 대조를 통해 의미를 익혀야 한다.

4. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

After the devastating flood of 1927, Congress approved the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project, which resulted in the construction of 20,000 miles of levees and floodways. This disrupted the delicate balance of the Mississippi’s watercourses, and the surrounding wetlands began to subside. So far, 1,800 square miles of Louisiana wetlands have disappeared. This disaster has taken a heavy toll. The vanishing swamps not only play a vital role in storm surge reduction and nutrient filtration but also are a critical ecosystem. In fact, almost half of the threatened and endangered species in America depend on wetlands. One potential answer is Louisiana’s Coastal Master Plan. It aims to recreate the natural processes that built the state’s delta, which would protect existing wetlands and restore areas that have been lost. There is an easy way the public can assist, too: eating oysters. Oyster shells can be used to rebuild the reefs. Nearly 5,000 tons of shells have been used for this already, thanks to recycling programs at Louisiana restaurants.

① 루이지애나는 제방 확충으로 습지 침식을 막아야 한다.
② 대중은 굴 소비를 통해 습지 복원에 힘을 보태야 한다.
③ 대중은 멸종위기종 보호 구역을 더 넓혀야 한다.
④ 루이지애나는 식당의 조개껍데기 재활용만 늘려야 한다.
⑤ 대중은 홍수 피해를 줄일 새 수로를 더 만들어야 한다.

5. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Inflation tends to have a negative connotation because it is commonly associated with reduced purchasing power and monetary savings. Some economists, however, insist that a healthy amount of inflation might actually work in the public’s favor. Most notably, distinguished economist John Maynard Keynes asserted that moderate inflation is critical to counteract the paradox of thrift, which states that savings can actually be damaging to economic growth. If people are not spending their money, the economy suffers because there is less overall demand. Inflation can also give a financial boost to those in debt, such as mortgage borrowers and people with student loans. The value of loans decreases with inflation and this in turn encourages spending. Inflation targeting — or making adjustments to stick to an inflation rate that is chosen — is used by central banks all over the world with the goal of stimulating the economy and maintaining maximum employment. If people know that prices will rise in the future, it motivates them to buy goods and services now.

① 중앙은행은 저축 증가를 위해 물가를 안정시켜야 한다.
② 중앙은행은 적정 수준의 인플레이션을 유지해야 한다.
③ 중앙은행은 부채 축소를 위해 대출을 억제해야 한다.
④ 중앙은행은 미래 물가 예측 정보를 더 자주 공개해야 한다.
⑤ 중앙은행은 최대 고용보다 구매력 보전을 우선해야 한다.

6. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

When looking at the simplicity of human cells, the smallest building blocks of organic life, imagining that viruses — even less complex entities — could overtake them is difficult. Yet they can, and they do. The simplest viruses have only two parts: DNA or RNA that is a blueprint for making more viruses and a protein shell for protection. However, though they contain the instructions for reproduction, they lack the proper chemical substances — enzymes — to be able to do so on their own. They need a host to be able to do anything at all. They first infiltrate a cell, and then, once inside, add their genetic blueprint. The cell does not realize the difference and unknowingly begins to produce more of the virus instead of replicating itself. Each new virus can then infect another cell, repeating the infection cycle.

① 우리는 바이러스의 단순한 구조를 먼저 구별해야 한다.
② 우리는 바이러스의 감염 경로를 단계적으로 추적해야 한다.
③ 우리는 바이러스의 단백질 껍질 기능을 분석해야 한다.
④ 우리는 바이러스가 숙주세포를 이용함을 이해해야 한다.
⑤ 우리는 바이러스의 효소 부족 원인을 우선 규명해야 한다.

7. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Populism refers to a political approach that views the world as divided, with corrupt government elites on one end controlling everything and good, ordinary people whose expectations are not being met on the other. While it is true that mainstream governments sometimes fail to meet the public’s expectations, turning to populism as an alternative can be destructive to social order. When a populist leader rises to power, they often suggest that problems have become urgent and that maintaining the status quo will only make matters worse for the people. This creates a sense of panic and causes the people to offer their support for the leader, even when leader’s solutions for so-called problems like immigration or free trade are not actually in the best interest of all the people. That is because “the people” frequently excludes minorities and other marginalized members of the population, which means that populism can turn members of the same society against one another, promote intolerance, and generally create additional problems.

① 정부는 대중의 기대를 충족시키는 정책을 우선 확대해야 한다.
② 사회는 포퓰리즘 지도자의 위기 조성을 경계해야 한다.
③ 사회는 소수자를 포용하는 국민 개념을 재정립해야 한다.
④ 사회는 이민과 자유무역 문제를 신속히 해결해야 한다.
⑤ 정부는 기득권 엘리트에 대한 감시를 더욱 강화해야 한다.

8. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Humans are able to envision the future, and interestingly enough, it seems as though some animals can too. In one study, a species of weasel was observed eating ripe bananas immediately but then storing other unripe ones in trees, allowing them to mature. They would then come back to eat the fruit they had saved at a later time. This shows that the weasels were aware to some degree that in the near future, those bananas would become ripe enough to eat. That is, they were able to deduce a(n) probable outcome and act accordingly. This ability to prepare for the future has been seen in a variety of animal species. It proves that they are not only capable of mental time travel but that they also possess enough reasoning and logic to know the best course of action to take for their own survival.

① 동물의 생존 행동은 현재 환경 자극에만 반응한다고 보아야 한다.
② 동물의 미래 대비 능력을 생존 전략의 한 형태로 인정해야 한다.
③ 동물의 먹이 저장 행동을 서식지 적응의 결과로만 해석해야 한다.
④ 동물의 추론 능력은 먹이 선택 상황에서만 제한적으로 이해해야 한다.
⑤ 동물의 시간 인식 능력을 인간의 계획 능력과 엄격히 분리해야 한다.

9. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

One of the most remarkable aspects of the human body is its ability to regulate itself and maintain optimal functioning. It uses a variety of natural processes to achieve this, including the self-digestion system of autophagy. This mechanism is the body’s way of regenerating new and healthy cells through the removal of damaged cell components. When a person’s cells are stressed, autophagy is increased in order to ensure the normal operation of the body and keep it in homeostasis. It efficiently targets dysfunctional cells and ensures their elimination, often through the degradation of damaged and toxic proteins. The parts of the cell that are reused are the cytoplasm — fluid inside the cell — and organelles, which are structures with particular functions. These are broken down into amino acids, which the body utilizes for energy and cellular repair. In this way, autophagy helps prevent numerous health conditions such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s and can even help fight against infectious diseases.

① 우리 몸은 손상된 세포를 빠르게 외부로 배출해야 한다.
② 우리 몸은 항상성을 위해 자가포식을 적극 활용해야 한다.
③ 우리 몸은 세포 스트레스를 완전히 없애는 데 집중해야 한다.
④ 우리 몸은 아미노산 생성을 늘리는 방향으로 조절해야 한다.
⑤ 우리 몸은 감염병 예방보다 세포 재활용에 우선 힘써야 한다.

10. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Common-pool resources are goods that are available to a large majority of the public even though they have a limited stock that is vulnerable to abuse. For example, although there are plentiful forests, if every person were to collect as much wood as possible from these forests, their decline would be inevitable. A good such as this can be exploited over time, leading to an unreliable supply as individuals consume the resource to the detriment of others. A shortage impacts not only other members of a society or community but the very ones who seek out the supply and are able to consume it, too. This is what’s known as the “tragedy of the commons.” Preventing the overconsumption or depletion of such goods is accomplished through a number of actions, including government regulation and making the once common-pool resource into a private good. Collective action is also an effective method of controlling the consumption of the resource because individuals work together to preserve it.

① 공동 자원은 정부의 감시 체계를 먼저 확대해야 한다.
② 공동 자원은 남용을 막는 제도적 장치를 마련해야 한다.
③ 공동 자원은 사유화를 통해서만 보존해야 한다.
④ 공동 자원은 이용자 교육을 우선적으로 강화해야 한다.
⑤ 공동 자원은 지역사회의 자율 규범에만 맡겨야 한다.

11. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Greed is a biologically based behavior intrinsic to human nature. Urges are fundamental to the survival of all living creatures, and yet humans not only experience desire from a biological standpoint, but from a social one as well. This differentiates the impulses humans have from those felt by animals, such as the drive to reproduce. People desire more than to merely stay alive; they also want material possessions and wealth. But in the modern world, greed is somewhat of a paradox, since individual behavior that resembles greed is natural and encouraged — people are advised to seek wealth and prosperity to the best of their abilities — while greed itself is condemned by society. This is because while greed actually benefits the individual, it can come at a cost for civilization when unrestricted. Sociologists assert that society aims to find an equilibrium of motivating individuals with greed while still limiting unrestrained greed by labeling it as a vice.

① 사회는 개인의 부 추구를 최대한 자유롭게 보장해야 한다.
② 사회는 탐욕을 미덕으로 인정해 경쟁을 더 장려해야 한다.
③ 사회는 탐욕의 생물학적 기원을 교육으로 극복해야 한다.
④ 사회는 개인의 욕망을 억제하기보다 조화롭게 관리해야 한다.
⑤ 사회는 물질적 욕망보다 생존 본능을 더 우선시해야 한다.

12. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Cloud computing has already transformed how many businesses operate around the world, and it will also soon shape people’s lifestyles. One of the most significant changes has been increased flexibility in the workplace. Now that companies have the power to store, process, and manage all of their files on the cloud, employees are able to access data remotely as long as they can connect to the Internet. They no longer have to physically visit an office in order to obtain certain information and can virtually collaborate with others rather than setting aside time to meet. Cloud storage also means that people will not need to rely on as many devices to use or share content. A person can simply save their files on the cloud, generate links, and invite others to view them rather than having to go through the process of using a USB drive.

① 기업은 클라우드 보안을 더욱 엄격히 강화해야 한다.
② 기업은 클라우드 기반 원격근무를 적극 확대해야 한다.
③ 기업은 대면 회의를 정기적으로 더 자주 운영해야 한다.
④ 기업은 인터넷 접속 환경을 우선 정비해야 한다.
⑤ 기업은 파일 공유용 외부 저장장치를 유지해야 한다.

13. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Swiss psychologist Carl Jung is credited with a great many of the field’s most enduring concepts. But for practicing therapists the most useful of these is his approach to diagnosis. Rather than classifying psychological phenomena as discrete disorders and shuttling patients into one-size-fits-all treatments, Jung’s concept of the “complex” allows clinicians to identify how their conflicting problems are intertwined. This approach has been invaluable in understanding the behavior of certain patients who act according to a complex. For Jung, the complex is a mass of interrelated ideas that operate in the unconscious mind. This “hidden mass of memories” is formed in our childhood and wields a powerful influence — in both positive and negative ways — over our present and future. Discussing issues in these terms allows therapists to discuss how mechanisms of this sort work in a holistic sense. In addition, it relieves the pressure of delivering unrealistically rapid relief to patients.

① 치료사는 환자 문제를 표준화된 치료 절차로 신속히 분류해야 한다.

② 치료사는 환자 행동을 무의식적 복합체의 연관 속에서 이해해야 한다.

③ 치료사는 환자에게 어린 시절 기억의 긍정적 기능만 강조해야 한다.

④ 치료사는 환자 진단에서 개별 증상보다 즉각적 완화를 우선해야 한다.

⑤ 치료사는 환자 행동을 현재 환경 자극 중심으로만 설명해야 한다.

14. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

As popular culture has migrated from celebrity-centric to influencer-centric, money has moved along with it. This has led to the establishment of the creator economy. Powered by social media stars, this new ecosystem is in rapid growth; in 2021 alone, the creator economy collected more than 1.3 billion dollars in funding. But it wasn’t always such a profitable field, and “Internet celebrities” were once looked down upon by the old guards of traditional marketplaces. Not much of a surprise, considering they barely made anything and had yet to penetrate their way fully into the consciousness of the public. Then suddenly, Internet platforms began their meteoric rise and became the birthplace for social media giants who amassed huge followings. This resulted in a change in power dynamics. Platforms now must be able to compensate their influencers who bring in millions of users. And even then, it may not be enough, as more and more creators are accumulating wealth on their own terms.

① 플랫폼은 창작자의 수익 배분 기준을 더 엄격히 공개해야 한다.

② 플랫폼은 인플루언서에게 정당한 보상을 제공할 수 있어야 한다.

③ 플랫폼은 창작자의 대중적 이미지 관리에 직접 개입해야 한다.

④ 플랫폼은 대규모 팔로어 확보 전략을 우선적으로 교육해야 한다.

⑤ 플랫폼은 소셜 미디어 시장의 투자 확대를 계속 주도해야 한다.

15. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

If science and technology continue on the current trajectory, the end result can only be the extinction of homo sapiens as a species or at least civilization as we know it. At some point, Artificial Intelligence will be perfected, which will spawn even more intelligence, and so forth, making humanity irrelevant. Therefore, it is in the interest of our existence to temper our need for discovery with the wisdom of restraint. Philosophy, in this regard, is our best weapon against the untamed dangers of scientific exploration. While often thought of as an opposing force, philosophy is actually closely associated with science and robust enough to ward off crises. Philosophy shares the ideals of logic and rigorous argumentation with science. However, unlike science, which only asks how, philosophy asks why. This is a consideration lacking in science but sorely needed.

① 과학은 인류의 생존을 위해 탐구 속도를 더욱 높여야 한다.
② 인류는 과학의 방향을 철학적 성찰로 절제해야 한다.
③ 인류는 과학과 철학을 완전히 분리하여 발전시켜야 한다.
④ 인류는 과학의 위험에 대비해 논리 교육을 강화해야 한다.
⑤ 인류는 인공지능의 완성을 앞당겨 위기에 대비해야 한다.

16. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Mental rehearsal describes the technique of practicing an action in your mind before performing it in real life. It is common with athletes but is just as useful in a wide variety of other fields and endeavors. Its benefits are well-known and include increased confidence and concentration, reduced anxiety, and the ability to envision solutions to potential problems. To get the best results, it helps to engage as many of your senses as you can. You might visualize yourself crossing the finish line at a race or shaking a client’s hand over a successfully completed deal. Then, with your sense of hearing, you might imagine the roar of a cheering crowd or words of congratulations from your colleagues. Picturing positive outcomes such as these can help any concerns you might have about your preparedness melt away and give you a sense of control over an upcoming event.

① 실제 수행 전 마음속으로 행동을 반복 연습해야 한다.

② 실제 수행 전 예상 문제를 목록으로 정리해야 한다.

③ 실제 수행 전 성공 장면만 선택적으로 떠올려야 한다.

④ 실제 수행 전 타인의 격려 말을 직접 들어야 한다.

⑤ 실제 수행 전 불안감을 없애는 호흡에 집중해야 한다.

17. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

1950년대 솔로몬 애시는 참가자들이 다른 선과 길이가 가장 비슷한 선을 고르는 시각 지각 과제를 통해 또래 압력의 힘을 보여 주었다. 이 과제는 매우 단순하여 실제 실험 이전의 독립 검사에서는 참가자의 99%가 정답을 분명히 알 수 있었다. 실제 실험에서는 한 명의 진짜 참가자가 여러 명의 배우와 함께 방에 들어갔고, 배우들은 미리 지시받은 대로 틀린 답을 말했다. 그 결과 진짜 참가자는 조롱당할까 두려워 집단의 답에 맞추는 경향을 보였다. 실제로 많은 참가자들은 정답이 분명했음에도 이 실험의 12번의 핵심 시행에서 다수의견에 동조해 오답을 말했다. 그러나 한 명이 아니라 두 명의 참가자가 같은 실험에 포함되어 둘 다 정답을 알고 있었을 때는, 그들은 거의 다수의견을 따르지 않았다.

① 사람들은 집단 상황에서 조롱의 두려움을 줄여야 한다.
② 사람들은 명백한 사실 앞에서 다수의견을 경계해야 한다.
③ 사람들은 단순한 과제일수록 독립적으로 판단해야 한다.
④ 사람들은 집단 판단에서 소수의 동조자를 확보해야 한다.
⑤ 사람들은 시각 지각 실험의 반복 횟수를 줄여야 한다.

1. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Clear communications are valued in all areas of modern society, and this is particularly true in the workplace. Unfortunately, many bosses operate on what is called a “need-to-know basis,” providing staff with information only when absolutely necessary. Leaders should, therefore, be upfront with their staff about any issues the company or team may be facing, essentially acknowledging that their employees are also their peers. This will help them win the trust and respect of their employees while increasing the level of staff involvement, which benefits the company as a whole. In short, workplace transparency strengthens employees’ sense of ________.

① managerial control
② mutual status
③ shared ownership
④ limited authority
⑤ emotional distance

2. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Brains are incredibly complex structures responsible for an abundance of crucial tasks. Yet, in spite of being such vital organs, they are not perfect; one could even say they have a mind of their own. When it comes to problem-solving, the human brain prefers taking shortcuts (also known as heuristics) to arrive at solutions. It will recall similar past circumstances or depend on prior knowledge in order to bypass critical thinking — it’s lazy that way. This can prevent a person from considering other options or contemplating an important matter long enough. Brains can also cause people to think they’ve had experiences they’ve never actually had before (false memories). If a person hears a story or watches a video, his or her brain can fool them into thinking that they went through what they heard or saw. With so much information to process, it shouldn’t be a surprise that our minds slip up sometimes. Overall, the passage suggests that the brain often favors ________ over careful judgment.

① stored impressions
② mental efficiency
③ emotional comfort
④ reflective accuracy
⑤ sensory balance

3. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Many people read translated versions of classics like the Odyssey. While translations may seem convenient, we can’t always be sure that we fully understand what the original writers were trying to say because not all translations are reliable. The thing is, translators must be equally proficient in both languages involved in a translation, and they must have a good understanding of the work itself. Exact translations can be impossible due to the use of figurative language, which can’t be translated literally. Furthermore, the words writers use in their work are often chosen very carefully. For instance, poets may select words that rhyme, which may not be possible to duplicate in another language. The original meaning can therefore be lost. The director of the British Centre for Literary Translation commented on the issue, insisting, “There’s not a single word in any of the languages I translate that can map perfectly onto a word in English. So it’s always interpretative, approximate, creative.” From this, translation is presented not as simple transfer but as an act of ________.

