1. 사회 현실에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true? People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports. But this internal filter can easily create the impression that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency. The truth of the matter is that they are less common now than in the past; in fact, the murder rate in the United States has declined by almost 50 percent over the past 30 years. So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on accurate information?”

① 많은 사람들은 사회가 악화되고 위기라고 여긴다.
② 사람은 의견 형성 시 사실에만 근거할 필요가 있다.
③ 사람들은 무서운 사건보다 다른 뉴스를 더 잘 기억한다.
④ 이런 인지적 필터는 폭력이 늘어난다는 인상을 준다.
⑤ 미국의 살인율은 지난 수십 년간 크게 감소했다.

2. 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis.

① 한동안 서구 연구자들은 낯선 문화를 주로 연구했다.
② 객관적인 외부자 입장이 정확한 결론에 유리하다고 여겨졌다.
③ 오늘날 연구자들은 자신이 속한 사회 연구를 피하는 편이다.
④ Gillian Tett는 은행업계에 몰입해 기업을 이해하려 했다.
⑤ Tett는 중립적으로 자문화를 보아 위기를 예측했다.

3. 혁신과 기업 구조에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint. Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas. The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products.

① 기업 혁신은 직원 자율성에서 나온다고 흔히 여겨진다.
② 그 회사는 최고 개발자들을 기존 업무에서 떼어낼 수 있다.
③ 자유를 주면 반드시 창의성이 높아지고 돌파구가 생긴다.
④ 의미 있는 혁신에는 분명한 목표와 관리 지원이 필요하다.
⑤ 아이디어는 실용적이어야 하며 사업 모델과도 맞아야 한다.

4. vocal bursts와 목소리 톤에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?). In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion. This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to fake.

① 목소리 톤과 한숨은 감정을 숨기기 어렵게 할 수 있다.
② 목소리 톤과 vocal bursts로 읽히는 감정은 24가지를 넘는다.
③ vocal bursts는 놀람이나 혼란 같은 복합 감정을 드러낼 수 있다.
④ 연구에서는 세계 각지의 배우들이 낸 소리가 녹음되었다.
⑤ 사람들은 자신도 모르는 vocal bursts를 타인이 알아차릴 수 있다.

5. NFTs에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain. However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.” This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license.

① NFT는 온라인에서 거래되며 사진이나 영상 등을 나타낸다.
② NFT는 복제될 수 없어서 동시에 여러 소유자를 둘 수 있다.
③ 비싼 경우가 많아도 구매 인기가 빠르게 높아지고 있다.
④ 현재 NFT 제작과 판매를 규제하는 규정은 없는 상태이다.
⑤ 저작권자가 아니어도 NFT를 만들어 시장에 내놓을 수 있다.

6. 프톨레마이오스 체계에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later. It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun.

① 이 체계는 서기 2세기에 프톨레마이오스가 고안했다.
② 이 체계에서는 태양과 달도 지구 주위를 돈다.
③ 우주는 움직이는 투명한 구들로 이루어졌다고 보았다.
④ 가장 큰 천구는 별을 담고 우주의 경계를 이룬다.
⑤ 코페르니쿠스는 지구와 행성이 태양을 돈다고 주장했다.

7. John Cage에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures. He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called “music.” That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds. For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce a single note. The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of “silence,” the audience would find that there was not silence at all; they would become aware of the ambient sounds around them that would typically be ignored. Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation.

① John Cage는 전통에 도전한 작곡가로 알려졌다.
② 그는 악기를 색다르게 연주하는 실험을 했다.
③ 그의 대표작 4’33”은 정확히 3분 33초간 지속된다.
④ 그 작품에서는 연주자와 성악가가 음을 내지 않는다.
⑤ 무향실 체험 뒤 그는 그 작품의 가치를 확신했다.

8. 아름다움과 추함에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

“Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly…” Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time. Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has been applied to the good. But are these terms this simple? Why must “ugly” have a negative connotation? After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing. By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece. They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is a key characteristic of compelling art anyway.

① 스피노자는 아름다움과 추함이 사회적으로 구성된 개념임을 시사했다.
② 예술에서 추함은 악한 것, 아름다움은 선한 것을 뜻해 온 면이 있었다.
③ 글쓴이는 추한 예술이 대체로 흥미롭지 않고 개성도 부족하다고 본다.
④ 추하다고 여겨지는 작품은 감상자로 하여금 새로운 생각을 받아들이게 할 수 있다.
⑤ 예술가는 훌륭한 미술 기법으로 추하게 보이는 대상을 만들어 비판적 담론을 유도할 수 있다.

9. 기억의 저장과 망각에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

That which is forgotten is not always lost. Research shows that memories remain stored even if we can’t readily retrieve them. Take the brain activity of numerous university students who were observed during memory formation and recall. When students were asked to remember as much as they could about a list of words they’d been given earlier in the study, fMRI scans showed that the brain activity throughout recall was the same as in the course of the learning process. Even when students had forgotten most of what they had learned, the original neurological patterns were still picked up, illustrating that the memories were still there despite being unattainable. Much is still unclear regarding how long memories persist, but evidence like this has shown that it might be longer than we think. Therefore, it would not be wrong to say that memories are just archived in the less accessible parts of our brains.

