1. 밑줄 친 5개의 단어 중 문맥상 쓰임이 가장 적절하지 않은 것은?

A first step toward establishing a respectful classroom learning community is acceptance of all ideas and answers—regardless of any obvious errors. Rich mathematical discussions cannot occur if this expectation is not in place. We must remember that wrong answers are often rooted in misconceptions, and unless these ideas are allowed to be brought to the forefront, we cannot help students confront their thinking. Students who are in safe learning environments are willing to risk sharing an incorrect answer with their peers in order to grow mathematically. It is important to model and expect the embrace of all ideas without derogatory comments. As educators we can model this by recording all answers to be considered without giving any verbal or physical expressions that indicate agreement or disagreement with any answer. The teacher may need to practice having a “blank face.” Students look to teachers as the source of correct answers. Part of building a safe learning community is to shift this source of knowledge to the students, by equipping them to reject the thinking behind their solutions.

① misconceptions
② embrace
③ disagreement
④ source
⑤ reject

2. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 단어 중 문맥상 쓰임이 가장 적절하지 않은 것은?

The usual intercity traveler moves slowly through the station area. The passenger may not be familiar with the routine, have baggage to handle and check or retrieve, have a long wait for connections or delayed trains, and may require information, food, and a comfortable place to sit. Commuters, on the other hand, are familiar with the route through the station, have little or no luggage, and are usually in a hurry. They want direct access to or from local streets and transport. These two types of traffic should be kept apart to avoid conflict and confusion. In some large stations such as Grand Central Terminal in New York City, commuter and intercity trains arrive and depart on different levels. In smaller stations, distinct platforms should be used and traffic routed so that the two lines of movement do not cross. In some instances, separate stations are in use. Clear and concise direction and routing signs and other means of merging are desirable.

① slowly
② apart
③ distinct
④ separate
⑤ merging

3. 밑줄 친 단어 중 문맥상 적절하지 않은 것을 고르시오.

Most performance lighting is made up of a number of different looks which we have called lighting states. Each lighting cue initiates a change to a new state. Like actors, lighting cues usually need a justification. This might be something very obvious such as a cue required to brighten a room setting when an actor turns on a light switch or the rapid increase in intensity at the end of a dance number in a traditional musical (known as a button cue). At other times we will need a cue to provide a subtle change in atmosphere over a number of minutes, prevented perhaps by the mention of a sunset or the intention to slowly change the feel of the performance from normal to threatening.

① states
② initiates
③ justification
④ brighten
⑤ prevented

4. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 단어들 중 문맥상 적절하지 않은 것을 고르시오.

Rooms have their own characteristics because they impose their own qualities on audio signals contained within them. It’s actually kind of astonishing. Sound such as music coming from headphones will sound the same everywhere. No matter what acoustical environment we are in, the headphones sound the same. That’s because the room is not part of that playback signal path. But sound such as music from a loudspeaker will sound different in every acoustical environment. Every room where you set up the loudspeaker will cause the sound you hear to be different—sometimes dramatically different; that is because the room is now part of the signal path. Also, in the same room, the loudspeaker will sound different when it is placed in different locations in the room and it will sound different as you move around the room. Similarly, when you are recording a musical instrument, the sound you receive at the microphone will be identical in every room and the recorded sound will sound different as the instrument or the microphone is moved.

① characteristics
② qualities
③ astonishing
④ contained
⑤ identical

5. 다음 영문을 읽고, 밑줄 친 5개의 단어 중 문맥상 쓰임이 가장 적절하지 않은 것을 고르시오.

In a thesis-based doctoral programme, students typically spend a significant amount of time and effort investigating a specific topic. While this deep dive into a particular area allows for thorough exploration and understanding, it can also result in narrowing the focus. As students become deeply absorbed in their research, they may spend less time exploring related fields or acquiring skills outside their immediate area of study. Consequently, this singular focus may restrict the breadth of knowledge and skills developed during the programme, potentially hindering students’ ability to adapt to diverse career paths or address interdisciplinary challenges. Some universities in Europe have recognised the limitations of traditional thesis-based doctoral programmes and have started to implement more structured approaches. These structured programmes often combine research with coursework and training in transferable skills. By incorporating coursework, seminars, workshops and internships into the curriculum, they aim to provide students with a broader skill set and better prepare them for a variety of career paths beyond academia. However, these changes can sometimes weaken students’ opportunities to gain essential expertise in a single area, leaving them less prepared for specialised roles after graduation.

