1. 밑줄 친 5개 단어 중 문맥상 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것을 고르시오.

A first step toward establishing a respectful classroom learning community is acceptance of all ideas and answers—regardless of any obvious errors. Rich mathematical discussions cannot occur if this expectation is not in place. We must remember that wrong answers are often rooted in misconceptions, and unless these ideas are allowed to be brought to the forefront, we cannot help students confront their thinking. Students who are in secure learning environments are willing to risk sharing an incorrect answer with their peers in order to grow mathematically. It is important to demonstrate and expect the acceptance of all ideas without derogatory comments. As educators we can model this by recording all answers to be considered without giving any verbal or physical expressions that indicate agreement or disagreement with any answer. The teacher may need to practice having a “blank face.” Students look to teachers as the source of correct answers. Part of building a safe learning community is to shift this source of knowledge to the students, by equipping them to oppose the thinking behind their solutions.

① forefront
② secure
③ demonstrate
④ verbal
⑤ oppose

2. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 단어 중, 문맥상 그 쓰임이 가장 적절하지 않은 것을 고르시오.

The usual intercity traveler passes slowly through the station area. The passenger may not be familiar with the routine, have baggage to handle and check or retrieve, have a long wait for connections or delayed trains, and may require information, food, and a comfortable place to sit. Commuters, on the other hand, are familiar with the route through the station, have little or no luggage, and are usually in a hurry. They want direct access to or from local streets and transport. These two types of traffic should be separated to avoid conflict and confusion. In some large stations such as Grand Central Terminal in New York City, commuter and intercity trains arrive and depart on different levels. In smaller stations, separate platforms should be used and traffic routed so that the two lines of movement do not cross. In some instances, separate stations are in use. Clear and precise direction and routing signs and other means of channelization are desirable. In rare cases, however, confusion is encouraged rather than avoided.

① passes
② separated
③ precise
④ route
⑤ encouraged

3. 밑줄 친 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것을 고르시오.

Most performance lighting is made up of a number of different looks which we have called lighting states.
Each lighting cue initiates a change to a new state.
Like actors, lighting cues usually need a reason.
This might be something very obvious such as a cue required to brighten a room setting when an actor turns on a light switch or the rapid increase in intensity at the end of a dance number in a traditional musical (known as a button cue).
At other times we will need a cue to provide a subtle change in atmosphere over a number of minutes, motivated perhaps by the mention of a sunset or the intention to maintain the feel of the performance from normal to threatening.

① states
② initiates
③ reason
④ brighten
⑤ maintain

4. 밑줄 친 ①~⑤ 중 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?

Rooms have their own “characteristics” because they impose their own features on audio signals contained within them. It’s actually quite remarkable. Sound such as music coming from headphones will sound the same everywhere. No matter what acoustical environment we are in, the headphones sound the same. That’s because the room is not part of that playback signal path. But sound such as music from a loudspeaker will sound different in every acoustical environment. Every room where you set up the loudspeaker will cause the sound you hear to be distinct—sometimes dramatically different; that is because the room is now part of the signal path. Also, in the same room, the loudspeaker will sound identical when it is placed in different locations in the room and it will sound different as you move around the room.

① characteristics
② impose
③ remarkable
④ distinct
⑤ identical

5. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 ①~⑤ 중 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?

In a thesis-based doctoral programme, students typically spend a significant amount of time and effort ① investigating a specific topic. While this deep dive into a particular area allows for thorough exploration and understanding, it can also result in ② concentrating the focus. As students become deeply absorbed in their research, they may spend less time exploring related fields or acquiring skills outside their immediate area of study. Consequently, this singular focus may limit the ③ scope of knowledge and skills developed during the programme, potentially hindering students’ ability to adapt to diverse career paths or address interdisciplinary challenges. Some universities in Europe have recognised the limitations of traditional thesis-based doctoral programmes and have started to implement more ④ organized approaches. These structured programmes often combine research with coursework and training in transferable skills. By incorporating coursework, seminars, workshops and internships into the curriculum, they aim to provide students with a broader skill set and better prepare them for a variety of career paths beyond academia. However, some argue that these changes could inadvertently ⑤ intensify the narrowing of students' academic focus.

① investigating
② concentrating
③ scope
④ organized
⑤ intensify

6. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 단어들 중에서 문맥상 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것을 고르시오.

Research shows that, by age three, children recognize that imaginary objects do not come to life. This is especially obvious with respect to everyday objects—children know that even though they picture a pencil in an empty box, the box will stay empty. However, emotion can occasionally interfere with this understanding, or at least its expression. That is, even though a child realizes that monsters are not real, the thought of a monster under a bed might be enough to make a child hesitate to go into his room at night. Indeed, research shows that children have a less difficult time displaying their understanding of the causal relations between imagination and reality when they are asked to pretend or imagine scary things, like monsters. In one study, preschool children were shown an empty box and were asked to imagine a monster inside. All children agreed that the box was empty. However, when they were left alone with the box they exhibited fear and avoidance of it.

① recognize
② picture
③ interfere
④ hesitate
⑤ less

7. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 5개 단어 중 문맥상 쓰임이 가장 적절하지 않은 것은?

