1. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Clear communications are valued in all areas of modern society, and this is particularly true in the workplace. Unfortunately, many bosses operate on what is called a “need-to-know basis,” providing staff with information only when absolutely necessary. Instead, they must be transparent with their workers, both in good times and bad. Why is this so important? It’s because many people want to feel a sense of ownership in the work they do and to believe that they can be a part of the solution if a crisis occurs. Leaders should, therefore, be upfront with their staff about any issues the company or team may be facing, essentially acknowledging that their employees are also their peers. This will help them win the trust and respect of their employees while increasing the level of staff involvement, which benefits the company as a whole.

① effects of crisis sharing on daily office efficiency
② necessity of openness between leaders and employees
③ dangers of treating all workers as close peers
④ ways to limit information in difficult business situations
⑤ importance of employee ownership in solving every crisis

2. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Brains are incredibly complex structures responsible for an abundance of crucial tasks. Yet, in spite of being such vital organs, they are not perfect; one could even say they have a mind of their own. When it comes to problem-solving, the human brain prefers taking shortcuts (also known as heuristics) to arrive at solutions. It will recall similar past circumstances or depend on prior knowledge in order to bypass critical thinking — it’s lazy that way. This can prevent a person from considering other options or contemplating an important matter long enough. Brains can also cause people to think they’ve had experiences they’ve never actually had before (false memories). If a person hears a story or watches a video, his or her brain can fool them into thinking that they went through what they heard or saw. With so much information to process, it shouldn’t be a surprise that our minds slip up sometimes.

① benefits of heuristics in daily problem-solving
② ways to improve memory through repeated experience
③ limits of mental processing in human judgment
④ causes of false memories from stories and videos
⑤ importance of prior knowledge in quick decisions

3. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Many people read translated versions of classics like the Odyssey. While translations may seem convenient, we can’t always be sure that we fully understand what the original writers were trying to say because not all translations are reliable. The thing is, translators must be equally proficient in both languages involved in a translation, and they must have a good understanding of the work itself. Exact translations can be impossible due to the use of figurative language, which can’t be translated literally. Furthermore, the words writers use in their work are often chosen very carefully. For instance, poets may select words that rhyme, which may not be possible to duplicate in another language. The original meaning can therefore be lost. The director of the British Centre for Literary Translation commented on the issue, insisting, “There’s not a single word in any of the languages I translate that can map perfectly onto a word in English. So it’s always interpretative, approximate, creative.”

① benefits of reading translated literary classics
② limits of fully preserving meaning in translation
③ importance of rhyme in understanding poetic language
④ ways to improve translators' bilingual competence
⑤ causes of English becoming a global translation standard

4. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

After the devastating flood of 1927, Congress approved the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project, which resulted in the construction of 20,000 miles of levees and floodways. This disrupted the delicate balance of the Mississippi’s watercourses, and the surrounding wetlands began to subside. So far, 1,800 square miles of Louisiana wetlands have disappeared. This disaster has taken a heavy toll. The vanishing swamps not only play a vital role in storm surge reduction and nutrient filtration but also are a critical ecosystem. In fact, almost half of the threatened and endangered species in America depend on wetlands. One potential answer is Louisiana’s Coastal Master Plan. It aims to recreate the natural processes that built the state’s delta, which would protect existing wetlands and restore areas that have been lost. There is an easy way the public can assist, too: eating oysters. Oyster shells can be used to rebuild the reefs. Nearly 5,000 tons of shells have been used for this already, thanks to recycling programs at Louisiana restaurants.

① causes of flood damage to urban transport systems
② importance of restoring damaged coastal wetland systems
③ limits of restaurant recycling for local economic growth
④ benefits of levees for protecting wildlife habitats
⑤ ways to increase oyster sales through tourism programs

5. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Inflation tends to have a negative connotation because it is commonly associated with reduced purchasing power and monetary savings. Some economists, however, insist that a healthy amount of inflation might actually work in the public’s favor. Most notably, distinguished economist John Maynard Keynes asserted that moderate inflation is critical to counteract the paradox of thrift, which states that savings can actually be damaging to economic growth. If people are not spending their money, the economy suffers because there is less overall demand. Inflation can also give a financial boost to those in debt, such as mortgage borrowers and people with student loans. The value of loans decreases with inflation and this in turn encourages spending. Inflation targeting — or making adjustments to stick to an inflation rate that is chosen — is used by central banks all over the world with the goal of stimulating the economy and maintaining maximum employment. If people know that prices will rise in the future, it motivates them to buy goods and services now.

① benefits of inflation for debt repayment alone
② dangers of reduced savings under rising prices
③ ways central banks protect monetary savings from inflation
④ positive roles of moderate price growth in demand
⑤ causes of public distrust toward inflation policies

6. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

When looking at the simplicity of human cells, the smallest building blocks of organic life, imagining that viruses — even less complex entities — could overtake them is difficult. Yet they can, and they do. The simplest viruses have only two parts: DNA or RNA that is a blueprint for making more viruses and a protein shell for protection. However, though they contain the instructions for reproduction, they lack the proper chemical substances — enzymes — to be able to do so on their own. They need a host to be able to do anything at all. They first infiltrate a cell, and then, once inside, add their genetic blueprint. The cell does not realize the difference and unknowingly begins to produce more of the virus instead of replicating itself. Each new virus can then infect another cell, repeating the infection cycle.

① roles of protein shells in protecting viral genes
② limits of viruses without host cell enzymes
③ effects of human cells on viral reproduction
④ how simple parasites exploit cellular machinery
⑤ ways to block repeated cycles of viral infection

7. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Populism refers to a political approach that views the world as divided, with corrupt government elites on one end controlling everything and good, ordinary people whose expectations are not being met on the other. While it is true that mainstream governments sometimes fail to meet the public’s expectations, turning to populism as an alternative can be destructive to social order. When a populist leader rises to power, they often suggest that problems have become urgent and that maintaining the status quo will only make matters worse for the people. This creates a sense of panic and causes the people to offer their support for the leader, even when leader’s solutions for so-called problems like immigration or free trade are not actually in the best interest of all the people. That is because “the people” frequently excludes minorities and other marginalized members of the population, which means that populism can turn members of the same society against one another, promote intolerance, and generally create additional problems.

① benefits of urgent action by populist leaders
② dangers of divisive politics disguised as public interest
③ reasons mainstream governments lose public trust
④ effects of immigration and free trade on voters
⑤ ways to protect minorities through political reform

8. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Humans are able to envision the future, and interestingly enough, it seems as though some animals can too. In one study, a species of weasel was observed eating ripe bananas immediately but then storing other unripe ones in trees, allowing them to mature. They would then come back to eat the fruit they had saved at a later time. This shows that the weasels were aware to some degree that in the near future, those bananas would become ripe enough to eat. That is, they were able to deduce a(n) probable outcome and act accordingly. This ability to prepare for the future has been seen in a variety of animal species. It proves that they are not only capable of mental time travel but that they also possess enough reasoning and logic to know the best course of action to take for their own survival.

① storing unripe bananas for later feeding
② limits of animal logic in finding food
③ reasons some animals return to saved fruit
④ the role of future planning in animal survival
⑤ differences between human and animal time travel

9. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

One of the most remarkable aspects of the human body is its ability to regulate itself and maintain optimal functioning. It uses a variety of natural processes to achieve this, including the self-digestion system of autophagy. This mechanism is the body’s way of regenerating new and healthy cells through the removal of damaged cell components. When a person’s cells are stressed, autophagy is increased in order to ensure the normal operation of the body and keep it in homeostasis. It efficiently targets dysfunctional cells and ensures their elimination, often through the degradation of damaged and toxic proteins. The parts of the cell that are reused are the cytoplasm — fluid inside the cell — and organelles, which are structures with particular functions. These are broken down into amino acids, which the body utilizes for energy and cellular repair. In this way, autophagy helps prevent numerous health conditions such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s and can even help fight against infectious diseases.

① risks of breaking down organelles for energy
② roles of cellular recycling in bodily balance
③ reasons for toxic protein buildup in cells
④ limits of homeostasis under infectious stress
⑤ effects of amino acids on brain diseases

10. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Common-pool resources are goods that are available to a large majority of the public even though they have a limited stock that is vulnerable to abuse. For example, although there are plentiful forests, if every person were to collect as much wood as possible from these forests, their decline would be inevitable. A good such as this can be exploited over time, leading to an unreliable supply as individuals consume the resource to the detriment of others. A shortage impacts not only other members of a society or community but the very ones who seek out the supply and are able to consume it, too. This is what’s known as the “tragedy of the commons.” Preventing the overconsumption or depletion of such goods is accomplished through a number of actions, including government regulation and making the once common-pool resource into a private good. Collective action is also an effective method of controlling the consumption of the resource because individuals work together to preserve it.

① the value of forests as widely shared natural goods

② the dangers of unrestricted use of shared resources

③ the benefits of private ownership in all resource markets

④ the reasons for unequal access to public forests

⑤ the effects of wood shortage on local communities

11. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Greed is a biologically based behavior intrinsic to human nature. Urges are fundamental to the survival of all living creatures, and yet humans not only experience desire from a biological standpoint, but from a social one as well. This differentiates the impulses humans have from those felt by animals, such as the drive to reproduce. People desire more than to merely stay alive; they also want material possessions and wealth. But in the modern world, greed is somewhat of a paradox, since individual behavior that resembles greed is natural and encouraged — people are advised to seek wealth and prosperity to the best of their abilities — while greed itself is condemned by society. This is because while greed actually benefits the individual, it can come at a cost for civilization when unrestricted. Sociologists assert that society aims to find an equilibrium of motivating individuals with greed while still limiting unrestrained greed by labeling it as a vice.

① the biological roots of reproductive urges in animals
② the social need to balance self-interest and restraint
③ the ways wealth and possessions ensure human survival
④ the harmful effects of condemning all individual desire
⑤ the differences between human greed and animal reproduction

12. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Cloud computing has already transformed how many businesses operate around the world, and it will also soon shape people’s lifestyles. One of the most significant changes has been increased flexibility in the workplace. Now that companies have the power to store, process, and manage all of their files on the cloud, employees are able to access data remotely as long as they can connect to the Internet. They no longer have to physically visit an office in order to obtain certain information and can virtually collaborate with others rather than setting aside time to meet. Cloud storage also means that people will not need to rely on as many devices to use or share content. A person can simply save their files on the cloud, generate links, and invite others to view them rather than having to go through the process of using a USB drive.

① problems caused by storing company files online
② reasons for limiting remote work in offices
③ changes in daily and work habits through networked storage
④ importance of meeting coworkers in physical offices
⑤ ways to protect private data on digital devices

13. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Swiss psychologist Carl Jung is credited with a great many of the field’s most enduring concepts. But for practicing therapists the most useful of these is his approach to diagnosis. Rather than classifying psychological phenomena as discrete disorders and shuttling patients into one-size-fits-all treatments, Jung’s concept of the “complex” allows clinicians to identify how their conflicting problems are intertwined. This approach has been invaluable in understanding the behavior of certain patients who act according to a complex. For Jung, the complex is a mass of interrelated ideas that operate in the unconscious mind. This “hidden mass of memories” is formed in our childhood and wields a powerful influence — in both positive and negative ways — over our present and future. Discussing issues in these terms allows therapists to discuss how mechanisms of this sort work in a holistic sense. In addition, it relieves the pressure of delivering unrealistically rapid relief to patients.

① the need for rapid relief in clinical treatment

② the limits of classifying patients by fixed disorders

③ the dangers of childhood memories in later behavior

④ the value of viewing mental troubles as interconnected patterns

⑤ the reasons for patients’ resistance to standard therapy

14. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

As popular culture has migrated from celebrity-centric to influencer-centric, money has moved along with it. This has led to the establishment of the creator economy. Powered by social media stars, this new ecosystem is in rapid growth; in 2021 alone, the creator economy collected more than 1.3 billion dollars in funding. But it wasn’t always such a profitable field, and “Internet celebrities” were once looked down upon by the old guards of traditional marketplaces. Not much of a surprise, considering they barely made anything and had yet to penetrate their way fully into the consciousness of the public. Then suddenly, Internet platforms began their meteoric rise and became the birthplace for social media giants who amassed huge followings. This resulted in a change in power dynamics. Platforms now must be able to compensate their influencers who bring in millions of users. And even then, it may not be enough, as more and more creators are accumulating wealth on their own terms.

① the rapid spread of funding for social media platforms
② the rise of online fame in traditional marketplaces
③ the effects of platform growth on public taste
④ the shift of economic power toward independent creators
⑤ the need for stricter payment rules for influencers

15. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

If science and technology continue on the current trajectory, the end result can only be the extinction of homo sapiens as a species or at least civilization as we know it. At some point, Artificial Intelligence will be perfected, which will spawn even more intelligence, and so forth, making humanity irrelevant. Therefore, it is in the interest of our existence to temper our need for discovery with the wisdom of restraint. Philosophy, in this regard, is our best weapon against the untamed dangers of scientific exploration. While often thought of as an opposing force, philosophy is actually closely associated with science and robust enough to ward off crises. Philosophy shares the ideals of logic and rigorous argumentation with science. However, unlike science, which only asks how, philosophy asks why. This is a consideration lacking in science but sorely needed.

① dangers of artificial intelligence for human civilization
② need for philosophical restraint in scientific progress
③ benefits of logic shared by philosophy and science
④ reasons for conflict between philosophy and science
⑤ ways to perfect artificial intelligence through philosophy

16. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Mental rehearsal describes the technique of practicing an action in your mind before performing it in real life. It is common with athletes but is just as useful in a wide variety of other fields and endeavors. Its benefits are well-known and include increased confidence and concentration, reduced anxiety, and the ability to envision solutions to potential problems. To get the best results, it helps to engage as many of your senses as you can. You might visualize yourself crossing the finish line at a race or shaking a client’s hand over a successfully completed deal. Then, with your sense of hearing, you might imagine the roar of a cheering crowd or words of congratulations from your colleagues. Picturing positive outcomes such as these can help any concerns you might have about your preparedness melt away and give you a sense of control over an upcoming event.

① benefits of using many senses in mental rehearsal
② dangers of relying too much on imagined success
③ reasons athletes need mental practice before competition
④ ways to solve problems through real performance experience
⑤ importance of internal simulation for future performance

17. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

In the 1950s, Solomon Asch demonstrated the power of peer pressure in an experiment in which participants took a visual perception test requiring them to identify a line that was closest in length to another. This was a simple task, with the correct answer being obvious to participants 99% of the time in independent tests prior to the actual experiment. During the actual experiment, a single study participant was put in a room with several actors. The actors had been told beforehand to provide wrong answers to the questions, and it was found that the effect this had on the actual study participant was to go along with the rest of the group out of fear of being ridiculed. In fact, despite the correct answer being clear to them, many of the participants agreed with the majority and provided the incorrect answer in 12 critical trials of this experiment. However, when two participants were included in the same study instead of just one, and both were aware of what the correct answer was, they almost never followed the majority.

① reasons for failure in visual perception tests
② effects of group pressure on individual judgment
③ methods for improving accuracy in line comparison
④ limits of actors' influence in simple experiments
⑤ importance of independent thinking in all situations

1. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Clear communications are valued in all areas of modern society, and this is particularly true in the workplace. Unfortunately, many bosses operate on what is called a “need-to-know basis,” providing staff with information only when absolutely necessary. Instead, they must be transparent with their workers, both in good times and bad. Why is this so important? It’s because many people want to feel a sense of ownership in the work they do and to believe that they can be a part of the solution if a crisis occurs. Leaders should, therefore, be upfront with their staff about any issues the company or team may be facing, essentially acknowledging that their employees are also their peers. This will help them win the trust and respect of their employees while increasing the level of staff involvement, which benefits the company as a whole.

요약문:

When leaders stop treating information as a tool of control and instead share difficulties openly, workers are more likely to develop ___(A)___ rather than passive compliance, leading to broader ___(B)___ in the organization.

① agency …… engagement
② agency …… isolation
③ secrecy …… engagement
④ secrecy …… isolation
⑤ dependence …… division

2. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Brains are incredibly complex structures responsible for an abundance of crucial tasks. Yet, in spite of being such vital organs, they are not perfect; one could even say they have a mind of their own. When it comes to problem-solving, the human brain prefers taking shortcuts (also known as heuristics) to arrive at solutions. It will recall similar past circumstances or depend on prior knowledge in order to bypass critical thinking — it’s lazy that way. This can prevent a person from considering other options or contemplating an important matter long enough. Brains can also cause people to think they’ve had experiences they’ve never actually had before (false memories). If a person hears a story or watches a video, his or her brain can fool them into thinking that they went through what they heard or saw. With so much information to process, it shouldn’t be a surprise that our minds slip up sometimes.

요약문:
The brain, though essential for handling enormous mental demands, often favors ___(A)___ over scrutiny and may even blur the line between reality and ___(B)___.

① efficiency …… imagination
② efficiency …… routine
③ precision …… imagination
④ precision …… routine
⑤ caution …… stability

3. 아래 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Many people read translated versions of classics like the Odyssey. While translations may seem convenient, we can’t always be sure that we fully understand what the original writers were trying to say because not all translations are reliable. The thing is, translators must be equally proficient in both languages involved in a translation, and they must have a good understanding of the work itself. Exact translations can be impossible due to the use of figurative language, which can’t be translated literally. Furthermore, the words writers use in their work are often chosen very carefully. For instance, poets may select words that rhyme, which may not be possible to duplicate in another language. The original meaning can therefore be lost. The director of the British Centre for Literary Translation commented on the issue, insisting, “There’s not a single word in any of the languages I translate that can map perfectly onto a word in English. So it’s always interpretative, approximate, creative.”

요약문:
Because literary language is shaped by layers of stylistic intention that resist one-to-one transfer, translation is less an act of ___(A)___ than of ___(B)___ the source text.

　　 (A) 　　　　 (B)
① replication …… reimagining
② replication …… preserving
③ documentation …… reimagining
④ documentation …… preserving
⑤ classification …… measuring

4. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

After the devastating flood of 1927, Congress approved the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project, which resulted in the construction of 20,000 miles of levees and floodways. This disrupted the delicate balance of the Mississippi’s watercourses, and the surrounding wetlands began to subside. So far, 1,800 square miles of Louisiana wetlands have disappeared. This disaster has taken a heavy toll. The vanishing swamps not only play a vital role in storm surge reduction and nutrient filtration but also are a critical ecosystem. In fact, almost half of the threatened and endangered species in America depend on wetlands. One potential answer is Louisiana’s Coastal Master Plan. It aims to recreate the natural processes that built the state’s delta, which would protect existing wetlands and restore areas that have been lost. There is an easy way the public can assist, too: eating oysters. Oyster shells can be used to rebuild the reefs. Nearly 5,000 tons of shells have been used for this already, thanks to recycling programs at Louisiana restaurants.

요약문:
What was once treated as a triumph of river control has produced long-term ecological ___(A)___, making it necessary to pursue recovery through process-based restoration and even everyday consumer ___(B)___.

① instability …… restraint
② instability …… participation
③ resilience …… participation
④ resilience …… restraint
⑤ efficiency …… preservation

5. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Inflation tends to have a negative connotation because it is commonly associated with reduced purchasing power and monetary savings. Some economists, however, insist that a healthy amount of inflation might actually work in the public’s favor. Most notably, distinguished economist John Maynard Keynes asserted that moderate inflation is critical to counteract the paradox of thrift, which states that savings can actually be damaging to economic growth. If people are not spending their money, the economy suffers because there is less overall demand. Inflation can also give a financial boost to those in debt, such as mortgage borrowers and people with student loans. The value of loans decreases with inflation and this in turn encourages spending. Inflation targeting — or making adjustments to stick to an inflation rate that is chosen — is used by central banks all over the world with the goal of stimulating the economy and maintaining maximum employment. If people know that prices will rise in the future, it motivates them to buy goods and services now.

요약문:
Rather than being merely a penalty on savers, controlled inflation can serve as an economic ___(A)___ by discouraging excessive financial ___(B)___ and pulling consumption forward in time.