① 쉽게 떠올리지 못해도 기억은 저장되어 있을 수 있다.
② 연구에서는 대학생들의 기억 형성과 회상을 관찰했다.
③ 회상할 때의 뇌 활동은 학습 때와 다른 양상으로 나타났다.
④ 많은 내용을 잊은 뒤에도 원래의 신경 패턴이 포착되었다.
⑤ 기억은 뇌의 덜 접근 가능한 곳에 보관된다고 볼 수 있다.

10. 보조공학(assistive technologies)에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

Assistive technologies allow disabled individuals to perform an array of tasks without the aid of another person, thereby increasing their level of independence. Although recent developments have improved the functionality of assistive technologies, the corresponding increase in complexity necessitates that sufficient training be offered to the people with disabilities who will use them. While some devices can be easily incorporated into a person’s life with a minimum of instruction, others are more sophisticated and require a significant amount of knowledge to be utilized effectively. In fact, a number of studies have shown that people who avoid new assistive technologies report feeling intimidated by the complex interfaces and many optional features, which leads them to believe that they are unqualified to operate them. Fortunately, individuals who are provided with access to ongoing support have an increased likelihood of overcoming this barrier and integrating new assistive technologies into their day-to-day routine, greatly enhancing the overall quality of their life.

① 보조공학은 타인의 도움 없이 여러 일을 하게 돕는다.
② 최근 발전으로 기능은 좋아졌지만 복잡성도 함께 커졌다.
③ 모든 보조기기는 적은 설명만으로 쉽게 생활에 도입된다.
④ 복잡한 인터페이스는 사용자를 주눅 들게 만들 수 있다.
⑤ 지속적 지원은 새 기술의 일상적 활용 가능성을 높여 준다.

11. Adam Smith의 도덕 감정 이론에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

In Adam Smith’s 1759 work The Theory of Moral Sentiments, he posited that, although everyone is driven to a certain extent by self-interest and personal passions, we act in accordance with others’ expectations. As members of society, we are keenly aware of what behaviors are considered objectionable to the majority and what are not based on the reactions we receive or witness. Because we have a natural ability to empathize and want others to see us as morally accountable, we are taught that we must do what is perceived as the right thing. To help us determine whether we are doing the right thing, Smith suggested that we each have a conscience that informs us of how our behavior will be interpreted. This “impartial spectator,” as he called it, prevents us from being overly interested in our own affairs and causes us to do things that are worthy of society’s praise rather than its reproach.

① 인간은 자기이익과 개인적 열정의 영향도 받는다고 보았다.
② 사람들은 타인의 반응을 통해 비난받을 행동을 의식한다.
③ 공감 능력 때문에 타인의 기대와 무관하게 행동한다고 보았다.
④ 양심은 자신의 행동이 어떻게 해석될지 알려 준다고 했다.
⑤ 공정한 관찰자는 사회의 칭찬을 받을 행동으로 이끈다고 했다.

12. hidden anger에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

In a study on hidden anger, researchers observed that certain unintended behaviors often come forward. One group of them consists of repetitive physical acts, such as facial tics and spasmodic foot movements. They may also include uncontrollable behaviors such as poor sleeping habits, jaw clenching, and teeth grinding, which others may notice but not associate with anger. Other behaviors are deliberate but not directly linked to anger, and these may be expressed as procrastination, habitual lateness, excessive politeness, or inappropriate sarcasm and flippancy in conversation. Whatever the case, these behaviors are often attributed to harmless personality flaws or eccentricities. Few if any people ever associate them with deeper issues that might have been provoked by anger.

① 연구자들은 숨겨진 분노에서 의도치 않은 행동이 드러난다고 보았다.
② 반복적 신체 행동에는 얼굴 경련과 발의 경련성 움직임이 포함되었다.
③ 이를 본 사람들은 그것들을 분노와 쉽게 연결해 이해하는 편이었다.
④ 일부 행동은 의도적이지만 분노와 직접 관련되지 않은 형태로 나타났다.
⑤ 이런 행동들은 대체로 무해한 성격적 결함이나 별난 점으로 여겨졌다.

13. Walter Benjamin의 예술관에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

In his 1935 essay “The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction,” Walter Benjamin contended that the aura of original art had disappeared in the modern age as a result of new forms of replicable media technology. For Benjamin, art possessed an aura that was derived from its physical uniqueness. Making a copy, as one might do with a photograph or a film, he argued, removed the artwork from its original context, destroying its authenticity. The destruction of the vital force that gives art its individuality — its spirit — altered the effect of art on viewers. Before the age of mechanical reproduction, viewing an image or an object required one to be in the presence of the original piece, allowing for a more personal experience. By producing copies and making it possible for many people to see the work simultaneously, however, a viewer could no longer be fully absorbed in it because the individual connection was eliminated. Instead, the viewers, “the distracted mass,” collectively absorbed the art.