① investigating
② narrowing
③ restrict
④ prepared
⑤ weaken

6. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 5개 단어 중 문맥상 적절하지 않은 것을 고르시오.

Research shows that, by age three, children understand that imaginary objects do not come to life. This is especially evident with respect to everyday objects—children know that even though they imagine a pencil in an empty box, the box will remain empty. However, emotion can sometimes interfere with this understanding, or at least its expression. That is, even though a child knows that monsters are not real, the thought of a monster under a bed might be enough to make a child refuse to go into his room at night. Indeed, research shows that children have a more difficult time demonstrating their understanding of the causal relations between imagination and reality when they are asked to pretend or imagine scary things, like monsters. In one study, preschool children were shown an empty box and were asked to imagine a monster inside. All children admitted that the box was empty. However, when they were left alone with the box they embraced fear and avoidance of it.

① evident
② interfere
③ demonstrating
④ admitted
⑤ embraced

1. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

A first step toward establishing a respectful classroom learning community is acceptance of all ideas and answers—regardless of any obvious errors. Rich mathematical discussions cannot occur if this expectation is not in place. We must remember that wrong answers are often rooted in misconceptions, and unless these ideas are allowed to be brought to the forefront, we cannot help students confront their thinking. Students who are in safe learning environments are willing to risk sharing an incorrect answer with their peers in order to grow mathematically. It is important to model and expect the acceptance of all ideas without derogatory comments. As educators we can model this by recording all answers to be considered without giving any verbal or physical expressions that indicate agreement or disagreement with any answer. The teacher may need to practice having a “blank face.” Students look to teachers as the source of correct answers. Part of building a safe learning community is to shift this source of knowledge to the students, by equipping them to defend the thinking behind their solutions.

① the importance of fostering open-minded classroom discussions
② alternative ways to correct students’ misconceptions in class
③ building a safe environment for mathematical risk-taking
④ the role of teachers in evaluating students’ responses
⑤ benefits of teacher-centered instruction in mathematics

2. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

The usual intercity traveler moves slowly through the station area. The passenger may not be familiar with the routine, have baggage to handle and check or retrieve, have a long wait for connections or delayed trains, and may require information, food, and a comfortable place to sit. Commuters, on the other hand, are familiar with the route through the station, have little or no luggage, and are usually in a hurry. They want direct access to or from local streets and transport. These two types of traffic should be kept separate to avoid conflict and confusion. In some large stations such as Grand Central Terminal in New York City, commuter and intercity trains arrive and depart on different levels. In smaller stations, separate platforms should be used and traffic routed so that the two lines of movement do not cross. In some instances, separate stations are in use. Clear and concise direction and routing signs and other means of channelization are desirable.

① strategies for managing different passenger flows in train stations
② negative effects of poorly designed station layouts on passengers
③ advantages of merging commuter and intercity services in stations
④ challenges intercity travelers face compared to commuters
⑤ importance of clear signage for station navigation only

3. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Most performance lighting is made up of a number of different looks which we have called lighting states. Each lighting cue triggers a change to a new state. Like actors, lighting cues usually need a motivation. This might be something very obvious such as a cue required to brighten a room setting when an actor turns on a light switch or the rapid increase in intensity at the end of a dance number in a traditional musical (known as a button cue). At other times we will need a cue to provide a subtle change in atmosphere over a number of minutes, motivated perhaps by the mention of a sunset or the intention to slowly change the feel of the performance from normal to threatening. The question, ‘What will lighting do for this production?’ needs to be asked for each moment of the production, each dramatic unit or scene, and each transition.

