1. 사회 현실에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true? People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports. But this internal filter can easily create the impression that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency. The truth of the matter is that they are less common now than in the past; in fact, the murder rate in the United States has declined by almost 50 percent over the past 30 years. So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on accurate information?”

① 많은 사람들은 사회 상황이 악화되고 있다고 여긴다.
② 사람들은 의견을 사실에만 근거해 형성해야 한다.
③ 사람은 대체로 평온한 사건을 더 잘 기억한다.
④ 내적 필터는 폭력이 늘어난다는 인상을 만들 수 있다.
⑤ 자신의 믿음이 정확한 정보에 근거한 것인지 물어야 한다.

2. 인류학 연구 방식의 변화에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis.

① 과거 서구권 연구자들은 자신과 다른 문화를 주로 연구했다.
② 관찰 대상 사회를 이해할 때 외부자의 객관성이 중시되었다.
③ 오늘날 연구자들은 자신이 속한 사회 연구를 거의 포기했다.
④ Gillian Tett는 기업 이해에 인류학적 방법을 적용했다.
⑤ Tett는 2008년 금융 위기를 비교적 정확히 예측한 인물이었다.

3. 혁신과 기업 경영에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint. Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas. The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products.

① 기업 혁신은 폭넓은 자율성에서 나온다고 여겨지곤 한다.
② 한 소프트웨어 회사는 혁신적 앱 개발을 목표로 삼는다.
③ 회사는 개발자들을 기존 업무에 남겨 두는 방식을 택했다.
④ 자유 부여만으로는 창의성 증진이 보장되지 않을 수 있다.
⑤ 의미 있는 혁신에는 목표와 지원, 진척 측정 체계가 필요하다.

4. 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?). In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion. This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to fake.

① 우울하면서도 괜찮다고 말해도 목소리가 진심을 드러낼 수 있다.
② 연구에 따르면 목소리와 비언어적 감탄사로 여러 감정을 읽어낼 수 있다.
③ 보컬 버스트는 놀람이나 깨달음처럼 단순한 감정만 보여 준다.
④ 연구에서는 전 세계 배우들의 보컬 버스트를 녹음해 평가했다.
⑤ 사람들은 자신이 의식하지 못한 음성 신호도 알아차릴 수 있다.

5. NFTs에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain. However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.” This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license.

① NFT는 사진, 영상, 예술 작품 같은 실물 대상을 나타낼 수 있다.
② NFT는 복제될 수 없어 한 시점에 소유자가 한 명뿐이다.
③ NFT 구매 인기는 블록체인에 기록되지 않아 빠르게 줄고 있다.
④ NFT 제작과 판매를 규율하는 규정이 없어 저작권 위협이 따른다.
⑤ 저작권자만이 특정 항목의 NFT를 민팅해 시장에 올릴 수 있다.

6. 프톨레마이오스 체계에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later. It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun.

① 이 체계는 서기 2세기에 프톨레마이오스가 고안했다.
② 이 체계에서는 행성과 태양 등이 지구 둘레를 돈다.
③ 프톨레마이오스는 우주가 움직이는 투명한 구들로 이루어졌다고 보았다.
④ 가장 큰 천구는 별들을 담고 우주의 경계를 이룬다.
⑤ 이후 코페르니쿠스는 지구가 태양을 도는 모형을 제안했다.

7. John Cage에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures. He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called “music.” That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds. For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce a single note. The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of “silence,” the audience would find that there was not silence at all; they would become aware of the ambient sounds around them that would typically be ignored. Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation.

① John Cage는 전통에 도전한 작곡가로 알려졌다.
② 그는 기존 음악 구조를 따르지 않는 실험을 했다.
③ 4’33”은 정확히 4분 23초 동안 이어지는 작품이다.
④ 그 작품 동안 연주자와 성악가는 음을 내지 않는다.
⑤ 무향실 경험은 그가 작품 가치를 확신하게 했다.

8. 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

“Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly…” Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time. Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has been applied to the good. But are these terms this simple? Why must “ugly” have a negative connotation? After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing. By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece. They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is a key characteristic of compelling art anyway.

① 스피노자는 미와 추의 개념이 사회적으로 구성된다고 보았다.
② 예술에서 추함은 악함, 아름다움은 선함과 연결되곤 했다.
③ 글쓴이는 추한 예술은 대체로 흥미롭지 않다고 본다.
④ 추하게 여겨지는 작품은 새로운 생각을 받아들이게 할 수 있다.
⑤ 예술가는 추하게 보이게 하여 비판적 논의를 유도할 수 있다.