① 벤야민은 1935년의 한 글에서 이러한 주장을 펼쳤다.
② 예술의 아우라는 그것의 물리적 유일성에서 비롯되었다.
③ 사진과 영화 같은 복제는 작품의 진정성을 더 강화했다.
④ 기계적 복제 이전에는 원작 앞에 있어야 감상이 가능했다.
⑤ 복제본의 확산은 관객의 개별적 몰입을 약화시켰다.

14. 방법론적 자연주의에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

The scientific method is based on the principle of methodological naturalism. Proponents of this approach to providing explanations about the universe assert that truths can only be realized by studying natural events and phenomena. In particular, they prefer that the objects of scientific research be tangible so that it is absolutely clear that they are real and not imagined. The philosophy behind this strategy is that natural things in the physical world can be tested and experimented on, whereas theories about other potential causes for events cannot. Essentially, methodological naturalism embraces the skepticism of the phrase “seeing is believing.” In other words, it does not allow for belief or emotion to be considered. This requirement has formed an essential part of the scientific method since the Enlightenment, when logic and reason began to replace old worldviews.

① 과학적 방법은 방법론적 자연주의에 기초한다.
② 우주의 진실은 초자연적 현상 연구로만 알 수 있다고 본다.
③ 과학 연구 대상은 실재가 분명한 유형물이어야 한다.
④ 물리적 세계의 자연물은 시험과 실험의 대상이 된다.
⑤ 계몽주의 이후 논리와 이성은 과학 방법의 핵심이 되었다.

15. 밀레니얼 세대의 텔레비전 시청에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

According to statistics, millennials watch far less television than older generations. The average American over 65 watches almost four and a half hours of television a day; the average millennial, meanwhile, watches just two. Furthermore, the amount of television millennials watch has declined in the last two decades, while older generations are watching more. Several factors may explain this disparity, the most prominent of which is the Internet. While older generations still rely on television for most of their entertainment and news, millennials prefer to consume both online. Still, a relatively new technological trend could be bringing millennials back to television, but via other media. A recent study has shown that 9 percent more millennials stream online videos than watch television, a trend that shows no signs of slowing. As a form of television watching, streaming differs considerably from the analogue viewing style of older generations, but it nonetheless reveals that this younger generation hasn’t entirely abandoned the medium.

① 밀레니얼 세대는 고령층보다 텔레비전을 덜 본다.
② 밀레니얼의 TV 시청량은 지난 기간 동안 늘었다.
③ 인터넷은 세대 간 시청 차이의 큰 원인이다.
④ 밀레니얼은 오락과 뉴스를 온라인으로 보는 편이다.
⑤ 스트리밍은 밀레니얼이 매체를 완전히 버리진 않았음을 보여 준다.

16. 색맹(colorblindness)에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

In 1794, the English chemist and physicist John Dalton published an academic article that included the first description of colorblindness. In it, he provided a summary of his research regarding red-green colorblindness, which is now known to be caused by a problem with the light-sensitive cells called cones that are found in the retina of the human eye. Typically, a person has three sets of fully functional cones — each responds to different light wavelengths, enabling the eye to perceive the three primary colors. However, in some cases, the cells that detect either red or green are less sensitive than normal or are missing altogether. Regardless of which of these types of cones are deficient, the end result for the affected individual is the same. It becomes difficult or even impossible to distinguish between these two colors. This form of colorblindness is usually genetic, but it can also result from physical damage to the eye or even old age.

① John Dalton은 1794년에 색맹을 처음 설명한 학술 글을 발표했다.
② 적록 색맹은 망막의 원추세포 이상과 관련된 것으로 알려져 있다.
③ 보통 사람의 원추세포는 두 종류만 정상적으로 기능한다.
④ 빨강이나 초록을 감지하는 세포는 둔감하거나 아예 없을 수 있다.
⑤ 이 형태의 색맹은 유전적이지만 노화나 눈 손상으로도 생길 수 있다.

17. 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

In search of a new, more effective strategy to reduce bullying at schools, Princeton University psychologist Betsy Levy Paluck and her research team turned to students themselves or, more specifically, students who were identified by their classmates as trendsetters, team leaders, and peer role models — known in scientific terms as “social referents.” According to social psychology theory, individuals learn what is desirable by observing other people’s behavior and seeing what is rewarded or punished. Social referents, Paluck said, might play a significant role in shaping what is considered acceptable behavior. With that in mind, Paluck and her team worked with schools across New Jersey in the 2012–2013 school year and staged bullying intervention programs at half of them. In these intervention programs, student social referents — students with the most connections to other students — were coached to spread anti-conflict messages. At the end of the year, it was found that schools where the intervention programs had taken place reported less violence and more diplomacy among students, demonstrating how powerful peer modeling can be.

① Paluck의 연구팀은 학교 괴롭힘 감소 전략을 새롭게 모색했다.

② 사회적 준거자는 바람직한 행동 기준 형성에 영향을 줄 수 있다.

③ 개입 프로그램은 뉴저지의 모든 학교에서 실시되었다.

④ 사회적 준거자는 다른 학생들과 연결이 많은 학생들이었다.

⑤ 프로그램 시행 학교들은 폭력이 줄고 학생 간 외교성이 늘었다.

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