1번. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

When ①considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true? People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more ②easier than other types of reports. But this internal filter can easily create the impression that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency. The truth of the matter is that they are less common now than in the past; in fact, the murder rate in the United States ③has declined by almost 50 percent over the past 30 years. So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs ④based on accurate information?” and to consider whether the events ⑤that attract our attention truly reflect reality.

① considering
② easier
③ has declined
④ based
⑤ that

2. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures ①that were beyond their own experiences. Being an “objective” outsider was thought ②to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies ③which they themselves are a part of. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and ④came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people who ⑤accurately predicts the 2008 financial crisis.

① that were
② to be
③ which they themselves are a part of
④ came
⑤ accurately predicts

3. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

There is a common assumption ①that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them ②to explore different ideas without restraint. Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or ③produces breakthrough ideas. The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and ④fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products ⑤that fit the market.

① that
② to explore
③ produces
④ fit
⑤ that

4. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — ①gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, ②known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?). In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then ③evaluated by people recruited online. All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion. This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others ④picks up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to fake. It also implies that emotions are often more clearly communicated through the voice than through words ⑤themselves.

① gave
② known
③ evaluated
④ picks up on
⑤ themselves

5. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens ①that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase ②being marked on a blockchain. However, as there are currently no regulations ③governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. This is due to the fact ④what anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.” This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to ⑤using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license.

① that are purchased and sold
② being marked
③ governing
④ what
⑤ using

6. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

The Ptolemaic System, ①devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, ②revolve around Earth in this system. According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres ③which has their own particular rotations. The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and ④wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later. It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets ⑤orbit the Sun.

① devised
② revolve
③ which has
④ wasn’t overturned
⑤ orbit

7. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 틀린 것은?

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for ①defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and ②piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures. He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly ③be called “music.” That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds. For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists ④produces a single note. The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of “silence,” the audience would find that there was not silence at all; they would become aware of the ambient sounds around them that would typically be ignored. Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation, ⑤becoming convinced that true silence did not exist.

① defying
② piecing
③ be called
④ produces
⑤ becoming

8. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

“Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly...” Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts ① have shifted so often over time. Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” ② has been applied to the good. But are these terms this simple? Why must “ugly” have a negative connotation? After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. In fact, pieces ③ what we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing. By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece. They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and ④ embrace new ideas, which ⑤ is a key characteristic of compelling art anyway.

① have shifted
② has been applied
③ what
④ embrace
⑤ is