① considerations in designing motivational lighting cues
② the consequences of ignoring lighting states in a performance
③ the importance of motivation in creating lighting states
④ effective techniques for using lighting in stage transitions
⑤ types of lighting equipment used for stage performances

4. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Rooms have their own “sound” because they impose their own characteristics on audio signals contained within them. It’s actually kind of remarkable. Sound such as music coming from headphones will sound the same everywhere. No matter what acoustical environment we are in, the headphones sound the same. That’s because the room is not part of that playback signal path. But sound such as music from a loudspeaker will sound different in every acoustical environment. Every room where you set up the loudspeaker will cause the sound you hear to be different—sometimes dramatically different; that is because the room is now part of the signal path. Also, in the same room, the loudspeaker will sound different when it is placed in different locations in the room and it will sound different as you move around the room. Similarly, when you are recording a musical instrument, the sound you receive at the microphone will be different in every room and the recorded sound will sound different as the instrument or the microphone is moved.

① the influence of room acoustics on audio perception
② the necessity of ideal room conditions for sound quality
③ the impact of different sound equipment on musical experiences
④ the variation in sound due to listener movement
⑤ the importance of room arrangement in recording music

5. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

In a thesis-based doctoral programme, students typically spend a significant amount of time and effort researching a specific topic. While this deep dive into a particular area allows for thorough exploration and understanding, it can also result in narrowing the focus. As students become deeply absorbed in their research, they may spend less time exploring related fields or acquiring skills outside their immediate area of study. Consequently, this singular focus may limit the breadth of knowledge and skills developed during the programme, potentially hindering students’ ability to adapt to diverse career paths or address interdisciplinary challenges. Some universities in Europe have recognised the limitations of traditional thesis-based doctoral programmes and have started to implement more structured approaches. These structured programmes often combine research with coursework and training in transferable skills. By incorporating coursework, seminars, workshops and internships into the curriculum, they aim to provide students with a broader skill set and better prepare them for a variety of career paths beyond academia.

① limitations of traditional doctoral training and emerging alternatives
② the impact of thesis-based research on scientific discoveries
③ benefits of specialization in doctoral programme structures
④ the necessity of interdisciplinary research in academia
⑤ the role of internships in academic skill development

6. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Research shows that, by age three, children understand that imaginary objects do not come to life. This is especially clear with respect to everyday objects—children know that even though they imagine a pencil in an empty box, the box will remain empty. However, emotion can sometimes disrupt this understanding, or at least its expression. That is, even though a child knows that monsters are not real, the thought of a monster under a bed might be enough to make a child refuse to go into his room at night. Indeed, research shows that children have a more difficult time displaying their understanding of the causal relations between imagination and reality when they are asked to pretend or imagine scary things, like monsters. In one study, preschool children were shown an empty box and were asked to imagine a monster inside. All children agreed that the box was empty. However, when they were left alone with the box they exhibited fear and avoidance of it.

① the influence of emotions on children’s perception of imagination and reality
② the reasons children misinterpret the nature of imaginary objects
③ emotional factors underlying children’s understanding of familiar objects
④ effective methods for helping children overcome their fears
⑤ the importance of pretend play in childhood development

1. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약할 때, 빈칸 (A)와 (B)에 공통으로 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말을 고르시오.

Building a truly productive educational environment requires shifting the focus from instant correctness to a deliberate process that encourages (A) and supports intellectual (B).

① vulnerability …… autonomy
② vulnerability …… evolution
③ adaptability …… autonomy
④ adaptability …… cohesion
⑤ compliance …… cohesion

2. 아래 빈칸(____)에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Intercity travel and commuting, while sharing physical spaces, demand ______(A)______ strategies to avoid the ______(B)______ that arises from their differing needs.

① differentiated …… chaos
② differentiated …… intuition
③ unified …… chaos
④ unified …… intuition
⑤ conflicting …… intuition

3. 아래 빈칸(____)에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Performance lighting, while seemingly technical, fundamentally orchestrates transitions that shape the emotional (A) and narrative (B) of a production.

① landscape ...... trajectory
② landscape ...... ornament
③ mechanism ...... trajectory
④ mechanism ...... ornament
⑤ gesture ...... resonance

4. 아래 빈칸(____)에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

The way rooms influence sound reveals that auditory experience is shaped more by (A) than by (B).

① context …… consistency
② context …… isolation
③ tradition …… consistency
④ environment …… tradition
⑤ perception …… isolation

5. 다음 글을 읽고, 빈칸 (A)와 (B)에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 단어를 고르시오.

While thesis-based doctoral programmes immerse students in a single research focus, newer structures in Europe represent a shift toward embracing (A) over (B), recognizing the value of versatility beyond specialized expertise.