Perhaps the best-known development to emerge from the liberation and expansion of aesthetic experience is the aesthetics of everyday life. Although there is presently a blossoming of work on everyday aesthetics, the possibility of aesthetic gratification in ordinary objects and events has long been recognized, even if degraded and dismissed by prevalent philosophical theory. Widely appreciated by poets, especially Romantic poets and those in Asian traditions, the aesthetic in everyday situations has also been acknowledged by novelists. It may be most convenient, though, to locate its contemporary intellectual origins in John Dewey’s Art as Experience. In that book Dewey argued against the separation of art from life by basing aesthetic experience on the biological and cultural conditions of human life. He located the aesthetic, not in an internalized awareness of sensation and feeling but in “a complete interpenetration of self and the world of objects and events.” Further, Dewey maintained that “the aesthetic is the clarified and intensified development of traits that belong to every normally fragmented experience.”

① blossoming
② appreciated
③ acknowledged
④ biological
⑤ fragmented

8. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 5개 단어 중 문맥상 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것을 고르시오.

One cannot validly argue that humans are morally superior beings on the ground that they possess, while others lack, the capacities of a moral agent. The reason is that, as far as moral standards are concerned, only beings that have the capacities of a moral agent can meaningfully be said to be either morally good or morally bad. Only moral agents can be judged to be morally better or worse than others, and the others in question must be moral agents themselves. Judgments of moral superiority are based on the comparative virtues or deficiencies of the entities being judged, and these virtues and deficiencies are all moral ones, that is, ones determined by moral standards. One entity is correctly judged morally superior to another if it is the case that, when valid moral standards are applied to both entities, the first fulfills them to a greater degree than the second. Both entities, therefore, must fall within the range of application of moral standards. This would not be the case, however, if humans were being judged superior to animals and plants, since the latter are not moral agents. Inferior judgments would thus be inappropriate in this context.

① superior
② virtues
③ deficiencies
④ comparative
⑤ Inferior

9. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 단어들 중 문맥상 가장 적절하지 않은 것을 고르시오.

Such artificial ‘pause fillers’ as machine-generated supplements for silence may help to produce a more natural-sounding cadence in machine-generated speech patterns and so help to convince the AI’s human interlocutors that they are engaging with another human. AI’s ‘humanity’ of silence emerges in these contexts not least because a short period of silence is likely to be interpreted as a ‘pause for thought’, therefore strengthening the illusion that the machine is ‘thinking’ before responding, just as a human might. However, the technical issues flagged in AI’s poor handling of higher duration and frequency silences, no less than the machine inference that silence can be filled with relevant sounds in some conversational situations, are both meaningful. In this context at least, the AI may be starting to recognise silence not as an absence but as significant data. Yet the AI’s confusion when presented with substantial silences, and its understanding that short break tags are equivalent to vocal markers such as ‘uh’s’ and ‘ah’s’ indicate the AI’s continuing preferences for sound over silence, for absence over presence.

① natural
② strengthening
③ meaningful
④ significant
⑤ absence

10. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 단어 중 문맥상 적절하지 않은 것을 고르시오.

Standardization of information was an effect of printing; since it allowed exact reproduction of information in a way that manuscript copying did not. This is apparent in the contrast between the travel logs of Marco Polo and those of Christopher Columbus. After his return from China in 1295, a century and a half before printing, Polo’s narrative was copied in about 150 different manuscripts, with so many differences that we’re not sure which version is genuine. In contrast, there is only one version of Christopher Columbus’s letters about the exploration of the Caribbean in the 1490s, since they were established in printed form and widely distributed at the time they were written. So the certainty of accuracy was a way that printing was an disadvantage over the old oral-manuscript culture.

① exact
② apparent
③ genuine
④ established
⑤ disadvantage

1. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

A first step toward establishing a respectful classroom learning community is acceptance of all ideas and answers—regardless of any obvious errors. Rich mathematical discussions cannot occur if this expectation is not in place. We must remember that wrong answers are often rooted in misconceptions, and unless these ideas are allowed to be brought to the forefront, we cannot help students confront their thinking. Students who are in safe learning environments are willing to risk sharing an incorrect answer with their peers in order to grow mathematically. It is important to model and expect the acceptance of all ideas without derogatory comments. As educators we can model this by recording all answers to be considered without giving any verbal or physical expressions that indicate agreement or disagreement with any answer. The teacher may need to practice having a “blank face.” Students look to teachers as the source of correct answers. Part of building a safe learning community is to shift this source of knowledge to the students, by equipping them to defend the thinking behind their solutions.

① the importance of fostering respectful classroom discussions
② the impact of teacher feedback on student achievement
③ the role of acceptance in encouraging student participation
④ the necessity of correcting mathematical misconceptions immediately
⑤ the influence of classroom size on learning outcomes

2. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

The usual intercity traveler moves slowly through the station area.
The passenger may not be familiar with the routine, have baggage to handle and check or retrieve, have a long wait for connections or delayed trains, and may require information, food, and a comfortable place to sit.
Commuters, on the other hand, are familiar with the route through the station, have little or no luggage, and are usually in a hurry.
They want direct access to or from local streets and transport.
These two types of traffic should be kept separate to avoid conflict and confusion.
In some large stations such as Grand Central Terminal in New York City, commuter and intercity trains arrive and depart on different levels.
In smaller stations, separate platforms should be used and traffic routed so that the two lines of movement do not cross.
In some instances, separate stations are in use.
Clear and concise direction and routing signs and other means of channelization are desirable.

