1번. 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true? People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports. But this internal filter can easily create the impression that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency. The truth of the matter is that they are less common now than in the past; in fact, the murder rate in the United States has declined by almost 50 percent over the past 30 years. So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on accurate information?”

① 많은 사람들은 오늘날 사회 상황이 악화되고 있다고 생각한다.
② 사람들은 의견을 형성할 때 사실에만 의존해 더 정확한 관점을 길러야 한다.
③ 사람들은 무서운 사건보다 다른 종류의 보도를 더 쉽게 기억하는 편이다.
④ 이러한 내적 필터는 폭력 행위가 더 자주 일어난다는 인상을 만들 수 있다.
⑤ 미국의 살인율은 지난 30년 동안 거의 절반가량 감소했다.

2. 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis.

① 최근 몇 년 사이 일부 인류학자들은 연구의 시선을 바꾸려 했다.
② 서구권 연구자들은 오랫동안 자신이 익숙한 문화권을 주로 연구했다.
③ 과거에는 객관적인 외부자의 위치가 관찰 대상 사회를 정확히 이해하는 데 유리하다고 여겨졌다.
④ Gillian Tett는 인류학적 틀을 활용해 금융권 내부를 직접 들여다보았다.
⑤ Tett는 자기 문화의 한 측면을 중립적으로 바라보아 2008년 금융 위기를 비교적 정확히 예측했다.

3. 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint. Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas. The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products.

① 기업 혁신은 폭넓은 직원 자율성의 결과라는 일반적 가정이 있다.
② 한 소프트웨어 회사는 소비자의 상상력을 사로잡을 혁신적 응용 프로그램을 만들고자 한다.
③ 그 목표를 위해 회사는 유능한 개발자들을 기존 프로젝트에 그대로 남겨 두고 새 아이디어를 탐색하게 한다.
④ 예상과 달리 그런 자유를 준다고 해서 반드시 창의성이나 획기적 아이디어가 나오는 것은 아니다.
⑤ 의미 있는 혁신을 위해서는 분명한 목표, 경영진의 지원, 진척 측정 체계가 필요하다.

4. 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?). In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion. This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to fake.

① 목소리의 소리와 한숨 같은 표현은 상대에게 감정을 들키게 할 수 있다.
② 연구에 따르면 목소리의 어조와 비언어적 감탄사로 여러 감정을 알아낼 수 있다.
③ vocal bursts는 놀라움이나 혼란처럼 단순한 감정만 드러낼 수 있다.
④ 연구에서는 세계 여러 지역의 배우들이 낸 vocal bursts를 녹음해 활용했다.
⑤ 우리는 자신의 vocal bursts를 의식하지 못해도 다른 사람은 그것을 알아차릴 수 있다.

5. NFTs에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain. However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.” This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license.

① NFT는 온라인에서 거래되며 사진, 영상, 예술 작품 같은 실물 기반 대상을 나타낼 수 있다.
② NFT는 소유권 증명서 역할을 하며 복제될 수 없어 동시에 한 명만 소유할 수 있다.
③ 값비싼 NFT는 인기가 낮아지고 있으며, 구매 기록도 블록체인에 남지 않는다.
④ NFT의 제작과 판매를 규율하는 규정이 현재 없어 저작권 관련 위험이 존재한다.
⑤ 저작권자만이 특정 항목에 대한 NFT를 발행할 수 있는 것은 아니어서 무단 민팅 가능성이 있다.

6. Ptolemaic System에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later. It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun.

① 프톨레마이오스 체계는 서기 2세기에 프톨레마이오스가 고안한 수학적 모형이다.
② 이 체계에서는 행성, 달, 태양, 별이 모두 지구 주위를 돈다고 본다.
③ 프톨레마이오스는 우주가 움직이는 불투명한 구체들로 이루어져 있다고 보았다.
④ 가장 큰 천구는 별들을 담고 있으며 우주의 경계를 나타낸다.
⑤ 약 1400년 뒤 코페르니쿠스는 지구와 다른 행성들이 태양을 돈다는 모형을 제시했다.

7. John Cage에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures. He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called “music.” That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds. For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce a single note. The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of “silence,” the audience would find that there was not silence at all; they would become aware of the ambient sounds around them that would typically be ignored. Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation.

① John Cage는 전통에 도전한 작곡가로 알려져 있었다.

② 그는 기존 음악 구조를 따르지 않는 음과 리듬을 실험했다.

③ 그의 대표작 4’33”은 정확히 4분 23초 동안 이어진다.

④ 그 작품이 연주되는 동안 악기와 성악은 어떤 음도 내지 않는다.

⑤ 그는 무향실에서 자신의 혈액 순환 소리를 들은 뒤 그 작품의 가치를 확신하게 되었다.

8. 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

“Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly…” Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time. Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has been applied to the good. But are these terms this simple? Why must “ugly” have a negative connotation? After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing. By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece. They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is a key characteristic of compelling art anyway.

