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2. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis.

① they physically changed the tools used to observe distant cultures
② they began to examine their own societies with anthropological distance
③ they rejected objectivity because insiders always know cultures better
④ they focused only on unusual foreign groups within Western countries
⑤ they broadened anthropology so that it could explain every social problem

4. 다음 글을 읽고, 밑줄 친 부분이 함축하는 의미로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?). In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion. This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to fake.

① your voice physically left you and reached your friend first
② your vocal cues unintentionally revealed your real emotional state
③ your friend trusted only the actual words in your statement
④ people can completely hide their feelings by controlling words alone
⑤ every emotion is expressed in exactly the same vocal pattern worldwide

7. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures. He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called “music.” That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds. For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce a single note. The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of “silence,” the audience would find that there was not silence at all; they would become aware of the ambient sounds around them that would typically be ignored. Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation.

① the performance space had to remain completely free of every sound
② the listeners could notice unnoticed surrounding sounds during the quiet period
③ the audience should judge the piece only by ordinary musical standards
④ the chamber experience proved that true silence can easily be achieved anywhere
⑤ the work showed that all music must rely on instruments or human voices

8. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

“Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly…” Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time. Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has been applied to the good. But are these terms this simple? Why must “ugly” have a negative connotation? After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing. By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece. They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is a key characteristic of compelling art anyway.

① ugly artworks physically force viewers to accept unfamiliar ideas at once
② ugly artworks lead viewers to reexamine fixed views and consider different possibilities
③ beautiful artworks usually communicate moral goodness more clearly than ugly ones
④ ugly artworks prevent viewers from forming shared standards of artistic quality
⑤ beautiful and ugly judgments always depend entirely on each person’s private taste

11. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

In Adam Smith’s 1759 work The Theory of Moral Sentiments, he posited that, although everyone is driven to a certain extent by self-interest and personal passions, we act in accordance with others’ expectations. As members of society, we are keenly aware of what behaviors are considered objectionable to the majority and what are not based on the reactions we receive or witness. Because we have a natural ability to empathize and want others to see us as morally accountable, we are taught that we must do what is perceived as the right thing. To help us determine whether we are doing the right thing, Smith suggested that we each have a conscience that informs us of how our behavior will be interpreted. This “impartial spectator,” as he called it, prevents us from being overly interested in our own affairs and causes us to do things that are worthy of society’s praise rather than its reproach.

① it makes us give up all personal goals in order to satisfy social rules
② it leads us to judge our conduct from a broader and more objective standpoint
③ it encourages us to focus more on our private concerns than on public opinion
④ it allows us to predict how the majority will react without any moral reflection
⑤ it means that people should always follow whatever society happens to approve of

14. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

The scientific method is based on the principle of methodological naturalism. Proponents of this approach to providing explanations about the universe assert that truths can only be realized by studying natural events and phenomena. In particular, they prefer that the objects of scientific research be tangible so that it is absolutely clear that they are real and not imagined. The philosophy behind this strategy is that natural things in the physical world can be tested and experimented on, whereas theories about other potential causes for events cannot. Essentially, methodological naturalism embraces the skepticism of the phrase “seeing is believing”. In other words, it does not allow for belief or emotion to be considered. This requirement has formed an essential part of the scientific method since the Enlightenment, when logic and reason began to replace old worldviews.

① only what can be observed and tested should count as valid knowledge
② scientific truth becomes clear only when people strongly believe in it
③ physical objects should be valued more highly than abstract reasoning in every field
④ emotional commitment is necessary before science can explain natural events correctly
⑤ scientific research should reject all theories because they cannot be seen directly

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