① management of passenger flows in train stations
② challenges of implementing new street access in stations
③ effects of signage on commuter satisfaction levels
④ risks of slow-moving passengers for railway safety
⑤ comparison of train station layouts in large cities

3. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Most performance lighting is made up of a number of different looks which we have called lighting states. Each lighting cue triggers a change to a new state. Like actors, lighting cues usually need a motivation. This might be something very obvious such as a cue required to brighten a room setting when an actor turns on a light switch or the rapid increase in intensity at the end of a dance number in a traditional musical (known as a button cue). At other times we will need a cue to provide a subtle change in atmosphere over a number of minutes, motivated perhaps by the mention of a sunset or the intention to slowly change the feel of the performance from normal to threatening. The question, ‘What will lighting do for this production?’ needs to be asked for each moment of the production, each dramatic unit or scene, and each transition.

① the considerations involved in designing performance lighting cues
② the impact of lighting cues on audience perception
③ the techniques for efficiently changing lighting states
④ the emotional effects created by stage lighting states
⑤ the role of technology in modern performance lighting

4. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Rooms have their own “sound” because they impose their own characteristics on audio signals contained within them. It’s actually kind of remarkable. Sound such as music coming from headphones will sound the same everywhere. No matter what acoustical environment we are in, the headphones sound the same. That’s because the room is not part of that playback signal path. But sound such as music from a loudspeaker will sound different in every acoustical environment. Every room where you set up the loudspeaker will cause the sound you hear to be different—sometimes dramatically different; that is because the room is now part of the signal path. Also, in the same room, the loudspeaker will sound different when it is placed in different locations in the room and it will sound different as you move around the room. Similarly, when you are recording a musical instrument, the sound you receive at the microphone will be different in every room and the recorded sound will sound different as the instrument or the microphone is moved.

① the influence of room acoustics on audio experiences
② the necessity of optimizing audio systems for clarity
③ the relationship between room environment and speaker performance
④ the variations in musical instruments due to construction material
⑤ the consistency of headphone sound in various places

5. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

In a thesis-based doctoral programme, students typically spend a significant amount of time and effort researching a specific topic. While this deep dive into a particular area allows for thorough exploration and understanding, it can also result in narrowing the focus. As students become deeply absorbed in their research, they may spend less time exploring related fields or acquiring skills outside their immediate area of study. Consequently, this singular focus may limit the breadth of knowledge and skills developed during the programme, potentially hindering students’ ability to adapt to diverse career paths or address interdisciplinary challenges. Some universities in Europe have recognised the limitations of traditional thesis-based doctoral programmes and have started to implement more structured approaches. These structured programmes often combine research with coursework and training in transferable skills. By incorporating coursework, seminars, workshops and internships into the curriculum, they aim to provide students with a broader skill set and better prepare them for a variety of career paths beyond academia.

① the challenges of balancing depth and breadth in doctoral education
② the significance of specialized research in doctoral programmes
③ the need to expand transferable skills in doctoral training
④ the impact of internships on academic research
⑤ the role of student motivation in research productivity

6. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Research shows that, by age three, children understand that imaginary objects do not come to life. This is especially clear with respect to everyday objects—children know that even though they imagine a pencil in an empty box, the box will remain empty. However, emotion can sometimes disrupt this understanding, or at least its expression. That is, even though a child knows that monsters are not real, the thought of a monster under a bed might be enough to make a child refuse to go into his room at night. Indeed, research shows that children have a more difficult time displaying their understanding of the causal relations between imagination and reality when they are asked to pretend or imagine scary things, like monsters. In one study, preschool children were shown an empty box and were asked to imagine a monster inside. All children agreed that the box was empty. However, when they were left alone with the box they exhibited fear and avoidance of it.

① the emotional interference in children's understanding of imagination and reality
② the benefits of imaginary play for emotional development in children
③ the confusion between real and imaginary objects in early childhood
④ the impact of everyday objects on children's imaginative abilities
⑤ the role of monsters in shaping childhood fears

7. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Perhaps the best-known development to emerge from the liberation and expansion of aesthetic experience is the aesthetics of everyday life. Although there is presently a flowering of work on everyday aesthetics, the possibility of aesthetic gratification in ordinary objects and events has long been recognized, even if degraded and dismissed by prevalent philosophical theory. Widely valued by poets, especially Romantic poets and those in Asian traditions, the aesthetic in everyday situations has also been recognized by novelists. It may be most convenient, though, to locate its contemporary intellectual origins in John Dewey’s Art as Experience. In that book Dewey argued against the separation of art from life by basing aesthetic experience on the biological and cultural conditions of human life. He located the aesthetic, not in an internalized awareness of sensation and feeling but in “a complete interpenetration of self and the world of objects and events.” Further, Dewey maintained that “the aesthetic is the clarified and intensified development of traits that belong to every normally complete experience.”

① the integration of aesthetics into everyday experiences
② the influence of philosophical traditions on aesthetic values
③ the contrast between artistic creation and daily routines
④ the significance of poets in recognizing beauty in ordinary life
⑤ the biological aspects of human aesthetic perception

8. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

One cannot validly argue that humans are morally superior beings on the ground that they possess, while others lack, the capacities of a moral agent. The reason is that, as far as moral standards are concerned, only beings that have the capacities of a moral agent can meaningfully be said to be either morally good or morally bad. Only moral agents can be judged to be morally better or worse than others, and the others in question must be moral agents themselves. Judgments of moral superiority are based on the comparative merits or deficiencies of the entities being judged, and these merits and deficiencies are all moral ones, that is, ones determined by moral standards. One entity is correctly judged morally superior to another if it is the case that, when valid moral standards are applied to both entities, the first fulfills them to a greater degree than the second. Both entities, therefore, must fall within the range of application of moral standards. This would not be the case, however, if humans were being judged superior to animals and plants, since the latter are not moral agents.