① linguistic preservation
② authorial reconstruction
③ mechanical imitation
④ textual negotiation
⑤ cultural replacement

4. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

After the devastating flood of 1927, Congress approved the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project, which resulted in the construction of 20,000 miles of levees and floodways. This disrupted the delicate balance of the Mississippi’s watercourses, and the surrounding wetlands began to subside. So far, 1,800 square miles of Louisiana wetlands have disappeared. This disaster has taken a heavy toll. The vanishing swamps not only play a vital role in storm surge reduction and nutrient filtration but also are a critical ecosystem. In fact, almost half of the threatened and endangered species in America depend on wetlands. One potential answer is Louisiana’s Coastal Master Plan. It aims to recreate the natural processes that built the state’s delta, which would protect existing wetlands and restore areas that have been lost. There is an easy way the public can assist, too: eating oysters. Oyster shells can be used to rebuild the reefs. Nearly 5,000 tons of shells have been used for this already, thanks to recycling programs at Louisiana restaurants. The passage suggests that restoring Louisiana wetlands is ultimately an effort to preserve a broader ________.

① flood barrier
② restaurant network
③ ecological web
④ shell supply
⑤ river traffic

5. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Inflation tends to have a negative connotation because it is commonly associated with reduced purchasing power and monetary savings. Some economists, however, insist that a healthy amount of inflation might actually work in the public’s favor. Most notably, distinguished economist John Maynard Keynes asserted that moderate inflation is critical to counteract the paradox of thrift, which states that savings can actually be damaging to economic growth. If people are not spending their money, the economy suffers because there is less overall demand. Inflation can also give a financial boost to those in debt, such as mortgage borrowers and people with student loans. The value of loans decreases with inflation and this in turn encourages spending. Inflation targeting — or making adjustments to stick to an inflation rate that is chosen — is used by central banks all over the world with the goal of stimulating the economy and maintaining maximum employment. If people know that prices will rise in the future, it motivates them to buy goods and services now. Thus, in this passage, moderate inflation is portrayed less as a threat to savers than as a catalyst for ________.

① debt relief
② market confidence
③ consumer caution
④ present demand
⑤ price stability

6. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

When looking at the simplicity of human cells, the smallest building blocks of organic life, imagining that viruses — even less complex entities — could overtake them is difficult. Yet they can, and they do. The simplest viruses have only two parts: DNA or RNA that is a blueprint for making more viruses and a protein shell for protection. However, though they contain the instructions for reproduction, they lack the proper chemical substances — enzymes — to be able to do so on their own. They need a host to be able to do anything at all. They first infiltrate a cell, and then, once inside, add their genetic blueprint. The cell does not realize the difference and unknowingly begins to produce more of the virus instead of replicating itself. Each new virus can then infect another cell, repeating the infection cycle. Thus, a virus spreads by ________ a cell’s productive system.

① rebuilding
② hijacking
③ strengthening
④ shielding
⑤ depending on

7. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Populism refers to a political approach that views the world as divided, with corrupt government elites on one end controlling everything and good, ordinary people whose expectations are not being met on the other. While it is true that mainstream governments sometimes fail to meet the public’s expectations, turning to populism as an alternative can be destructive to social order. When a populist leader rises to power, they often suggest that problems have become urgent and that maintaining the status quo will only make matters worse for the people. This creates a sense of panic and causes the people to offer their support for the leader, even when leader’s solutions for so-called problems like immigration or free trade are not actually in the best interest of all the people. That is because “the people” frequently excludes minorities and other marginalized members of the population, which means that populism can turn members of the same society against one another, promote intolerance, and generally create additional ________.

① collective unity
② civic dependence
③ social fragmentation
④ public obedience
⑤ institutional trust

8. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Humans are able to envision the future, and interestingly enough, it seems as though some animals can too. In one study, a species of weasel was observed eating ripe bananas immediately but then storing other unripe ones in trees, allowing them to mature. They would then come back to eat the fruit they had saved at a later time. This shows that the weasels were aware to some degree that in the near future, those bananas would become ripe enough to eat. That is, they were able to deduce a probable outcome and act accordingly. This ability to prepare for the future has been seen in a variety of animal species. It proves that they are not only capable of mental time travel but that they also possess enough reasoning and logic to know the best course of action to take for their own survival, showing a form of ________.

① survival planning
② delayed feeding
③ food prediction
④ instinctive storing
⑤ random behavior

9. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

One of the most remarkable aspects of the human body is its ability to regulate itself and maintain optimal functioning. It uses a variety of natural processes to achieve this, including the self-digestion system of autophagy. This mechanism is the body’s way of regenerating new and healthy cells through the removal of damaged cell components. When a person’s cells are stressed, autophagy is increased in order to ensure the normal operation of the body and keep it in homeostasis. It efficiently targets dysfunctional cells and ensures their elimination, often through the degradation of damaged and toxic proteins. The parts of the cell that are reused are the cytoplasm — fluid inside the cell — and organelles, which are structures with particular functions. These are broken down into amino acids, which the body utilizes for energy and cellular repair. In this way, autophagy helps prevent numerous health conditions such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s and can even help fight against infectious diseases. Autophagy ultimately supports the body’s ________ by clearing impaired cellular material and redirecting it into useful resources.

① disease resistance
② internal balance
③ protein storage
④ immune overreaction
⑤ cell expansion

10. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Common-pool resources are goods that are available to a large majority of the public even though they have a limited stock that is vulnerable to abuse. For example, although there are plentiful forests, if every person were to collect as much wood as possible from these forests, their decline would be inevitable. A good such as this can be exploited over time, leading to an unreliable supply as individuals consume the resource to the detriment of others. A shortage impacts not only other members of a society or community but the very ones who seek out the supply and are able to consume it, too. This is what’s known as the “tragedy of the commons.” Preventing the overconsumption or depletion of such goods is accomplished through a number of actions, including government regulation and making the once common-pool resource into a private good. Collective action is also an effective method of controlling the consumption of the resource because individuals work together to preserve it. In other words, avoiding the tragedy of the commons requires ________ that restrains individual use for long-term availability.

① private access
② market demand
③ collective restraint
④ personal ownership
⑤ unlimited extraction

11. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Greed is a biologically based behavior intrinsic to human nature. Urges are fundamental to the survival of all living creatures, and yet humans not only experience desire from a biological standpoint, but from a social one as well. This differentiates the impulses humans have from those felt by animals, such as the drive to reproduce. People desire more than to merely stay alive; they also want material possessions and wealth. But in the modern world, greed is somewhat of a paradox, since individual behavior that resembles greed is natural and encouraged — people are advised to seek wealth and prosperity to the best of their abilities — while greed itself is condemned by society. This is because while greed actually benefits the individual, it can come at a cost for civilization when unrestricted. Sociologists assert that society aims to find an equilibrium of motivating individuals with greed while still limiting unrestrained greed by labeling it as a vice. In other words, society tries to preserve individual ________ while preventing social harm.

① advancement
② restraint
③ obedience
④ deprivation
⑤ conformity

12. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Cloud computing has already transformed how many businesses operate around the world, and it will also soon shape people’s lifestyles. One of the most significant changes has been increased flexibility in the workplace. Now that companies have the power to store, process, and manage all of their files on the cloud, employees are able to access data remotely as long as they can connect to the Internet. They no longer have to physically visit an office in order to obtain certain information and can virtually collaborate with others rather than setting aside time to meet. Cloud storage also means that people will not need to rely on as many devices to use or share content. A person can simply save their files on the cloud, generate links, and invite others to view them rather than having to go through the process of using a USB drive. Overall, cloud computing reduces people’s dependence on physical tools and fixed places, thereby expanding their ________.

① digital workload
② spatial autonomy
③ office routines
④ storage limits
⑤ face-to-face contact

13. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

The Swiss psychologist Carl Jung is credited with a great many of the field’s most enduring concepts. But for practicing therapists the most useful of these is his approach to diagnosis. Rather than classifying psychological phenomena as discrete disorders and shuttling patients into one-size-fits-all treatments, Jung’s concept of the “complex” allows clinicians to identify how their conflicting problems are intertwined. This approach has been invaluable in understanding the behavior of certain patients who act according to a complex. For Jung, the complex is a mass of interrelated ideas that operate in the unconscious mind. This “hidden mass of memories” is formed in our childhood and wields a powerful influence — in both positive and negative ways — over our present and future. Discussing issues in these terms allows therapists to discuss how mechanisms of this sort work in a ________ sense. In addition, it relieves the pressure of delivering unrealistically rapid relief to patients.

① fragmented
② symptom-based
③ developmental
④ reciprocal
⑤ integrated

14. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

As popular culture has migrated from celebrity-centric to influencer-centric, money has moved along with it. This has led to the establishment of the creator economy. Powered by social media stars, this new ecosystem is in rapid growth; in 2021 alone, the creator economy collected more than 1.3 billion dollars in funding. But it wasn’t always such a profitable field, and “Internet celebrities” were once looked down upon by the old guards of traditional marketplaces. Not much of a surprise, considering they barely made anything and had yet to penetrate their way fully into the consciousness of the public. Then suddenly, Internet platforms began their meteoric rise and became the birthplace for social media giants who amassed huge followings. This resulted in a change in power dynamics. Platforms now must be able to compensate their influencers who bring in millions of users. And even then, it may not be enough, as more and more creators are accumulating wealth on their own terms. This shift suggests that creators are no longer merely dependent on digital platforms but are gaining ________ within the broader market.