① 스피노자는 아름다움과 추함이 사회적으로 구성된 개념임을 시사한다.
② 예술에서 ‘추한 것’은 악한 것, ‘아름다운 것’은 선한 것과 연결되어 왔다.
③ 전형적으로 아름다운 예술 작품은 새로운 생각을 받아들이게 하기가 더 쉽다.
④ 추하다고 여겨지는 예술 작품은 감상자로 하여금 생각하게 만들 수 있다.
⑤ 예술가는 대상을 ‘추하게’ 보이게 함으로써 더 비판적인 담론을 유도할 수 있다.

1. 다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true? People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. (A), people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports. (B), this internal filter can easily create the impression that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency. The truth of the matter is that they are less common now than in the past; in fact, the murder rate in the United States has declined by almost 50 percent over the past 30 years. So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on accurate information?”

① For example …… However
② Therefore …… In fact
③ For instance …… Accordingly
④ Moreover …… But
⑤ In short …… On the other hand

2. 다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. (A), some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” (B), because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis.

① However …… As a result
② Therefore …… For example
③ Moreover …… However
④ In contrast …… Indeed
⑤ For instance …… Consequently

3. 다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint. (A), granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas. The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. (B), all of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products.

① Therefore …… For example
② However …… In fact
③ However …… Therefore
④ Moreover …… In contrast
⑤ For instance …… Thus

4. 다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?). (A), in the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. (B), all of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion. This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to fake.

① (A) For example (B) As a result
② (A) However (B) For example
③ (A) In contrast (B) However
④ (A) Therefore (B) In fact
⑤ (A) Likewise (B) In short

5. 다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain. (A), as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.” (B), there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license.

① (A) However (B) Therefore
② (A) For example (B) In contrast
③ (A) Moreover (B) For instance
④ (A) In other words (B) However
⑤ (A) Consequently (B) Moreover

6. 다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. (A), the celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later. (B), it was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun.

① For example …… However
② In fact …… Therefore
③ In contrast …… Moreover
④ For instance …… Instead
⑤ Therefore …… In addition

7. 다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures. He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called “music.” (A), that piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds. For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce a single note. The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of “silence,” the audience would find that there was not silence at all; (B), they would become aware of the ambient sounds around them that would typically be ignored. Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation.

① (A) However (B) For example
② (A) In fact (B) Instead
③ (A) For example (B) In fact
④ (A) Therefore (B) But
⑤ (A) In short (B) Similarly

8. 다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

“Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly…” Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time. Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has been applied to the good. (A), are these terms this simple? Why must “ugly” have a negative connotation? After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. (B), pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing. By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece. They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is a key characteristic of compelling art anyway.

① However …… In fact
② Therefore …… For example
③ Moreover …… However
④ In contrast …… As a result
⑤ For instance …… Indeed

1. 다음 글에 드러난 글쓴이의 심경으로 가장 적절한 것은?

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true? People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports. But this internal filter can easily create the impression that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency. The truth of the matter is that they are less common now than in the past. So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on accurate information?”

① anxious
② frustrated
③ confident
④ embarrassed
⑤ delighted

2. 다음 글에 드러난 Gillian Tett의 심경으로 가장 적절한 것은?

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis.

① indifferent
② curious
③ ashamed
④ relieved
⑤ jealous

3. 다음 글에 드러난 글쓴이의 심경으로 가장 적절한 것은?

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint. Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas. The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products.

① indifferent
② confident
③ frustrated
④ grateful
⑤ delighted

4. 다음 글에 드러난 화자의 심경으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?). In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion. This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to fake.

① relieved
② curious
③ grateful
④ confused
⑤ excited

5. 다음 글에 드러난 글쓴이의 심경으로 가장 적절한 것은?

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain. However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.” This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license.

① delighted
② indifferent
③ worried
④ grateful
⑤ relaxed

6. 다음 글에 드러난 필자의 심경으로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later. It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun.

① curious
② grateful
③ frustrated
④ calm
⑤ jealous

7. 다음 글에 드러난 John Cage의 심경 변화로 가장 적절한 것은?

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures. He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called “music.” That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds. For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce a single note. The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of “silence,” the audience would find that there was not silence at all; they would become aware of the ambient sounds around them that would typically be ignored. Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation.

① doubtful → confident
② curious → delighted
③ frustrated → relieved
④ confident → disappointed
⑤ indifferent → bored

8. 다음 글에 드러난 글쓴이의 심경으로 가장 적절한 것은?

“Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly…” Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time. Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has been applied to the good. But are these terms this simple? Why must “ugly” have a negative connotation? After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing. By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece. They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is a key characteristic of compelling art anyway.

① indifferent
② curious
③ ashamed
④ frustrated
⑤ relieved