① the limits of moral comparison across different kinds of beings
② the significance of being a moral agent in defining moral values
③ the misconception of human moral superiority over non-moral agents
④ the development of moral capacities in humans and animals
⑤ the criteria for identifying moral agents among living things

9. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Such artificial ‘pause fillers’ as machine-generated supplements for silence may help to produce a more natural-sounding cadence in machine-generated speech patterns and so help to convince the AI’s human interlocutors that they are engaging with another human. AI’s ‘humanity’ of silence emerges in these contexts not least because a short period of silence is likely to be interpreted as a ‘pause for thought’, therefore reinforcing the illusion that the machine is ‘thinking’ before responding, just as a human might. However, the technical issues flagged in AI’s poor handling of higher duration and frequency silences, no less than the machine inference that silence can be filled with relevant sounds in some conversational situations, are both significant. In this context at least, the AI may be starting to recognise silence not as an absence but as meaningful data. Yet the AI’s confusion when presented with substantial silences, and its understanding that short break tags are equivalent to vocal markers such as ‘uh’s’ and ‘ah’s’ indicate the AI’s continuing preferences for sound over silence, for presence over absence.

① challenges in simulating human-like silence in AI conversation
② benefits of replacing silence with meaningful words in dialogues
③ significance of silence interpretation in artificial intelligence communication
④ the necessity of pause fillers to enhance AI speech fluency
⑤ potential of short silence as a tool for machine training

10. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Standardization of information was an effect of printing; since it allowed exact reproduction of information in a way that manuscript copying did not.
This is evident in the contrast between the travel logs of Marco Polo and those of Christopher Columbus.
After his return from China in 1295, a century and a half before printing, Polo’s narrative was copied in about 150 different manuscripts, with so many differences that we’re not sure which version is authentic.
In contrast, there is only one version of Christopher Columbus’s letters about the exploration of the Caribbean in the 1490s, since they were fixed in printed form and widely distributed at the time they were written.
So the certainty of accuracy was a way that printing was an improvement over the old oral-manuscript culture.

① the enhancement of information accuracy through printing
② the spread of travel literature in the post-printing era
③ the limitations of manuscript copying in preserving originality
④ the influence of explorers on the distribution of knowledge
⑤ the development of mass communication in early modern Europe

1. 다음 글을 읽고, 아래 문장의 빈칸 (A)와 (B)에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말을 고르시오.

Building a genuine classroom community means fostering a climate where intellectual (A) enables students to transcend their fear of (B).

① vulnerability …… mistakes
② vulnerability …… conformity
③ assertiveness …… mistakes
④ assertiveness …… conformity
⑤ complacency …… approval

2. 아래 빈칸 (A)와 (B)에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말을 고르세요.

Intercity and commuter travelers, by having fundamentally different (A) and (B), require careful separation to ensure efficient navigation within stations.

① rhythms ...... priorities
② rhythms ...... traditions
③ conventions ...... priorities
④ conventions ...... boundaries
⑤ trajectories ...... traditions

3. 아래 빈칸(____)에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Lighting in performances, far from being a merely technical process, acts as an art of subtle (A) that redefines the (B) of each theatrical moment.

① transformation …… character
② transformation …… limitation
③ replacement …… character
④ adaptation …… message
⑤ adaptation …… limitation

4. 아래 빈칸(____)에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Music experienced outside the influence of its immediate surroundings contrasts sharply with how sound perception becomes a matter of (A) and (B) when the environment shifts from isolation to openness.

① context …… transformation
② context …… uniformity
③ isolation …… transformation
④ persistence …… uniformity
⑤ persistence …… transformation

5. 아래 빈칸 (A)와 (B)에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말을 고르시오.

Traditional doctoral programmes, by emphasizing depth over breadth, may unintentionally foster (A) that can diminish (B) in future professional contexts.

① insularity …… flexibility
② insularity …… diversity
③ breadth …… flexibility
④ autonomy …… diversity
⑤ autonomy …… opportunity

6. 아래 빈칸(____)에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말을 고르시오.

Even young children, though aware of the boundaries between fantasy and actuality, may find their rational (A) undermined by (B) under certain conditions.

① clarity …… emotion
② clarity …… consequence
③ certainty …… emotion
④ certainty …… influence
⑤ autonomy …… consequence

7. 아래 빈칸(____)에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Whereas traditional boundaries isolated art from daily life, the modern turn towards everyday aesthetics reveals that value lies in how individuals actively ____ (A) ____ their surroundings to achieve a heightened sense of ____ (B) ____.

① interpret ...... fulfillment
② interpret ...... detachment
③ impose ...... fulfillment
④ impose ...... neutrality
⑤ disrupt ...... detachment

8. 아래 빈칸(A), (B)에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 단어 조합은?

Attempting to justify moral primacy by unique cognitive traits is like seeking (A) in a realm where (B) is inherently absent.

① parity …… eligibility
② authority …… participation
③ parity …… agency
④ distinction …… eligibility
⑤ authority …… agency

9. 아래 빈칸(____)에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

AI's approach to silence, rather than merely reflecting technological neutrality, demonstrates an evolving (A) toward the (B) of conversational absence.