① audience leverage
② commercial autonomy
③ platform visibility
④ promotional appeal
⑤ cultural disregard

15. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

If science and technology continue on the current trajectory, the end result can only be the extinction of homo sapiens as a species or at least civilization as we know it. At some point, Artificial Intelligence will be perfected, which will spawn even more intelligence, and so forth, making humanity irrelevant. Therefore, it is in the interest of our existence to temper our need for discovery with the wisdom of restraint. Philosophy, in this regard, is our best weapon against the untamed dangers of scientific exploration. While often thought of as an opposing force, philosophy is actually closely associated with science and robust enough to ward off crises. Philosophy shares the ideals of logic and rigorous argumentation with science. However, unlike science, which only asks how, philosophy asks why. This is a consideration lacking in science but sorely needed. In the passage, philosophy is presented as the force that can supply the ________ missing from scientific advance.

① technical precision
② ethical restraint
③ computational power
④ experimental speed
⑤ public approval

16. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Mental rehearsal describes the technique of practicing an action in your mind before performing it in real life. It is common with athletes but is just as useful in a wide variety of other fields and endeavors. Its benefits are well-known and include increased confidence and concentration, reduced anxiety, and the ability to envision solutions to potential problems. To get the best results, it helps to engage as many of your senses as you can. You might visualize yourself crossing the finish line at a race or shaking a client’s hand over a successfully completed deal. Then, with your sense of hearing, you might imagine the roar of a cheering crowd or words of congratulations from your colleagues. Picturing positive outcomes such as these can help any concerns you might have about your preparedness melt away and give you a sense of ________ over an upcoming event.

① mastery
② anticipation
③ dependence
④ hesitation
⑤ readiness

17. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

In the 1950s, Solomon Asch demonstrated the power of peer pressure in an experiment in which participants took a visual perception test requiring them to identify a line that was closest in length to another. This was a simple task, with the correct answer being obvious to participants 99% of the time in independent tests prior to the actual experiment. During the actual experiment, a single study participant was put in a room with several actors. The actors had been told beforehand to provide wrong answers to the questions, and it was found that the effect this had on the actual study participant was to go along with the rest of the group out of fear of being ridiculed. In fact, despite the correct answer being clear to them, many of the participants agreed with the majority and provided the incorrect answer in 12 critical trials of this experiment. However, when two participants were included in the same study instead of just one, and both were aware of what the correct answer was, they almost never followed the majority. This suggests that social pressure is greatly weakened when individuals have even minimal ________.

① collective confusion
② shared backing
③ public obedience
④ private hesitation
⑤ majority control

1. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Clear communications are valued in all areas of modern society, and this is particularly true in the workplace. Unfortunately, many bosses operate on what is called a “need-to-know basis,” providing staff with information only when absolutely necessary. Instead, they must be transparent with their workers, both in good times and bad. Why is this so important? It’s because many people want to feel a sense of ownership in the work they do and to believe that they can be a part of the solution if a crisis occurs. Leaders should, therefore, be upfront with their staff about any issues the company or team may be facing, essentially acknowledging that their employees are also their peers. This will help them win the trust and respect of their employees while increasing the level of staff involvement, __________________________.

① which makes workers demand more authority over decisions
② which allows the whole organization to gain from participation
③ which encourages bosses to reveal only urgent information
④ which proves crises are the main cause of employee loyalty
⑤ which helps employees trust managers after problems are solved

2. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Brains are incredibly complex structures responsible for an abundance of crucial tasks. Yet, in spite of being such vital organs, they are not perfect; one could even say they have a mind of their own. When it comes to problem-solving, the human brain prefers taking shortcuts (also known as heuristics) to arrive at solutions. It will recall similar past circumstances or depend on prior knowledge in order to bypass critical thinking — it’s lazy that way. This can prevent a person from considering other options or contemplating an important matter long enough. Brains can also cause people to think they’ve had experiences they’ve never actually had before (false memories). If a person hears a story or watches a video, his or her brain can fool them into thinking that they went through what they heard or saw. With so much information to process, it shouldn’t be a surprise that our minds __________________________.

① can mistake borrowed impressions for lived reality
② can sharpen experience by filtering out prior knowledge
③ can solve hard problems without relying on shortcuts
④ can store exact memories by replaying similar stories
⑤ can delay judgment until every option is examined

3. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Many people read translated versions of classics like the Odyssey. While translations may seem convenient, we can’t always be sure that we fully understand what the original writers were trying to say because not all translations are reliable. The thing is, translators must be equally proficient in both languages involved in a translation, and they must have a good understanding of the work itself. Exact translations can be impossible due to the use of figurative language, which can’t be translated literally. Furthermore, the words writers use in their work are often chosen very carefully. For instance, poets may select words that rhyme, which may not be possible to duplicate in another language. The original meaning can therefore be lost. The director of the British Centre for Literary Translation commented on the issue, insisting, “There’s not a single word in any of the languages I translate that can map perfectly onto a word in English. So it’s always __________________________.”

① a process that guarantees an author’s exact intention
② an act shaped by judgment rather than direct equivalence
③ a method that preserves rhyme above all other features
④ an exercise requiring less knowledge than original writing
⑤ an outcome determined once each word is matched literally

4. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

After the devastating flood of 1927, Congress approved the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project, which resulted in the construction of 20,000 miles of levees and floodways. This disrupted the delicate balance of the Mississippi’s watercourses, and the surrounding wetlands began to subside. So far, 1,800 square miles of Louisiana wetlands have disappeared. This disaster has taken a heavy toll. The vanishing swamps not only play a vital role in storm surge reduction and nutrient filtration but also are a critical ecosystem. In fact, almost half of the threatened and endangered species in America depend on wetlands. One potential answer is Louisiana’s Coastal Master Plan. It aims to recreate the natural processes that built the state’s delta, __________________________. There is an easy way the public can assist, too: eating oysters. Oyster shells can be used to rebuild the reefs. Nearly 5,000 tons of shells have been used for this already, thanks to recycling programs at Louisiana restaurants.

① causing the remaining marshes to create the delta again
② allowing damaged coastal buffers to regain lost ground
③ making endangered wildlife filter nutrients more efficiently
④ forcing restaurants to provide shells for floodway construction
⑤ helping levees and floodways protect species from extinction

5. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Inflation tends to have a negative connotation because it is commonly associated with reduced purchasing power and monetary savings. Some economists, however, insist that a healthy amount of inflation might actually work in the public’s favor. Most notably, distinguished economist John Maynard Keynes asserted that moderate inflation is critical to counteract the paradox of thrift, which states that savings can actually be damaging to economic growth. If people are not spending their money, the economy suffers because there is less overall demand. Inflation can also give a financial boost to those in debt, such as mortgage borrowers and people with student loans. The value of loans decreases with inflation and this in turn encourages spending. Inflation targeting — or making adjustments to stick to an inflation rate that is chosen — is used by central banks all over the world with the goal of stimulating the economy and maintaining maximum employment. If people know that prices will rise in the future, it motivates them to buy goods and services now, __________________________.

① thereby letting stronger savings create broader demand
② thereby pulling tomorrow’s consumption into the present
③ thereby making debtors avoid buying essential services
④ thereby keeping central banks from adjusting interest policy
⑤ thereby causing loan values to rise for borrowers

6. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

When looking at the simplicity of human cells, the smallest building blocks of organic life, imagining that viruses — even less complex entities — could overtake them is difficult. Yet they can, and they do. The simplest viruses have only two parts: DNA or RNA that is a blueprint for making more viruses and a protein shell for protection. However, though they contain the instructions for reproduction, they lack the proper chemical substances — enzymes — to be able to do so on their own. They need a host to be able to do anything at all. They first infiltrate a cell, and then, once inside, add their genetic blueprint. The cell does not realize the difference and unknowingly begins to produce more of the virus instead of replicating itself, because it has effectively become __________________________.

① a workshop operating under foreign instructions
② a barrier that blocks further viral entry
③ a victim that destroys its own enzymes
④ a shell that protects the invading blueprint
⑤ a machine that teaches viruses to copy themselves

7. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Populism refers to a political approach that views the world as divided, with corrupt government elites on one end controlling everything and good, ordinary people whose expectations are not being met on the other. While it is true that mainstream governments sometimes fail to meet the public’s expectations, turning to populism as an alternative can be destructive to social order. When a populist leader rises to power, they often suggest that problems have become urgent and that maintaining the status quo will only make matters worse for the people. This creates a sense of panic and causes the people to offer their support for the leader, even when leader’s solutions for so-called problems like immigration or free trade are not actually in the best interest of all the people. That is because “the people” frequently excludes minorities and other marginalized members of the population, which means that populism can __________________________, promote intolerance, and generally create additional problems.

