1번. 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true? People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports. But this internal filter can easily create the impression that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency. The truth of the matter is that they are less common now than in the past; in fact, the murder rate in the United States has declined by almost 50 percent over the past 30 years. So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on accurate information?”

① 많은 사람들은 사회 상황이 악화되고 위기라고 생각한다.
② 사람들은 의견을 형성할 때 사실에만 근거해 더 정확한 관점을 길러야 한다.
③ 사람들은 일반적으로 다른 기사보다 살인 같은 강력 범죄 기사를 더 잘 기억하지 못한다.
④ 우리의 내적 필터는 폭력 행위가 더 자주 일어난다는 인상을 만들 수 있다.
⑤ 미국의 살인율은 예전보다 낮아졌으므로 믿음의 근거를 점검해야 한다.

2. 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis.

① 과거에는 서구권 연구자들이 자신과 다른 문화들을 주로 연구했다.
② 관찰 대상 사회를 이해할 때 객관적인 외부자 시각이 유리하다고 여겨졌다.
③ 오늘날 연구자들은 자신이 속한 사회에 대한 이해를 넓히기보다 외부 사회 연구를 더 중시한다.
④ Gillian Tett는 기업을 더 잘 이해하기 위해 인류학적 접근을 활용했다.
⑤ Tett는 은행권의 위험 누적을 파악해 2008년 금융 위기를 정확히 예측한 인물 중 하나였다.

3. 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint. Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas. The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products.

① 기업 혁신은 직원의 폭넓은 자율성에서 나온다고 흔히 여겨진다.
② 한 소프트웨어 회사는 소비자의 관심을 끌 혁신적 앱 개발을 원한다.
③ 회사는 개발자들을 기존 업무에 그대로 두면서 새 아이디어를 탐색하게 한다.
④ 단순히 자유를 부여하는 것만으로는 창의성이나 획기적 아이디어가 보장되지 않는다.
⑤ 의미 있는 혁신을 위해서는 명확한 목표, 경영진의 지원, 진척 측정 체계가 필요하다.

4. 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?). In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion. This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to fake.

① 목소리의 음색이나 한숨 같은 소리는 말의 진실성을 드러낼 수 있다.
② 연구에 따르면 목소리의 어조와 비언어적 감탄사로 여러 감정을 알아낼 수 있다.
③ vocal bursts는 놀람이나 깨달음만 드러내고 관심이나 혼란은 보여 주지 못한다.
④ 이 연구에서는 세계 각지의 배우들이 낸 소리를 녹음한 뒤 온라인 참가자들이 평가했다.
⑤ 우리가 자각하지 못하더라도 다른 사람들은 우리의 vocal bursts를 알아차릴 수 있다.

5. NFTs에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain. However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.” This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license.

① NFT는 온라인에서 사고파는 디지털 토큰으로 사진, 영상, 예술품 등을 나타낼 수 있다.
② NFT는 복제가 가능하므로 하나의 작품에 여러 소유자가 동시에 존재할 수 있다.
③ 비싼 NFT가 많지만, 구매 인기가 빠르게 높아지고 있다.
④ NFT 제작과 판매를 규율하는 규정이 현재 없어 저작권 관련 위험이 있다.
⑤ 저작권자가 아니어도 특정 항목의 토큰을 블록체인에 올려 판매할 수 있는데, 이를 민팅이라 한다.

6. The Ptolemaic System에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later. It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun.

① 프톨레마이오스 체계는 서기 2세기에 프톨레마이오스가 만든 수학적 모형이었다.
② 이 체계에서는 행성, 달, 태양, 별이 모두 지구 주위를 도는 것으로 설명된다.
③ 프톨레마이오스는 우주가 움직이는 불투명한 구들로 이루어져 있다고 보았다.
④ 가장 큰 천구는 별들을 담고 있으며, 우주의 경계를 이루는 역할을 했다.
⑤ 약 1400년 뒤 코페르니쿠스는 지구와 다른 행성들이 태양을 돈다는 모형을 제시했다.

7. John Cage에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures. He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called “music.” That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds. For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce a single note. The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of “silence,” the audience would find that there was not silence at all; they would become aware of the ambient sounds around them that would typically be ignored. Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation.

① John Cage는 전통에 도전한 작곡가로 알려져 있었다.

② 그는 기존 음악 구조를 따르지 않는 음과 리듬을 실험했다.

③ 그의 대표작 4’33”은 정확히 4분 23초 동안 이어진다.

④ 그 작품이 연주되는 동안 악기와 성악가는 어떤 음도 내지 않는다.

⑤ 그는 무향실에서 자신의 혈액 순환 소리를 들은 뒤 그 작품의 가치를 확신했다.