① sensitivity …… significance
② sensitivity …… limitation
③ resistance …… significance
④ resistance …… limitation
⑤ detachment …… emergence

10. 아래 빈칸 (A)와 (B)에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말을 고르시오.

Even as communication moved from memory and manuscript to the era of print, the transition brought about a new (A) of (B) that previous generations could not enjoy.

① assurance …… consistency
② assurance …… complexity
③ myth …… consistency
④ myth …… clarity
⑤ uncertainty …… clarity

1. 밑줄 친 표현(shift this source of knowledge to the students)이 의미하는 바와 가장 가까운 것은?

A first step toward establishing a respectful classroom learning community is acceptance of all ideas and answers—regardless of any obvious errors.
Rich mathematical discussions cannot occur if this expectation is not in place.
We must remember that wrong answers are often rooted in misconceptions, and unless these ideas are allowed to be brought to the forefront, we cannot help students confront their thinking.
Students who are in safe learning environments are willing to risk sharing an incorrect answer with their peers in order to grow mathematically.
It is important to model and expect the acceptance of all ideas without derogatory comments.
As educators we can model this by recording all answers to be considered without giving any verbal or physical expressions that indicate agreement or disagreement with any answer.
The teacher may need to practice having a "blank face."
Students look to teachers as the source of correct answers.
Part of building a safe learning community is to shift this source of knowledge to the students, by equipping them to defend the thinking behind their solutions.

① encouraging students to take ownership of constructing explanations
② expecting teachers to provide solutions for every question
③ making students responsible for justifying their answers
④ having teachers lead all classroom discussions themselves
⑤ correcting all student misconceptions before allowing discussion

2. 밑줄 친 표현(These two types of traffic should be kept separate to avoid conflict and confusion)이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

The usual intercity traveler moves slowly through the station area. The passenger may not be familiar with the routine, have baggage to handle and check or retrieve, have a long wait for connections or delayed trains, and may require information, food, and a comfortable place to sit. Commuters, on the other hand, are familiar with the route through the station, have little or no luggage, and are usually in a hurry. They want direct access to or from local streets and transport. These two types of traffic should be kept separate to avoid conflict and confusion. In some large stations such as Grand Central Terminal in New York City, commuter and intercity trains arrive and depart on different levels. In smaller stations, separate platforms should be used and traffic routed so that the two lines of movement do not cross. In some instances, separate stations are in use. Clear and concise direction and routing signs and other means of channelization are desirable.

① ensuring that intercity travelers and commuters use distinct paths in the station
② directing intercity passengers to walk faster to reduce congestion
③ assigning staff to guide all passengers personally through the station
④ encouraging commuters to carry less baggage while traveling
⑤ providing more comfortable seats for those waiting for their trains

3. 밑줄 친 표현 'lighting cues usually need a motivation'이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Most performance lighting is made up of a number of different looks which we have called lighting states. Each lighting cue triggers a change to a new state. Like actors, lighting cues usually need a motivation. This might be something very obvious such as a cue required to brighten a room setting when an actor turns on a light switch or the rapid increase in intensity at the end of a dance number in a traditional musical (known as a button cue). At other times we will need a cue to provide a subtle change in atmosphere over a number of minutes, motivated perhaps by the mention of a sunset or the intention to slowly change the feel of the performance from normal to threatening. The question, ‘What will lighting do for this production?’ needs to be asked for each moment of the production, each dramatic unit or scene, and each transition.

① lighting changes must have a clear reason related to the performance
② lighting cues should always be synchronized with actors' physical movements
③ lighting cues are preprogrammed without artistic intention or purpose
④ lighting states are decided by the director's personal preference
⑤ lighting is mainly used to highlight the background rather than the actors

4. 밑줄 친 표현, "the room is now part of the signal path"가 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Rooms have their own “sound” because they impose their own characteristics on audio signals contained within them. It’s actually kind of remarkable. Sound such as music coming from headphones will sound the same everywhere. No matter what acoustical environment we are in, the headphones sound the same. That’s because the room is not part of that playback signal path. But sound such as music from a loudspeaker will sound different in every acoustical environment. Every room where you set up the loudspeaker will cause the sound you hear to be different—sometimes dramatically different; that is because the room is now part of the signal path. Also, in the same room, the loudspeaker will sound different when it is placed in different locations in the room and it will sound different as you move around the room. Similarly, when you are recording a musical instrument, the sound you receive at the microphone will be different in every room and the recorded sound will sound different as the instrument or the microphone is moved.

① the characteristics of the room influence the sound you hear
② the placement of speakers determines the quality of all music
③ the signal travels through the air and is shaped by the room
④ the room blocks external noise from interfering with music
⑤ the speaker itself changes based on the listening environment

5. 밑줄 친 표현(this singular focus)이 문맥에서 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것을 고르세요.

In a thesis-based doctoral programme, students typically spend a significant amount of time and effort researching a specific topic. While this deep dive into a particular area allows for thorough exploration and understanding, it can also result in narrowing the focus. As students become deeply absorbed in their research, they may spend less time exploring related fields or acquiring skills outside their immediate area of study. Consequently, this singular focus may limit the breadth of knowledge and skills developed during the programme, potentially hindering students’ ability to adapt to diverse career paths or address interdisciplinary challenges.

