1. 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

The laws and constants of physics and the fundamental forces in our universe have very precise forms and values. This means that, if they were only very slightly different, life would not have been possible. For instance, the precise value of gravity has enabled our universe to arise by permitting the aggregation of dust and gas particles to protostars around which planets later came to orbit, including the Earth around the Sun. If the value of the electron had been ever so slightly larger or smaller, chemistry, as we know it, would not have been possible and life, which is based on organic chemistry, could not have started. The universe was not designed for us to evolve, we have no privileged position in the universe; however, the laws and constants of physics allowed advanced life to evolve.

① 우주의 물리 법칙과 상수는 매우 정밀한 형태와 값을 지닌다.
② 그것들이 조금 달랐어도 생명은 충분히 가능했을 것이다.
③ 중력의 정확한 값은 원시별 형성을 가능하게 했다.
④ 전자 값이 약간만 달라도 익숙한 화학은 불가능했다.
⑤ 우주는 인간을 위해 설계되진 않았지만 생명 진화는 가능했다.

2. 사회 현실에 대한 인식에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true? People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports. But this internal filter can easily create the impression that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency. The truth of the matter is that they are less common now than in the past; in fact, the murder rate in the United States has declined by almost 50 percent over the past 30 years. So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on accurate information?”

① 많은 사람들은 사회 상황이 악화되고 있다고 여긴다.
② 사람들은 의견 형성 시 사실에 근거할 필요가 있다.
③ 사람들은 대체로 무서운 사건보다 평범한 소식을 더 잘 기억한다.
④ 내적 필터는 폭력 행위가 늘고 있다는 인상을 줄 수 있다.
⑤ 미국의 살인율은 지난 수십 년 동안 감소하는 추세였다.

3. 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis.

① 최근 몇 년간 일부 인류학자들은 시각을 전환했다.
② 서구 연구자들은 대체로 익숙한 자국 문화를 연구했다.
③ 과거에는 객관적인 외부자 입장이 바람직하다고 여겨졌다.
④ Gillian Tett는 은행권에 몰입해 기업을 이해하려 했다.
⑤ Tett는 중립적으로 자국 문화를 보아 금융 위기를 예측했다.

4. 혁신적인 비즈니스 혁신에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint. Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas. The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products.

① 사업 혁신은 직원 자율성에서 나온다고 흔히 여겨진다.
② 소프트웨어 회사는 소비자를 사로잡을 앱을 원한다.
③ 회사는 개발자들을 기존 업무에 계속 묶어 두기로 한다.
④ 자유를 준다고 창의성이 반드시 높아지는 것은 아니다.
⑤ 의미 있는 혁신에는 목표와 지원, 진척 점검이 필요하다.

5. 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?). In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion. This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to fake.

① 목소리의 소리나 한숨이 감정을 드러낼 수 있다.
② 목소리의 톤과 비언어적 감탄사로 여러 감정을 읽을 수 있다.
③ 보컬 버스트는 놀라움처럼 단순한 감정만 보여 준다.
④ 연구에서는 전 세계 배우들의 보컬 버스트를 녹음했다.
⑤ 사람들은 그런 소리를 알아차려 감정을 파악할 수 있다.

6. NFTs에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain. However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.” This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license.

① NFT는 온라인에서 사고파는 디지털 토큰이다.
② NFT는 동일한 토큰이 복제될 수 있어 교환 가능하다.
③ 비싼 NFT도 구매 인기가 점점 높아지고 있다.
④ NFT 제작과 판매에는 현재 규제가 없는 상태이다.
⑤ 저작권자가 아니어도 NFT를 발행해 판매할 수 있다.

7. 프톨레마이오스 체계에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later. It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun.

① 이 체계는 서기 2세기에 프톨레마이오스가 고안했다.
② 이 체계에서는 달과 태양이 지구 주위를 돈다.
③ 프톨레마이오스는 우주를 움직이는 불투명한 구들로 보았다.
④ 천구는 가장 큰 구로서 별들을 담는 역할을 했다.
⑤ 약 1400년 뒤 코페르니쿠스가 태양중심설을 제안했다.

8. John Cage에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures. He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called “music.” That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds. For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce a single note. The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of “silence,” the audience would find that there was not silence at all; they would become aware of the ambient sounds around them that would typically be ignored. Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation.

① John Cage는 전통을 거스르는 작곡가로 알려졌다.
② 그는 기존 음악 구조를 따르지 않는 실험을 했다.
③ 4’33”은 정확히 4분 23초 동안 이어지는 작품이다.
④ 그 작품 동안 악기와 성악은 한 음도 내지 않는다.
⑤ 그는 무향실 체험 후 그 작품의 가치를 확신했다.