① make minority groups rely on elite protection
② pit neighbors within one polity against each other
③ unite ordinary citizens around urgent reforms
④ give neglected communities a stronger public voice
⑤ reduce conflict by restoring trust in institutions

8. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Humans are able to envision the future, and interestingly enough, it seems as though some animals can too. In one study, a species of weasel was observed eating ripe bananas immediately but then storing other unripe ones in trees, allowing them to mature. They would then come back to eat the fruit they had saved at a later time. This shows that the weasels were aware to some degree that in the near future, those bananas would become ripe enough to eat. That is, they were able to deduce a probable outcome and act accordingly. This ability to prepare for the future has been seen in a variety of animal species. It proves that they are not only capable of mental time travel but that they also possess enough reasoning and logic to know __________________________ for their own survival.

① how ripe fruit shapes their memory
② which immediate reward to ignore
③ why stored food matures in trees
④ what move will serve them best
⑤ when other animals steal their food

9. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

One of the most remarkable aspects of the human body is its ability to regulate itself and maintain optimal functioning. It uses a variety of natural processes to achieve this, including the self-digestion system of autophagy. This mechanism is the body’s way of regenerating new and healthy cells through the removal of damaged cell components. When a person’s cells are stressed, autophagy is increased in order to ensure the normal operation of the body and keep it in homeostasis. It efficiently targets dysfunctional cells and ensures their elimination, often through the degradation of damaged and toxic proteins. The parts of the cell that are reused are the cytoplasm — fluid inside the cell — and organelles, which are structures with particular functions. These are broken down into amino acids, which the body utilizes for energy and cellular repair. In this way, autophagy helps prevent numerous health conditions such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s and can even help fight against infectious diseases. Overall, autophagy serves as a process of __________________________ within the body.

① recycling stressed cells into harmful proteins
② turning cellular waste into restorative resources
③ producing organelles from infectious diseases
④ storing amino acids without repairing cells
⑤ increasing toxic proteins for energy use

10. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Common-pool resources are goods that are available to a large majority of the public even though they have a limited stock that is vulnerable to abuse. For example, although there are plentiful forests, if every person were to collect as much wood as possible from these forests, their decline would be inevitable. A good such as this can be exploited over time, leading to an unreliable supply as individuals consume the resource to the detriment of others. A shortage impacts not only other members of a society or community but the very ones who seek out the supply and are able to consume it, too. This is what’s known as the “tragedy of the commons.” Preventing the overconsumption or depletion of such goods is accomplished through a number of actions, including government regulation and making the once common-pool resource into a private good. Collective action is also an effective method of controlling the consumption of the resource because individuals work together to preserve it, __________________.

① causing governments to privatize the resource
② thereby exhausting what all depend upon
③ while forests remain plentiful for consumers
④ because officials alone can monitor usage
⑤ allowing each person to gather more wood

11. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Greed is a biologically based behavior intrinsic to human nature. Urges are fundamental to the survival of all living creatures, and yet humans not only experience desire from a biological standpoint, but from a social one as well. This differentiates the impulses humans have from those felt by animals, such as the drive to reproduce. People desire more than to merely stay alive; they also want material possessions and wealth. But in the modern world, greed is somewhat of a paradox, since individual behavior that resembles greed is natural and encouraged — people are advised to seek wealth and prosperity to the best of their abilities — while greed itself is condemned by society. This is because while greed actually benefits the individual, it can come at a cost for civilization when unrestricted. Sociologists assert that society aims to find an equilibrium of motivating individuals with greed while still limiting unrestrained greed by labeling it as a vice, __________________________.

① because private gain automatically stabilizes the whole community
② by turning personal appetite into a socially bounded force
③ because wealth seeking disappears when moral blame is imposed
④ by rewarding only those instincts tied to biological survival
⑤ because civilization prospers most when acquisitiveness is left unchecked

12. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Cloud computing has already transformed how many businesses operate around the world, and it will also soon shape people’s lifestyles. One of the most significant changes has been increased flexibility in the workplace. Now that companies have the power to store, process, and manage all of their files on the cloud, employees are able to access data remotely as long as they can connect to the Internet. They no longer have to physically visit an office in order to obtain certain information and can virtually collaborate with others rather than setting aside time to meet. Cloud storage also means that people will not need to rely on as many devices to use or share content. A person can simply save their files on the cloud, generate links, and invite others to view them rather than having to go through the process of __________________________.

① depending on office servers for daily updates
② carrying content around on portable hardware
③ organizing meetings to exchange ideas in person
④ expanding digital storage through multiple accounts
⑤ protecting private files with stricter access rules

13. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

The Swiss psychologist Carl Jung is credited with a great many of the field’s most enduring concepts. But for practicing therapists the most useful of these is his approach to diagnosis. Rather than classifying psychological phenomena as discrete disorders and shuttling patients into one-size-fits-all treatments, Jung’s concept of the “complex” allows clinicians to identify how their conflicting problems are intertwined. This approach has been invaluable in understanding the behavior of certain patients who act according to a complex. For Jung, the complex is a mass of interrelated ideas that operate in the unconscious mind. This “hidden mass of memories” is formed in our childhood and wields a powerful influence — in both positive and negative ways — over our present and future. Discussing issues in these terms allows therapists to discuss how mechanisms of this sort work in a holistic sense. In addition, it relieves the pressure of delivering __________________________.

① swift cures by assigning a fixed disorder label
② immediate symptom relief through standardized interventions
③ childhood memories by treating each symptom separately
④ lasting progress from denying unconscious conflicts entirely
⑤ patient trust through narrowing attention to one problem

14. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

As popular culture has migrated from celebrity-centric to influencer-centric, money has moved along with it. This has led to the establishment of the creator economy. Powered by social media stars, this new ecosystem is in rapid growth; in 2021 alone, the creator economy collected more than 1.3 billion dollars in funding. But it wasn’t always such a profitable field, and “Internet celebrities” were once looked down upon by the old guards of traditional marketplaces. Not much of a surprise, considering they barely made anything and had yet to penetrate their way fully into the consciousness of the public. Then suddenly, Internet platforms began their meteoric rise and became the birthplace for social media giants who amassed huge followings. This resulted in a change in power dynamics. Platforms now must be able to compensate their influencers who bring in millions of users. And even then, it may not be enough, as more and more creators are __________________________.

① building audience power for the platforms
② securing prosperity beyond platform dependence
③ drawing users only through platform payments
④ being absorbed into traditional marketplaces
⑤ relying on old guards for public recognition

15. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

If science and technology continue on the current trajectory, the end result can only be the extinction of homo sapiens as a species or at least civilization as we know it. At some point, Artificial Intelligence will be perfected, which will spawn even more intelligence, and so forth, making humanity irrelevant. Therefore, it is in the interest of our existence to temper our need for discovery with the wisdom of restraint. Philosophy, in this regard, is our best weapon against the untamed dangers of scientific exploration. While often thought of as an opposing force, philosophy is actually closely associated with science and robust enough to ward off crises. Philosophy shares the ideals of logic and rigorous argumentation with science. However, unlike science, which only asks how, philosophy asks why. This is a consideration __________________________.

① that scientific progress eventually resolves on its own
② that science urgently needs but does not supply
③ that philosophy borrowed from technological innovation
④ that makes discovery faster and far more profitable
⑤ that artificial intelligence already answers more precisely

16. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Mental rehearsal describes the technique of practicing an action in your mind before performing it in real life. It is common with athletes but is just as useful in a wide variety of other fields and endeavors. Its benefits are well-known and include increased confidence and concentration, reduced anxiety, and the ability to envision solutions to potential problems. To get the best results, it helps to engage as many of your senses as you can. You might visualize yourself crossing the finish line at a race or shaking a client’s hand over a successfully completed deal. Then, with your sense of hearing, you might imagine the roar of a cheering crowd or words of congratulations from your colleagues. Picturing positive outcomes such as these can help any concerns you might have about your preparedness melt away and give you __________________________.

① a reward for solving every obstacle in advance
② a clearer script for steering the moment ahead
③ proof that success depends on others’ praise
④ control by removing the need for preparation
⑤ confidence because the event is already over

17. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

In the 1950s, Solomon Asch demonstrated the power of peer pressure in an experiment in which participants took a visual perception test requiring them to identify a line that was closest in length to another. This was a simple task, with the correct answer being obvious to participants 99% of the time in independent tests prior to the actual experiment. During the actual experiment, a single study participant was put in a room with several actors. The actors had been told beforehand to provide wrong answers to the questions, and it was found that the effect this had on the actual study participant was to go along with the rest of the group out of fear of being ridiculed. In fact, despite the correct answer being clear to them, many of the participants agreed with the majority and provided the incorrect answer in 12 critical trials of this experiment. However, when two participants were included in the same study instead of just one, and both were aware of what the correct answer was, they almost never followed the majority, suggesting that __________________________.

① social pressure works best when no ally is present

② the majority became uncertain about the right answer

③ ridicule disappeared once the task grew more difficult

④ visual judgments depend mainly on repeated critical trials

⑤ participants copied others because the actors feared them

1. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장 뒤에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

Clear communications are valued in all areas of modern society, and this is particularly true in the workplace.

(가) Why is this so important? It’s because many people want to feel a sense of ownership in the work they do and to believe that they can be a part of the solution if a crisis occurs.

(나) Leaders should, therefore, be upfront with their staff about any issues the company or team may be facing, essentially acknowledging that their employees are also their peers. This will help them win the trust and respect of their employees while increasing the level of staff involvement, which benefits the company as a whole.