① catalyst …… inertia
② catalyst …… vulnerability
③ restraint …… inertia
④ restraint …… vulnerability
⑤ illusion …… instability

6. 다음 글의 요약문으로 가장 적절한 것은?

When looking at the simplicity of human cells, the smallest building blocks of organic life, imagining that viruses — even less complex entities — could overtake them is difficult. Yet they can, and they do. The simplest viruses have only two parts: DNA or RNA that is a blueprint for making more viruses and a protein shell for protection. However, though they contain the instructions for reproduction, they lack the proper chemical substances — enzymes — to be able to do so on their own. They need a host to be able to do anything at all. They first infiltrate a cell, and then, once inside, add their genetic blueprint. The cell does not realize the difference and unknowingly begins to produce more of the virus instead of replicating itself. Each new virus can then infect another cell, repeating the infection cycle.

요약문:

Viruses prevail not through biological ___(A)___ but by turning a host cell into an ___(B)___ producer of viral copies.

① superiority …… autonomous
② superiority …… unwitting
③ independence …… unwitting
④ independence …… autonomous
⑤ fragility …… deliberate

7. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Populism refers to a political approach that views the world as divided, with corrupt government elites on one end controlling everything and good, ordinary people whose expectations are not being met on the other. While it is true that mainstream governments sometimes fail to meet the public’s expectations, turning to populism as an alternative can be destructive to social order. When a populist leader rises to power, they often suggest that problems have become urgent and that maintaining the status quo will only make matters worse for the people. This creates a sense of panic and causes the people to offer their support for the leader, even when leader’s solutions for so-called problems like immigration or free trade are not actually in the best interest of all the people. That is because “the people” frequently excludes minorities and other marginalized members of the population, which means that populism can turn members of the same society against one another, promote intolerance, and generally create additional problems.

요약문:

Populism gains force by converting political frustration into ___(A)___ around a manufactured emergency, but because its idea of the public is inherently ___(B)___, it tends to damage solidarity rather than restore justice.

① cohesion …… selective
② mobilization …… selective
③ mobilization …… inclusive
④ resignation …… selective
⑤ cohesion …… inclusive

8. 아래 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Humans are able to envision the future, and interestingly enough, it seems as though some animals can too. In one study, a species of weasel was observed eating ripe bananas immediately but then storing other unripe ones in trees, allowing them to mature. They would then come back to eat the fruit they had saved at a later time. This shows that the weasels were aware to some degree that in the near future, those bananas would become ripe enough to eat. That is, they were able to deduce a(n) probable outcome and act accordingly. This ability to prepare for the future has been seen in a variety of animal species. It proves that they are not only capable of mental time travel but that they also possess enough reasoning and logic to know the best course of action to take for their own survival.

요약문:

Rather than being trapped in the present, some animals show ___(A)___ by acting on changes that have not happened yet, which suggests their behavior is guided not by mere impulse but by ___(B)___.

① foresight …… deliberation
② foresight …… appetite
③ instinct …… deliberation
④ instinct …… appetite
⑤ imitation …… reflex

9. 아래 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

One of the most remarkable aspects of the human body is its ability to regulate itself and maintain optimal functioning. It uses a variety of natural processes to achieve this, including the self-digestion system of autophagy. This mechanism is the body’s way of regenerating new and healthy cells through the removal of damaged cell components. When a person’s cells are stressed, autophagy is increased in order to ensure the normal operation of the body and keep it in homeostasis. It efficiently targets dysfunctional cells and ensures their elimination, often through the degradation of damaged and toxic proteins. The parts of the cell that are reused are the cytoplasm — fluid inside the cell — and organelles, which are structures with particular functions. These are broken down into amino acids, which the body utilizes for energy and cellular repair. In this way, autophagy helps prevent numerous health conditions such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s and can even help fight against infectious diseases.

요약문:

Rather than merely disposing of cellular waste, autophagy acts as an internal ___(A)___ system that converts biological breakdown into ___(B)___, thereby preserving the body’s equilibrium and resistance to disease.

     (A)           (B)
① sanitation …… fragility
② sanitation …… resilience
③ storage …… resilience
④ storage …… exhaustion
⑤ isolation …… fragility

10. 아래 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Common-pool resources are goods that are available to a large majority of the public even though they have a limited stock that is vulnerable to abuse. For example, although there are plentiful forests, if every person were to collect as much wood as possible from these forests, their decline would be inevitable. A good such as this can be exploited over time, leading to an unreliable supply as individuals consume the resource to the detriment of others. A shortage impacts not only other members of a society or community but the very ones who seek out the supply and are able to consume it, too. This is what’s known as the “tragedy of the commons.” Preventing the overconsumption or depletion of such goods is accomplished through a number of actions, including government regulation and making the once common-pool resource into a private good. Collective action is also an effective method of controlling the consumption of the resource because individuals work together to preserve it.

요약문:

When access to a finite resource is left broadly open, individually rational behavior can produce collective ___(A)___, making some form of shared restraint essential for long-term ___(B)___.

① collapse …… viability
② collapse …… exclusion
③ efficiency …… viability
④ efficiency …… exclusion
⑤ abundance …… fairness

11. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Greed is a biologically based behavior intrinsic to human nature. Urges are fundamental to the survival of all living creatures, and yet humans not only experience desire from a biological standpoint, but from a social one as well. This differentiates the impulses humans have from those felt by animals, such as the drive to reproduce. People desire more than to merely stay alive; they also want material possessions and wealth. But in the modern world, greed is somewhat of a paradox, since individual behavior that resembles greed is natural and encouraged — people are advised to seek wealth and prosperity to the best of their abilities — while greed itself is condemned by society. This is because while greed actually benefits the individual, it can come at a cost for civilization when unrestricted. Sociologists assert that society aims to find an equilibrium of motivating individuals with greed while still limiting unrestrained greed by labeling it as a vice.

요약문:

Society treats acquisitive desire as a useful engine for personal ___(A)___, yet seeks to preserve collective order by casting its unchecked form as ___(B)___.

     (A)           (B)
① advancement …… corruption
② advancement …… legitimacy
③ restraint …… corruption
④ restraint …… legitimacy
⑤ conformity …… neutrality

12. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Cloud computing has already transformed how many businesses operate around the world, and it will also soon shape people’s lifestyles. One of the most significant changes has been increased flexibility in the workplace. Now that companies have the power to store, process, and manage all of their files on the cloud, employees are able to access data remotely as long as they can connect to the Internet. They no longer have to physically visit an office in order to obtain certain information and can virtually collaborate with others rather than setting aside time to meet. Cloud storage also means that people will not need to rely on as many devices to use or share content. A person can simply save their files on the cloud, generate links, and invite others to view them rather than having to go through the process of using a USB drive.

요약문:
By relocating information and coordination away from fixed places and physical tools, cloud computing expands human ___(A)___ while reducing dependence on material ___(B)___.

① autonomy …… infrastructure
② autonomy …… proximity
③ mobility …… infrastructure
④ mobility …… proximity
⑤ stability …… paperwork

13. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

The Swiss psychologist Carl Jung is credited with a great many of the field’s most enduring concepts. But for practicing therapists the most useful of these is his approach to diagnosis. Rather than classifying psychological phenomena as discrete disorders and shuttling patients into one-size-fits-all treatments, Jung’s concept of the “complex” allows clinicians to identify how their conflicting problems are intertwined. This approach has been invaluable in understanding the behavior of certain patients who act according to a complex. For Jung, the complex is a mass of interrelated ideas that operate in the unconscious mind. This “hidden mass of memories” is formed in our childhood and wields a powerful influence — in both positive and negative ways — over our present and future. Discussing issues in these terms allows therapists to discuss how mechanisms of this sort work in a holistic sense. In addition, it relieves the pressure of delivering unrealistically rapid relief to patients.

요약문:

Jung’s diagnostic view shifts therapy away from forcing people into fixed labels and toward tracing the ___(A)___ beneath their symptoms, which encourages a more ___(B)___ understanding of distress and reduces demands for immediate cures.

① architecture …… integrative
② architecture …… punitive
③ variability …… integrative
④ variability …… punitive
⑤ surface …… fragmented

14. 아래 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

As popular culture has migrated from celebrity-centric to influencer-centric, money has moved along with it. This has led to the establishment of the creator economy. Powered by social media stars, this new ecosystem is in rapid growth; in 2021 alone, the creator economy collected more than 1.3 billion dollars in funding. But it wasn’t always such a profitable field, and “Internet celebrities” were once looked down upon by the old guards of traditional marketplaces. Not much of a surprise, considering they barely made anything and had yet to penetrate their way fully into the consciousness of the public. Then suddenly, Internet platforms began their meteoric rise and became the birthplace for social media giants who amassed huge followings. This resulted in a change in power dynamics. Platforms now must be able to compensate their influencers who bring in millions of users. And even then, it may not be enough, as more and more creators are accumulating wealth on their own terms.

요약문:

What was once dismissed as a marginal form of online fame has been revalued into a source of economic ___(A)___, as digital creators gained enough audience pull to weaken the platforms’ former ___(B)___.

① leverage …… dominance
② leverage …… obscurity
③ novelty …… dominance
④ novelty …… obscurity
⑤ dependence …… fragility

15. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

If science and technology continue on the current trajectory, the end result can only be the extinction of homo sapiens as a species or at least civilization as we know it. At some point, Artificial Intelligence will be perfected, which will spawn even more intelligence, and so forth, making humanity irrelevant. Therefore, it is in the interest of our existence to temper our need for discovery with the wisdom of restraint. Philosophy, in this regard, is our best weapon against the untamed dangers of scientific exploration. While often thought of as an opposing force, philosophy is actually closely associated with science and robust enough to ward off crises. Philosophy shares the ideals of logic and rigorous argumentation with science. However, unlike science, which only asks how, philosophy asks why. This is a consideration lacking in science but sorely needed.

요약문:

Rather than treating knowledge as a self-justifying engine of progress, the passage argues that only a ___(A)___ intelligence can keep innovation from turning ___(B)___ to the very beings who created it.

① reflective …… hostile
② reflective …… transparent
③ mechanical …… hostile
④ mechanical …… transparent
⑤ instinctive …… predictable

16. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Mental rehearsal describes the technique of practicing an action in your mind before performing it in real life. It is common with athletes but is just as useful in a wide variety of other fields and endeavors. Its benefits are well-known and include increased confidence and concentration, reduced anxiety, and the ability to envision solutions to potential problems. To get the best results, it helps to engage as many of your senses as you can. You might visualize yourself crossing the finish line at a race or shaking a client’s hand over a successfully completed deal. Then, with your sense of hearing, you might imagine the roar of a cheering crowd or words of congratulations from your colleagues. Picturing positive outcomes such as these can help any concerns you might have about your preparedness melt away and give you a sense of control over an upcoming event.

요약문:

By internally staging success as a richly felt experience, people can turn uncertainty before performance into ___(A)___ and face future situations with greater ___(B)___.

① composure …… command
② composure …… hesitation
③ avoidance …… command
④ avoidance …… hesitation
⑤ distraction …… passivity

17. 아래 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

In the 1950s, Solomon Asch demonstrated the power of peer pressure in an experiment in which participants took a visual perception test requiring them to identify a line that was closest in length to another. This was a simple task, with the correct answer being obvious to participants 99% of the time in independent tests prior to the actual experiment. During the actual experiment, a single study participant was put in a room with several actors. The actors had been told beforehand to provide wrong answers to the questions, and it was found that the effect this had on the actual study participant was to go along with the rest of the group out of fear of being ridiculed. In fact, despite the correct answer being clear to them, many of the participants agreed with the majority and provided the incorrect answer in 12 critical trials of this experiment. However, when two participants were included in the same study instead of just one, and both were aware of what the correct answer was, they almost never followed the majority.

요약문:

Even unmistakable personal judgment can collapse into ___(A)___ when a person stands alone against a unanimous group, but that group influence loses much of its ___(B)___ once even minimal shared certainty appears.

① compliance …… force
② compliance …… ambiguity
③ independence …… force
④ independence …… ambiguity
⑤ resistance …… fragility

1. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Clear communications are valued in all areas of modern society, and this is particularly true in the workplace. Unfortunately, many bosses operate on what is called a need-to-know basis, providing staff with information only when absolutely necessary. Instead, they must be transparent with their workers, both in good times and bad. Why is this so important? It’s because many people want to feel a sense of ownership in the work they do and to believe that they can be a part of the solution if a crisis occurs. Leaders should, therefore, be upfront with their staff about any issues the company or team may be facing, essentially acknowledging that their employees are also their peers. This will help them win the trust and respect of their employees while increasing the level of staff involvement, which benefits the company as a whole.

① bosses share information according to what workers directly ask about
② bosses limit information to cases where employees must know it
③ bosses treat all workers as equal decision makers in every situation
④ bosses provide more details in crises than they do in normal times
⑤ bosses make workplace communication the single key to social success

2. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Brains are incredibly complex structures responsible for an abundance of crucial tasks. Yet, in spite of being such vital organs, they are not perfect; one could even say they have a mind of their own. When it comes to problem-solving, the human brain prefers taking shortcuts (also known as heuristics) to arrive at solutions. It will recall similar past circumstances or depend on prior knowledge in order to bypass critical thinking — it’s lazy that way. This can prevent a person from considering other options or contemplating an important matter long enough. Brains can also cause people to think they’ve had experiences they’ve never actually had before (false memories). If a person hears a story or watches a video, his or her brain can fool them into thinking that they went through what they heard or saw. With so much information to process, it shouldn’t be a surprise that our minds slip up sometimes.

① the brain acts independently of our deliberate control at times
② the brain always creates accurate memories from direct experience
③ the brain becomes stronger when people avoid critical thinking
④ the brain develops only through a person’s own actual experiences
⑤ the brain solves every problem by carefully examining all options

3. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Many people read translated versions of classics like the Odyssey. While translations may seem convenient, we can’t always be sure that we fully understand what the original writers were trying to say because not all translations are reliable. The thing is, translators must be equally proficient in both languages involved in a translation, and they must have a good understanding of the work itself. Exact translations can be impossible due to the use of figurative language, which can’t be translated literally. Furthermore, the words writers use in their work are often chosen very carefully. For instance, poets may select words that rhyme, which may not be possible to duplicate in another language. The original meaning can therefore be lost. The director of the British Centre for Literary Translation commented on the issue, insisting, “There’s not a single word in any of the languages I translate that can map perfectly onto a word in English. So it’s always interpretative, approximate, creative.”

① each foreign word has a direct and exact English equivalent
② translators should avoid creative choices and follow the original literally
③ a translator must preserve rhyme more than the writer’s intended meaning
④ no translation can fully reproduce the exact meaning and effect of the original
⑤ English can express every literary idea more clearly than other languages

4. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

After the devastating flood of 1927, Congress approved the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project, which resulted in the construction of 20,000 miles of levees and floodways. This disrupted the delicate balance of the Mississippi’s watercourses, and the surrounding wetlands began to subside. So far, 1,800 square miles of Louisiana wetlands have disappeared. This disaster has taken a heavy toll. The vanishing swamps not only play a vital role in storm surge reduction and nutrient filtration but also are a critical ecosystem. In fact, almost half of the threatened and endangered species in America depend on wetlands. One potential answer is Louisiana’s Coastal Master Plan. It aims to recreate the natural processes that built the state’s delta, which would protect existing wetlands and restore areas that have been lost. There is an easy way the public can assist, too: eating oysters. Oyster shells can be used to rebuild the reefs. Nearly 5,000 tons of shells have been used for this already, thanks to recycling programs at Louisiana restaurants.

① the flood damage has remained limited to river engineering costs
② the loss has caused serious environmental and ecological harm
③ the wetlands have become more productive for local species
④ the project has fully restored the balance of regional watercourses
⑤ the public support has generally solved the Louisiana wetland crisis

5. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Inflation tends to have a negative connotation because it is commonly associated with reduced purchasing power and monetary savings. Some economists, however, insist that a healthy amount of inflation might actually work in the public’s favor. Most notably, distinguished economist John Maynard Keynes asserted that moderate inflation is critical to counteract the paradox of thrift, which states that savings can actually be damaging to economic growth. If people are not spending their money, the economy suffers because there is less overall demand. Inflation can also give a financial boost to those in debt, such as mortgage borrowers and people with student loans. The value of loans decreases with inflation and this in turn encourages spending. Inflation targeting — or making adjustments to stick to an inflation rate that is chosen — is used by central banks all over the world with the goal of stimulating the economy and maintaining maximum employment. If people know that prices will rise in the future, it motivates them to buy goods and services now.

① people save money because they expect prices to become more stable
② excessive personal saving can weaken the economy by reducing demand
③ borrowers must increase their saving to repay loans during inflation
④ central banks should completely prevent price increases in all cases
⑤ any rise in prices always benefits every group in the economy equally

6. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

When looking at the simplicity of human cells, the smallest building blocks of organic life, imagining that viruses — even less complex entities — could overtake them is difficult. Yet they can, and they do. The simplest viruses have only two parts: DNA or RNA that is a blueprint for making more viruses and a protein shell for protection. However, though they contain the instructions for reproduction, they lack the proper chemical substances — enzymes — to be able to do so on their own. They need a host to be able to do anything at all. They first infiltrate a cell, and then, once inside, add their genetic blueprint. The cell does not realize the difference and unknowingly begins to produce more of the virus instead of replicating itself. Each new virus can then infect another cell, repeating the infection cycle.

① the cell intentionally stops its normal activity to defend itself from the virus
② the cell is deceived into using its own system to make viruses rather than itself
③ the cell directly destroys viral genes before they can spread to other cells
④ the cell naturally chooses to copy simpler life forms over more complex ones
⑤ the cell always loses control whenever any outside substance enters it

7. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Populism refers to a political approach that views the world as divided, with corrupt government elites on one end controlling everything and good, ordinary people whose expectations are not being met on the other. While it is true that mainstream governments sometimes fail to meet the public’s expectations, turning to populism as an alternative can be destructive to social order. When a populist leader rises to power, they often suggest that problems have become urgent and that maintaining the status quo will only make matters worse for the people. This creates a sense of panic and causes the people to offer their support for the leader, even when leader’s solutions for so-called problems like immigration or free trade are not actually in the best interest of all the people. That is because “the people” frequently excludes minorities and other marginalized members of the population, which means that populism can turn members of the same society against one another, promote intolerance, and generally create additional problems.

① it physically endangers citizens in a sudden national crisis
② it makes people feel urgent fear and support rash political choices
③ it proves that all existing institutions must immediately be removed
④ it helps every social group unite behind fair and equal policies
⑤ it shows that immigration and free trade are always harmful to society

8. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Humans are able to envision the future, and interestingly enough, it seems as though some animals can too. In one study, a species of weasel was observed eating ripe bananas immediately but then storing other unripe ones in trees, allowing them to mature. They would then come back to eat the fruit they had saved at a later time. This shows that the weasels were aware to some degree that in the near future, those bananas would become ripe enough to eat. That is, they were able to deduce a probable outcome and act accordingly. This ability to prepare for the future has been seen in a variety of animal species. It proves that they are not only capable of mental time travel but that they also possess enough reasoning and logic to know the best course of action to take for their own survival.

① they physically followed the movement of fruit and changed trees after it fell
② they could predict a likely result and choose behavior suited to that expectation
③ they avoided storing food because future conditions were too uncertain to judge
④ they remembered where bananas were located and preferred the sweetest ones first
⑤ they showed that all animals always make the most logical choice for survival

9. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

One of the most remarkable aspects of the human body is its ability to regulate itself and maintain optimal functioning. It uses a variety of natural processes to achieve this, including the self-digestion system of autophagy. This mechanism is the body’s way of regenerating new and healthy cells through the removal of damaged cell components. When a person’s cells are stressed, autophagy is increased in order to ensure the normal operation of the body and keep it in homeostasis. It efficiently targets dysfunctional cells and ensures their elimination, often through the degradation of damaged and toxic proteins. The parts of the cell that are reused are the cytoplasm — fluid inside the cell — and organelles, which are structures with particular functions. These are broken down into amino acids, which the body utilizes for energy and cellular repair. In this way, autophagy helps prevent numerous health conditions such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s and can even help fight against infectious diseases.