① focusing almost solely on a research topic at the expense of versatility
② pursuing multiple unrelated areas of study alongside one's main research
③ limiting the range of skills gained by concentrating intensely on one area
④ maintaining a balanced schedule between research and non-academic activities
⑤ prioritizing coursework and internships over original research efforts

6. In the passage, what is the most appropriate meaning of the underlined expression "the thought of a monster under a bed might be enough to make a child refuse to go into his room at night"?

Research shows that, by age three, children understand that imaginary objects do not come to life. This is especially clear with respect to everyday objects—children know that even though they imagine a pencil in an empty box, the box will remain empty. However, emotion can sometimes disrupt this understanding, or at least its expression. That is, even though a child knows that monsters are not real, the thought of a monster under a bed might be enough to make a child refuse to go into his room at night. Indeed, research shows that children have a more difficult time displaying their understanding of the causal relations between imagination and reality when they are asked to pretend or imagine scary things, like monsters. In one study, preschool children were shown an empty box and were asked to imagine a monster inside. All children agreed that the box was empty. However, when they were left alone with the box they exhibited fear and avoidance of it.

① a child's fear can override their logical understanding of reality
② a child's imagination often brings imaginary creatures into physical existence
③ a child's knowledge of monsters leads to curiosity and exploration at night
④ a child's awareness of an empty room eliminates any fear of imagination
⑤ a child's preference for being alone results from imagining friendly creatures

7. 밑줄 친 "a complete interpenetration of self and the world of objects and events"가 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것을 고르세요.

Perhaps the best-known development to emerge from the liberation and expansion of aesthetic experience is the aesthetics of everyday life.
Although there is presently a flowering of work on everyday aesthetics, the possibility of aesthetic gratification in ordinary objects and events has long been recognized, even if degraded and dismissed by prevalent philosophical theory.
Widely valued by poets, especially Romantic poets and those in Asian traditions, the aesthetic in everyday situations has also been recognized by novelists.
It may be most convenient, though, to locate its contemporary intellectual origins in John Dewey’s Art as Experience.
In that book Dewey argued against the separation of art from life by basing aesthetic experience on the biological and cultural conditions of human life.
He located the aesthetic, not in an internalized awareness of sensation and feeling but in “a complete interpenetration of self and the world of objects and events.”
Further, Dewey maintained that “the aesthetic is the clarified and intensified development of traits that belong to every normally complete experience.”

① the experience arising from fully merging oneself with one’s surroundings
② the ongoing conflict between people and ordinary objects in daily life
③ the biological process of perceiving sensations and feelings within oneself
④ the rejection of emotions in aesthetic appreciation of daily events
⑤ the depiction of self in art isolated from external reality

8. 밑줄 친 표현(only beings that have the capacities of a moral agent can meaningfully be said to be either morally good or morally bad)이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

One cannot validly argue that humans are morally superior beings on the ground that they possess, while others lack, the capacities of a moral agent. The reason is that, as far as moral standards are concerned, only beings that have the capacities of a moral agent can meaningfully be said to be either morally good or morally bad. Only moral agents can be judged to be morally better or worse than others, and the others in question must be moral agents themselves. Judgments of moral superiority are based on the comparative merits or deficiencies of the entities being judged, and these merits and deficiencies are all moral ones, that is, ones determined by moral standards. One entity is correctly judged morally superior to another if it is the case that, when valid moral standards are applied to both entities, the first fulfills them to a greater degree than the second. Both entities, therefore, must fall within the range of application of moral standards. This would not be the case, however, if humans were being judged superior to animals and plants, since the latter are not moral agents.

① it is only appropriate to assess moral value in those capable of moral reasoning
② only moral agents can be better adapted to their surroundings
③ only entities with consciousness can create ethical rules
④ moral obligations apply equally to all living beings
⑤ humans are inherently superior because they set moral standards

9. 밑줄 친 표현("pause for thought")이 문맥상 의미하는 바에 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Such artificial ‘pause fillers’ as machine-generated supplements for silence may help to produce a more natural-sounding cadence in machine-generated speech patterns and so help to convince the AI’s human interlocutors that they are engaging with another human. AI’s ‘humanity’ of silence emerges in these contexts not least because a short period of silence is likely to be interpreted as a ‘pause for thought’, therefore reinforcing the illusion that the machine is ‘thinking’ before responding, just as a human might. However, the technical issues flagged in AI’s poor handling of higher duration and frequency silences, no less than the machine inference that silence can be filled with relevant sounds in some conversational situations, are both significant. In this context at least, the AI may be starting to recognise silence not as an absence but as meaningful data. Yet the AI’s confusion when presented with substantial silences, and its understanding that short break tags are equivalent to vocal markers such as ‘uh’s’ and ‘ah’s’ indicate the AI’s continuing preferences for sound over silence, for presence over absence.

① the interpretation that a brief silence suggests cognitive processing
② the use of artificial fillers to emulate human hesitation
③ the belief that AI-generated silence is a technical malfunction
④ the system’s inability to handle extended periods of silence
⑤ the understanding that silence represents a breakdown in communication

10. 밑줄 친 표현(the certainty of accuracy)이 문맥에서 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Standardization of information was an effect of printing; since it allowed exact reproduction of information in a way that manuscript copying did not. This is evident in the contrast between the travel logs of Marco Polo and those of Christopher Columbus. After his return from China in 1295, a century and a half before printing, Polo’s narrative was copied in about 150 different manuscripts, with so many differences that we’re not sure which version is authentic. In contrast, there is only one version of Christopher Columbus’s letters about the exploration of the Caribbean in the 1490s, since they were fixed in printed form and widely distributed at the time they were written. So the certainty of accuracy was a way that printing was an improvement over the old oral-manuscript culture.

