1. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

The laws and constants of physics and the fundamental forces in our universe have very precise forms and values. This means that, if they were only very slightly different, life would not have been possible. For instance, the precise value of gravity has enabled our universe to arise by permitting the aggregation of dust and gas particles to protostars around which planets later came to orbit, including the Earth around the Sun. If the value of the electron had been ever so slightly larger or smaller, chemistry, as we know it, would not have been possible and life, which is based on organic chemistry, could not have started. The universe was not designed for us to evolve, we have no privileged position in the universe; however, the laws and constants of physics allowed advanced life to evolve.

① they gave human beings a special rank over all other parts of the universe
② they physically pushed living things toward a planned final form
③ they made it possible for complex organisms to emerge under suitable conditions
④ they proved that the universe exists mainly to support life on Earth
⑤ they controlled chemistry in exactly the same way in every imaginable universe

2. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis.

① they physically changed the tools used for observation
② they began to examine their own societies as research subjects
③ they refused to rely on neutral methods in cultural studies
④ they focused only on foreign groups with unusual customs
⑤ they proved that all objective research must be done abroad

3. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint. Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas. The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products.

① the company physically expands its office space for developers
② the company builds an organized basis for putting ideas into practice
③ the company removes all limits so employees can test any idea freely
④ the company measures innovation only by consumer response in the market
⑤ the company should use the same management system in every industry

4. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?). In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion. This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to fake.

① your words physically reached your friend before your feelings did
② your emotional state was detected despite your verbal claim
③ your friend trusted your statement because your tone sounded stable
④ people can classify many vocal bursts into recognizable emotions
⑤ every person always reveals true feelings through all spoken language

5. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain. However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting”. This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license.

① it refers to producing a legally protected copy that only the original creator can issue
② it means publicly registering and offering a tokenized item for sale on the blockchain
③ it suggests moving an artwork from the real world to a private offline collection
④ it means proving that every NFT transaction automatically follows copyright law
⑤ it implies that digital markets usually guarantee fair ownership for all creative works

6. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later. It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun.

① it physically carries the stars to the outer edge of space
② it defines the outer limit of the world Ptolemy described
③ it proves that all planets move around the fixed stars
④ it removes the need for any spheres beyond the Earth
⑤ it shows that every model of the universe must have an end

7. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures. He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called “music.” That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds. For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce a single note. The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of “silence,” the audience would find that there was not silence at all; they would become aware of the ambient sounds around them that would typically be ignored. Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation.

① he physically examined the movement of blood in his body
② he realized that complete silence does not truly exist
③ he concluded that music should exclude all accidental sounds
④ he discovered that audiences usually prefer unfamiliar rhythms
⑤ he proved that every kind of sound can be controlled by performers

8. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

In a study on hidden anger, researchers observed that certain unintended behaviors often come forward. One group of them consists of repetitive physical acts, such as facial tics and spasmodic foot movements. They may also include uncontrollable behaviors such as poor sleeping habits, jaw clenching, and teeth grinding, which others may notice but not associate with anger. Other behaviors are deliberate but not directly linked to anger, and these may be expressed as procrastination, habitual lateness, excessive politeness, or inappropriate sarcasm and flippancy in conversation. Whatever the case, these behaviors are often attributed to harmless personality flaws or eccentricities. Few if any people ever associate them with deeper issues that might have been provoked by anger.

① people see them as signs of ordinary personal quirks rather than emotional conflict
② people treat them as clear evidence that anger has already been resolved
③ people believe they are intentional methods for controlling social relationships
④ people assume that all unusual habits naturally come from hidden anger
⑤ people notice them only when they are accompanied by serious physical illness