① it physically stores extra cell parts in a stable internal space
② it causes the body to lose its balance and weaken normal functions
③ it helps the body preserve a steady internal condition despite cellular stress
④ it supplies amino acids only when the body faces infectious diseases
⑤ it guarantees that all damaged cells can always be completely removed

10. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Common-pool resources are goods that are available to a large majority of the public even though they have a limited stock that is vulnerable to abuse. For example, although there are plentiful forests, if every person were to collect as much wood as possible from these forests, their decline would be inevitable. A good such as this can be exploited over time, leading to an unreliable supply as individuals consume the resource to the detriment of others. A shortage impacts not only other members of a society or community but the very ones who seek out the supply and are able to consume it, too. This is what’s known as the “tragedy of the commons”. Preventing the overconsumption or depletion of such goods is accomplished through a number of actions, including government regulation and making the once common-pool resource into a private good. Collective action is also an effective method of controlling the consumption of the resource because individuals work together to preserve it.

① common resources are physically destroyed by a sudden disaster
② people use a shared limited resource in ways that finally harm everyone
③ governments take complete control of all public goods for safety
④ communities should always keep every natural resource open to all
⑤ private ownership makes any scarce resource increase without limit

11. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Greed is a biologically based behavior intrinsic to human nature. Urges are fundamental to the survival of all living creatures, and yet humans not only experience desire from a biological standpoint, but from a social one as well. This differentiates the impulses humans have from those felt by animals, such as the drive to reproduce. People desire more than to merely stay alive; they also want material possessions and wealth. But in the modern world, greed is somewhat of a paradox, since individual behavior that resembles greed is natural and encouraged — people are advised to seek wealth and prosperity to the best of their abilities — while greed itself is condemned by society. This is because while greed actually benefits the individual, it can come at a cost for civilization when unrestricted. Sociologists assert that society aims to find an equilibrium of motivating individuals with greed while still limiting unrestrained greed by labeling it as a vice.

① civilization must pay people to pursue wealth without limits
② unchecked self-interest can damage the social order as a whole
③ greed always helps both individuals and society equally
④ society should remove all desire related to material success
⑤ wealth itself causes every form of human conflict and decline

12. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Cloud computing has already transformed how many businesses operate around the world, and it will also soon shape people’s lifestyles. One of the most significant changes has been increased flexibility in the workplace. Now that companies have the power to store, process, and manage all of their files on the cloud, employees are able to access data remotely as long as they can connect to the Internet. They no longer have to physically visit an office in order to obtain certain information and can virtually collaborate with others rather than setting aside time to meet. Cloud storage also means that people will not need to rely on as many devices to use or share content. A person can simply save their files on the cloud, generate links, and invite others to view them rather than having to go through the process of using a USB drive.

① people reserve a separate period for an in-person meeting
② people fail to exchange files through online links
③ people can work together without arranging face-to-face gatherings
④ people must return to the office before sharing information
⑤ people should reduce their dependence on digital devices in general

13. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Swiss psychologist Carl Jung is credited with a great many of the field’s most enduring concepts. But for practicing therapists the most useful of these is his approach to diagnosis. Rather than classifying psychological phenomena as discrete disorders and shuttling patients into one-size-fits-all treatments, Jung’s concept of the “complex” allows clinicians to identify how their conflicting problems are intertwined. This approach has been invaluable in understanding the behavior of certain patients who act according to a complex. For Jung, the complex is a mass of interrelated ideas that operate in the unconscious mind. This “hidden mass of memories” is formed in our childhood and wields a powerful influence — in both positive and negative ways — over our present and future. Discussing issues in these terms allows therapists to discuss how mechanisms of this sort work in a holistic sense. In addition, it relieves the pressure of delivering unrealistically rapid relief to patients.

① therapists can physically remove patients’ pain in a short time
② therapists do not have to promise immediate improvement that therapy cannot realistically provide
③ therapists should separate each symptom and treat it with a fixed method
④ therapists can ignore patients’ present difficulties and focus only on childhood memories
⑤ therapists must always produce complete recovery as quickly as possible

14. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

As popular culture has migrated from celebrity-centric to influencer-centric, money has moved along with it. This has led to the establishment of the creator economy. Powered by social media stars, this new ecosystem is in rapid growth; in 2021 alone, the creator economy collected more than 1.3 billion dollars in funding. But it wasn’t always such a profitable field, and “Internet celebrities” were once looked down upon by the old guards of traditional marketplaces. Not much of a surprise, considering they barely made anything and had yet to penetrate their way fully into the consciousness of the public. Then suddenly, Internet platforms began their meteoric rise and became the birthplace for social media giants who amassed huge followings. This resulted in a change in power dynamics. Platforms now must be able to compensate their influencers who bring in millions of users. And even then, it may not be enough, as more and more creators are accumulating wealth on their own terms.

① internet celebrities physically entered public spaces and met people directly
② internet celebrities had not yet become widely recognized by ordinary people
③ traditional markets strongly protected public awareness from online platforms
④ internet celebrities failed to earn money because platforms paid too much
⑤ creators generally need platform support before they can gain any influence

15. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

If science and technology continue on the current trajectory, the end result can only be the extinction of homo sapiens as a species or at least civilization as we know it. At some point, Artificial Intelligence will be perfected, which will spawn even more intelligence, and so forth, making humanity irrelevant. Therefore, it is in the interest of our existence to temper our need for discovery with the wisdom of restraint. Philosophy, in this regard, is our best weapon against the untamed dangers of scientific exploration. While often thought of as an opposing force, philosophy is actually closely associated with science and robust enough to ward off crises. Philosophy shares the ideals of logic and rigorous argumentation with science. However, unlike science, which only asks how, philosophy asks why. This is a consideration lacking in science but sorely needed.

① we should reduce scientific ambition by applying careful self-limitation
② we should speed up discovery so philosophy can catch up with science
③ we should mix scientific inquiry with stronger emotional confidence
④ we should physically weaken our desire to uncover hidden knowledge
⑤ we should reject science because all progress eventually destroys society

16. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Mental rehearsal describes the technique of practicing an action in your mind before performing it in real life. It is common with athletes but is just as useful in a wide variety of other fields and endeavors. Its benefits are well-known and include increased confidence and concentration, reduced anxiety, and the ability to envision solutions to potential problems. To get the best results, it helps to engage as many of your senses as you can. You might visualize yourself crossing the finish line at a race or shaking a client’s hand over a successfully completed deal. Then, with your sense of hearing, you might imagine the roar of a cheering crowd or words of congratulations from your colleagues. Picturing positive outcomes such as these can help any concerns you might have about your preparedness melt away and give you a sense of control over an upcoming event.

① you physically relax before the event begins and conserve your energy
② your doubts become weaker and you feel more prepared to handle what is coming
③ you depend less on practice and more on positive emotions for success
④ the event becomes easier because outside support changes the result
⑤ you should always imagine success in order to solve every possible problem

17. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

In the 1950s, Solomon Asch demonstrated the power of peer pressure in an experiment in which participants took a visual perception test requiring them to identify a line that was closest in length to another. This was a simple task, with the correct answer being obvious to participants 99% of the time in independent tests prior to the actual experiment. During the actual experiment, a single study participant was put in a room with several actors. The actors had been told beforehand to provide wrong answers to the questions, and it was found that the effect this had on the actual study participant was to go along with the rest of the group out of fear of being ridiculed. In fact, despite the correct answer being clear to them, many of the participants agreed with the majority and provided the incorrect answer in 12 critical trials of this experiment. However, when two participants were included in the same study instead of just one, and both were aware of what the correct answer was, they almost never followed the majority.

① the participant physically moved together with the others in the room
② the participant rejected the group view and insisted on an independent judgment
③ the participant accepted the others' wrong response to avoid social disapproval
④ the participant carefully compared line lengths with the help of the whole group
⑤ the participant usually follows any majority opinion in every social situation

1. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Clear communications are valued in all areas of modern society, and this is particularly true in the workplace. Unfortunately, many bosses operate on what is called a “need-to-know basis,” providing staff with information only when absolutely necessary. Instead, they must be transparent with their workers, both in good times and bad. Why is this so important? It’s because many people want to feel a sense of ownership in the work they do and to believe that they can be a part of the solution if a crisis occurs. Leaders should, therefore, be upfront with their staff about any issues the company or team may be facing, essentially acknowledging that their employees are also their peers. This will help them win the trust and respect of their employees while increasing the level of staff involvement, which benefits the company as a whole.

① Need-to-Know Rules for Better Crisis Control
② Why Bosses Should Share Only Essential Information
③ Candor as a Bridge to Shared Commitment
④ Workplace Trust: The Result of Higher Salaries
⑤ Should Employees Stay Out of Company Problems

2. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Brains are incredibly complex structures responsible for an abundance of crucial tasks. Yet, in spite of being such vital organs, they are not perfect; one could even say they have a mind of their own. When it comes to problem-solving, the human brain prefers taking shortcuts (also known as heuristics) to arrive at solutions. It will recall similar past circumstances or depend on prior knowledge in order to bypass critical thinking — it’s lazy that way. This can prevent a person from considering other options or contemplating an important matter long enough. Brains can also cause people to think they’ve had experiences they’ve never actually had before (false memories). If a person hears a story or watches a video, his or her brain can fool them into thinking that they went through what they heard or saw. With so much information to process, it shouldn’t be a surprise that our minds slip up sometimes.

① Brain Shortcuts: A Fast Road to Wise Decisions
② Why Do False Memories Improve Critical Thinking?
③ The Mind as an Unreliable Guide
④ Heuristics and Videos in Modern Learning
⑤ Never Trust Stories Shaped by the Brain

3. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Many people read translated versions of classics like the Odyssey. While translations may seem convenient, we can’t always be sure that we fully understand what the original writers were trying to say because not all translations are reliable. The thing is, translators must be equally proficient in both languages involved in a translation, and they must have a good understanding of the work itself. Exact translations can be impossible due to the use of figurative language, which can’t be translated literally. Furthermore, the words writers use in their work are often chosen very carefully. For instance, poets may select words that rhyme, which may not be possible to duplicate in another language. The original meaning can therefore be lost. The director of the British Centre for Literary Translation commented on the issue, insisting, “There’s not a single word in any of the languages I translate that can map perfectly onto a word in English. So it’s always interpretative, approximate, creative.”

① Why Reliable Translations Always Preserve Original Meaning
② Rhyming Words: The Heart of Poetic Translation
③ Crossing Languages on Shifting Ground
④ How to Become Proficient in Two Languages
⑤ Are Classics Better When Read in Translation?

4. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

After the devastating flood of 1927, Congress approved the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project, which resulted in the construction of 20,000 miles of levees and floodways. This disrupted the delicate balance of the Mississippi’s watercourses, and the surrounding wetlands began to subside. So far, 1,800 square miles of Louisiana wetlands have disappeared. This disaster has taken a heavy toll. The vanishing swamps not only play a vital role in storm surge reduction and nutrient filtration but also are a critical ecosystem. In fact, almost half of the threatened and endangered species in America depend on wetlands. One potential answer is Louisiana’s Coastal Master Plan. It aims to recreate the natural processes that built the state’s delta, which would protect existing wetlands and restore areas that have been lost. There is an easy way the public can assist, too: eating oysters. Oyster shells can be used to rebuild the reefs. Nearly 5,000 tons of shells have been used for this already, thanks to recycling programs at Louisiana restaurants.

① Oysters and Reefs: A Simple Fix for Louisiana
② How Levees Help Wetlands Survive Future Storms
③ Rebuilding Nature to Heal a Human-Caused Loss
④ Why Endangered Species Are Leaving American Wetlands
⑤ Louisiana Restaurants Leading a New Recycling Movement

5. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Inflation tends to have a negative connotation because it is commonly associated with reduced purchasing power and monetary savings. Some economists, however, insist that a healthy amount of inflation might actually work in the public’s favor. Most notably, distinguished economist John Maynard Keynes asserted that moderate inflation is critical to counteract the paradox of thrift, which states that savings can actually be damaging to economic growth. If people are not spending their money, the economy suffers because there is less overall demand. Inflation can also give a financial boost to those in debt, such as mortgage borrowers and people with student loans. The value of loans decreases with inflation and this in turn encourages spending. Inflation targeting — or making adjustments to stick to an inflation rate that is chosen — is used by central banks all over the world with the goal of stimulating the economy and maintaining maximum employment. If people know that prices will rise in the future, it motivates them to buy goods and services now.

① Inflation Targeting for Maximum Employment
② Why Savings Can Secure Economic Growth
③ A Gentle Push for Money to Keep Moving
④ Inflation: A Direct Cause of Lost Wealth
⑤ How Student Loans Benefit from Rising Prices

6. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

When looking at the simplicity of human cells, the smallest building blocks of organic life, imagining that viruses — even less complex entities — could overtake them is difficult. Yet they can, and they do. The simplest viruses have only two parts: DNA or RNA that is a blueprint for making more viruses and a protein shell for protection. However, though they contain the instructions for reproduction, they lack the proper chemical substances — enzymes — to be able to do so on their own. They need a host to be able to do anything at all. They first infiltrate a cell, and then, once inside, add their genetic blueprint. The cell does not realize the difference and unknowingly begins to produce more of the virus instead of replicating itself. Each new virus can then infect another cell, repeating the infection cycle.

① How Viruses Build Protective Protein Shells
② A Borrowed Machine for Silent Multiplication
③ Why Human Cells Easily Defeat All Viruses
④ DNA and RNA: The Core of Organic Life
⑤ Breaking the Infection Cycle in Human Hosts

7. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Populism refers to a political approach that views the world as divided, with corrupt government elites on one end controlling everything and good, ordinary people whose expectations are not being met on the other. While it is true that mainstream governments sometimes fail to meet the public’s expectations, turning to populism as an alternative can be destructive to social order. When a populist leader rises to power, they often suggest that problems have become urgent and that maintaining the status quo will only make matters worse for the people. This creates a sense of panic and causes the people to offer their support for the leader, even when leader’s solutions for so-called problems like immigration or free trade are not actually in the best interest of all the people. That is because “the people” frequently excludes minorities and other marginalized members of the population, which means that populism can turn members of the same society against one another, promote intolerance, and generally create additional problems.

① Populist Leaders and Their Urgent Political Messages
② Immigration and Free Trade in Populist Politics
③ Alarm as a Tool for Dividing a Community
④ Can Populism Restore Trust in Government Elites?
⑤ Why Minorities Always Suffer Under Political Change

8. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Humans are able to envision the future, and interestingly enough, it seems as though some animals can too. In one study, a species of weasel was observed eating ripe bananas immediately but then storing other unripe ones in trees, allowing them to mature. They would then come back to eat the fruit they had saved at a later time. This shows that the weasels were aware to some degree that in the near future, those bananas would become ripe enough to eat. That is, they were able to deduce a(n) probable outcome and act accordingly. This ability to prepare for the future has been seen in a variety of animal species. It proves that they are not only capable of mental time travel but that they also possess enough reasoning and logic to know the best course of action to take for their own survival.

① Bananas and Trees: Clues to Animal Feeding Habits
② Why Do Animals Ignore the Present for Food?
③ Reason Beyond the Moment in Animal Survival
④ Storing Fruit as the Main Sign of Intelligence
⑤ Mental Time Travel: A Skill Found Only in Humans

9. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

One of the most remarkable aspects of the human body is its ability to regulate itself and maintain optimal functioning. It uses a variety of natural processes to achieve this, including the self-digestion system of autophagy. This mechanism is the body’s way of regenerating new and healthy cells through the removal of damaged cell components. When a person’s cells are stressed, autophagy is increased in order to ensure the normal operation of the body and keep it in homeostasis. It efficiently targets dysfunctional cells and ensures their elimination, often through the degradation of damaged and toxic proteins. The parts of the cell that are reused are the cytoplasm — fluid inside the cell — and organelles, which are structures with particular functions. These are broken down into amino acids, which the body utilizes for energy and cellular repair. In this way, autophagy helps prevent numerous health conditions such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s and can even help fight against infectious diseases.

① Autophagy and the Breakdown of Toxic Proteins
② Why Stressed Cells Always Damage Body Homeostasis
③ Cellular Housekeeping: A Guard for Internal Balance
④ Can Amino Acids Cure Infectious Diseases Alone?
⑤ Organelles as the Main Source of Human Energy

10. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Common-pool resources are goods that are available to a large majority of the public even though they have a limited stock that is vulnerable to abuse. For example, although there are plentiful forests, if every person were to collect as much wood as possible from these forests, their decline would be inevitable. A good such as this can be exploited over time, leading to an unreliable supply as individuals consume the resource to the detriment of others. A shortage impacts not only other members of a society or community but the very ones who seek out the supply and are able to consume it, too. This is what’s known as the “tragedy of the commons.” Preventing the overconsumption or depletion of such goods is accomplished through a number of actions, including government regulation and making the once common-pool resource into a private good. Collective action is also an effective method of controlling the consumption of the resource because individuals work together to preserve it.

① Forests and Wood: Why Private Goods Work Best
② When Shared Plenty Turns Into Shared Loss
③ Can Public Goods Always Escape Government Regulation?
④ Collective Action for Building Stronger Local Communities
⑤ The More We Consume, the More Resources Increase

11. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Greed is a biologically based behavior intrinsic to human nature. Urges are fundamental to the survival of all living creatures, and yet humans not only experience desire from a biological standpoint, but from a social one as well. This differentiates the impulses humans have from those felt by animals, such as the drive to reproduce. People desire more than to merely stay alive; they also want material possessions and wealth. But in the modern world, greed is somewhat of a paradox, since individual behavior that resembles greed is natural and encouraged — people are advised to seek wealth and prosperity to the best of their abilities — while greed itself is condemned by society. This is because while greed actually benefits the individual, it can come at a cost for civilization when unrestricted. Sociologists assert that society aims to find an equilibrium of motivating individuals with greed while still limiting unrestrained greed by labeling it as a vice.

① Greed and Wealth: Why Society Still Needs Both
② The Social Duty of Condemning All Human Desire
③ Between Impulse and Order: Drawing the Social Line
④ Does Wealth Always Strengthen Human Civilization?
⑤ Greed as the Purest Form of Biological Survival

12. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Cloud computing has already transformed how many businesses operate around the world, and it will also soon shape people’s lifestyles. One of the most significant changes has been increased flexibility in the workplace. Now that companies have the power to store, process, and manage all of their files on the cloud, employees are able to access data remotely as long as they can connect to the Internet. They no longer have to physically visit an office in order to obtain certain information and can virtually collaborate with others rather than setting aside time to meet. Cloud storage also means that people will not need to rely on as many devices to use or share content. A person can simply save their files on the cloud, generate links, and invite others to view them rather than having to go through the process of using a USB drive.

① Cloud Storage: A Faster Way to Share Files
② The End of Office Work in the Internet Age
③ When Devices Multiply, Work Becomes More Flexible
④ Distance Removed, Routine Rewritten
⑤ Why USB Drives Still Matter for Teamwork

13. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Swiss psychologist Carl Jung is credited with a great many of the field’s most enduring concepts. But for practicing therapists the most useful of these is his approach to diagnosis. Rather than classifying psychological phenomena as discrete disorders and shuttling patients into one-size-fits-all treatments, Jung’s concept of the “complex” allows clinicians to identify how their conflicting problems are intertwined. This approach has been invaluable in understanding the behavior of certain patients who act according to a complex. For Jung, the complex is a mass of interrelated ideas that operate in the unconscious mind. This “hidden mass of memories” is formed in our childhood and wields a powerful influence — in both positive and negative ways — over our present and future. Discussing issues in these terms allows therapists to discuss how mechanisms of this sort work in a holistic sense. In addition, it relieves the pressure of delivering unrealistically rapid relief to patients.