(다) Unfortunately, many bosses operate on what is called a “need-to-know basis,” providing staff with information only when absolutely necessary. Instead, they must be transparent with their workers, both in good times and bad.

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2. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Brains are incredibly complex structures responsible for an abundance of crucial tasks. Yet, in spite of being such vital organs, they are not perfect; one could even say they have a mind of their own.

(가) Brains can also cause people to think they’ve had experiences they’ve never actually had before (false memories). If a person hears a story or watches a video, his or her brain can fool them into thinking that they went through what they heard or saw.

(나) This can prevent a person from considering other options or contemplating an important matter long enough. Brains can also cause people to think they’ve had experiences they’ve never actually had before (false memories).

(다) When it comes to problem-solving, the human brain prefers taking shortcuts (also known as heuristics) to arrive at solutions. It will recall similar past circumstances or depend on prior knowledge in order to bypass critical thinking — it’s lazy that way. This can prevent a person from considering other options or contemplating an important matter long enough.

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3. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Many people read translated versions of classics like the Odyssey. While translations may seem convenient, we can’t always be sure that we fully understand what the original writers were trying to say because not all translations are reliable.

(가) Exact translations can be impossible due to the use of figurative language, which can’t be translated literally. Furthermore, the words writers use in their work are often chosen very carefully.

(나) The original meaning can therefore be lost. The director of the British Centre for Literary Translation commented on the issue, insisting, “There’s not a single word in any of the languages I translate that can map perfectly onto a word in English. So it’s always interpretative, approximate, creative.”

(다) The thing is, translators must be equally proficient in both languages involved in a translation, and they must have a good understanding of the work itself. For instance, poets may select words that rhyme, which may not be possible to duplicate in another language.

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4. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

After the devastating flood of 1927, Congress approved the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project, which resulted in the construction of 20,000 miles of levees and floodways.

(가) This disaster has taken a heavy toll. The vanishing swamps not only play a vital role in storm surge reduction and nutrient filtration but also are a critical ecosystem.

(나) In fact, almost half of the threatened and endangered species in America depend on wetlands. One potential answer is Louisiana’s Coastal Master Plan. It aims to recreate the natural processes that built the state’s delta, which would protect existing wetlands and restore areas that have been lost.

(다) This disrupted the delicate balance of the Mississippi’s watercourses, and the surrounding wetlands began to subside. So far, 1,800 square miles of Louisiana wetlands have disappeared. There is an easy way the public can assist, too: eating oysters. Oyster shells can be used to rebuild the reefs. Nearly 5,000 tons of shells have been used for this already, thanks to recycling programs at Louisiana restaurants.

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5. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Inflation tends to have a negative connotation because it is commonly associated with reduced purchasing power and monetary savings. Some economists, however, insist that a healthy amount of inflation might actually work in the public’s favor.

(가) Most notably, distinguished economist John Maynard Keynes asserted that moderate inflation is critical to counteract the paradox of thrift, which states that savings can actually be damaging to economic growth. If people are not spending their money, the economy suffers because there is less overall demand.

(나) Inflation targeting — or making adjustments to stick to an inflation rate that is chosen — is used by central banks all over the world with the goal of stimulating the economy and maintaining maximum employment. If people know that prices will rise in the future, it motivates them to buy goods and services now.

(다) Inflation can also give a financial boost to those in debt, such as mortgage borrowers and people with student loans. The value of loans decreases with inflation and this in turn encourages spending.

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6. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

When looking at the simplicity of human cells, the smallest building blocks of organic life, imagining that viruses — even less complex entities — could overtake them is difficult. Yet they can, and they do.

(가) However, though they contain the instructions for reproduction, they lack the proper chemical substances — enzymes — to be able to do so on their own. They need a host to be able to do anything at all.

(나) The simplest viruses have only two parts: DNA or RNA that is a blueprint for making more viruses and a protein shell for protection.

(다) They first infiltrate a cell, and then, once inside, add their genetic blueprint. The cell does not realize the difference and unknowingly begins to produce more of the virus instead of replicating itself. Each new virus can then infect another cell, repeating the infection cycle.

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7. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Populism refers to a political approach that views the world as divided, with corrupt government elites on one end controlling everything and good, ordinary people whose expectations are not being met on the other.

(가) When a populist leader rises to power, they often suggest that problems have become urgent and that maintaining the status quo will only make matters worse for the people. This creates a sense of panic and causes the people to offer their support for the leader, even when leader’s solutions for so-called problems like immigration or free trade are not actually in the best interest of all the people.

(나) That is because “the people” frequently excludes minorities and other marginalized members of the population, which means that populism can turn members of the same society against one another, promote intolerance, and generally create additional problems.

(다) While it is true that mainstream governments sometimes fail to meet the public’s expectations, turning to populism as an alternative can be destructive to social order.

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8. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

Humans are able to envision the future, and interestingly enough, it seems as though some animals can too.

(가) This shows that the weasels were aware to some degree that in the near future, those bananas would become ripe enough to eat. That is, they were able to deduce a(n) probable outcome and act accordingly.

(나) In one study, a species of weasel was observed eating ripe bananas immediately but then storing other unripe ones in trees, allowing them to mature. They would then come back to eat the fruit they had saved at a later time.

(다) This ability to prepare for the future has been seen in a variety of animal species. It proves that they are not only capable of mental time travel but that they also possess enough reasoning and logic to know the best course of action to take for their own survival.

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9. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것은?

One of the most remarkable aspects of the human body is its ability to regulate itself and maintain optimal functioning. It uses a variety of natural processes to achieve this, including the self-digestion system of autophagy.

(가) This mechanism is the body’s way of regenerating new and healthy cells through the removal of damaged cell components. When a person’s cells are stressed, autophagy is increased in order to ensure the normal operation of the body and keep it in homeostasis.

(나) The parts of the cell that are reused are the cytoplasm — fluid inside the cell — and organelles, which are structures with particular functions. These are broken down into amino acids, which the body utilizes for energy and cellular repair.

(다) It efficiently targets dysfunctional cells and ensures their elimination, often through the degradation of damaged and toxic proteins. In this way, autophagy helps prevent numerous health conditions such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s and can even help fight against infectious diseases.

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10. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Common-pool resources are goods that are available to a large majority of the public even though they have a limited stock that is vulnerable to abuse.

(가) A good such as this can be exploited over time, leading to an unreliable supply as individuals consume the resource to the detriment of others. A shortage impacts not only other members of a society or community but the very ones who seek out the supply and are able to consume it, too.

(나) This is what’s known as the “tragedy of the commons.” Preventing the overconsumption or depletion of such goods is accomplished through a number of actions, including government regulation and making the once common-pool resource into a private good.

(다) For example, although there are plentiful forests, if every person were to collect as much wood as possible from these forests, their decline would be inevitable. Collective action is also an effective method of controlling the consumption of the resource because individuals work together to preserve it.

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11. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장 뒤에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

Greed is a biologically based behavior intrinsic to human nature. Urges are fundamental to the survival of all living creatures, and yet humans not only experience desire from a biological standpoint, but from a social one as well.

(가) This differentiates the impulses humans have from those felt by animals, such as the drive to reproduce. People desire more than to merely stay alive; they also want material possessions and wealth.

(나) But in the modern world, greed is somewhat of a paradox, since individual behavior that resembles greed is natural and encouraged — people are advised to seek wealth and prosperity to the best of their abilities — while greed itself is condemned by society.

(다) This is because while greed actually benefits the individual, it can come at a cost for civilization when unrestricted. Sociologists assert that society aims to find an equilibrium of motivating individuals with greed while still limiting unrestrained greed by labeling it as a vice.

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12. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Cloud computing has already transformed how many businesses operate around the world, and it will also soon shape people’s lifestyles.

(가) One of the most significant changes has been increased flexibility in the workplace. Now that companies have the power to store, process, and manage all of their files on the cloud, employees are able to access data remotely as long as they can connect to the Internet.

(나) They no longer have to physically visit an office in order to obtain certain information and can virtually collaborate with others rather than setting aside time to meet.

(다) Cloud storage also means that people will not need to rely on as many devices to use or share content. A person can simply save their files on the cloud, generate links, and invite others to view them rather than having to go through the process of using a USB drive.

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13. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

The Swiss psychologist Carl Jung is credited with a great many of the field’s most enduring concepts. But for practicing therapists the most useful of these is his approach to diagnosis.

(가) Rather than classifying psychological phenomena as discrete disorders and shuttling patients into one-size-fits-all treatments, Jung’s concept of the “complex” allows clinicians to identify how their conflicting problems are intertwined. This approach has been invaluable in understanding the behavior of certain patients who act according to a complex.

(나) Discussing issues in these terms allows therapists to discuss how mechanisms of this sort work in a holistic sense. In addition, it relieves the pressure of delivering unrealistically rapid relief to patients.

(다) For Jung, the complex is a mass of interrelated ideas that operate in the unconscious mind. This “hidden mass of memories” is formed in our childhood and wields a powerful influence — in both positive and negative ways — over our present and future.

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14. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

As popular culture has migrated from celebrity-centric to influencer-centric, money has moved along with it. This has led to the establishment of the creator economy.

(가) But it wasn’t always such a profitable field, and “Internet celebrities” were once looked down upon by the old guards of traditional marketplaces. Not much of a surprise, considering they barely made anything and had yet to penetrate their way fully into the consciousness of the public.