① adaptability …… confinement
② adaptability …… uniformity
③ individuality …… confinement
④ individuality …… uniformity
⑤ tradition …… versatility

6. 아래 빈칸(____)에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

In early childhood, the boundary between belief and disbelief becomes blurred when intense feelings make the imagined seem ___(A)___ and the rational seem ___(B)___.

① palpable …… irrelevant
② palpable …… reliable
③ feasible …… irrelevant
④ feasible …… inevitable
⑤ distant …… reliable

1. The underlined phrase "a 'blank face'" in the following passage is closest in meaning to:

A first step toward establishing a respectful classroom learning community is acceptance of all ideas and answers—regardless of any obvious errors. Rich mathematical discussions cannot occur if this expectation is not in place. We must remember that wrong answers are often rooted in misconceptions, and unless these ideas are allowed to be brought to the forefront, we cannot help students confront their thinking. Students who are in safe learning environments are willing to risk sharing an incorrect answer with their peers in order to grow mathematically. It is important to model and expect the acceptance of all ideas without derogatory comments. As educators we can model this by recording all answers to be considered without giving any verbal or physical expressions that indicate agreement or disagreement with any answer. The teacher may need to practice having a “blank face.” Students look to teachers as the source of correct answers. Part of building a safe learning community is to shift this source of knowledge to the students, by equipping them to defend the thinking behind their solutions.

① showing no reaction to any student's answer
② repeatedly encouraging students to share their thoughts
③ pretending to understand incorrect ideas from students
④ analyzing students’ answers while keeping a neutral voice
⑤ offering subtle hints about the correctness of answers

2. 밑줄 친 표현(These two types of traffic should be kept separate to avoid conflict and confusion.)이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

The usual intercity traveler moves slowly through the station area.
The passenger may not be familiar with the routine, have baggage to handle and check or retrieve, have a long wait for connections or delayed trains, and may require information, food, and a comfortable place to sit.
Commuters, on the other hand, are familiar with the route through the station, have little or no luggage, and are usually in a hurry.
They want direct access to or from local streets and transport.
These two types of traffic should be kept separate to avoid conflict and confusion.
In some large stations such as Grand Central Terminal in New York City, commuter and intercity trains arrive and depart on different levels.
In smaller stations, separate platforms should be used and traffic routed so that the two lines of movement do not cross.
In some instances, separate stations are in use.
Clear and concise direction and routing signs and other means of channelization are desirable.

① giving intercity and commuter travelers independent movement paths
② encouraging passengers to wait together for connecting trains
③ making all travelers use the same platform regardless of type
④ prioritizing commuter convenience over intercity passenger needs
⑤ combining luggage handling for both types of passengers

3. 밑줄 친 표현(Each lighting cue triggers a change to a new state)이 문맥에서 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Most performance lighting is made up of a number of different looks which we have called lighting states. Each lighting cue triggers a change to a new state. Like actors, lighting cues usually need a motivation. This might be something very obvious such as a cue required to brighten a room setting when an actor turns on a light switch or the rapid increase in intensity at the end of a dance number in a traditional musical (known as a button cue). At other times we will need a cue to provide a subtle change in atmosphere over a number of minutes, motivated perhaps by the mention of a sunset or the intention to slowly change the feel of the performance from normal to threatening. The question, ‘What will lighting do for this production?’ needs to be asked for each moment of the production, each dramatic unit or scene, and each transition.

① causing the scene to enter a different lighting environment
② allowing actors to have consistent motivation on stage
③ making each lighting state coexist with one another
④ highlighting the technical aspects of lighting cues
⑤ providing performers with cues for their actions

4. 밑줄 친 표현(“the room is now part of the signal path”)이 문맥상 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Rooms have their own “sound” because they impose their own characteristics on audio signals contained within them. It’s actually kind of remarkable. Sound such as music coming from headphones will sound the same everywhere. No matter what acoustical environment we are in, the headphones sound the same. That’s because the room is not part of that playback signal path. But sound such as music from a loudspeaker will sound different in every acoustical environment. Every room where you set up the loudspeaker will cause the sound you hear to be different—sometimes dramatically different; that is because the room is now part of the signal path. Also, in the same room, the loudspeaker will sound different when it is placed in different locations in the room and it will sound different as you move around the room. Similarly, when you are recording a musical instrument, the sound you receive at the microphone will be different in every room and the recorded sound will sound different as the instrument or the microphone is moved.