① Childhood Memories and Their Lasting Effects on Life
② Can Discrete Disorders Explain Every Patient’s Behavior?
③ The Unconscious Complex: A Better Tool for Diagnosis
④ One-Size-Fits-All Treatment: The Fastest Road to Relief
⑤ Why Therapists Must Classify Disorders More Precisely

14. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

As popular culture has migrated from celebrity-centric to influencer-centric, money has moved along with it. This has led to the establishment of the creator economy. Powered by social media stars, this new ecosystem is in rapid growth; in 2021 alone, the creator economy collected more than 1.3 billion dollars in funding. But it wasn’t always such a profitable field, and “Internet celebrities” were once looked down upon by the old guards of traditional marketplaces. Not much of a surprise, considering they barely made anything and had yet to penetrate their way fully into the consciousness of the public. Then suddenly, Internet platforms began their meteoric rise and became the birthplace for social media giants who amassed huge followings. This resulted in a change in power dynamics. Platforms now must be able to compensate their influencers who bring in millions of users. And even then, it may not be enough, as more and more creators are accumulating wealth on their own terms.

① Internet Celebrities and Their Struggle for Public Respect
② From Margins to Leverage in the Attention Market
③ Why Platforms Failed to Reward Early Social Media Stars
④ The Creator Economy: A Temporary Bubble of Online Fame
⑤ How Traditional Marketplaces Still Control Influencer Wealth

15. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

If science and technology continue on the current trajectory, the end result can only be the extinction of homo sapiens as a species or at least civilization as we know it. At some point, Artificial Intelligence will be perfected, which will spawn even more intelligence, and so forth, making humanity irrelevant. Therefore, it is in the interest of our existence to temper our need for discovery with the wisdom of restraint. Philosophy, in this regard, is our best weapon against the untamed dangers of scientific exploration. While often thought of as an opposing force, philosophy is actually closely associated with science and robust enough to ward off crises. Philosophy shares the ideals of logic and rigorous argumentation with science. However, unlike science, which only asks how, philosophy asks why. This is a consideration lacking in science but sorely needed.

① Artificial Intelligence and the End of Civilization

② Why Science Needs a Brake Beyond Discovery

③ Philosophy: A Tool for Faster Scientific Progress

④ Can Technology Alone Answer Why Humanity Exists?

⑤ The Complete Separation of Science and Philosophy

16. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Mental rehearsal describes the technique of practicing an action in your mind before performing it in real life. It is common with athletes but is just as useful in a wide variety of other fields and endeavors. Its benefits are well-known and include increased confidence and concentration, reduced anxiety, and the ability to envision solutions to potential problems. To get the best results, it helps to engage as many of your senses as you can. You might visualize yourself crossing the finish line at a race or shaking a client’s hand over a successfully completed deal. Then, with your sense of hearing, you might imagine the roar of a cheering crowd or words of congratulations from your colleagues. Picturing positive outcomes such as these can help any concerns you might have about your preparedness melt away and give you a sense of control over an upcoming event.

① Hearing Success: Why Athletes Train Their Minds
② Mental Rehearsal for Athletes and Business Clients
③ A Trial Run for the Mind Before Reality
④ Does Confidence Come Only After Real Practice?
⑤ Positive Outcomes: Solving Every Future Problem

17. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

In the 1950s, Solomon Asch demonstrated the power of peer pressure in an experiment in which participants took a visual perception test requiring them to identify a line that was closest in length to another. This was a simple task, with the correct answer being obvious to participants 99% of the time in independent tests prior to the actual experiment. During the actual experiment, a single study participant was put in a room with several actors. The actors had been told beforehand to provide wrong answers to the questions, and it was found that the effect this had on the actual study participant was to go along with the rest of the group out of fear of being ridiculed. In fact, despite the correct answer being clear to them, many of the participants agreed with the majority and provided the incorrect answer in 12 critical trials of this experiment. However, when two participants were included in the same study instead of just one, and both were aware of what the correct answer was, they almost never followed the majority.

① Why Visual Perception Tests Often Produce Wrong Answers

② A Clear Line Lost in the Weight of Consensus

③ Actors and Ridicule: Tools for Better Group Decisions

④ Does the Majority Always See the Correct Line?

⑤ Two Participants: The Ideal Design of All Experiments

1. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Clear communications are valued in all areas of modern society, and this is particularly true in the workplace. Unfortunately, many bosses operate on what is called a “need-to-know basis,” providing staff with information only when absolutely necessary. Instead, they must be transparent with their workers, both in good times and bad. Why is this so important? It’s because many people want to feel a sense of ownership in the work they do and to believe that they can be a part of the solution if a crisis occurs. Leaders should, therefore, be upfront with their staff about any issues the company or team may be facing, essentially acknowledging that their employees are also their peers. This will help them win the trust and respect of their employees while increasing the level of staff involvement, which benefits the company as a whole.

① 위기 상황에서는 직원의 자율적 해결 참여를 유도해야 한다.
② 리더는 평소와 위기 모두 직원에게 투명해야 한다.
③ 직원은 회사 문제를 동료 의식으로 함께 감당해야 한다.
④ 리더는 필요한 정보만 선별해 직원에게 전달해야 한다.
⑤ 직원의 신뢰는 성과보다 안정적 정보 관리에서 생긴다.

2. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Brains are incredibly complex structures responsible for an abundance of crucial tasks. Yet, in spite of being such vital organs, they are not perfect; one could even say they have a mind of their own. When it comes to problem-solving, the human brain prefers taking shortcuts (also known as heuristics) to arrive at solutions. It will recall similar past circumstances or depend on prior knowledge in order to bypass critical thinking — it’s lazy that way. This can prevent a person from considering other options or contemplating an important matter long enough. Brains can also cause people to think they’ve had experiences they’ve never actually had before (false memories). If a person hears a story or watches a video, his or her brain can fool them into thinking that they went through what they heard or saw. With so much information to process, it shouldn’t be a surprise that our minds slip up sometimes.

① 인간의 뇌는 방대한 정보를 처리하며 때때로 오류를 범할 수 있다.
② 인간의 뇌는 과거 경험을 활용해 문제 해결 속도를 높여야 한다.
③ 인간의 뇌는 거짓 기억을 만들 수 있어 경험 판단이 흔들린다.
④ 인간의 뇌는 비판적 사고보다 직관적 판단에 더 의존하게 된다.
⑤ 인간의 뇌는 중요한 기관이므로 판단 실수를 최소화해야 한다.

3. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Many people read translated versions of classics like the Odyssey. While translations may seem convenient, we can’t always be sure that we fully understand what the original writers were trying to say because not all translations are reliable. The thing is, translators must be equally proficient in both languages involved in a translation, and they must have a good understanding of the work itself. Exact translations can be impossible due to the use of figurative language, which can’t be translated literally. Furthermore, the words writers use in their work are often chosen very carefully. For instance, poets may select words that rhyme, which may not be possible to duplicate in another language. The original meaning can therefore be lost. The director of the British Centre for Literary Translation commented on the issue, insisting, “There’s not a single word in any of the languages I translate that can map perfectly onto a word in English. So it’s always interpretative, approximate, creative.”

① 번역문은 편리하지만 원문의 의미를 완전히 보장하지는 못한다.
② 번역가는 두 언어와 작품 자체에 모두 능통해야 한다.
③ 시의 운율과 압운은 다른 언어로도 최대한 재현해야 한다.
④ 문학 번역은 본질적으로 해석적이고 근사적인 작업이다.
⑤ 고전 작품일수록 독자는 번역본보다 원서를 읽어야 한다.

4. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

After the devastating flood of 1927, Congress approved the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project, which resulted in the construction of 20,000 miles of levees and floodways. This disrupted the delicate balance of the Mississippi’s watercourses, and the surrounding wetlands began to subside. So far, 1,800 square miles of Louisiana wetlands have disappeared. This disaster has taken a heavy toll. The vanishing swamps not only play a vital role in storm surge reduction and nutrient filtration but also are a critical ecosystem. In fact, almost half of the threatened and endangered species in America depend on wetlands. One potential answer is Louisiana’s Coastal Master Plan. It aims to recreate the natural processes that built the state’s delta, which would protect existing wetlands and restore areas that have been lost. There is an easy way the public can assist, too: eating oysters. Oyster shells can be used to rebuild the reefs. Nearly 5,000 tons of shells have been used for this already, thanks to recycling programs at Louisiana restaurants.

① 루이지애나 습지 보전은 자연 복원과 시민 참여를 함께 추진해야 한다.
② 루이지애나 식당의 굴 껍데기 재활용은 습지 복원의 핵심 수단이다.
③ 미시시피강 수로 조절은 홍수 피해를 줄이는 데 계속 확대되어야 한다.
④ 습지는 멸종위기종 보호보다 영양분 여과 기능이 더 중요하다는 점이다.
⑤ 해안 습지 복원은 주정부 계획보다 시민의 식생활 변화에 달려 있다.

5. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Inflation tends to have a negative connotation because it is commonly associated with reduced purchasing power and monetary savings. Some economists, however, insist that a healthy amount of inflation might actually work in the public’s favor. Most notably, distinguished economist John Maynard Keynes asserted that moderate inflation is critical to counteract the paradox of thrift, which states that savings can actually be damaging to economic growth. If people are not spending their money, the economy suffers because there is less overall demand. Inflation can also give a financial boost to those in debt, such as mortgage borrowers and people with student loans. The value of loans decreases with inflation and this in turn encourages spending. Inflation targeting — or making adjustments to stick to an inflation rate that is chosen — is used by central banks all over the world with the goal of stimulating the economy and maintaining maximum employment. If people know that prices will rise in the future, it motivates them to buy goods and services now.

① 인플레이션은 대출자의 실질 부담을 줄일 수 있다.
② 적정 인플레이션은 소비와 고용을 살릴 수 있다.
③ 인플레이션 목표제는 물가 불안을 막아야 한다.
④ 저축의 역설을 막으려면 저축을 줄여야 한다.
⑤ 미래 물가 상승 기대는 현재 소비를 자극한다.

6. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

When looking at the simplicity of human cells, the smallest building blocks of organic life, imagining that viruses — even less complex entities — could overtake them is difficult. Yet they can, and they do. The simplest viruses have only two parts: DNA or RNA that is a blueprint for making more viruses and a protein shell for protection. However, though they contain the instructions for reproduction, they lack the proper chemical substances — enzymes — to be able to do so on their own. They need a host to be able to do anything at all. They first infiltrate a cell, and then, once inside, add their genetic blueprint. The cell does not realize the difference and unknowingly begins to produce more of the virus instead of replicating itself. Each new virus can then infect another cell, repeating the infection cycle.

① 바이러스는 단백질 껍질로 유전물질을 보호한다는 점이 핵심이다.
② 바이러스는 숙주 세포를 이용해 자신을 복제하게 만들 수 있다.
③ 바이러스는 효소가 없어도 외부 환경에서 빠르게 증식할 수 있다.
④ 바이러스의 감염은 세포 침투보다 유전물질 구조에 달려 있다.
⑤ 바이러스의 증식은 세포가 스스로 복제하는 과정과 동일하다.

7. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Populism refers to a political approach that views the world as divided, with corrupt government elites on one end controlling everything and good, ordinary people whose expectations are not being met on the other. While it is true that mainstream governments sometimes fail to meet the public’s expectations, turning to populism as an alternative can be destructive to social order. When a populist leader rises to power, they often suggest that problems have become urgent and that maintaining the status quo will only make matters worse for the people. This creates a sense of panic and causes the people to offer their support for the leader, even when leader’s solutions for so-called problems like immigration or free trade are not actually in the best interest of all the people. That is because “the people” frequently excludes minorities and other marginalized members of the population, which means that populism can turn members of the same society against one another, promote intolerance, and generally create additional problems.

① 포퓰리즘은 위기감을 조성해 대중 지지를 끌어낸다.
② 포퓰리즘은 소수자를 배제해 사회 분열을 심화시킨다.
③ 정부 불신이 클수록 포퓰리즘 지도자는 쉽게 등장한다.
④ 포퓰리즘은 대안처럼 보이지만 사회 질서를 해칠 수 있다.
⑤ 이민과 자유무역 문제는 대중의 이익 기준으로 봐야 한다.

8. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Humans are able to envision the future, and interestingly enough, it seems as though some animals can too. In one study, a species of weasel was observed eating ripe bananas immediately but then storing other unripe ones in trees, allowing them to mature. They would then come back to eat the fruit they had saved at a later time. This shows that the weasels were aware to some degree that in the near future, those bananas would become ripe enough to eat. That is, they were able to deduce a(n) probable outcome and act accordingly. This ability to prepare for the future has been seen in a variety of animal species. It proves that they are not only capable of mental time travel but that they also possess enough reasoning and logic to know the best course of action to take for their own survival.

① 동물은 생존을 위해 미래를 예측하고 대비할 수 있다.
② 족제비는 익지 않은 바나나를 저장해 두는 습성이 있다.
③ 동물의 생존 행동은 대부분 본능만으로 설명되어야 한다.
④ 동물은 미래를 떠올릴 수 있어도 논리적 추론은 어렵다.
⑤ 동물은 먹이를 저장하며 환경 변화에 점차 적응해야 한다.

9. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

One of the most remarkable aspects of the human body is its ability to regulate itself and maintain optimal functioning. It uses a variety of natural processes to achieve this, including the self-digestion system of autophagy. This mechanism is the body’s way of regenerating new and healthy cells through the removal of damaged cell components. When a person’s cells are stressed, autophagy is increased in order to ensure the normal operation of the body and keep it in homeostasis. It efficiently targets dysfunctional cells and ensures their elimination, often through the degradation of damaged and toxic proteins. The parts of the cell that are reused are the cytoplasm — fluid inside the cell — and organelles, which are structures with particular functions. These are broken down into amino acids, which the body utilizes for energy and cellular repair. In this way, autophagy helps prevent numerous health conditions such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s and can even help fight against infectious diseases.

① 오토파지는 손상 단백질을 분해해 질병을 억제하는 과정이다.
② 오토파지는 세포 성분을 재활용해 항상성을 유지하게 하는 체계이다.
③ 인체는 스트레스 상황에서 세포 제거 작용을 최대화해야 한다.
④ 오토파지는 아미노산 공급을 통해 에너지 확보에 주로 기여한다.
⑤ 세포질과 소기관은 손상 시 즉시 분해되어야 건강이 유지된다.

10. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Common-pool resources are goods that are available to a large majority of the public even though they have a limited stock that is vulnerable to abuse. For example, although there are plentiful forests, if every person were to collect as much wood as possible from these forests, their decline would be inevitable. A good such as this can be exploited over time, leading to an unreliable supply as individuals consume the resource to the detriment of others. A shortage impacts not only other members of a society or community but the very ones who seek out the supply and are able to consume it, too. This is what’s known as the “tragedy of the commons.” Preventing the overconsumption or depletion of such goods is accomplished through a number of actions, including government regulation and making the once common-pool resource into a private good. Collective action is also an effective method of controlling the consumption of the resource because individuals work together to preserve it.

① 공유 자원은 사유화로만 고갈을 막을 수 있다.
② 공유 자원은 남용되기 쉬워 공동 관리가 필요하다.
③ 산림 자원은 무한하지 않아 채취를 줄여야 한다.
④ 정부 규제는 공유 자원 소비를 완전히 해결한다.
⑤ 자원 부족은 공동체보다 개인에게 덜 치명적이다.

11. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Greed is a biologically based behavior intrinsic to human nature. Urges are fundamental to the survival of all living creatures, and yet humans not only experience desire from a biological standpoint, but from a social one as well. This differentiates the impulses humans have from those felt by animals, such as the drive to reproduce. People desire more than to merely stay alive; they also want material possessions and wealth. But in the modern world, greed is somewhat of a paradox, since individual behavior that resembles greed is natural and encouraged — people are advised to seek wealth and prosperity to the best of their abilities — while greed itself is condemned by society. This is because while greed actually benefits the individual, it can come at a cost for civilization when unrestricted. Sociologists assert that society aims to find an equilibrium of motivating individuals with greed while still limiting unrestrained greed by labeling it as a vice.

① 인간의 탐욕은 사회적 욕망에서만 비롯된 현상이다.

② 사회는 개인의 탐욕을 전적으로 억제해야 유지된다.

③ 인간은 생존보다 물질적 풍요를 더 우선시해야 한다.

④ 사회는 탐욕의 동기화와 억제 사이의 균형을 추구한다.

⑤ 탐욕은 개인의 번영을 돕기에 사회적으로 장려되어야 한다.

12. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Cloud computing has already transformed how many businesses operate around the world, and it will also soon shape people’s lifestyles. One of the most significant changes has been increased flexibility in the workplace. Now that companies have the power to store, process, and manage all of their files on the cloud, employees are able to access data remotely as long as they can connect to the Internet. They no longer have to physically visit an office in order to obtain certain information and can virtually collaborate with others rather than setting aside time to meet. Cloud storage also means that people will not need to rely on as many devices to use or share content. A person can simply save their files on the cloud, generate links, and invite others to view them rather than having to go through the process of using a USB drive.

① 클라우드 저장은 파일 공유 절차를 단순화하는 수단이다.
② 클라우드 컴퓨팅은 일과 생활의 방식을 유연하게 바꿀 수 있다.
③ 기업은 모든 자료를 클라우드에 통합해 보안을 강화해야 한다.
④ 원격 근무자는 인터넷만 있으면 사무실 없이도 협업할 수 있다.
⑤ 사람들은 콘텐츠 공유를 위해 저장 장치를 더 많이 준비해야 한다.

13. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Swiss psychologist Carl Jung is credited with a great many of the field’s most enduring concepts. But for practicing therapists the most useful of these is his approach to diagnosis. Rather than classifying psychological phenomena as discrete disorders and shuttling patients into one-size-fits-all treatments, Jung’s concept of the “complex” allows clinicians to identify how their conflicting problems are intertwined. This approach has been invaluable in understanding the behavior of certain patients who act according to a complex. For Jung, the complex is a mass of interrelated ideas that operate in the unconscious mind. This “hidden mass of memories” is formed in our childhood and wields a powerful influence — in both positive and negative ways — over our present and future. Discussing issues in these terms allows therapists to discuss how mechanisms of this sort work in a holistic sense. In addition, it relieves the pressure of delivering unrealistically rapid relief to patients.

① 치료자는 복합체에 따른 환자 행동을 세밀히 관찰해야 한다.

② 복합체 개념은 환자 문제의 얽힘을 총체적으로 이해하게 한다.

③ 치료자는 아동기 기억이 현재 행동에 미치는 영향을 우선 다뤄야 한다.

④ 심리 현상은 개별 질환으로 나누어 신속히 치료해야 한다.

⑤ 치료자는 환자에게 빠른 안도를 제공하는 데 집중해야 한다.

14. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

As popular culture has migrated from celebrity-centric to influencer-centric, money has moved along with it. This has led to the establishment of the creator economy. Powered by social media stars, this new ecosystem is in rapid growth; in 2021 alone, the creator economy collected more than 1.3 billion dollars in funding. But it wasn’t always such a profitable field, and “Internet celebrities” were once looked down upon by the old guards of traditional marketplaces. Not much of a surprise, considering they barely made anything and had yet to penetrate their way fully into the consciousness of the public. Then suddenly, Internet platforms began their meteoric rise and became the birthplace for social media giants who amassed huge followings. This resulted in a change in power dynamics. Platforms now must be able to compensate their influencers who bring in millions of users. And even then, it may not be enough, as more and more creators are accumulating wealth on their own terms.

① 플랫폼은 인플루언서 보상을 더욱 확대해야 한다.
② 창작자 경제는 대중문화의 권력 이동을 보여 준다.
③ 전통 시장은 인터넷 유명인을 과소평가해선 안 된다.
④ 소셜 미디어 스타의 급성장은 투자 확대의 결과이다.
⑤ 창작자들은 플랫폼 의존 없이 수익을 늘려야 한다.

15. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

If science and technology continue on the current trajectory, the end result can only be the extinction of homo sapiens as a species or at least civilization as we know it. At some point, Artificial Intelligence will be perfected, which will spawn even more intelligence, and so forth, making humanity irrelevant. Therefore, it is in the interest of our existence to temper our need for discovery with the wisdom of restraint. Philosophy, in this regard, is our best weapon against the untamed dangers of scientific exploration. While often thought of as an opposing force, philosophy is actually closely associated with science and robust enough to ward off crises. Philosophy shares the ideals of logic and rigorous argumentation with science. However, unlike science, which only asks how, philosophy asks why. This is a consideration lacking in science but sorely needed.