(나) Then suddenly, Internet platforms began their meteoric rise and became the birthplace for social media giants who amassed huge followings. This resulted in a change in power dynamics.

(다) Powered by social media stars, this new ecosystem is in rapid growth; in 2021 alone, the creator economy collected more than 1.3 billion dollars in funding. Platforms now must be able to compensate their influencers who bring in millions of users. And even then, it may not be enough, as more and more creators are accumulating wealth on their own terms.

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15. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

If science and technology continue on the current trajectory, the end result can only be the extinction of homo sapiens as a species or at least civilization as we know it.

(가) Therefore, it is in the interest of our existence to temper our need for discovery with the wisdom of restraint. Philosophy, in this regard, is our best weapon against the untamed dangers of scientific exploration.

(나) While often thought of as an opposing force, philosophy is actually closely associated with science and robust enough to ward off crises. Philosophy shares the ideals of logic and rigorous argumentation with science.

(다) At some point, Artificial Intelligence will be perfected, which will spawn even more intelligence, and so forth, making humanity irrelevant. However, unlike science, which only asks how, philosophy asks why. This is a consideration lacking in science but sorely needed.

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16. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Mental rehearsal describes the technique of practicing an action in your mind before performing it in real life. It is common with athletes but is just as useful in a wide variety of other fields and endeavors.

(가) To get the best results, it helps to engage as many of your senses as you can. You might visualize yourself crossing the finish line at a race or shaking a client’s hand over a successfully completed deal.

(나) Then, with your sense of hearing, you might imagine the roar of a cheering crowd or words of congratulations from your colleagues. Picturing positive outcomes such as these can help any concerns you might have about your preparedness melt away and give you a sense of control over an upcoming event.

(다) Its benefits are well-known and include increased confidence and concentration, reduced anxiety, and the ability to envision solutions to potential problems.

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17. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

In the 1950s, Solomon Asch demonstrated the power of peer pressure in an experiment in which participants took a visual perception test requiring them to identify a line that was closest in length to another. This was a simple task, with the correct answer being obvious to participants 99% of the time in independent tests prior to the actual experiment.

(가) During the actual experiment, a single study participant was put in a room with several actors. The actors had been told beforehand to provide wrong answers to the questions, and it was found that the effect this had on the actual study participant was to go along with the rest of the group out of fear of being ridiculed.

(나) In fact, despite the correct answer being clear to them, many of the participants agreed with the majority and provided the incorrect answer in 12 critical trials of this experiment. However, when two participants were included in the same study instead of just one, and both were aware of what the correct answer was, they almost never followed the majority.

(다) During the actual experiment, a single study participant was put in a room with several actors. The actors had been told beforehand to provide wrong answers to the questions, and it was found that the effect this had on the actual study participant was to go along with the rest of the group out of fear of being ridiculed.

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1. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

Instead, they must be transparent with their workers, both in good times and bad.

Clear communications are valued in all areas of modern society, and this is particularly true in the workplace. Unfortunately, many bosses operate on what is called a “need-to-know basis,” providing staff with information only when absolutely necessary. ① Why is this so important? It’s because many people want to feel a sense of ownership in the work they do and to believe that they can be a part of the solution if a crisis occurs. ② Leaders should, therefore, be upfront with their staff about any issues the company or team may be facing, essentially acknowledging that their employees are also their peers. ③ This will help them win the trust and respect of their employees while increasing the level of staff involvement, which benefits the company as a whole. ④ Clear communications are valued in all areas of modern society, and this is particularly true in the workplace. Unfortunately, many bosses operate on what is called a “need-to-know basis,” providing staff with information only when absolutely necessary. ⑤ Why is this so important? It’s because many people want to feel a sense of ownership in the work they do and to believe that they can be a part of the solution if a crisis occurs.

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2. 다음 글에서 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

This can prevent a person from considering other options or contemplating an important matter long enough.

Brains are incredibly complex structures responsible for an abundance of crucial tasks. Yet, in spite of being such vital organs, they are not perfect; one could even say they have a mind of their own. ① When it comes to problem-solving, the human brain prefers taking shortcuts (also known as heuristics) to arrive at solutions. It will recall similar past circumstances or depend on prior knowledge in order to bypass critical thinking — it’s lazy that way. ② Brains can also cause people to think they’ve had experiences they’ve never actually had before (false memories). If a person hears a story or watches a video, his or her brain can fool them into thinking that they went through what they heard or saw. ③ With so much information to process, it shouldn’t be a surprise that our minds slip up sometimes. ④ Although the brain is essential for survival, it does not always function in a perfectly reliable way. ⑤ These imperfections can affect both the way people solve problems and the way they remember past events.

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3. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

The original meaning can therefore be lost.

Many people read translated versions of classics like the Odyssey. While translations may seem convenient, we can’t always be sure that we fully understand what the original writers were trying to say because not all translations are reliable. ① The thing is, translators must be equally proficient in both languages involved in a translation, and they must have a good understanding of the work itself. Exact translations can be impossible due to the use of figurative language, which can’t be translated literally. ② Furthermore, the words writers use in their work are often chosen very carefully. For instance, poets may select words that rhyme, which may not be possible to duplicate in another language. ③ The director of the British Centre for Literary Translation commented on the issue, insisting, “There’s not a single word in any of the languages I translate that can map perfectly onto a word in English. ④ So it’s always interpretative, approximate, creative.” ⑤

4. 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

This disaster has taken a heavy toll.

After the devastating flood of 1927, Congress approved the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project, which resulted in the construction of 20,000 miles of levees and floodways. This disrupted the delicate balance of the Mississippi’s watercourses, and the surrounding wetlands began to subside. ① So far, 1,800 square miles of Louisiana wetlands have disappeared. The vanishing swamps not only play a vital role in storm surge reduction and nutrient filtration but also are a critical ecosystem. ② In fact, almost half of the threatened and endangered species in America depend on wetlands. One potential answer is Louisiana’s Coastal Master Plan. ③ It aims to recreate the natural processes that built the state’s delta, which would protect existing wetlands and restore areas that have been lost. There is an easy way the public can assist, too: eating oysters. ④ Oyster shells can be used to rebuild the reefs. Nearly 5,000 tons of shells have been used for this already, thanks to recycling programs at Louisiana restaurants. ⑤

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5. 다음 글에서 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

The value of loans decreases with inflation and this in turn encourages spending.

Inflation tends to have a negative connotation because it is commonly associated with reduced purchasing power and monetary savings. Some economists, however, insist that a healthy amount of inflation might actually work in the public’s favor. ① Most notably, distinguished economist John Maynard Keynes asserted that moderate inflation is critical to counteract the paradox of thrift, which states that savings can actually be damaging to economic growth. If people are not spending their money, the economy suffers because there is less overall demand. ② Inflation can also give a financial boost to those in debt, such as mortgage borrowers and people with student loans. ③ Inflation targeting — or making adjustments to stick to an inflation rate that is chosen — is used by central banks all over the world with the goal of stimulating the economy and maintaining maximum employment. ④ If people know that prices will rise in the future, it motivates them to buy goods and services now. ⑤ Some economists, however, insist that a healthy amount of inflation might actually work in the public’s favor.

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6. 다음 글에서 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

However, though they contain the instructions for reproduction, they lack the proper chemical substances — enzymes — to be able to do so on their own.

When looking at the simplicity of human cells, the smallest building blocks of organic life, imagining that viruses — even less complex entities — could overtake them is difficult. Yet they can, and they do. ① The simplest viruses have only two parts: DNA or RNA that is a blueprint for making more viruses and a protein shell for protection. ② They need a host to be able to do anything at all. They first infiltrate a cell, and then, once inside, add their genetic blueprint. ③ The cell does not realize the difference and unknowingly begins to produce more of the virus instead of replicating itself. ④ Each new virus can then infect another cell, repeating the infection cycle. ⑤

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7. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

This creates a sense of panic and causes the people to offer their support for the leader, even when leader’s solutions for so-called problems like immigration or free trade are not actually in the best interest of all the people.

Populism refers to a political approach that views the world as divided, with corrupt government elites on one end controlling everything and good, ordinary people whose expectations are not being met on the other. While it is true that mainstream governments sometimes fail to meet the public’s expectations, turning to populism as an alternative can be destructive to social order. ① When a populist leader rises to power, they often suggest that problems have become urgent and that maintaining the status quo will only make matters worse for the people. ② That is because “the people” frequently excludes minorities and other marginalized members of the population, which means that populism can turn members of the same society against one another, promote intolerance, and generally create additional problems. ③ Populism refers to a political approach that views the world as divided, with corrupt government elites on one end controlling everything and good, ordinary people whose expectations are not being met on the other. ④ While it is true that mainstream governments sometimes fail to meet the public’s expectations, turning to populism as an alternative can be destructive to social order. ⑤ When a populist leader rises to power, they often suggest that problems have become urgent and that maintaining the status quo will only make matters worse for the people.

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8. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

This shows that the weasels were aware to some degree that in the near future, those bananas would become ripe enough to eat.