① the room influences the way sound from the loudspeaker is heard
② the room completely blocks the original sound from the loudspeaker
③ the loudspeaker can adjust its sound to fit the room’s size
④ the headphones play music regardless of the acoustics of the room
⑤ the microphone records only the direct sound from the instrument

5. 밑줄 친 this singular focus가 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

In a thesis-based doctoral programme, students typically spend a significant amount of time and effort researching a specific topic. While this deep dive into a particular area allows for thorough exploration and understanding, it can also result in narrowing the focus. As students become deeply absorbed in their research, they may spend less time exploring related fields or acquiring skills outside their immediate area of study. Consequently, this singular focus may limit the breadth of knowledge and skills developed during the programme, potentially hindering students’ ability to adapt to diverse career paths or address interdisciplinary challenges.

① concentrating solely on one research area throughout the program
② pursuing a wide range of subjects without a clear direction
③ limiting opportunities to develop diverse skills and knowledge
④ participating in various practical training and seminars
⑤ balancing in-depth research with general coursework

6. In the passage, what does the underlined expression "the thought of a monster under a bed might be enough to make a child refuse to go into his room at night" most likely mean in the context?

Research shows that, by age three, children understand that imaginary objects do not come to life. This is especially clear with respect to everyday objects—children know that even though they imagine a pencil in an empty box, the box will remain empty. However, emotion can sometimes disrupt this understanding, or at least its expression. That is, even though a child knows that monsters are not real, the thought of a monster under a bed might be enough to make a child refuse to go into his room at night. Indeed, research shows that children have a more difficult time displaying their understanding of the causal relations between imagination and reality when they are asked to pretend or imagine scary things, like monsters. In one study, preschool children were shown an empty box and were asked to imagine a monster inside. All children agreed that the box was empty. However, when they were left alone with the box they exhibited fear and avoidance of it.

① a child's fear of imagined monsters can override logical understanding
② a child imagines a monster to make bedtime more exciting
③ even adults may hesitate to enter dark rooms at night
④ imagining an empty box brings comfort to children at night
⑤ a child's refusal reflects belief in the reality of monsters

1. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

A first step toward establishing a respectful classroom learning community is acceptance of all ideas and answers—regardless of any obvious errors. Rich mathematical discussions cannot occur if this expectation is not in place. We must remember that wrong answers are often rooted in misconceptions, and unless these ideas are allowed to be brought to the forefront, we cannot help students confront their thinking. Students who are in safe learning environments are willing to risk sharing an incorrect answer with their peers in order to grow mathematically. It is important to model and expect the acceptance of all ideas without derogatory comments. As educators we can model this by recording all answers to be considered without giving any verbal or physical expressions that indicate agreement or disagreement with any answer. The teacher may need to practice having a “blank face.” Students look to teachers as the source of correct answers. Part of building a safe learning community is to shift this source of knowledge to the students, by equipping them to defend the thinking behind their solutions.

① Creating Safe Spaces: Transforming Students into Mathematical Thinkers
② Accepting Errors: The Only Way to Teach Mathematics
③ Can Acceptance of All Answers Strengthen Classroom Community?
④ Recording Every Answer Matters Most in Math Class
⑤ Teachers Always Have the Right Solution for Students

2. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

The usual intercity traveler moves slowly through the station area. The passenger may not be familiar with the routine, have baggage to handle and check or retrieve, have a long wait for connections or delayed trains, and may require information, food, and a comfortable place to sit. Commuters, on the other hand, are familiar with the route through the station, have little or no luggage, and are usually in a hurry. They want direct access to or from local streets and transport. These two types of traffic should be kept separate to avoid conflict and confusion. In some large stations such as Grand Central Terminal in New York City, commuter and intercity trains arrive and depart on different levels. In smaller stations, separate platforms should be used and traffic routed so that the two lines of movement do not cross. In some instances, separate stations are in use. Clear and concise direction and routing signs and other means of channelization are desirable.