① 과학의 위기를 막으려면 철학적 절제가 함께해야 한다.
② 과학은 논리와 엄밀성을 통해 스스로 한계를 조절할 수 있다.
③ 인공지능의 진보는 인간 문명을 재정의할 새로운 기회이다.
④ 철학은 과학과 같은 논리 체계로 발전을 가속해야 한다.
⑤ 과학보다 철학이 우위이므로 탐구를 중단해야 한다.

16. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Mental rehearsal describes the technique of practicing an action in your mind before performing it in real life. It is common with athletes but is just as useful in a wide variety of other fields and endeavors. Its benefits are well-known and include increased confidence and concentration, reduced anxiety, and the ability to envision solutions to potential problems. To get the best results, it helps to engage as many of your senses as you can. You might visualize yourself crossing the finish line at a race or shaking a client’s hand over a successfully completed deal. Then, with your sense of hearing, you might imagine the roar of a cheering crowd or words of congratulations from your colleagues. Picturing positive outcomes such as these can help any concerns you might have about your preparedness melt away and give you a sense of control over an upcoming event.

① 정신적 리허설은 여러 감각을 동원할수록 효과적이다.
② 정신적 리허설은 운동선수에게 특히 필수적인 훈련법이다.
③ 정신적 리허설은 실패 가능성부터 먼저 점검해야 한다.
④ 정신적 리허설은 긍정적 결과를 그리며 불안을 줄일 수 있다.
⑤ 정신적 리허설은 청각적 이미지를 중심으로 구성해야 한다.

17. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

In the 1950s, Solomon Asch demonstrated the power of peer pressure in an experiment in which participants took a visual perception test requiring them to identify a line that was closest in length to another. This was a simple task, with the correct answer being obvious to participants 99% of the time in independent tests prior to the actual experiment. During the actual experiment, a single study participant was put in a room with several actors. The actors had been told beforehand to provide wrong answers to the questions, and it was found that the effect this had on the actual study participant was to go along with the rest of the group out of fear of being ridiculed. In fact, despite the correct answer being clear to them, many of the participants agreed with the majority and provided the incorrect answer in 12 critical trials of this experiment. However, when two participants were included in the same study instead of just one, and both were aware of what the correct answer was, they almost never followed the majority.

① 또래 압력은 분명한 정답 인식도 왜곡할 수 있다.
② 집단 속 개인은 조롱을 피하려 침묵해야 한다.
③ 단순한 과제일수록 다수 의견을 더 신뢰하게 된다.
④ 또래 압력은 동조자를 통해 크게 약화될 수 있다.
⑤ 시지각 과제의 정답률은 집단 토론으로 높아진다.

1. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Clear communications are valued in all areas of modern society, and this is particularly true in the workplace. Unfortunately, many bosses operate on what is called a “need-to-know basis,” providing staff with information only when absolutely necessary. Instead, they must be transparent with their workers, both in good times and bad. Why is this so important? It’s because many people want to feel a sense of ownership in the work they do and to believe that they can be a part of the solution if a crisis occurs. Leaders should, therefore, be upfront with their staff about any issues the company or team may be facing, essentially acknowledging that their employees are also their peers. This will help them win the trust and respect of their employees while increasing the level of staff involvement, which benefits the company as a whole.

① 리더는 직원의 위기 대응 역량을 정기적으로 평가해야 한다.
② 리더는 직원에게 필요한 정보만 선별적으로 제공해야 한다.
③ 리더는 직원과의 소통에서 공식 절차를 더욱 강화해야 한다.
④ 리더는 회사의 문제를 직원에게 투명하게 공유해야 한다.
⑤ 리더는 직원의 업무 만족도를 높일 복지를 우선 확대해야 한다.

2. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Brains are incredibly complex structures responsible for an abundance of crucial tasks. Yet, in spite of being such vital organs, they are not perfect; one could even say they have a mind of their own. When it comes to problem-solving, the human brain prefers taking shortcuts (also known as heuristics) to arrive at solutions. It will recall similar past circumstances or depend on prior knowledge in order to bypass critical thinking — it’s lazy that way. This can prevent a person from considering other options or contemplating an important matter long enough. Brains can also cause people to think they’ve had experiences they’ve never actually had before (false memories). If a person hears a story or watches a video, his or her brain can fool them into thinking that they went through what they heard or saw. With so much information to process, it shouldn’t be a surprise that our minds slip up sometimes.

① 우리는 뇌의 착오를 줄이도록 기억 훈련을 꾸준히 해야 한다.
② 우리는 뇌의 한계를 인식하고 판단을 신중히 해야 한다.
③ 우리는 뇌의 효율성을 높이도록 정보량을 줄여야 한다.
④ 우리는 뇌의 문제 해결 방식을 신속히 활용해야 한다.
⑤ 우리는 뇌의 과거 경험 의존을 적극적으로 믿어야 한다.

3. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Many people read translated versions of classics like the Odyssey. While translations may seem convenient, we can’t always be sure that we fully understand what the original writers were trying to say because not all translations are reliable. The thing is, translators must be equally proficient in both languages involved in a translation, and they must have a good understanding of the work itself. Exact translations can be impossible due to the use of figurative language, which can’t be translated literally. Furthermore, the words writers use in their work are often chosen very carefully. For instance, poets may select words that rhyme, which may not be possible to duplicate in another language. The original meaning can therefore be lost. The director of the British Centre for Literary Translation commented on the issue, insisting, “There’s not a single word in any of the languages I translate that can map perfectly onto a word in English. So it’s always interpretative, approximate, creative.”

① 독자는 번역 작품을 읽을 때 원문의 의미 손실 가능성을 염두에 두어야 한다.
② 독자는 번역 작품을 읽을 때 운율과 표현의 미적 요소를 우선 살펴야 한다.
③ 독자는 번역 작품을 읽을 때 번역가의 언어 능력을 먼저 평가해야 한다.
④ 독자는 번역 작품을 읽을 때 비유 표현의 직역 여부를 중점 확인해야 한다.
⑤ 독자는 번역 작품을 읽을 때 고전 작품의 시대적 배경을 먼저 익혀야 한다.

4. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

After the devastating flood of 1927, Congress approved the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project, which resulted in the construction of 20,000 miles of levees and floodways. This disrupted the delicate balance of the Mississippi’s watercourses, and the surrounding wetlands began to subside. So far, 1,800 square miles of Louisiana wetlands have disappeared. This disaster has taken a heavy toll. The vanishing swamps not only play a vital role in storm surge reduction and nutrient filtration but also are a critical ecosystem. In fact, almost half of the threatened and endangered species in America depend on wetlands. One potential answer is Louisiana’s Coastal Master Plan. It aims to recreate the natural processes that built the state’s delta, which would protect existing wetlands and restore areas that have been lost. There is an easy way the public can assist, too: eating oysters. Oyster shells can be used to rebuild the reefs. Nearly 5,000 tons of shells have been used for this already, thanks to recycling programs at Louisiana restaurants.

① 루이지애나는 제방 안전성을 높이는 공사에 집중해야 한다.
② 루이지애나는 습지 생물종 조사 체계를 먼저 강화해야 한다.
③ 루이지애나는 삼각주의 자연 과정을 복원해야 한다.
④ 루이지애나는 굴 껍데기 재활용 식당을 더 늘려야 한다.
⑤ 루이지애나는 홍수 피해 지역의 도시 개발을 재정비해야 한다.

5. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Inflation tends to have a negative connotation because it is commonly associated with reduced purchasing power and monetary savings. Some economists, however, insist that a healthy amount of inflation might actually work in the public’s favor. Most notably, distinguished economist John Maynard Keynes asserted that moderate inflation is critical to counteract the paradox of thrift, which states that savings can actually be damaging to economic growth. If people are not spending their money, the economy suffers because there is less overall demand. Inflation can also give a financial boost to those in debt, such as mortgage borrowers and people with student loans. The value of loans decreases with inflation and this in turn encourages spending. Inflation targeting — or making adjustments to stick to an inflation rate that is chosen — is used by central banks all over the world with the goal of stimulating the economy and maintaining maximum employment. If people know that prices will rise in the future, it motivates them to buy goods and services now.

① 중앙은행은 물가 상승에 따른 저축 손실을 줄여야 한다.
② 중앙은행은 완만한 인플레이션을 유지하도록 조정해야 한다.
③ 중앙은행은 부채 상환 부담을 직접 낮추는 정책을 펴야 한다.
④ 중앙은행은 미래 물가 예측을 더 정확히 제공해야 한다.
⑤ 중앙은행은 소비보다 고용 안정을 우선해 정책을 운영해야 한다.

6. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

When looking at the simplicity of human cells, the smallest building blocks of organic life, imagining that viruses — even less complex entities — could overtake them is difficult. Yet they can, and they do. The simplest viruses have only two parts: DNA or RNA that is a blueprint for making more viruses and a protein shell for protection. However, though they contain the instructions for reproduction, they lack the proper chemical substances — enzymes — to be able to do so on their own. They need a host to be able to do anything at all. They first infiltrate a cell, and then, once inside, add their genetic blueprint. The cell does not realize the difference and unknowingly begins to produce more of the virus instead of replicating itself. Each new virus can then infect another cell, repeating the infection cycle.

① 바이러스의 감염은 단백질 껍질의 구조부터 우선 분석해야 한다.
② 바이러스의 증식은 숙주세포 내부 작동 원리로 이해해야 한다.
③ 바이러스의 확산은 세포 간 반복 감염 과정으로 설명해야 한다.
④ 바이러스의 재생산은 효소의 화학적 성질부터 먼저 밝혀야 한다.
⑤ 바이러스의 증식은 숙주세포를 이용하는 방식으로 파악해야 한다.

7. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Populism refers to a political approach that views the world as divided, with corrupt government elites on one end controlling everything and good, ordinary people whose expectations are not being met on the other. While it is true that mainstream governments sometimes fail to meet the public’s expectations, turning to populism as an alternative can be destructive to social order. When a populist leader rises to power, they often suggest that problems have become urgent and that maintaining the status quo will only make matters worse for the people. This creates a sense of panic and causes the people to offer their support for the leader, even when leader’s solutions for so-called problems like immigration or free trade are not actually in the best interest of all the people. That is because “the people” frequently excludes minorities and other marginalized members of the population, which means that populism can turn members of the same society against one another, promote intolerance, and generally create additional problems.

① 정부는 대중의 기대를 충족하는 정책을 우선 확대해야 한다.
② 사회는 포퓰리즘적 대안을 정치 개혁책으로 수용해야 한다.
③ 사회는 포퓰리즘이 조장하는 배제와 분열을 경계해야 한다.
④ 사회는 이민과 자유무역 문제를 신속히 해결해야 한다.
⑤ 정부는 소수자 집단의 정치 참여를 제도적으로 넓혀야 한다.

8. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Humans are able to envision the future, and interestingly enough, it seems as though some animals can too. In one study, a species of weasel was observed eating ripe bananas immediately but then storing other unripe ones in trees, allowing them to mature. They would then come back to eat the fruit they had saved at a later time. This shows that the weasels were aware to some degree that in the near future, those bananas would become ripe enough to eat. That is, they were able to deduce a(n) probable outcome and act accordingly. This ability to prepare for the future has been seen in a variety of animal species. It proves that they are not only capable of mental time travel but that they also possess enough reasoning and logic to know the best course of action to take for their own survival.

① 인간은 동물의 미래 대비 행동을 본능으로만 봐야 한다.
② 인간은 동물의 미래 예측 능력을 인정해야 한다.
③ 인간은 동물의 저장 행동을 먹이 습성으로만 이해해야 한다.
④ 인간은 동물의 생존 전략을 종별로 구분해 연구해야 한다.
⑤ 인간은 동물의 이성보다 감각 반응을 우선적으로 살펴야 한다.

9. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

One of the most remarkable aspects of the human body is its ability to regulate itself and maintain optimal functioning. It uses a variety of natural processes to achieve this, including the self-digestion system of autophagy. This mechanism is the body’s way of regenerating new and healthy cells through the removal of damaged cell components. When a person’s cells are stressed, autophagy is increased in order to ensure the normal operation of the body and keep it in homeostasis. It efficiently targets dysfunctional cells and ensures their elimination, often through the degradation of damaged and toxic proteins. The parts of the cell that are reused are the cytoplasm — fluid inside the cell — and organelles, which are structures with particular functions. These are broken down into amino acids, which the body utilizes for energy and cellular repair. In this way, autophagy helps prevent numerous health conditions such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s and can even help fight against infectious diseases.

① 인체는 손상 단백질을 조기에 진단하는 기술을 늘려야 한다.
② 인체는 세포 구성 성분의 재활용 과정을 적극 활용해야 한다.
③ 인체는 감염병 대응을 위해 외부 면역체계만 강화해야 한다.
④ 인체는 스트레스 상황에서 항상 세포 분열을 촉진해야 한다.
⑤ 인체는 항상성 유지를 위해 세포 노폐물 제거를 중시해야 한다.

10. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Common-pool resources are goods that are available to a large majority of the public even though they have a limited stock that is vulnerable to abuse. For example, although there are plentiful forests, if every person were to collect as much wood as possible from these forests, their decline would be inevitable. A good such as this can be exploited over time, leading to an unreliable supply as individuals consume the resource to the detriment of others. A shortage impacts not only other members of a society or community but the very ones who seek out the supply and are able to consume it, too. This is what’s known as the “tragedy of the commons.” Preventing the overconsumption or depletion of such goods is accomplished through a number of actions, including government regulation and making the once common-pool resource into a private good. Collective action is also an effective method of controlling the consumption of the resource because individuals work together to preserve it.

① 공동 자원은 시장 가격에 맡겨 효율적으로 배분해야 한다.
② 공동 자원은 정부 규제를 통해 우선적으로 관리해야 한다.
③ 공동 자원은 남용을 막도록 함께 협력해 보존해야 한다.
④ 공동 자원은 사유 재산으로 전환해 소비를 줄여야 한다.
⑤ 공동 자원은 이용자 피해를 줄이는 보상책을 마련해야 한다.

11. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Greed is a biologically based behavior intrinsic to human nature. Urges are fundamental to the survival of all living creatures, and yet humans not only experience desire from a biological standpoint, but from a social one as well. This differentiates the impulses humans have from those felt by animals, such as the drive to reproduce. People desire more than to merely stay alive; they also want material possessions and wealth. But in the modern world, greed is somewhat of a paradox, since individual behavior that resembles greed is natural and encouraged — people are advised to seek wealth and prosperity to the best of their abilities — while greed itself is condemned by society. This is because while greed actually benefits the individual, it can come at a cost for civilization when unrestricted. Sociologists assert that society aims to find an equilibrium of motivating individuals with greed while still limiting unrestrained greed by labeling it as a vice.

① 사회는 탐욕을 개인 성취의 핵심 동력으로 적극 장려해야 한다.
② 사회는 탐욕을 악덕으로 규정해 전면적으로 억제해야 한다.
③ 사회는 탐욕이 문명에 주는 비용을 최소화하도록 관리해야 한다.
④ 사회는 부와 재산 추구를 인간 본성의 일부로만 이해해야 한다.
⑤ 사회는 개인의 번영보다 공동체의 도덕 규범을 우선시해야 한다.

12. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Cloud computing has already transformed how many businesses operate around the world, and it will also soon shape people’s lifestyles. One of the most significant changes has been increased flexibility in the workplace. Now that companies have the power to store, process, and manage all of their files on the cloud, employees are able to access data remotely as long as they can connect to the Internet. They no longer have to physically visit an office in order to obtain certain information and can virtually collaborate with others rather than setting aside time to meet. Cloud storage also means that people will not need to rely on as many devices to use or share content. A person can simply save their files on the cloud, generate links, and invite others to view them rather than having to go through the process of using a USB drive.

① 기업은 클라우드 환경에서 보안 체계를 강화해야 한다.
② 기업은 클라우드로 업무 협업의 유연성을 높여야 한다.
③ 기업은 클라우드 기반 데이터 처리 속도를 높여야 한다.
④ 기업은 클라우드 저장 링크 공유 방식을 표준화해야 한다.
⑤ 기업은 클라우드 업무용 기기 수를 줄여야 한다.

13. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Swiss psychologist Carl Jung is credited with a great many of the field’s most enduring concepts. But for practicing therapists the most useful of these is his approach to diagnosis. Rather than classifying psychological phenomena as discrete disorders and shuttling patients into one-size-fits-all treatments, Jung’s concept of the “complex” allows clinicians to identify how their conflicting problems are intertwined. This approach has been invaluable in understanding the behavior of certain patients who act according to a complex. For Jung, the complex is a mass of interrelated ideas that operate in the unconscious mind. This “hidden mass of memories” is formed in our childhood and wields a powerful influence — in both positive and negative ways — over our present and future. Discussing issues in these terms allows therapists to discuss how mechanisms of this sort work in a holistic sense. In addition, it relieves the pressure of delivering unrealistically rapid relief to patients.

① 치료사는 환자의 갈등 행동에 즉각적 개입을 우선해야 한다.
② 치료사는 환자의 무의식적 기억을 단일 원인으로 좁혀야 한다.
③ 치료사는 환자의 문제를 복합적으로 연결해 이해해야 한다.
④ 치료사는 환자의 어린 시절 경험을 신속히 교정해야 한다.
⑤ 치료사는 환자의 증상을 개별 장애로 세밀히 분류해야 한다.

14. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

As popular culture has migrated from celebrity-centric to influencer-centric, money has moved along with it. This has led to the establishment of the creator economy. Powered by social media stars, this new ecosystem is in rapid growth; in 2021 alone, the creator economy collected more than 1.3 billion dollars in funding. But it wasn’t always such a profitable field, and “Internet celebrities” were once looked down upon by the old guards of traditional marketplaces. Not much of a surprise, considering they barely made anything and had yet to penetrate their way fully into the consciousness of the public. Then suddenly, Internet platforms began their meteoric rise and became the birthplace for social media giants who amassed huge followings. This resulted in a change in power dynamics. Platforms now must be able to compensate their influencers who bring in millions of users. And even then, it may not be enough, as more and more creators are accumulating wealth on their own terms.

① 플랫폼은 창작자 유치를 위해 보상 체계를 강화해야 한다.
② 플랫폼은 대중 인식을 높일 홍보 전략에 집중해야 한다.
③ 플랫폼은 전통 시장과의 협력 관계를 먼저 복원해야 한다.
④ 플랫폼은 소수 대형 인플루언서만 선별 지원해야 한다.
⑤ 플랫폼은 창작자 의존을 줄일 신규 수익원을 찾아야 한다.

15. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

If science and technology continue on the current trajectory, the end result can only be the extinction of homo sapiens as a species or at least civilization as we know it. At some point, Artificial Intelligence will be perfected, which will spawn even more intelligence, and so forth, making humanity irrelevant. Therefore, it is in the interest of our existence to temper our need for discovery with the wisdom of restraint. Philosophy, in this regard, is our best weapon against the untamed dangers of scientific exploration. While often thought of as an opposing force, philosophy is actually closely associated with science and robust enough to ward off crises. Philosophy shares the ideals of logic and rigorous argumentation with science. However, unlike science, which only asks how, philosophy asks why. This is a consideration lacking in science but sorely needed.

① 인류는 과학 탐구의 속도를 더 엄격히 통제해야 한다.
② 인류는 과학과 철학의 논리적 연계를 강화해야 한다.
③ 인류는 과학보다 철학 교육을 먼저 확대해야 한다.
④ 인류는 발견의 욕구를 절제로 조율해야 한다.
⑤ 인류는 인공지능의 개발 기준을 국제적으로 통일해야 한다.

16. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Mental rehearsal describes the technique of practicing an action in your mind before performing it in real life. It is common with athletes but is just as useful in a wide variety of other fields and endeavors. Its benefits are well-known and include increased confidence and concentration, reduced anxiety, and the ability to envision solutions to potential problems. To get the best results, it helps to engage as many of your senses as you can. You might visualize yourself crossing the finish line at a race or shaking a client’s hand over a successfully completed deal. Then, with your sense of hearing, you might imagine the roar of a cheering crowd or words of congratulations from your colleagues. Picturing positive outcomes such as these can help any concerns you might have about your preparedness melt away and give you a sense of control over an upcoming event.

① 중요한 일을 앞두고 실제 연습량을 먼저 늘려야 한다.
② 중요한 일을 앞두고 가능한 많은 감각을 동원해 마음속 연습을 해야 한다.
③ 중요한 일을 앞두고 예상 문제를 기록하며 대비해야 한다.
④ 중요한 일을 앞두고 성공 장면보다 실패 원인을 먼저 따져야 한다.
⑤ 중요한 일을 앞두고 긴장을 줄일 호흡법을 꾸준히 익혀야 한다.

17. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

1950년대 Solomon Asch는 참가자들에게 다른 선과 길이가 가장 비슷한 선을 고르게 하는 시지각 실험을 통해 또래 압력의 힘을 보여 주었다. 이 과제는 실제 실험 이전의 독립 검사에서 99%의 경우 정답이 분명한 매우 쉬운 일이었다. 실제 실험에서는 진짜 참가자 한 명이 여러 명의 배우와 함께 방에 들어갔고, 배우들은 미리 오답을 말하도록 지시받았다. 그 결과 진짜 참가자는 조롱당할까 두려워 집단의 답에 동조하는 경향을 보였다. 실제로 많은 참가자들은 정답을 분명히 알고 있었음에도 이 실험의 12번의 핵심 시행에서 다수의 의견에 동의하며 오답을 말했다. 그러나 한 명이 아니라 두 명의 참가자가 함께 포함되고, 둘 다 정답을 알고 있을 때에는 그들이 다수의 의견을 따르는 일이 거의 없었다.

① 사람들은 집단 속에서 비난의 두려움을 줄여야 한다.
② 사람들은 다수 의견보다 분명한 사실을 따라야 한다.
③ 사람들은 쉬운 과제일수록 독립적으로 판단해야 한다.
④ 사람들은 집단 판단 전에 정답 확신을 먼저 키워야 한다.
⑤ 사람들은 판단 상황에서 동조자를 곁에 두어야 한다.

1. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Clear communications are valued in all areas of modern society, and this is particularly true in the workplace. Unfortunately, many bosses operate on what is called a “need-to-know basis,” providing staff with information only when absolutely necessary. Leaders should, therefore, be upfront with their staff about any issues the company or team may be facing, essentially acknowledging that their employees are also their peers. This will help them win the trust and respect of their employees while increasing the level of staff involvement, which benefits the company as a whole. In short, workplace openness promotes a sense of ________ among employees.

① managerial dependence
② procedural caution
③ collective agency
④ selective distance
⑤ passive obedience

2. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Brains are incredibly complex structures responsible for an abundance of crucial tasks. Yet, in spite of being such vital organs, they are not perfect; one could even say they have a mind of their own. When it comes to problem-solving, the human brain prefers taking shortcuts (also known as heuristics) to arrive at solutions. It will recall similar past circumstances or depend on prior knowledge in order to bypass critical thinking — it’s lazy that way. This can prevent a person from considering other options or contemplating an important matter long enough. Brains can also cause people to think they’ve had experiences they’ve never actually had before (false memories). If a person hears a story or watches a video, his or her brain can fool them into thinking that they went through what they heard or saw. With so much information to process, it shouldn’t be a surprise that our minds slip up sometimes. Overall, the passage suggests that the brain often relies on ________ rather than fully accurate judgment.

① borrowed impressions
② stored impressions
③ mental precision
④ direct perception
⑤ perfect recall

3. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Many people read translated versions of classics like the Odyssey. While translations may seem convenient, we can’t always be sure that we fully understand what the original writers were trying to say because not all translations are reliable. The thing is, translators must be equally proficient in both languages involved in a translation, and they must have a good understanding of the work itself. Exact translations can be impossible due to the use of figurative language, which can’t be translated literally. Furthermore, the words writers use in their work are often chosen very carefully. For instance, poets may select words that rhyme, which may not be possible to duplicate in another language. The original meaning can therefore be lost. The director of the British Centre for Literary Translation commented on the issue, insisting, “There’s not a single word in any of the languages I translate that can map perfectly onto a word in English. So it’s always ________.”

① linguistic transfer
② poetic imitation
③ textual copying
④ cultural borrowing
⑤ meaning-making

4. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

After the devastating flood of 1927, Congress approved the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project, which resulted in the construction of 20,000 miles of levees and floodways. This disrupted the delicate balance of the Mississippi’s watercourses, and the surrounding wetlands began to subside. So far, 1,800 square miles of Louisiana wetlands have disappeared. This disaster has taken a heavy toll. The vanishing swamps not only play a vital role in storm surge reduction and nutrient filtration but also are a critical ecosystem. In fact, almost half of the threatened and endangered species in America depend on wetlands. One potential answer is Louisiana’s Coastal Master Plan. It aims to recreate the natural processes that built the state’s delta, which would protect existing wetlands and restore areas that have been lost. There is an easy way the public can assist, too: eating oysters. Oyster shells can be used to rebuild the reefs. Nearly 5,000 tons of shells have been used for this already, thanks to recycling programs at Louisiana restaurants. The passage suggests that restoring Louisiana wetlands is essential for preserving the region’s broader ________.

① flood control
② ecological fabric
③ restaurant business
④ river traffic
⑤ shell recycling

5. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Inflation tends to have a negative connotation because it is commonly associated with reduced purchasing power and monetary savings. Some economists, however, insist that a healthy amount of inflation might actually work in the public’s favor. Most notably, distinguished economist John Maynard Keynes asserted that moderate inflation is critical to counteract the paradox of thrift, which states that savings can actually be damaging to economic growth. If people are not spending their money, the economy suffers because there is less overall demand. Inflation can also give a financial boost to those in debt, such as mortgage borrowers and people with student loans. The value of loans decreases with inflation and this in turn encourages spending. Inflation targeting — or making adjustments to stick to an inflation rate that is chosen — is used by central banks all over the world with the goal of stimulating the economy and maintaining maximum employment. If people know that prices will rise in the future, it motivates them to buy goods and services now. Thus, a predictable level of inflation can serve as a form of ________ that brings future consumption into the present.

① debt relief
② market timing
③ spending pressure
④ price stability
⑤ saving restraint

6. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

When looking at the simplicity of human cells, the smallest building blocks of organic life, imagining that viruses — even less complex entities — could overtake them is difficult. Yet they can, and they do. The simplest viruses have only two parts: DNA or RNA that is a blueprint for making more viruses and a protein shell for protection. However, though they contain the instructions for reproduction, they lack the proper chemical substances — enzymes — to be able to do so on their own. They need a host to be able to do anything at all. They first infiltrate a cell, and then, once inside, add their genetic blueprint. The cell does not realize the difference and unknowingly begins to produce more of the virus instead of replicating itself. Each new virus can then infect another cell, repeating the ________ cycle.

① defensive
② digestive
③ reproductive
④ circulatory
⑤ accidental

7. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Populism refers to a political approach that views the world as divided, with corrupt government elites on one end controlling everything and good, ordinary people whose expectations are not being met on the other. While it is true that mainstream governments sometimes fail to meet the public’s expectations, turning to populism as an alternative can be destructive to social order. When a populist leader rises to power, they often suggest that problems have become urgent and that maintaining the status quo will only make matters worse for the people. This creates a sense of panic and causes the people to offer their support for the leader, even when leader’s solutions for so-called problems like immigration or free trade are not actually in the best interest of all the people. That is because “the people” frequently excludes minorities and other marginalized members of the population, which means that populism can turn members of the same society against one another, promote intolerance, and generally create additional problems. In short, populism gains force by fostering a sense of ________ within the community.

① shared grievance
② civic harmony
③ electoral urgency
④ mutual suspicion
⑤ policy efficiency

8. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Humans are able to envision the future, and interestingly enough, it seems as though some animals can too. In one study, a species of weasel was observed eating ripe bananas immediately but then storing other unripe ones in trees, allowing them to mature. They would then come back to eat the fruit they had saved at a later time. This shows that the weasels were aware to some degree that in the near future, those bananas would become ripe enough to eat. That is, they were able to deduce a probable outcome and act accordingly. This ability to prepare for the future has been seen in a variety of animal species. It proves that they are not only capable of mental time travel but that they also possess enough reasoning and logic to know the best course of action to take for their own ________.

① nourishment
② maturation
③ storage
④ preservation
⑤ consumption

9. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

One of the most remarkable aspects of the human body is its ability to regulate itself and maintain optimal functioning. It uses a variety of natural processes to achieve this, including the self-digestion system of autophagy. This mechanism is the body’s way of regenerating new and healthy cells through the removal of damaged cell components. When a person’s cells are stressed, autophagy is increased in order to ensure the normal operation of the body and keep it in homeostasis. It efficiently targets dysfunctional cells and ensures their elimination, often through the degradation of damaged and toxic proteins. The parts of the cell that are reused are the cytoplasm — fluid inside the cell — and organelles, which are structures with particular functions. These are broken down into amino acids, which the body utilizes for energy and cellular repair. In this way, autophagy helps prevent numerous health conditions such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s and can even help fight against infectious diseases. Through this continual internal cleanup, autophagy serves as a form of cellular ________.

① fuel transfer
② waste recycling
③ immune signaling
④ tissue expansion
⑤ toxic accumulation

10. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Common-pool resources are goods that are available to a large majority of the public even though they have a limited stock that is vulnerable to abuse. For example, although there are plentiful forests, if every person were to collect as much wood as possible from these forests, their decline would be inevitable. A good such as this can be exploited over time, leading to an unreliable supply as individuals consume the resource to the detriment of others. A shortage impacts not only other members of a society or community but the very ones who seek out the supply and are able to consume it, too. This is what’s known as the “tragedy of the commons.” Preventing the overconsumption or depletion of such goods is accomplished through a number of actions, including government regulation and making the once common-pool resource into a private good. Collective action is also an effective method of controlling the consumption of the resource because individuals work together to preserve it. The passage suggests that the tragedy of the commons results from the pursuit of ________.

① communal restraint
② private gain
③ public oversight
④ shared stewardship
⑤ ecological balance

11. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Greed is a biologically based behavior intrinsic to human nature. Urges are fundamental to the survival of all living creatures, and yet humans not only experience desire from a biological standpoint, but from a social one as well. This differentiates the impulses humans have from those felt by animals, such as the drive to reproduce. People desire more than to merely stay alive; they also want material possessions and wealth. But in the modern world, greed is somewhat of a paradox, since individual behavior that resembles greed is natural and encouraged — people are advised to seek wealth and prosperity to the best of their abilities — while greed itself is condemned by society. This is because while greed actually benefits the individual, it can come at a cost for civilization when unrestricted. Sociologists assert that society aims to find an equilibrium of motivating individuals with greed while still limiting unrestrained greed by labeling it as a vice. In other words, society tries to preserve personal ________ while preventing its excessive expansion from harming the collective order.

① accumulation
② discipline
③ ambition
④ conformity
⑤ deprivation

12. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Cloud computing has already transformed how many businesses operate around the world, and it will also soon shape people’s lifestyles. One of the most significant changes has been increased flexibility in the workplace. Now that companies have the power to store, process, and manage all of their files on the cloud, employees are able to access data remotely as long as they can connect to the Internet. They no longer have to physically visit an office in order to obtain certain information and can virtually collaborate with others rather than setting aside time to meet. Cloud storage also means that people will not need to rely on as many devices to use or share content. A person can simply save their files on the cloud, generate links, and invite others to view them, illustrating a shift toward greater ________ in everyday digital activity.

① hardware dependence
② network accessibility
③ physical mobility
④ location autonomy
⑤ data ownership

13. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

The Swiss psychologist Carl Jung is credited with a great many of the field’s most enduring concepts. But for practicing therapists the most useful of these is his approach to diagnosis. This approach has been invaluable in understanding the behavior of certain patients who act according to a complex. For Jung, the complex is a mass of interrelated ideas that operate in the unconscious mind. This “hidden mass of memories” is formed in our childhood and wields a powerful influence — in both positive and negative ways — over our present and future. Discussing issues in these terms allows therapists to discuss how mechanisms of this sort work in a ________ sense. In addition, it relieves the pressure of delivering unrealistically rapid relief to patients.

① fragmented
② reciprocal
③ developmental
④ holistic
⑤ immediate

14. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

As popular culture has migrated from celebrity-centric to influencer-centric, money has moved along with it. This has led to the establishment of the creator economy. Powered by social media stars, this new ecosystem is in rapid growth; in 2021 alone, the creator economy collected more than 1.3 billion dollars in funding. But it wasn’t always such a profitable field, and “Internet celebrities” were once looked down upon by the old guards of traditional marketplaces. Not much of a surprise, considering they barely made anything and had yet to penetrate their way fully into the consciousness of the public. Then suddenly, Internet platforms began their meteoric rise and became the birthplace for social media giants who amassed huge followings. This resulted in a change in power dynamics. Platforms now must be able to compensate their influencers who bring in millions of users. And even then, it may not be enough, as more and more creators are accumulating wealth on their own terms. In short, the center of market leverage has shifted toward those with ________.

① platform dependence
② audience command
③ investor caution
④ legacy prestige
⑤ public neglect

15. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

If science and technology continue on the current trajectory, the end result can only be the extinction of homo sapiens as a species or at least civilization as we know it. At some point, Artificial Intelligence will be perfected, which will spawn even more intelligence, and so forth, making humanity irrelevant. Therefore, it is in the interest of our existence to temper our need for discovery with the wisdom of restraint. Philosophy, in this regard, is our best weapon against the untamed dangers of scientific exploration. While often thought of as an opposing force, philosophy is actually closely associated with science and robust enough to ward off crises. Philosophy shares the ideals of logic and rigorous argumentation with science. However, unlike science, which only asks how, philosophy asks why. This is a consideration lacking in science but sorely needed. In the passage, philosophy is ultimately presented as a form of ________ for scientific progress.

① adaptive acceleration
② existential oversight
③ technical imitation
④ intellectual expansion
⑤ unconditional approval

16. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Mental rehearsal describes the technique of practicing an action in your mind before performing it in real life. It is common with athletes but is just as useful in a wide variety of other fields and endeavors. Its benefits are well-known and include increased confidence and concentration, reduced anxiety, and the ability to envision solutions to potential problems. To get the best results, it helps to engage as many of your senses as you can. You might visualize yourself crossing the finish line at a race or shaking a client’s hand over a successfully completed deal. Then, with your sense of hearing, you might imagine the roar of a cheering crowd or words of congratulations from your colleagues. Picturing positive outcomes such as these can help any concerns you might have about your preparedness melt away and give you a sense of ________ over an upcoming event.

① shared responsibility
② future mastery
③ social approval
④ external pressure
⑤ physical readiness

17. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

In the 1950s, Solomon Asch demonstrated the power of peer pressure in an experiment in which participants took a visual perception test requiring them to identify a line that was closest in length to another. This was a simple task, with the correct answer being obvious to participants 99% of the time in independent tests prior to the actual experiment. During the actual experiment, a single study participant was put in a room with several actors. The actors had been told beforehand to provide wrong answers to the questions, and it was found that the effect this had on the actual study participant was to go along with the rest of the group out of fear of being ridiculed. In fact, despite the correct answer being clear to them, many of the participants agreed with the majority and provided the incorrect answer in 12 critical trials of this experiment. However, when two participants were included in the same study instead of just one, and both were aware of what the correct answer was, they almost never followed the majority. This suggests that even a small amount of social backing can prevent ________.

① group ridicule
② private certainty
③ visual confusion
④ majority influence
⑤ independent judgment

1. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Clear communications are valued in all areas of modern society, and this is particularly true in the workplace. Unfortunately, many bosses operate on what is called a “need-to-know basis,” providing staff with information only when absolutely necessary. Instead, they must be transparent with their workers, both in good times and bad. It’s because many people want to feel a sense of ownership in the work they do and to believe that they can be a part of the solution if a crisis occurs. Leaders should, therefore, be upfront with their staff about any issues the company or team may be facing, __________________________, which benefits the company as a whole.

① thereby proving that managers alone deserve authority
② thereby treating employees as partners in the same endeavor
③ thereby limiting staff knowledge to avoid unnecessary concern
④ thereby ensuring workers obey directions without discussion
⑤ thereby letting crises define who truly belongs there

2. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Brains are incredibly complex structures responsible for an abundance of crucial tasks. Yet, in spite of being such vital organs, they are not perfect; one could even say they have a mind of their own. When it comes to problem-solving, the human brain prefers taking shortcuts (also known as heuristics) to arrive at solutions. It will recall similar past circumstances or depend on prior knowledge in order to bypass critical thinking — it’s lazy that way. This can prevent a person from considering other options or contemplating an important matter long enough. Brains can also cause people to think they’ve had experiences they’ve never actually had before (false memories). If a person hears a story or watches a video, his or her brain can fool them into thinking that they went through what they heard or saw. With so much information to process, it shouldn’t be a surprise that our minds __________________________.

① can reconstruct events with deceptive confidence
② can avoid errors by relying on prior knowledge
③ can sharpen judgment through repeated shortcuts
④ can store stories as perfectly verified facts
⑤ can solve problems by rejecting mental efficiency

3. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Many people read translated versions of classics like the Odyssey. While translations may seem convenient, we can’t always be sure that we fully understand what the original writers were trying to say because not all translations are reliable. The thing is, translators must be equally proficient in both languages involved in a translation, and they must have a good understanding of the work itself. Exact translations can be impossible due to the use of figurative language, which can’t be translated literally. Furthermore, the words writers use in their work are often chosen very carefully. For instance, poets may select words that rhyme, which may not be possible to duplicate in another language. The original meaning can therefore be lost. The director of the British Centre for Literary Translation commented on the issue, insisting, “There’s not a single word in any of the languages I translate that can map perfectly onto a word in English. So it’s always __________________________.”

① bound by the author’s exact verbal choices
② shaped by a translator’s reading of meaning
③ determined by the rhyme scheme alone
④ guaranteed to preserve the writer’s intention
⑤ caused by English words matching too closely

4. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

After the devastating flood of 1927, Congress approved the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project, which resulted in the construction of 20,000 miles of levees and floodways. This disrupted the delicate balance of the Mississippi’s watercourses, and the surrounding wetlands began to subside. So far, 1,800 square miles of Louisiana wetlands have disappeared. This disaster has taken a heavy toll. The vanishing swamps not only play a vital role in storm surge reduction and nutrient filtration but also are a critical ecosystem. In fact, almost half of the threatened and endangered species in America depend on wetlands. One potential answer is Louisiana’s Coastal Master Plan. It aims to recreate the natural processes that built the state’s delta, which would protect existing wetlands and restore areas that have been lost. There is an easy way the public can assist, too: eating oysters. Oyster shells can be used to rebuild the reefs. Nearly 5,000 tons of shells have been used for this already, thanks to recycling programs at Louisiana restaurants. Louisiana’s Coastal Master Plan seeks to reverse the damage by __________________________, thereby helping preserve both habitat and coastal protection.

① expanding restaurant recycling so shells can create new reefs
② allowing engineered barriers to determine the delta’s growth
③ restoring the forces that originally shaped the coastline
④ reducing species loss through stricter limits on oyster harvesting
⑤ replacing fragile marshes with more controllable concrete channels

5. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Inflation tends to have a negative connotation because it is commonly associated with reduced purchasing power and monetary savings. Some economists, however, insist that a healthy amount of inflation might actually work in the public’s favor. Most notably, distinguished economist John Maynard Keynes asserted that moderate inflation is critical to counteract the paradox of thrift, which states that savings can actually be damaging to economic growth. If people are not spending their money, the economy suffers because there is less overall demand. Inflation can also give a financial boost to those in debt, such as mortgage borrowers and people with student loans. The value of loans decreases with inflation and this in turn encourages spending. Inflation targeting — or making adjustments to stick to an inflation rate that is chosen — is used by central banks all over the world with the goal of stimulating the economy and maintaining maximum employment. If people know that prices will rise in the future, it motivates them to buy goods and services now, ________________________________.