① the guarantee that information remained unchanged in print
② the spread of various narratives about historical events
③ the confusion caused by conflicting manuscript versions
④ the ability to create handwritten copies quickly and widely
⑤ the challenge of verifying the authenticity of travel logs

1. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

A first step toward establishing a respectful classroom learning community is acceptance of all ideas and answers—regardless of any obvious errors. Rich mathematical discussions cannot occur if this expectation is not in place. We must remember that wrong answers are often rooted in misconceptions, and unless these ideas are allowed to be brought to the forefront, we cannot help students confront their thinking. Students who are in safe learning environments are willing to risk sharing an incorrect answer with their peers in order to grow mathematically. It is important to model and expect the acceptance of all ideas without derogatory comments. As educators we can model this by recording all answers to be considered without giving any verbal or physical expressions that indicate agreement or disagreement with any answer. The teacher may need to practice having a “blank face.” Students look to teachers as the source of correct answers. Part of building a safe learning community is to shift this source of knowledge to the students, by equipping them to defend the thinking behind their solutions.

① Creating a Safe Space for Mathematical Growth
② Teachers Must Always Correct Student Errors
③ Should All Answers Be Accepted in Classrooms?
④ The Challenge of Keeping a Neutral Classroom Atmosphere
⑤ Encouraging Creativity by Ignoring Mistakes

2. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

The usual intercity traveler moves slowly through the station area. The passenger may not be familiar with the routine, have baggage to handle and check or retrieve, have a long wait for connections or delayed trains, and may require information, food, and a comfortable place to sit. Commuters, on the other hand, are familiar with the route through the station, have little or no luggage, and are usually in a hurry. They want direct access to or from local streets and transport. These two types of traffic should be kept separate to avoid conflict and confusion. In some large stations such as Grand Central Terminal in New York City, commuter and intercity trains arrive and depart on different levels. In smaller stations, separate platforms should be used and traffic routed so that the two lines of movement do not cross. In some instances, separate stations are in use. Clear and concise direction and routing signs and other means of channelization are desirable.

① Why Separating Intercity Travelers and Commuters Matters
② Grand Central Terminal: The Ultimate Traffic Solution?
③ Commuter Stations: Lessons in Efficient Platform Use
④ Reducing Baggage Hassles with Better Station Design
⑤ The Everyday Struggles of Slow-Moving Travelers

3. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Most performance lighting is made up of a number of different looks which we have called lighting states. Each lighting cue triggers a change to a new state. Like actors, lighting cues usually need a motivation. This might be something very obvious such as a cue required to brighten a room setting when an actor turns on a light switch or the rapid increase in intensity at the end of a dance number in a traditional musical (known as a button cue). At other times we will need a cue to provide a subtle change in atmosphere over a number of minutes, motivated perhaps by the mention of a sunset or the intention to slowly change the feel of the performance from normal to threatening. The question, ‘What will lighting do for this production?’ needs to be asked for each moment of the production, each dramatic unit or scene, and each transition.

① Lighting Cues: The Director's Invisible Hand?
② How Does Stage Lighting Affect Actor Performance?
③ Motivations Behind Every Lighting Change in Theater
④ Sunset Cues: Bringing Natural Transitions to the Stage
⑤ The Role of Brightness in Dance Productions

4. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Rooms have their own “sound” because they impose their own characteristics on audio signals contained within them. It’s actually kind of remarkable. Sound such as music coming from headphones will sound the same everywhere. No matter what acoustical environment we are in, the headphones sound the same. That’s because the room is not part of that playback signal path. But sound such as music from a loudspeaker will sound different in every acoustical environment. Every room where you set up the loudspeaker will cause the sound you hear to be different—sometimes dramatically different; that is because the room is now part of the signal path. Also, in the same room, the loudspeaker will sound different when it is placed in different locations in the room and it will sound different as you move around the room. Similarly, when you are recording a musical instrument, the sound you receive at the microphone will be different in every room and the recorded sound will sound different as the instrument or the microphone is moved.

① How Room Acoustics Shape the Way We Hear
② The Similarity of Headphone Sound Everywhere
③ Why Loudspeakers Vary in Different Environments
④ Moving Instruments: The Cause of Recording Change
⑤ The Limits of Headphone and Loudspeaker Technology

5. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

In a thesis-based doctoral programme, students typically spend a significant amount of time and effort researching a specific topic. While this deep dive into a particular area allows for thorough exploration and understanding, it can also result in narrowing the focus. As students become deeply absorbed in their research, they may spend less time exploring related fields or acquiring skills outside their immediate area of study. Consequently, this singular focus may limit the breadth of knowledge and skills developed during the programme, potentially hindering students’ ability to adapt to diverse career paths or address interdisciplinary challenges. Some universities in Europe have recognised the limitations of traditional thesis-based doctoral programmes and have started to implement more structured approaches. These structured programmes often combine research with coursework and training in transferable skills. By incorporating coursework, seminars, workshops and internships into the curriculum, they aim to provide students with a broader skill set and better prepare them for a variety of career paths beyond academia.