8. 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

“Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly…” Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time. Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has been applied to the good. But are these terms this simple? Why must “ugly” have a negative connotation? After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing. By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece. They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is a key characteristic of compelling art anyway.

① 스피노자는 아름다움과 추함이 사회적으로 구성된 개념임을 시사한다.
② 예술에서 ‘추한 것’은 대체로 나쁜 것, ‘아름다운 것’은 좋은 것과 연결되어 왔다.
③ 일반적으로 아름다운 예술 작품은 새로운 생각을 더 쉽게 받아들이게 한다.
④ 추하다고 여겨지는 예술 작품은 감상자로 하여금 생각하게 만들 수 있다.
⑤ 예술가는 대상을 일부러 추하게 보이게 하여 비판적 담론을 촉진할 수 있다.

1. 다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true? People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports. (A), this internal filter can easily create the impression that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency. The truth of the matter is that they are less common now than in the past; (B), the murder rate in the United States has declined by almost 50 percent over the past 30 years. So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on accurate information?”

① (A) Therefore (B) For example
② (A) However (B) In fact
③ (A) In contrast (B) Therefore
④ (A) Besides (B) But
⑤ (A) For example (B) In short

2. 다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. (A), some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” (B), because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis.

① However …… As a result
② Therefore …… In contrast
③ Moreover …… For example
④ In contrast …… Nevertheless
⑤ For example …… Thus

3. 다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint. (A), granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas. The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. (B), all of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products.

① (A) Therefore (B) However
② (A) However (B) In fact
③ (A) For example (B) Therefore
④ (A) Likewise (B) In contrast
⑤ (A) Moreover (B) In short

4. 다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. (A), according to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?). In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. (B), all of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion. This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to fake.

① In fact …… As a result
② However …… For example
③ Therefore …… In contrast
④ For example …… However
⑤ In addition …… Likewise

5. 다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain. (A), as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.” (B), there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license.

① However …… As a result
② Therefore …… In contrast
③ Moreover …… For example
④ In fact …… However
⑤ On the other hand …… Likewise

6. 다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. (A), according to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. (B), this concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later. It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun.

① For example …… However
② Moreover …… As a result
③ In contrast …… Therefore
④ Thus …… In fact
⑤ However …… For example

7. 다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures. (A), he is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called “music.” That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds. For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce a single note. (B), the audience would become aware of the ambient sounds around them that would typically be ignored. Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation.

① In fact …… As a result
② However …… For example
③ Therefore …… In contrast
④ For instance …… Consequently
⑤ In short …… Yet

8. 다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

“Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly…” Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time. Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has been applied to the good. (A), are these terms this simple? Why must “ugly” have a negative connotation? After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. (B), pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing. By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece. They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is a key characteristic of compelling art anyway.

① However …… In fact
② Therefore …… But
③ Moreover …… For example
④ In contrast …… As a result
⑤ Besides …… Indeed

1. 다음 글에 드러난 글쓴이의 심경으로 가장 적절한 것은?

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true? People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports. But this internal filter can easily create the impression that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency. The truth of the matter is that they are less common now than in the past. So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on accurate information?”

① anxious
② frustrated
③ calm
④ jealous
⑤ thrilled

2. 다음 글에 드러난 Gillian Tett의 심경으로 가장 적절한 것은?

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis.

① bored
② curious
③ ashamed
④ delighted
⑤ indifferent

3. 다음 글에 드러난 글쓴이의 심경으로 가장 적절한 것은?

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint. Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas. The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products.

① excited
② confused
③ confident
④ regretful
⑤ frustrated

4. 다음 글에 드러난 글쓴이의 심경으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?). In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion. This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to fake.

① indifferent
② curious
③ grateful
④ frustrated
⑤ delighted

5. 다음 글에 드러난 글쓴이의 심경으로 가장 적절한 것은?

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain. However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.” This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license.

① grateful
② worried
③ delighted
④ indifferent
⑤ relieved

6. 다음 글에 드러난 필자의 심경으로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later. It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun.

① curious
② grateful
③ anxious
④ confused
⑤ delighted

7. 다음 글에 드러난 John Cage의 심경으로 가장 적절한 것은?

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures. He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called “music.” That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds. For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce a single note. The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of “silence,” the audience would find that there was not silence at all; they would become aware of the ambient sounds around them that would typically be ignored. Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation.

① frustrated
② curious
③ ashamed
④ indifferent
⑤ worried

8. 다음 글에 드러난 글쓴이의 심경으로 가장 적절한 것은?

“Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly…” Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time. Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has been applied to the good. But are these terms this simple? Why must “ugly” have a negative connotation? After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing. By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece. They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is a key characteristic of compelling art anyway.

① indifferent
② curious
③ ashamed
④ frightened
⑤ regretful