① causing prices to rise because demand has already collapsed
② shifting consumption into the present to support activity
③ making borrowers reduce loans before inflation begins
④ helping central banks preserve savings above all else
⑤ leading workers to save more for future unemployment

6. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

When looking at the simplicity of human cells, the smallest building blocks of organic life, imagining that viruses — even less complex entities — could overtake them is difficult. Yet they can, and they do. The simplest viruses have only two parts: DNA or RNA that is a blueprint for making more viruses and a protein shell for protection. However, though they contain the instructions for reproduction, they lack the proper chemical substances — enzymes — to be able to do so on their own. They need a host to be able to do anything at all. They first infiltrate a cell, and then, once inside, add their genetic blueprint. The cell does not realize the difference and unknowingly begins to produce more of the virus instead of replicating itself, ________________________.

① causing the host to design its own enzymes
② turning the host into a factory for invaders
③ allowing the shell to rewrite the cell wall
④ helping the cell protect itself from infection
⑤ enabling the virus to copy the host genome

7. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Populism refers to a political approach that views the world as divided, with corrupt government elites on one end controlling everything and good, ordinary people whose expectations are not being met on the other. While it is true that mainstream governments sometimes fail to meet the public’s expectations, turning to populism as an alternative can be destructive to social order. When a populist leader rises to power, they often suggest that problems have become urgent and that maintaining the status quo will only make matters worse for the people. This creates a sense of panic and causes the people to offer their support for the leader, even when leader’s solutions for so-called problems like immigration or free trade are not actually in the best interest of all the people. That is because “the people” frequently excludes minorities and other marginalized members of the population, which means that populism can __________________________, promote intolerance, and generally create additional problems.

① draw public attention to neglected policy failures
② set groups within one community against each other
③ make urgent reforms acceptable to ordinary citizens
④ protect overlooked citizens from elite manipulation
⑤ unite anxious voters around practical common goals

8. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Humans are able to envision the future, and interestingly enough, it seems as though some animals can too. In one study, a species of weasel was observed eating ripe bananas immediately but then storing other unripe ones in trees, allowing them to mature. They would then come back to eat the fruit they had saved at a later time. This shows that the weasels were aware to some degree that in the near future, those bananas would become ripe enough to eat. That is, they were able to deduce a probable outcome and act accordingly. This ability to prepare for the future has been seen in a variety of animal species. It proves that they are not only capable of mental time travel but that they also possess enough reasoning and logic to know __________________________ for their own survival.

① which future foods should be hidden first
② how immediate hunger shapes later memory
③ when ripe fruit becomes safe to gather
④ what response most benefits them later
⑤ why survival depends on random food discovery

9. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

One of the most remarkable aspects of the human body is its ability to regulate itself and maintain optimal functioning. It uses a variety of natural processes to achieve this, including the self-digestion system of autophagy. This mechanism is the body’s way of regenerating new and healthy cells through the removal of damaged cell components. When a person’s cells are stressed, autophagy is increased in order to ensure the normal operation of the body and keep it in homeostasis. It efficiently targets dysfunctional cells and ensures their elimination, often through the degradation of damaged and toxic proteins. The parts of the cell that are reused are the cytoplasm — fluid inside the cell — and organelles, which are structures with particular functions. These are broken down into amino acids, which the body utilizes for energy and cellular repair. In this way, autophagy helps prevent numerous health conditions such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s and can even help fight against infectious diseases. Overall, autophagy serves as __________________________ rather than a destructive accident within the body.

① a controlled renewal strategy for cellular balance
② a reaction that creates damaged proteins for repair
③ a way to store organelles without breaking them down
④ a random failure that disrupts internal stability
⑤ a process that spreads toxic substances across cells

10. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Common-pool resources are goods that are available to a large majority of the public even though they have a limited stock that is vulnerable to abuse. For example, although there are plentiful forests, if every person were to collect as much wood as possible from these forests, their decline would be inevitable. A good such as this can be exploited over time, leading to an unreliable supply as individuals consume the resource to the detriment of others. A shortage impacts not only other members of a society or community but the very ones who seek out the supply and are able to consume it, too. This is what’s known as the “tragedy of the commons.” Preventing the overconsumption or depletion of such goods is accomplished through a number of actions, including government regulation and making the once common-pool resource into a private good. Collective action is also an effective method of controlling the consumption of the resource because individuals work together _________________________________.

① to secure their own exclusive access first
② to preserve what all of them depend on
③ to increase how quickly the stock circulates
④ to punish those who already used too much
⑤ to turn public abundance into wider consumption

11. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Greed is a biologically based behavior intrinsic to human nature. Urges are fundamental to the survival of all living creatures, and yet humans not only experience desire from a biological standpoint, but from a social one as well. This differentiates the impulses humans have from those felt by animals, such as the drive to reproduce. People desire more than to merely stay alive; they also want material possessions and wealth. But in the modern world, greed is somewhat of a paradox, since individual behavior that resembles greed is natural and encouraged — people are advised to seek wealth and prosperity to the best of their abilities — while greed itself is condemned by society. This is because while greed actually benefits the individual, it can come at a cost for civilization when unrestricted. Sociologists assert that society aims to find an equilibrium of motivating individuals with greed while still limiting unrestrained greed by labeling it as a vice, __________________.

① so collective order is not sacrificed to private gain
② because private gain is sacrificed to collective order
③ so material desire can replace social restraint
④ because civilization rewards greed only when condemned
⑤ because human urges are no different from animal impulses

12. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Cloud computing has already transformed how many businesses operate around the world, and it will also soon shape people’s lifestyles. One of the most significant changes has been increased flexibility in the workplace. Now that companies have the power to store, process, and manage all of their files on the cloud, employees are able to access data remotely as long as they can connect to the Internet. They no longer have to physically visit an office in order to obtain certain information and can virtually collaborate with others rather than setting aside time to meet. Cloud storage also means that people will not need to rely on as many devices to use or share content. A person can simply save their files on the cloud, generate links, and invite others to view them rather than having to go through the process of using a USB drive. Taken together, these changes suggest that cloud computing is removing __________________________ rather than merely adding another digital tool.

① the need for workers to manage office schedules
② barriers that once tied tasks to specific places
③ the habit of saving files for personal ownership
④ pressure on firms to purchase faster hardware
⑤ reasons for teams to communicate through links

13. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

The Swiss psychologist Carl Jung is credited with a great many of the field’s most enduring concepts. But for practicing therapists the most useful of these is his approach to diagnosis. Rather than classifying psychological phenomena as discrete disorders and shuttling patients into one-size-fits-all treatments, Jung’s concept of the “complex” allows clinicians to identify how their conflicting problems are intertwined. This approach has been invaluable in understanding the behavior of certain patients who act according to a complex. For Jung, the complex is a mass of interrelated ideas that operate in the unconscious mind. This “hidden mass of memories” is formed in our childhood and wields a powerful influence — in both positive and negative ways — over our present and future. Discussing issues in these terms allows therapists to discuss how mechanisms of this sort work in a holistic sense. In addition, it relieves the pressure of delivering __________________________.

① the childhood memories that shape every disorder
② a single diagnosis for mutually related symptoms
③ quick symptom labels for unconscious conflicts
④ unrealistically rapid relief to patients
⑤ one fixed treatment for positive and negative memories

14. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

As popular culture has migrated from celebrity-centric to influencer-centric, money has moved along with it. This has led to the establishment of the creator economy. Powered by social media stars, this new ecosystem is in rapid growth; in 2021 alone, the creator economy collected more than 1.3 billion dollars in funding. But it wasn’t always such a profitable field, and “Internet celebrities” were once looked down upon by the old guards of traditional marketplaces. Not much of a surprise, considering they barely made anything and had yet to penetrate their way fully into the consciousness of the public. Then suddenly, Internet platforms began their meteoric rise and became the birthplace for social media giants who amassed huge followings. This resulted in a change in power dynamics. Platforms now must be able to compensate their influencers who bring in millions of users. And even then, it may not be enough, as more and more creators are accumulating wealth __________________________.

① by serving the platforms that first discovered them
② through arrangements no gatekeeper can fully command
③ because platforms now attract millions of loyal viewers
④ by depending on traditional markets for public legitimacy
⑤ through funding streams limited to social media companies

15. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

If science and technology continue on the current trajectory, the end result can only be the extinction of homo sapiens as a species or at least civilization as we know it. At some point, Artificial Intelligence will be perfected, which will spawn even more intelligence, and so forth, making humanity irrelevant. Therefore, it is in the interest of our existence to temper our need for discovery with the wisdom of restraint. Philosophy, in this regard, is our best weapon against the untamed dangers of scientific exploration. While often thought of as an opposing force, philosophy is actually closely associated with science and robust enough to ward off crises. Philosophy shares the ideals of logic and rigorous argumentation with science. However, unlike science, which only asks how, philosophy asks why. This is a consideration __________________________.

① that science creates through restraint
② that only philosophy can safely measure
③ that science urgently needs but does not supply
④ that makes technological discovery irrelevant
⑤ that prevents philosophy from guiding inquiry

16. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Mental rehearsal describes the technique of practicing an action in your mind before performing it in real life. It is common with athletes but is just as useful in a wide variety of other fields and endeavors. Its benefits are well-known and include increased confidence and concentration, reduced anxiety, and the ability to envision solutions to potential problems. To get the best results, it helps to engage as many of your senses as you can. You might visualize yourself crossing the finish line at a race or shaking a client’s hand over a successfully completed deal. Then, with your sense of hearing, you might imagine the roar of a cheering crowd or words of congratulations from your colleagues. Picturing positive outcomes such as these can help any concerns you might have about your preparedness __________________ and give you a sense of control over an upcoming event.

① be replaced by vivid sensory details
② fade as imagined success feels experientially real
③ disappear because problems are never likely
④ increase while outcomes seem more uncertain
⑤ shift toward recalling your colleagues’ praise

17. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

In the 1950s, Solomon Asch demonstrated the power of peer pressure in an experiment in which participants took a visual perception test requiring them to identify a line that was closest in length to another. This was a simple task, with the correct answer being obvious to participants 99% of the time in independent tests prior to the actual experiment. During the actual experiment, a single study participant was put in a room with several actors. The actors had been told beforehand to provide wrong answers to the questions, and it was found that the effect this had on the actual study participant was to go along with the rest of the group out of fear of being ridiculed. In fact, despite the correct answer being clear to them, many of the participants agreed with the majority and provided the incorrect answer in 12 critical trials of this experiment. However, when two participants were included in the same study instead of just one, and both were aware of what the correct answer was, they almost never followed the majority, suggesting that conformity weakens when __________________________.

① social error is voiced by more people
② private certainty gains a visible ally
③ ridicule becomes the group's main weapon
④ the task demands sharper visual judgment
⑤ the majority controls access to information

1. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Clear communications are valued in all areas of modern society, and this is particularly true in the workplace.

(가) It’s because many people want to feel a sense of ownership in the work they do and to believe that they can be a part of the solution if a crisis occurs. Leaders should, therefore, be upfront with their staff about any issues the company or team may be facing, essentially acknowledging that their employees are also their peers.

(나) Unfortunately, many bosses operate on what is called a “need-to-know basis,” providing staff with information only when absolutely necessary. Instead, they must be transparent with their workers, both in good times and bad.

(다) Why is this so important? This will help them win the trust and respect of their employees while increasing the level of staff involvement, which benefits the company as a whole.

① (가)－(다)－(나)
② (나)－(가)－(다)
③ (나)－(다)－(가)
④ (다)－(가)－(나)
⑤ (다)－(나)－(가)

2. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Brains are incredibly complex structures responsible for an abundance of crucial tasks. Yet, in spite of being such vital organs, they are not perfect; one could even say they have a mind of their own.

(가) It will recall similar past circumstances or depend on prior knowledge in order to bypass critical thinking — it’s lazy that way. This can prevent a person from considering other options or contemplating an important matter long enough.

(나) Brains can also cause people to think they’ve had experiences they’ve never actually had before (false memories). If a person hears a story or watches a video, his or her brain can fool them into thinking that they went through what they heard or saw.

(다) When it comes to problem-solving, the human brain prefers taking shortcuts (also known as heuristics) to arrive at solutions. With so much information to process, it shouldn’t be a surprise that our minds slip up sometimes.

① (가)－(다)－(나)
② (나)－(가)－(다)
③ (다)－(가)－(나)
④ (다)－(나)－(가)
⑤ (나)－(다)－(가)

3. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Many people read translated versions of classics like the Odyssey. While translations may seem convenient, we can’t always be sure that we fully understand what the original writers were trying to say because not all translations are reliable.

(가) Exact translations can be impossible due to the use of figurative language, which can’t be translated literally. Furthermore, the words writers use in their work are often chosen very carefully.

(나) The thing is, translators must be equally proficient in both languages involved in a translation, and they must have a good understanding of the work itself.

(다) For instance, poets may select words that rhyme, which may not be possible to duplicate in another language. The original meaning can therefore be lost. The director of the British Centre for Literary Translation commented on the issue, insisting, “There’s not a single word in any of the languages I translate that can map perfectly onto a word in English. So it’s always interpretative, approximate, creative.”

① (가) - (나) - (다)
② (가) - (다) - (나)
③ (나) - (가) - (다)
④ (다) - (가) - (나)
⑤ (다) - (나) - (가)

4. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

After the devastating flood of 1927, Congress approved the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project, which resulted in the construction of 20,000 miles of levees and floodways.

(가) This disaster has taken a heavy toll. The vanishing swamps not only play a vital role in storm surge reduction and nutrient filtration but also are a critical ecosystem.

(나) So far, 1,800 square miles of Louisiana wetlands have disappeared. One potential answer is Louisiana’s Coastal Master Plan. It aims to recreate the natural processes that built the state’s delta, which would protect existing wetlands and restore areas that have been lost.

(다) This disrupted the delicate balance of the Mississippi’s watercourses, and the surrounding wetlands began to subside. In fact, almost half of the threatened and endangered species in America depend on wetlands. There is an easy way the public can assist, too: eating oysters. Oyster shells can be used to rebuild the reefs. Nearly 5,000 tons of shells have been used for this already, thanks to recycling programs at Louisiana restaurants.

① (가) - (나) - (다)
② (가) - (다) - (나)
③ (다) - (가) - (나)
④ (나) - (가) - (다)
⑤ (다) - (나) - (가)

5. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것은?

Inflation tends to have a negative connotation because it is commonly associated with reduced purchasing power and monetary savings. Some economists, however, insist that a healthy amount of inflation might actually work in the public’s favor.

(가) Most notably, distinguished economist John Maynard Keynes asserted that moderate inflation is critical to counteract the paradox of thrift, which states that savings can actually be damaging to economic growth. If people are not spending their money, the economy suffers because there is less overall demand.

(나) Inflation can also give a financial boost to those in debt, such as mortgage borrowers and people with student loans. The value of loans decreases with inflation and this in turn encourages spending.

(다) Inflation targeting — or making adjustments to stick to an inflation rate that is chosen — is used by central banks all over the world with the goal of stimulating the economy and maintaining maximum employment. If people know that prices will rise in the future, it motivates them to buy goods and services now.

① (가) - (나) - (다)
② (가) - (다) - (나)
③ (나) - (가) - (다)
④ (다) - (가) - (나)
⑤ (다) - (나) - (가)

6. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

When looking at the simplicity of human cells, the smallest building blocks of organic life, imagining that viruses — even less complex entities — could overtake them is difficult.

(가) However, though they contain the instructions for reproduction, they lack the proper chemical substances — enzymes — to be able to do so on their own. They need a host to be able to do anything at all.

(나) The simplest viruses have only two parts: DNA or RNA that is a blueprint for making more viruses and a protein shell for protection. Yet they can, and they do.

(다) They first infiltrate a cell, and then, once inside, add their genetic blueprint. The cell does not realize the difference and unknowingly begins to produce more of the virus instead of replicating itself. Each new virus can then infect another cell, repeating the infection cycle.

① (가) - (나) - (다)
② (나) - (가) - (다)
③ (나) - (다) - (가)
④ (다) - (가) - (나)
⑤ (다) - (나) - (가)

7. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Populism refers to a political approach that views the world as divided, with corrupt government elites on one end controlling everything and good, ordinary people whose expectations are not being met on the other. While it is true that mainstream governments sometimes fail to meet the public’s expectations, turning to populism as an alternative can be destructive to social order.

(가) When a populist leader rises to power, they often suggest that problems have become urgent and that maintaining the status quo will only make matters worse for the people. This creates a sense of panic and causes the people to offer their support for the leader, even when leader’s solutions for so-called problems like immigration or free trade are not actually in the best interest of all the people.

(나) That is because “the people” frequently excludes minorities and other marginalized members of the population, which means that populism can turn members of the same society against one another, promote intolerance, and generally create additional problems.

(다) While it is true that mainstream governments sometimes fail to meet the public’s expectations, turning to populism as an alternative can be destructive to social order. When a populist leader rises to power, they often suggest that problems have become urgent and that maintaining the status quo will only make matters worse for the people.

① (가) - (나) - (다)
② (가) - (다) - (나)
③ (다) - (가) - (나)
④ (나) - (가) - (다)
⑤ (나) - (다) - (가)

8. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것은?

Humans are able to envision the future, and interestingly enough, it seems as though some animals can too.

(가) This shows that the weasels were aware to some degree that in the near future, those bananas would become ripe enough to eat. That is, they were able to deduce a(n) probable outcome and act accordingly.

(나) In one study, a species of weasel was observed eating ripe bananas immediately but then storing other unripe ones in trees, allowing them to mature. They would then come back to eat the fruit they had saved at a later time.

(다) This ability to prepare for the future has been seen in a variety of animal species. It proves that they are not only capable of mental time travel but that they also possess enough reasoning and logic to know the best course of action to take for their own survival.

① (가)－(나)－(다)
② (나)－(가)－(다)
③ (나)－(다)－(가)
④ (다)－(가)－(나)
⑤ (다)－(나)－(가)

9. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

One of the most remarkable aspects of the human body is its ability to regulate itself and maintain optimal functioning. It uses a variety of natural processes to achieve this, including the self-digestion system of autophagy.

(가) This mechanism is the body’s way of regenerating new and healthy cells through the removal of damaged cell components. When a person’s cells are stressed, autophagy is increased in order to ensure the normal operation of the body and keep it in homeostasis.

(나) The parts of the cell that are reused are the cytoplasm — fluid inside the cell — and organelles, which are structures with particular functions. These are broken down into amino acids, which the body utilizes for energy and cellular repair.

(다) It efficiently targets dysfunctional cells and ensures their elimination, often through the degradation of damaged and toxic proteins. In this way, autophagy helps prevent numerous health conditions such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s and can even help fight against infectious diseases.

① (가)－(나)－(다)
② (가)－(다)－(나)
③ (나)－(가)－(다)
④ (다)－(가)－(나)
⑤ (다)－(나)－(가)

10. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Common-pool resources are goods that are available to a large majority of the public even though they have a limited stock that is vulnerable to abuse.

(가) A good such as this can be exploited over time, leading to an unreliable supply as individuals consume the resource to the detriment of others. A shortage impacts not only other members of a society or community but the very ones who seek out the supply and are able to consume it, too.

(나) This is what’s known as the “tragedy of the commons.” Preventing the overconsumption or depletion of such goods is accomplished through a number of actions, including government regulation and making the once common-pool resource into a private good.

(다) For example, although there are plentiful forests, if every person were to collect as much wood as possible from these forests, their decline would be inevitable. Collective action is also an effective method of controlling the consumption of the resource because individuals work together to preserve it.

① (가)－(다)－(나)
② (나)－(가)－(다)
③ (다)－(가)－(나)
④ (다)－(나)－(가)
⑤ (나)－(다)－(가)

11. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Greed is a biologically based behavior intrinsic to human nature. Urges are fundamental to the survival of all living creatures, and yet humans not only experience desire from a biological standpoint, but from a social one as well.

