1. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 틀린 것은?

When ① considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true? People need to develop a more accurate perspective by ② relying solely on facts to form their opinions. Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports. But this internal filter can easily create the impression that violent acts ③ is occurring with increasing frequency. The truth of the matter is that they are less common now than in the past; in fact, the murder rate in the United States ④ has declined by almost 50 percent over the past 30 years. So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs ⑤ based on accurate information?”

① ① considering
② ② relying
③ ③ is occurring
④ ④ has declined
⑤ ⑤ based

2. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided ① to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures ② that were beyond their own experiences. Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way ③ drawing accurate conclusions about the society being observed. Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people ④ to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis, ⑤ which made her work especially significant.

① to flip
② that were
③ drawing
④ to accurately predict
⑤ which

3. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of ① extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes ② to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them ③ exploring different ideas without restraint. Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas. The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems ④ to measure progress. All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and ⑤ fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products.

① extensive employee autonomy
② to create
③ exploring
④ to measure
⑤ fit into

4. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — ① gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions ② are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?). In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts ③ were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as ④ correlating with a recognizable emotion. This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, ⑤ suggesting that our feelings are difficult to fake.

① gave
② are decipherable
③ were recorded
④ correlating
⑤ suggesting

5. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens ① that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase ② being marked on a blockchain. However, as there are currently no regulations ③ governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and ④ putting that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.” This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to ⑤ using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license.

① that are purchased and sold online
② being marked
③ governing
④ putting
⑤ using

6. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

The Ptolemaic System, ① devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, ② revolves around Earth in this system. According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres ③ which have their own particular rotations. The celestial sphere, ④ which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and ⑤ wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later.

① ① devised
② ② revolves
③ ③ which
④ ④ which is
⑤ ⑤ wasn’t overturned

7. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for ① defying tradition. He experimented with ② playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures. He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly ③ be called “music.” That piece is 4’33”, so named because it ④ lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds. For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists ⑤ produces a single note. The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of “silence,” the audience would find that there was not silence at all; they would become aware of the ambient sounds around them that would typically be ignored. Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation.

① ① defying tradition
② ② playing
③ ③ be called
④ ④ lasts
⑤ ⑤ produces

8. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

“Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly…” Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts ① have shifted so often over time. Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has ② been applied to the good. But are these terms this simple? Why must “ugly” ③ has a negative connotation? After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time ④ accomplishing. By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they ⑤ view the piece. They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is a key characteristic of compelling art anyway.

① have shifted
② been applied
③ has
④ accomplishing
⑤ view

9. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

That which is forgotten is not always lost. Research shows that memories remain stored even if we can’t readily retrieve them. Take the brain activity of numerous university students ① who were observed during memory formation and recall. When students were asked to remember as much as they could about a list of words they’d been given earlier in the study, fMRI scans showed that the brain activity throughout recall ② was the same as in the course of the learning process. Even when students had forgotten most of what they had learned, the original neurological patterns were still picked up, illustrating that the memories were still there despite ③ being unattainable. Much is still unclear regarding how long memories persist, but evidence like this has shown that it might be longer than we think. Therefore, it would not be wrong to say that memories are just archived in the less accessible parts of our brains ④ are less accessible.

① ① who were observed
② ② was
③ ③ being unattainable
④ ④ are
⑤ ⑤ has shown

10. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

Assistive technologies allow disabled individuals to perform an array of tasks without the aid of another person, thereby ① increasing their level of independence. Although recent developments have improved the functionality of assistive technologies, the corresponding increase in complexity necessitates that sufficient training ② be offered to the people with disabilities who will use them. While some devices can be easily incorporated into a person’s life with a minimum of instruction, others are more sophisticated and require a significant amount of knowledge to ③ being utilized effectively. In fact, a number of studies have shown that people who avoid new assistive technologies report feeling intimidated by the complex interfaces and many optional features, which leads them to believe that they are unqualified to operate them. Fortunately, individuals who are provided with access to ongoing support have an increased likelihood of ④ overcoming this barrier and ⑤ integrating new assistive technologies into their day-to-day routine, greatly enhancing the overall quality of their life.

① increasing
② be offered
③ being utilized
④ overcoming
⑤ integrating

11. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

In Adam Smith’s 1759 work The Theory of Moral Sentiments, he posited that, although everyone is driven to a certain extent by self-interest and personal passions, we act in accordance with others’ expectations. As members of society, we are keenly aware of what behaviors are considered objectionable to the majority and what ① are not based on the reactions we receive or witness. Because we have a natural ability ② to empathize and want others to see us as morally accountable, we are taught that we must do what is perceived as the right thing. To help us determine whether we are doing the right thing, Smith suggested that we each ③ have a conscience that informs us of how our behavior will be interpreted. This “impartial spectator,” as he called it, prevents us from ④ being overly interested in our own affairs and causes us ⑤ do things that are worthy of society’s praise rather than its reproach.