① Beyond Research: Rethinking Doctoral Education for Broader Skills
② Doctoral Research: The Only Path to Academic Mastery?
③ Coursework in Doctoral Programs: The New Trend in Europe
④ Transferring Skills: Why Workshops Matter Most for PhDs
⑤ The Challenge of Choosing a Dissertation Topic in Doctoral Studies

6. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Research shows that, by age three, children understand that imaginary objects do not come to life. This is especially clear with respect to everyday objects—children know that even though they imagine a pencil in an empty box, the box will remain empty. However, emotion can sometimes disrupt this understanding, or at least its expression. That is, even though a child knows that monsters are not real, the thought of a monster under a bed might be enough to make a child refuse to go into his room at night. Indeed, research shows that children have a more difficult time displaying their understanding of the causal relations between imagination and reality when they are asked to pretend or imagine scary things, like monsters. In one study, preschool children were shown an empty box and were asked to imagine a monster inside. All children agreed that the box was empty. However, when they were left alone with the box they exhibited fear and avoidance of it.

① When Imagination Meets Fear: Children's Perception of Reality
② Why Monsters Haunt the Minds of Preschoolers
③ Imagining Monsters: The Key to Overcoming Childhood Fears?
④ Everyday Objects Reveal Children's Belief in the Real and Imaginary
⑤ From Empty Boxes to Emotional Reactions in Childhood

7. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Perhaps the best-known development to emerge from the liberation and expansion of aesthetic experience is the aesthetics of everyday life. Although there is presently a flowering of work on everyday aesthetics, the possibility of aesthetic gratification in ordinary objects and events has long been recognized, even if degraded and dismissed by prevalent philosophical theory. Widely valued by poets, especially Romantic poets and those in Asian traditions, the aesthetic in everyday situations has also been recognized by novelists. It may be most convenient, though, to locate its contemporary intellectual origins in John Dewey’s Art as Experience. In that book Dewey argued against the separation of art from life by basing aesthetic experience on the biological and cultural conditions of human life. He located the aesthetic, not in an internalized awareness of sensation and feeling but in “a complete interpenetration of self and the world of objects and events.” Further, Dewey maintained that “the aesthetic is the clarified and intensified development of traits that belong to every normally complete experience.”

① Everyday Aesthetics: Where Life and Art Intertwine
② Dewey’s Unconventional Theory of Artistic Creation
③ The Enduring Role of Poetry in Exploring Aesthetics
④ Biological Roots of Artistic Sensibility in Human Life
⑤ Can Philosophy Ignore Ordinary Objects and Events?

8. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

One cannot validly argue that humans are morally superior beings on the ground that they possess, while others lack, the capacities of a moral agent. The reason is that, as far as moral standards are concerned, only beings that have the capacities of a moral agent can meaningfully be said to be either morally good or morally bad. Only moral agents can be judged to be morally better or worse than others, and the others in question must be moral agents themselves. Judgments of moral superiority are based on the comparative merits or deficiencies of the entities being judged, and these merits and deficiencies are all moral ones, that is, ones determined by moral standards. One entity is correctly judged morally superior to another if it is the case that, when valid moral standards are applied to both entities, the first fulfills them to a greater degree than the second. Both entities, therefore, must fall within the range of application of moral standards. This would not be the case, however, if humans were being judged superior to animals and plants, since the latter are not moral agents.

① Moral Superiority: Only for Moral Agents?
② Are Plants and Animals Morally Inferior Beings?
③ Judging Humans by the Standards of Moral Agency
④ Comparing Moral Standards Among All Living Beings
⑤ The Role of Comparative Merits in Moral Judgments

9. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Such artificial ‘pause fillers’ as machine-generated supplements for silence may help to produce a more natural-sounding cadence in machine-generated speech patterns and so help to convince the AI’s human interlocutors that they are engaging with another human. AI’s ‘humanity’ of silence emerges in these contexts not least because a short period of silence is likely to be interpreted as a ‘pause for thought’, therefore reinforcing the illusion that the machine is ‘thinking’ before responding, just as a human might. However, the technical issues flagged in AI’s poor handling of higher duration and frequency silences, no less than the machine inference that silence can be filled with relevant sounds in some conversational situations, are both significant. In this context at least, the AI may be starting to recognise silence not as an absence but as meaningful data. Yet the AI’s confusion when presented with substantial silences, and its understanding that short break tags are equivalent to vocal markers such as ‘uh’s’ and ‘ah’s’ indicate the AI’s continuing preferences for sound over silence, for presence over absence.

① Is Silence the Next Step Toward Human-Like AI Speech?
② Machine Pause Fillers: A Simple Speech Solution
③ AI and the Challenge of Prolonged Silences
④ Why Short Silences Fool Us in AI Conversations
⑤ Sound Over Silence: The One-Sided View of AI Speech

10. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Standardization of information was an effect of printing; since it allowed exact reproduction of information in a way that manuscript copying did not. This is evident in the contrast between the travel logs of Marco Polo and those of Christopher Columbus. After his return from China in 1295, a century and a half before printing, Polo’s narrative was copied in about 150 different manuscripts, with so many differences that we’re not sure which version is authentic. In contrast, there is only one version of Christopher Columbus’s letters about the exploration of the Caribbean in the 1490s, since they were fixed in printed form and widely distributed at the time they were written. So the certainty of accuracy was a way that printing was an improvement over the old oral-manuscript culture.

① Printing: The Turning Point in Information Accuracy
② Why Columbus’s Writings Were More Influential Than Polo’s
③ What Made Columbus’s Travel Accounts So Unique?
④ The Evolution of Manuscript Copying in Medieval Europe
⑤ Marco Polo’s Adventures: Fact or Fiction?