(가) This differentiates the impulses humans have from those felt by animals, such as the drive to reproduce. People desire more than to merely stay alive; they also want material possessions and wealth.

(나) This is because while greed actually benefits the individual, it can come at a cost for civilization when unrestricted. Sociologists assert that society aims to find an equilibrium of motivating individuals with greed while still limiting unrestrained greed by labeling it as a vice.

(다) But in the modern world, greed is somewhat of a paradox, since individual behavior that resembles greed is natural and encouraged — people are advised to seek wealth and prosperity to the best of their abilities — while greed itself is condemned by society.

① (가) - (나) - (다)
② (가) - (다) - (나)
③ (나) - (가) - (다)
④ (다) - (가) - (나)
⑤ (다) - (나) - (가)

12. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것은?

[주어진 글] Cloud computing has already transformed how many businesses operate around the world, and it will also soon shape people’s lifestyles.

(가) They no longer have to physically visit an office in order to obtain certain information and can virtually collaborate with others rather than setting aside time to meet. Cloud storage also means that people will not need to rely on as many devices to use or share content.

(나) One of the most significant changes has been increased flexibility in the workplace. Now that companies have the power to store, process, and manage all of their files on the cloud, employees are able to access data remotely as long as they can connect to the Internet.

(다) A person can simply save their files on the cloud, generate links, and invite others to view them rather than having to go through the process of using a USB drive.

① (가) - (나) - (다)
② (나) - (가) - (다)
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13. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

The Swiss psychologist Carl Jung is credited with a great many of the field’s most enduring concepts. But for practicing therapists the most useful of these is his approach to diagnosis.

(가) Rather than classifying psychological phenomena as discrete disorders and shuttling patients into one-size-fits-all treatments, Jung’s concept of the “complex” allows clinicians to identify how their conflicting problems are intertwined. This approach has been invaluable in understanding the behavior of certain patients who act according to a complex.

(나) For Jung, the complex is a mass of interrelated ideas that operate in the unconscious mind. This “hidden mass of memories” is formed in our childhood and wields a powerful influence — in both positive and negative ways — over our present and future.

(다) Discussing issues in these terms allows therapists to discuss how mechanisms of this sort work in a holistic sense. In addition, it relieves the pressure of delivering unrealistically rapid relief to patients.

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② (가) - (다) - (나)
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⑤ (다) - (가) - (나)

14. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것은?

As popular culture has migrated from celebrity-centric to influencer-centric, money has moved along with it. This has led to the establishment of the creator economy.

(가) Powered by social media stars, this new ecosystem is in rapid growth; in 2021 alone, the creator economy collected more than 1.3 billion dollars in funding. But it wasn’t always such a profitable field, and “Internet celebrities” were once looked down upon by the old guards of traditional marketplaces.

(나) Then suddenly, Internet platforms began their meteoric rise and became the birthplace for social media giants who amassed huge followings. This resulted in a change in power dynamics.

(다) Not much of a surprise, considering they barely made anything and had yet to penetrate their way fully into the consciousness of the public. Platforms now must be able to compensate their influencers who bring in millions of users. And even then, it may not be enough, as more and more creators are accumulating wealth on their own terms.

① (가)－(다)－(나)
② (나)－(가)－(다)
③ (가)－(나)－(다)
④ (다)－(가)－(나)
⑤ (다)－(나)－(가)

15. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

If science and technology continue on the current trajectory, the end result can only be the extinction of homo sapiens as a species or at least civilization as we know it.

(가) Therefore, it is in the interest of our existence to temper our need for discovery with the wisdom of restraint. Philosophy, in this regard, is our best weapon against the untamed dangers of scientific exploration.

(나) While often thought of as an opposing force, philosophy is actually closely associated with science and robust enough to ward off crises. Philosophy shares the ideals of logic and rigorous argumentation with science.

(다) At some point, Artificial Intelligence will be perfected, which will spawn even more intelligence, and so forth, making humanity irrelevant. However, unlike science, which only asks how, philosophy asks why. This is a consideration lacking in science but sorely needed.

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16. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Mental rehearsal describes the technique of practicing an action in your mind before performing it in real life. It is common with athletes but is just as useful in a wide variety of other fields and endeavors.

(가) To get the best results, it helps to engage as many of your senses as you can. You might visualize yourself crossing the finish line at a race or shaking a client’s hand over a successfully completed deal.

(나) Then, with your sense of hearing, you might imagine the roar of a cheering crowd or words of congratulations from your colleagues. Picturing positive outcomes such as these can help any concerns you might have about your preparedness melt away and give you a sense of control over an upcoming event.

(다) Its benefits are well-known and include increased confidence and concentration, reduced anxiety, and the ability to envision solutions to potential problems.

① (가) - (다) - (나)
② (나) - (가) - (다)
③ (다) - (가) - (나)
④ (다) - (나) - (가)
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17. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

In the 1950s, Solomon Asch demonstrated the power of peer pressure in an experiment in which participants took a visual perception test requiring them to identify a line that was closest in length to another. This was a simple task, with the correct answer being obvious to participants 99% of the time in independent tests prior to the actual experiment.

(가) During the actual experiment, a single study participant was put in a room with several actors. The actors had been told beforehand to provide wrong answers to the questions, and it was found that the effect this had on the actual study participant was to go along with the rest of the group out of fear of being ridiculed.

(나) In fact, despite the correct answer being clear to them, many of the participants agreed with the majority and provided the incorrect answer in 12 critical trials of this experiment. However, when two participants were included in the same study instead of just one, and both were aware of what the correct answer was, they almost never followed the majority.

(다) During the actual experiment, a single study participant was put in a room with several actors. The actors had been told beforehand to provide wrong answers to the questions, and it was found that the effect this had on the actual study participant was to go along with the rest of the group out of fear of being ridiculed.

① (가)－(나)－(다)
② (가)－(다)－(나)
③ (다)－(가)－(나)
④ (나)－(가)－(다)
⑤ (나)－(다)－(가)

1. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?

Instead, they must be transparent with their workers, both in good times and bad.

Clear communications are valued in all areas of modern society, and this is particularly true in the workplace. Unfortunately, many bosses operate on what is called a “need-to-know basis,” providing staff with information only when absolutely necessary. ① Why is this so important? It’s because many people want to feel a sense of ownership in the work they do and to believe that they can be a part of the solution if a crisis occurs. ② Leaders should, therefore, be upfront with their staff about any issues the company or team may be facing, essentially acknowledging that their employees are also their peers. ③ This will help them win the trust and respect of their employees while increasing the level of staff involvement, which benefits the company as a whole. ④ Clear communications are valued in all areas of modern society, and this is particularly true in the workplace. ⑤ Unfortunately, many bosses operate on what is called a “need-to-know basis,” providing staff with information only when absolutely necessary.

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2. 다음 글에서 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

It will recall similar past circumstances or depend on prior knowledge in order to bypass critical thinking — it’s lazy that way.

Brains are incredibly complex structures responsible for an abundance of crucial tasks. Yet, in spite of being such vital organs, they are not perfect; one could even say they have a mind of their own. ① When it comes to problem-solving, the human brain prefers taking shortcuts (also known as heuristics) to arrive at solutions. ② This can prevent a person from considering other options or contemplating an important matter long enough. ③ Brains can also cause people to think they’ve had experiences they’ve never actually had before (false memories). ④ If a person hears a story or watches a video, his or her brain can fool them into thinking that they went through what they heard or saw. ⑤ With so much information to process, it shouldn’t be a surprise that our minds slip up sometimes.

① ①
② ②
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⑤ ⑤

3. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

Furthermore, the words writers use in their work are often chosen very carefully.

Many people read translated versions of classics like the Odyssey. While translations may seem convenient, we can’t always be sure that we fully understand what the original writers were trying to say because not all translations are reliable. ① The thing is, translators must be equally proficient in both languages involved in a translation, and they must have a good understanding of the work itself. Exact translations can be impossible due to the use of figurative language, which can’t be translated literally. ② For instance, poets may select words that rhyme, which may not be possible to duplicate in another language. The original meaning can therefore be lost. ③ The director of the British Centre for Literary Translation commented on the issue, insisting, “There’s not a single word in any of the languages I translate that can map perfectly onto a word in English. ④ So it’s always interpretative, approximate, creative.” ⑤

① ①
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4. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

This disaster has taken a heavy toll.

After the devastating flood of 1927, Congress approved the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project, which resulted in the construction of 20,000 miles of levees and floodways. This disrupted the delicate balance of the Mississippi’s watercourses, and the surrounding wetlands began to subside. ① So far, 1,800 square miles of Louisiana wetlands have disappeared. The vanishing swamps not only play a vital role in storm surge reduction and nutrient filtration but also are a critical ecosystem. ② In fact, almost half of the threatened and endangered species in America depend on wetlands. One potential answer is Louisiana’s Coastal Master Plan. ③ It aims to recreate the natural processes that built the state’s delta, which would protect existing wetlands and restore areas that have been lost. There is an easy way the public can assist, too: eating oysters. ④ Oyster shells can be used to rebuild the reefs. Nearly 5,000 tons of shells have been used for this already, thanks to recycling programs at Louisiana restaurants. ⑤

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5. 다음 글에서 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

The value of loans decreases with inflation and this in turn encourages spending.

Inflation tends to have a negative connotation because it is commonly associated with reduced purchasing power and monetary savings. Some economists, however, insist that a healthy amount of inflation might actually work in the public’s favor. ① Most notably, distinguished economist John Maynard Keynes asserted that moderate inflation is critical to counteract the paradox of thrift, which states that savings can actually be damaging to economic growth. If people are not spending their money, the economy suffers because there is less overall demand. ② Inflation can also give a financial boost to those in debt, such as mortgage borrowers and people with student loans. ③ Inflation targeting — or making adjustments to stick to an inflation rate that is chosen — is used by central banks all over the world with the goal of stimulating the economy and maintaining maximum employment. ④ If people know that prices will rise in the future, it motivates them to buy goods and services now. ⑤ Some economists, however, insist that a healthy amount of inflation might actually work in the public’s favor.

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6. 다음 글에서 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

However, though they contain the instructions for reproduction, they lack the proper chemical substances — enzymes — to be able to do so on their own.

When looking at the simplicity of human cells, the smallest building blocks of organic life, imagining that viruses — even less complex entities — could overtake them is difficult. Yet they can, and they do. ① The simplest viruses have only two parts: DNA or RNA that is a blueprint for making more viruses and a protein shell for protection. ② They need a host to be able to do anything at all. They first infiltrate a cell, and then, once inside, add their genetic blueprint. ③ The cell does not realize the difference and unknowingly begins to produce more of the virus instead of replicating itself. ④ Each new virus can then infect another cell, repeating the infection cycle. ⑤

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7. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

This creates a sense of panic and causes the people to offer their support for the leader, even when leader’s solutions for so-called problems like immigration or free trade are not actually in the best interest of all the people.

Populism refers to a political approach that views the world as divided, with corrupt government elites on one end controlling everything and good, ordinary people whose expectations are not being met on the other. While it is true that mainstream governments sometimes fail to meet the public’s expectations, turning to populism as an alternative can be destructive to social order. ① When a populist leader rises to power, they often suggest that problems have become urgent and that maintaining the status quo will only make matters worse for the people. ② That is because “the people” frequently excludes minorities and other marginalized members of the population, which means that populism can turn members of the same society against one another, promote intolerance, and generally create additional problems. ③ Populism refers to a political approach that views the world as divided, with corrupt government elites on one end controlling everything and good, ordinary people whose expectations are not being met on the other. ④ While it is true that mainstream governments sometimes fail to meet the public’s expectations, turning to populism as an alternative can be destructive to social order. ⑤ When a populist leader rises to power, they often suggest that problems have become urgent and that maintaining the status quo will only make matters worse for the people.

8. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

This shows that the weasels were aware to some degree that in the near future, those bananas would become ripe enough to eat.

Humans are able to envision the future, and interestingly enough, it seems as though some animals can too. In one study, a species of weasel was observed eating ripe bananas immediately but then storing other unripe ones in trees, allowing them to mature. ① They would then come back to eat the fruit they had saved at a later time. ② That is, they were able to deduce a(n) probable outcome and act accordingly. ③ This ability to prepare for the future has been seen in a variety of animal species. ④ It proves that they are not only capable of mental time travel but that they also possess enough reasoning and logic to know the best course of action to take for their own survival. ⑤

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9. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

These are broken down into amino acids, which the body utilizes for energy and cellular repair.

One of the most remarkable aspects of the human body is its ability to regulate itself and maintain optimal functioning. It uses a variety of natural processes to achieve this, including the self-digestion system of autophagy. ① This mechanism is the body’s way of regenerating new and healthy cells through the removal of damaged cell components. When a person’s cells are stressed, autophagy is increased in order to ensure the normal operation of the body and keep it in homeostasis. ② It efficiently targets dysfunctional cells and ensures their elimination, often through the degradation of damaged and toxic proteins. The parts of the cell that are reused are the cytoplasm — fluid inside the cell — and organelles, which are structures with particular functions. ③ In this way, autophagy helps prevent numerous health conditions such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s and can even help fight against infectious diseases. ④ One of the most remarkable aspects of the human body is its ability to regulate itself and maintain optimal functioning. It uses a variety of natural processes to achieve this, including the self-digestion system of autophagy. ⑤ This mechanism is the body’s way of regenerating new and healthy cells through the removal of damaged cell components.

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10. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

This is what’s known as the “tragedy of the commons.”

Common-pool resources are goods that are available to a large majority of the public even though they have a limited stock that is vulnerable to abuse. For example, although there are plentiful forests, if every person were to collect as much wood as possible from these forests, their decline would be inevitable. ① A good such as this can be exploited over time, leading to an unreliable supply as individuals consume the resource to the detriment of others. ② A shortage impacts not only other members of a society or community but the very ones who seek out the supply and are able to consume it, too. ③ Preventing the overconsumption or depletion of such goods is accomplished through a number of actions, including government regulation and making the once common-pool resource into a private good. ④ Collective action is also an effective method of controlling the consumption of the resource because individuals work together to preserve it. ⑤

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11. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

This is because while greed actually benefits the individual, it can come at a cost for civilization when unrestricted.

Greed is a biologically based behavior intrinsic to human nature. Urges are fundamental to the survival of all living creatures, and yet humans not only experience desire from a biological standpoint, but from a social one as well. ① This differentiates the impulses humans have from those felt by animals, such as the drive to reproduce. People desire more than to merely stay alive; they also want material possessions and wealth. ② But in the modern world, greed is somewhat of a paradox, since individual behavior that resembles greed is natural and encouraged — people are advised to seek wealth and prosperity to the best of their abilities — while greed itself is condemned by society. ③ Sociologists assert that society aims to find an equilibrium of motivating individuals with greed while still limiting unrestrained greed by labeling it as a vice. ④ Urges are fundamental to the survival of all living creatures, and yet humans not only experience desire from a biological standpoint, but from a social one as well. ⑤ This differentiates the impulses humans have from those felt by animals, such as the drive to reproduce.

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12. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

They no longer have to physically visit an office in order to obtain certain information and can virtually collaborate with others rather than setting aside time to meet.

Cloud computing has already transformed how many businesses operate around the world, and it will also soon shape people’s lifestyles. One of the most significant changes has been increased flexibility in the workplace. ① Now that companies have the power to store, process, and manage all of their files on the cloud, employees are able to access data remotely as long as they can connect to the Internet. ② Cloud storage also means that people will not need to rely on as many devices to use or share content. ③ A person can simply save their files on the cloud, generate links, and invite others to view them rather than having to go through the process of using a USB drive. ④ ⑤

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13. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

In addition, it relieves the pressure of delivering unrealistically rapid relief to patients.

The Swiss psychologist Carl Jung is credited with a great many of the field’s most enduring concepts. But for practicing therapists the most useful of these is his approach to diagnosis. ① Rather than classifying psychological phenomena as discrete disorders and shuttling patients into one-size-fits-all treatments, Jung’s concept of the “complex” allows clinicians to identify how their conflicting problems are intertwined. This approach has been invaluable in understanding the behavior of certain patients who act according to a complex. ② For Jung, the complex is a mass of interrelated ideas that operate in the unconscious mind. This “hidden mass of memories” is formed in our childhood and wields a powerful influence — in both positive and negative ways — over our present and future. ③ Discussing issues in these terms allows therapists to discuss how mechanisms of this sort work in a holistic sense. The Swiss psychologist Carl Jung is credited with a great many of the field’s most enduring concepts. ④ But for practicing therapists the most useful of these is his approach to diagnosis. Rather than classifying psychological phenomena as discrete disorders and shuttling patients into one-size-fits-all treatments, Jung’s concept of the “complex” allows clinicians to identify how their conflicting problems are intertwined. ⑤ This approach has been invaluable in understanding the behavior of certain patients who act according to a complex. For Jung, the complex is a mass of interrelated ideas that operate in the unconscious mind.

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14. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

This resulted in a change in power dynamics.

As popular culture has migrated from celebrity-centric to influencer-centric, money has moved along with it. This has led to the establishment of the creator economy. ① Powered by social media stars, this new ecosystem is in rapid growth; in 2021 alone, the creator economy collected more than 1.3 billion dollars in funding. But it wasn’t always such a profitable field, and “Internet celebrities” were once looked down upon by the old guards of traditional marketplaces. ② Not much of a surprise, considering they barely made anything and had yet to penetrate their way fully into the consciousness of the public. Then suddenly, Internet platforms began their meteoric rise and became the birthplace for social media giants who amassed huge followings. ③ Platforms now must be able to compensate their influencers who bring in millions of users. ④ And even then, it may not be enough, as more and more creators are accumulating wealth on their own terms. ⑤

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15. 다음 글에서 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

However, unlike science, which only asks how, philosophy asks why.

If science and technology continue on the current trajectory, the end result can only be the extinction of homo sapiens as a species or at least civilization as we know it. At some point, Artificial Intelligence will be perfected, which will spawn even more intelligence, and so forth, making humanity irrelevant. ① Therefore, it is in the interest of our existence to temper our need for discovery with the wisdom of restraint. Philosophy, in this regard, is our best weapon against the untamed dangers of scientific exploration. ② While often thought of as an opposing force, philosophy is actually closely associated with science and robust enough to ward off crises. Philosophy shares the ideals of logic and rigorous argumentation with science. ③ This is a consideration lacking in science but sorely needed. ④ ⑤

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16. 다음 글에서 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

Then, with your sense of hearing, you might imagine the roar of a cheering crowd or words of congratulations from your colleagues.

Mental rehearsal describes the technique of practicing an action in your mind before performing it in real life. It is common with athletes but is just as useful in a wide variety of other fields and endeavors. ① Its benefits are well-known and include increased confidence and concentration, reduced anxiety, and the ability to envision solutions to potential problems. To get the best results, it helps to engage as many of your senses as you can. ② You might visualize yourself crossing the finish line at a race or shaking a client’s hand over a successfully completed deal. ③ Picturing positive outcomes such as these can help any concerns you might have about your preparedness melt away and give you a sense of control over an upcoming event. ④ ⑤

17. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

This was a simple task, with the correct answer being obvious to participants 99% of the time in independent tests prior to the actual experiment.

In the 1950s, Solomon Asch demonstrated the power of peer pressure in an experiment in which participants took a visual perception test requiring them to identify a line that was closest in length to another. ① During the actual experiment, a single study participant was put in a room with several actors. The actors had been told beforehand to provide wrong answers to the questions, ② and it was found that the effect this had on the actual study participant was to go along with the rest of the group out of fear of being ridiculed. In fact, despite the correct answer being clear to them, many of the participants agreed with the majority and provided the incorrect answer in 12 critical trials of this experiment. ③ However, when two participants were included in the same study instead of just one, and both were aware of what the correct answer was, they almost never followed the majority. ④ In the 1950s, Solomon Asch demonstrated the power of peer pressure in an experiment in which participants took a visual perception test requiring them to identify a line that was closest in length to another. ⑤ During the actual experiment, a single study participant was put in a room with several actors.

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