① are not
② to empathize
③ have
④ being
⑤ do

12. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

In a study on hidden anger, researchers observed that certain unintended behaviors often ① come forward. One group of them consists of repetitive physical acts, such as facial tics and spasmodic foot movements. They may also include uncontrollable behaviors such as poor sleeping habits, jaw clenching, and teeth grinding, which others may notice but not associate with anger. Other behaviors are deliberate but not directly linked to anger, and these may ② be expressed as procrastination, habitual lateness, excessive politeness, or inappropriate sarcasm and flippancy in conversation. Whatever the case, these behaviors are often ③ attributed to harmless personality flaws or eccentricities. Few if any people ever ④ associates them with deeper issues that might have been provoked by anger. One group of them ⑤ consists of repetitive physical acts, such as facial tics and spasmodic foot movements.

① come
② be expressed
③ attributed
④ associates
⑤ consists

13. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

In his 1935 essay “The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction,” Walter Benjamin contended that the aura of original art ① had disappeared in the modern age as a result of new forms of replicable media technology. For Benjamin, art possessed an aura ② that was derived from its physical uniqueness. Making a copy, as one might do with a photograph or a film, he argued, removed the artwork from its original context, ③ destroying its authenticity. The destruction of the vital force that gives art its individuality — its spirit — ④ altered the effect of art on viewers. Before the age of mechanical reproduction, viewing an image or an object required one to be in the presence of the original piece, allowing for a more personal experience. By producing copies and making it possible for many people to see the work simultaneously, however, a viewer ⑤ were no longer fully absorbed in it because the individual connection was eliminated. Instead, the viewers, “the distracted mass,” collectively absorbed the art.

① had disappeared
② that was derived
③ destroying
④ altered
⑤ were no longer

14. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

The scientific method is based on the principle of ① methodological naturalism. Proponents of this approach to providing explanations about the universe assert that truths can only be realized by ② studying natural events and phenomena. In particular, they prefer that the objects of scientific research ③ is tangible so that it is absolutely clear that they are real and not imagined. The philosophy behind this strategy is that natural things in the physical world can be tested and experimented on, whereas theories about other potential causes for events ④ cannot. Essentially, methodological naturalism embraces the skepticism of the phrase “seeing is believing.” In other words, it does not allow for belief or emotion ⑤ to be considered. This requirement has formed an essential part of the scientific method since the Enlightenment, when logic and reason began to replace old worldviews.

① ① methodological naturalism
② ② studying
③ ③ is
④ ④ cannot
⑤ ⑤ to be considered

15. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

According to statistics, millennials watch far less television than older generations. The average American over 65 ① watches almost four and a half hours of television a day; the average millennial, meanwhile, watches just two. Furthermore, the amount of television millennials watch ② has declined in the last two decades, while older generations are watching more. Several factors may explain this disparity, the most prominent of ③ them is the Internet. While older generations still rely on television for most of their entertainment and news, millennials prefer to consume both online. Still, a relatively new technological trend could be bringing millennials back to television, but via other media. A recent study has shown that 9 percent more millennials stream online videos than ④ watch television, a trend that ⑤ shows no signs of slowing. As a form of television watching, streaming differs considerably from the analogue viewing style of older generations, but it nonetheless reveals that this younger generation hasn’t entirely abandoned the medium.

① watches
② has declined
③ them is
④ watch
⑤ shows

16. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

In 1794, the English chemist and physicist John Dalton published an academic article ① that included the first description of colorblindness. In it, he provided a summary of his research regarding red-green colorblindness, which is now known to be caused by a problem with the light-sensitive cells called cones ② that are found in the retina of the human eye. Typically, a person has three sets of fully functional cones — each responds to different light wavelengths, ③ enabling the eye to perceive the three primary colors. However, in some cases, the cells that detect either red or green ④ is less sensitive than normal or are missing altogether. Regardless of which of these types of cones are deficient, the end result for the affected individual is the same. It becomes difficult or even impossible to distinguish between these two colors. This form of colorblindness is usually genetic, but it can also result from physical damage to the eye or even old age.

① that included
② that are found
③ enabling
④ is less sensitive
⑤ to distinguish

17. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

In search of a new, more effective strategy to reduce bullying at schools, Princeton University psychologist Betsy Levy Paluck and her research team turned to students themselves or, more specifically, students ① who were identified by their classmates as trendsetters, team leaders, and peer role models — known in scientific terms as “social referents.” According to social psychology theory, individuals learn what is desirable by observing other people’s behavior and seeing ② what is rewarded or punished. Social referents, Paluck said, might play a significant role in shaping ③ what are considered acceptable behavior. With that in mind, Paluck and her team worked with schools across New Jersey in the 2012–2013 school year and ④ staged bullying intervention programs at half of them. In these intervention programs, student social referents — students with the most connections to other students — ⑤ were coached to spread anti-conflict messages. At the end of the year, it was found that schools where the intervention programs had taken place reported less violence and more diplomacy among students, demonstrating how powerful peer modeling can be.

① who were identified by their classmates as trendsetters, team leaders, and peer role models
② what is rewarded or punished
③ what are considered acceptable behavior
④ staged bullying intervention programs at half of them
⑤ were coached to spread anti-conflict messages