Humans are able to envision the future, and interestingly enough, it seems as though some animals can too. In one study, a species of weasel was observed eating ripe bananas immediately but then storing other unripe ones in trees, allowing them to mature. ① They would then come back to eat the fruit they had saved at a later time. ② That is, they were able to deduce a(n) probable outcome and act accordingly. ③ This ability to prepare for the future has been seen in a variety of animal species. ④ It proves that they are not only capable of mental time travel but that they also possess enough reasoning and logic to know the best course of action to take for their own survival. ⑤

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9. 다음 글에서 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

These are broken down into amino acids, which the body utilizes for energy and cellular repair.

One of the most remarkable aspects of the human body is its ability to regulate itself and maintain optimal functioning. It uses a variety of natural processes to achieve this, including the self-digestion system of autophagy. ① This mechanism is the body’s way of regenerating new and healthy cells through the removal of damaged cell components. When a person’s cells are stressed, autophagy is increased in order to ensure the normal operation of the body and keep it in homeostasis. ② It efficiently targets dysfunctional cells and ensures their elimination, often through the degradation of damaged and toxic proteins. The parts of the cell that are reused are the cytoplasm — fluid inside the cell — and organelles, which are structures with particular functions. ③ In this way, autophagy helps prevent numerous health conditions such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s and can even help fight against infectious diseases. ④ One of the most remarkable aspects of the human body is its ability to regulate itself and maintain optimal functioning. It uses a variety of natural processes to achieve this, including the self-digestion system of autophagy. ⑤ This mechanism is the body’s way of regenerating new and healthy cells through the removal of damaged cell components.

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10. 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

This is what’s known as the “tragedy of the commons.”

Common-pool resources are goods that are available to a large majority of the public even though they have a limited stock that is vulnerable to abuse. For example, although there are plentiful forests, if every person were to collect as much wood as possible from these forests, their decline would be inevitable. ① A good such as this can be exploited over time, leading to an unreliable supply as individuals consume the resource to the detriment of others. ② A shortage impacts not only other members of a society or community but the very ones who seek out the supply and are able to consume it, too. ③ Preventing the overconsumption or depletion of such goods is accomplished through a number of actions, including government regulation and making the once common-pool resource into a private good. ④ Collective action is also an effective method of controlling the consumption of the resource because individuals work together to preserve it. ⑤

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11. 다음 글에서 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

This is because while greed actually benefits the individual, it can come at a cost for civilization when unrestricted.

Greed is a biologically based behavior intrinsic to human nature. Urges are fundamental to the survival of all living creatures, and yet humans not only experience desire from a biological standpoint, but from a social one as well. ① This differentiates the impulses humans have from those felt by animals, such as the drive to reproduce. People desire more than to merely stay alive; they also want material possessions and wealth. ② But in the modern world, greed is somewhat of a paradox, since individual behavior that resembles greed is natural and encouraged — people are advised to seek wealth and prosperity to the best of their abilities — while greed itself is condemned by society. ③ Sociologists assert that society aims to find an equilibrium of motivating individuals with greed while still limiting unrestrained greed by labeling it as a vice. ④ Greed is a biologically based behavior intrinsic to human nature. Urges are fundamental to the survival of all living creatures, and yet humans not only experience desire from a biological standpoint, but from a social one as well. ⑤ This differentiates the impulses humans have from those felt by animals, such as the drive to reproduce.

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12. 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

They no longer have to physically visit an office in order to obtain certain information and can virtually collaborate with others rather than setting aside time to meet.

Cloud computing has already transformed how many businesses operate around the world, and it will also soon shape people’s lifestyles. One of the most significant changes has been increased flexibility in the workplace. ① Now that companies have the power to store, process, and manage all of their files on the cloud, employees are able to access data remotely as long as they can connect to the Internet. Cloud storage also means that people will not need to rely on as many devices to use or share content. ② A person can simply save their files on the cloud, generate links, and invite others to view them rather than having to go through the process of using a USB drive. Cloud computing has already transformed how many businesses operate around the world, and it will also soon shape people’s lifestyles. ③ One of the most significant changes has been increased flexibility in the workplace. Now that companies have the power to store, process, and manage all of their files on the cloud, employees are able to access data remotely as long as they can connect to the Internet. ④ Cloud storage also means that people will not need to rely on as many devices to use or share content. A person can simply save their files on the cloud, generate links, and invite others to view them rather than having to go through the process of using a USB drive. ⑤ Cloud computing has already transformed how many businesses operate around the world, and it will also soon shape people’s lifestyles.

13. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

In addition, it relieves the pressure of delivering unrealistically rapid relief to patients.

The Swiss psychologist Carl Jung is credited with a great many of the field’s most enduring concepts. But for practicing therapists the most useful of these is his approach to diagnosis. ① Rather than classifying psychological phenomena as discrete disorders and shuttling patients into one-size-fits-all treatments, Jung’s concept of the “complex” allows clinicians to identify how their conflicting problems are intertwined. This approach has been invaluable in understanding the behavior of certain patients who act according to a complex. ② For Jung, the complex is a mass of interrelated ideas that operate in the unconscious mind. This “hidden mass of memories” is formed in our childhood and wields a powerful influence — in both positive and negative ways — over our present and future. ③ Discussing issues in these terms allows therapists to discuss how mechanisms of this sort work in a holistic sense. Rather than classifying psychological phenomena as discrete disorders and shuttling patients into one-size-fits-all treatments, Jung’s concept of the “complex” allows clinicians to identify how their conflicting problems are intertwined. ④ This approach has been invaluable in understanding the behavior of certain patients who act according to a complex. For Jung, the complex is a mass of interrelated ideas that operate in the unconscious mind. ⑤ This “hidden mass of memories” is formed in our childhood and wields a powerful influence — in both positive and negative ways — over our present and future.

14. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

This resulted in a change in power dynamics.

As popular culture has migrated from celebrity-centric to influencer-centric, money has moved along with it. This has led to the establishment of the creator economy. ① Powered by social media stars, this new ecosystem is in rapid growth; in 2021 alone, the creator economy collected more than 1.3 billion dollars in funding. But it wasn’t always such a profitable field, and “Internet celebrities” were once looked down upon by the old guards of traditional marketplaces. ② Not much of a surprise, considering they barely made anything and had yet to penetrate their way fully into the consciousness of the public. Then suddenly, Internet platforms began their meteoric rise and became the birthplace for social media giants who amassed huge followings. ③ Platforms now must be able to compensate their influencers who bring in millions of users. And even then, it may not be enough, as more and more creators are accumulating wealth on their own terms. ④ This has led to the establishment of the creator economy. Powered by social media stars, this new ecosystem is in rapid growth; in 2021 alone, the creator economy collected more than 1.3 billion dollars in funding. ⑤ But it wasn’t always such a profitable field, and “Internet celebrities” were once looked down upon by the old guards of traditional marketplaces.

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15. 다음 글에서 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

However, unlike science, which only asks how, philosophy asks why.

If science and technology continue on the current trajectory, the end result can only be the extinction of homo sapiens as a species or at least civilization as we know it. At some point, Artificial Intelligence will be perfected, which will spawn even more intelligence, and so forth, making humanity irrelevant. ① Therefore, it is in the interest of our existence to temper our need for discovery with the wisdom of restraint. Philosophy, in this regard, is our best weapon against the untamed dangers of scientific exploration. ② While often thought of as an opposing force, philosophy is actually closely associated with science and robust enough to ward off crises. Philosophy shares the ideals of logic and rigorous argumentation with science. ③ This is a consideration lacking in science but sorely needed. ④ ⑤

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16. 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

Then, with your sense of hearing, you might imagine the roar of a cheering crowd or words of congratulations from your colleagues.

Mental rehearsal describes the technique of practicing an action in your mind before performing it in real life. It is common with athletes but is just as useful in a wide variety of other fields and endeavors. ① Its benefits are well-known and include increased confidence and concentration, reduced anxiety, and the ability to envision solutions to potential problems. To get the best results, it helps to engage as many of your senses as you can. ② You might visualize yourself crossing the finish line at a race or shaking a client’s hand over a successfully completed deal. ③ Picturing positive outcomes such as these can help any concerns you might have about your preparedness melt away and give you a sense of control over an upcoming event. ④ Mental rehearsal describes the technique of practicing an action in your mind before performing it in real life. It is common with athletes but is just as useful in a wide variety of other fields and endeavors. ⑤ Its benefits are well-known and include increased confidence and concentration, reduced anxiety, and the ability to envision solutions to potential problems.

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17. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

This was a simple task, with the correct answer being obvious to participants 99% of the time in independent tests prior to the actual experiment.

In the 1950s, Solomon Asch demonstrated the power of peer pressure in an experiment in which participants took a visual perception test requiring them to identify a line that was closest in length to another. ① During the actual experiment, a single study participant was put in a room with several actors. The actors had been told beforehand to provide wrong answers to the questions, ② and it was found that the effect this had on the actual study participant was to go along with the rest of the group out of fear of being ridiculed. In fact, despite the correct answer being clear to them, many of the participants agreed with the majority and provided the incorrect answer in 12 critical trials of this experiment. ③ However, when two participants were included in the same study instead of just one, and both were aware of what the correct answer was, they almost never followed the majority. ④ In the 1950s, Solomon Asch demonstrated the power of peer pressure in an experiment in which participants took a visual perception test requiring them to identify a line that was closest in length to another. ⑤ During the actual experiment, a single study participant was put in a room with several actors.