① Keeping Commuters and Intercity Travelers Apart: Why and How?
② The Challenge of Managing Heavy Baggage at Stations
③ Effective Signs Are Essential for Modern Train Stations
④ Distinct Access Routes: An Example from Grand Central
⑤ Improving Comfort for Waiting Passengers at Train Hubs

3. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Most performance lighting is made up of a number of different looks which we have called lighting states. Each lighting cue triggers a change to a new state. Like actors, lighting cues usually need a motivation. This might be something very obvious such as a cue required to brighten a room setting when an actor turns on a light switch or the rapid increase in intensity at the end of a dance number in a traditional musical (known as a button cue). At other times we will need a cue to provide a subtle change in atmosphere over a number of minutes, motivated perhaps by the mention of a sunset or the intention to slowly change the feel of the performance from normal to threatening. The question, ‘What will lighting do for this production?’ needs to be asked for each moment of the production, each dramatic unit or scene, and each transition.

① Lighting Cues: The Art of Motivating Visual Transitions
② Why Subtle Lighting Changes Are Often Overlooked
③ Lighting States: Only About Atmosphere Shifts?
④ The Role of Button Cues in Musicals
⑤ Choosing the Right Props for Stage Realism

4. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Rooms have their own “sound” because they impose their own characteristics on audio signals contained within them. It’s actually kind of remarkable. Sound such as music coming from headphones will sound the same everywhere. No matter what acoustical environment we are in, the headphones sound the same. That’s because the room is not part of that playback signal path. But sound such as music from a loudspeaker will sound different in every acoustical environment. Every room where you set up the loudspeaker will cause the sound you hear to be different—sometimes dramatically different; that is because the room is now part of the signal path. Also, in the same room, the loudspeaker will sound different when it is placed in different locations in the room and it will sound different as you move around the room. Similarly, when you are recording a musical instrument, the sound you receive at the microphone will be different in every room and the recorded sound will sound different as the instrument or the microphone is moved.

① How Rooms Shape the Sounds We Hear
② Loudspeakers: Consistent Quality in Any Environment?
③ Headphones: The Solution to Room Acoustics?
④ The Impact of Microphone Placement on Sound Clarity
⑤ Why Headphones Outperform Speakers in Sound Uniformity

5. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

In a thesis-based doctoral programme, students typically spend a significant amount of time and effort researching a specific topic. While this deep dive into a particular area allows for thorough exploration and understanding, it can also result in narrowing the focus. As students become deeply absorbed in their research, they may spend less time exploring related fields or acquiring skills outside their immediate area of study. Consequently, this singular focus may limit the breadth of knowledge and skills developed during the programme, potentially hindering students’ ability to adapt to diverse career paths or address interdisciplinary challenges. Some universities in Europe have recognised the limitations of traditional thesis-based doctoral programmes and have started to implement more structured approaches. These structured programmes often combine research with coursework and training in transferable skills. By incorporating coursework, seminars, workshops and internships into the curriculum, they aim to provide students with a broader skill set and better prepare them for a variety of career paths beyond academia.

① Beyond the Thesis: Rethinking Doctoral Education for Broader Skills
② Why Thesis-Based PhDs Excel in Specialized Research
③ The Limits of Focusing Only on Research in Doctoral Study
④ European Universities’ Approach to Internships in PhD Programmes
⑤ Replacing Research with Coursework: The New Academic Trend

6. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Research shows that, by age three, children understand that imaginary objects do not come to life. This is especially clear with respect to everyday objects—children know that even though they imagine a pencil in an empty box, the box will remain empty. However, emotion can sometimes disrupt this understanding, or at least its expression. That is, even though a child knows that monsters are not real, the thought of a monster under a bed might be enough to make a child refuse to go into his room at night. Indeed, research shows that children have a more difficult time displaying their understanding of the causal relations between imagination and reality when they are asked to pretend or imagine scary things, like monsters. In one study, preschool children were shown an empty box and were asked to imagine a monster inside. All children agreed that the box was empty. However, when they were left alone with the box they exhibited fear and avoidance of it.

① When Imagination and Emotion Clash in Young Minds
② The Power of Monsters in Teaching Creativity
③ How Children Understand Reality Versus Pretend Play
④ Monsters: The Hidden Cause of Childhood Fears
⑤ Imaginary Objects: Why Children Fear the Unknown