1. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 틀린 것은?

When considering the current state of society, many individuals ① think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true? People need ② to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. Of course, it is a natural human instinct ③ focusing on frightening events. This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports. But this internal filter can easily create the impression ④ that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency. The truth of the matter is that they are less common now than in the past; in fact, the murder rate in the United States ⑤ has declined by almost 50 percent over the past 30 years. So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on accurate information?”

① think
② to develop
③ focusing
④ that
⑤ has declined

2. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 틀린 것은?

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes ① to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them ② explore different ideas without restraint. Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas. The key to meaningful innovation ③ is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems ④ to measure progress. All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as ⑤ to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products.

① to create
② explore
③ is
④ to measure
⑤ to set up

3. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 틀린 것은?

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase ① being marked on a blockchain. However, as there are currently no regulations ② governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and ③ putting that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.” This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT ④ created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to ⑤ using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license.

① being marked
② governing
③ putting
④ created
⑤ using

4. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 틀린 것은?

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer ① known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms ② that did not follow established musical structures. He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly ③ be called “music.” That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds. For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists ④ produces a single note. The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of “silence,” the audience would find that there was not silence at all; they would become aware of the ambient sounds around them that would typically be ignored. Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able ⑤ to hear his own blood circulation.

① known
② that
③ be called
④ produces
⑤ to hear

5. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 틀린 것은?

“Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly…” Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts ① have shifted so often over time. Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” ② has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has been applied to the good. But are these terms this simple? Why must “ugly” ③ have a negative connotation? After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them ④ think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time ⑤ accomplishing.

① have shifted
② has denoted
③ have
④ think
⑤ accomplishing

6. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 틀린 것은?

In Adam Smith’s 1759 work The Theory of Moral Sentiments, he posited that, although everyone ① is driven to a certain extent by self-interest and personal passions, we act in accordance with others’ expectations. As members of society, we are keenly aware of what behaviors ② are considered objectionable to the majority and what are not based on the reactions we receive or witness. Because we have a natural ability ③ empathizing and want others to see us as morally accountable, we are taught that we must do what is perceived as the right thing. To help us determine whether we are doing the right thing, Smith suggested that we each have a conscience ④ that informs us of how our behavior will be interpreted. This “impartial spectator,” as he called it, prevents us from being overly interested in our own affairs and causes us ⑤ to do things that are worthy of society’s praise rather than its reproach.

① is driven
② are considered
③ empathizing
④ that informs
⑤ to do

7. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 틀린 것은?

In a study on hidden anger, researchers observed that certain unintended behaviors often ① come forward. One group of them ② consists of repetitive physical acts, such as facial tics and spasmodic foot movements. They may also include uncontrollable behaviors such as poor sleeping habits, jaw clenching, and teeth grinding, which others may notice but not ③ associate with anger. Other behaviors are deliberate but not directly linked to anger, and these may ④ expressed as procrastination, habitual lateness, excessive politeness, or inappropriate sarcasm and flippancy in conversation. Whatever the case, these behaviors are often attributed to harmless personality flaws or eccentricities, and few if any people ever ⑤ associate them with deeper issues that might have been provoked by anger.

① come
② consists
③ associate
④ expressed
⑤ associate

8. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 틀린 것은?

In his 1935 essay “The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction,” Walter Benjamin contended that the aura of original art had disappeared in the modern age as a result of new forms of replicable media technology. For Benjamin, art ① possessed an aura that was derived from its physical uniqueness. Making a copy, as one might do with a photograph or a film, he argued, ② removed the artwork from its original context, destroying its authenticity. The destruction of the vital force that gives art its individuality — its spirit — altered the effect of art on viewers. Before the age of mechanical reproduction, viewing an image or an object required one ③ to being in the presence of the original piece, allowing for a more personal experience. By producing copies and making it possible for many people to see the work simultaneously, however, a viewer could no longer be fully absorbed in it because the individual connection was eliminated. Instead, the viewers, “the distracted mass,” collectively ④ absorbed the art, which ⑤ altered the nature of aesthetic experience.

① possessed
② removed
③ to being
④ absorbed
⑤ altered