1. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 가장 적절하지 않은 것은?

When faced with a choice between making a change and keeping things the way they are, there is a natural tendency to ask, "Why rock the boat?" But this predisposition known as the status quo bias can lead to missed opportunities, which is why it is important to break free from its shackles. Imagine you had been working in the same position for years; even if it ① wasn't your dream job, you would likely grow quite comfortable. If one of your close friends suddenly ② recommended you for an important role at his or her company, you might ask yourself, "Why risk the unknown when things are fine now?" While doing nothing may indeed be the safest course of action, it also ③ precludes the possibility of you ④ ending up in a better situation. Caution is important, but don't let a preference for the familiar ⑤ prevent you from improving your life.

① wasn't
② recommended
③ precludes
④ ending
⑤ prevent

2. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 틀린 것을 고르시오.

Most people mistakenly believe that they are less likely to experience negative events than their peers. The underlying cause of this cognitive bias is our inability to accurately evaluate our own abilities in comparison to those of others. We have a natural inclination to overestimate our skills, ① making us feel unrealistically confident about avoiding the hardships others experience. While an overly optimistic mindset can be beneficial in that it results in greater self-esteem, it can also negatively affect your ability to assess risk, ② which may leads to harmful behaviors. If you feel sure that you are going to have a successful career and earn great wealth in the future, you may not worry about running up a large credit card debt buying unnecessary luxuries. Therefore, try to see yourself through others' eyes. It may make you more hesitant, but it can also protect you over the long run.

① making us feel
② which may leads
③ to assess risk
④ buying unnecessary luxuries
⑤ to see yourself

3. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 가장 어색한 것은?

When people join together to take collective action, small groups are better able to further common goals than large ones. This results from the underlying tension between shared and individual interests. One factor is the issue of free riding, ①benefiting from group action without contributing to it. This phenomenon is more pronounced when many people are involved because greater numbers provide greater anonymity. In small groups, though, each person is aware of the contributions made by others, ②and the likelihood of someone not pulling his or her weight is reduced because no one wants to be subject to the negative opinion of the rest of the group. At the same time, all members sense that their individual efforts are necessary for success, ③which provides additional motivation. For those belonging to large groups, the opposite is true: a failure of one person to contribute ④will likely have no noticeable effect, resulting in a lack of incentive to participate. Therefore, as the size of a group increases, each member tends to feel that personal effort ⑤are less important to the achievement of shared goals.

① benefiting
② and
③ which
④ will likely have
⑤ are

4. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 가장 적절한 것은?

While there is no doubt solar energy could be integral to solving the world's energy problems, it's not a magic pill. Solar energy actually has considerable environmental ramifications. Large-scale solar power plants cover vast amounts of land and can therefore impact local wildlife by taking up valuable habitat area. Due to the layout and design of such power plants, the land they occupy ① cannot be simultaneously using for agricultural purposes, and the installation of these facilities can lead to environmental degradation. It's also important to note that the process of manufacturing solar cells ② requires the use of water, which could potentially threaten an area's local supply. Toxic chemicals such as sulfuric acid and acetone ③ is also utilized during this process and could harm people if not handled properly. If these substances ④ are handled carelessly, they may cause serious damage, and this is one reason solar energy ⑤ are not a perfect solution to every energy problem.

① cannot be simultaneously using
② requires
③ is also utilized
④ are handled
⑤ are not

5. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

The comedian Groucho Marx once joked that he wouldn't want to belong to any club that would accept him as a member, the flip side ① being that he would only want to join a club that wouldn't accept him. This weird longing to belong begins young. Most teens only want to be part of one small group of peers: the "cool kids." They go out of their way to get noticed or approved of, and being rejected by the group just motivates them ② to try harder. Of course, as adults, we live in a much more complex world and are part of many more social circles. Yet, interestingly, the need for recognition from people who disregard us often ③ linger. It is important to keep in mind that the toll required to get something does not equate to its merit, so think carefully about who ④ is worth your time and energy and what kinds of approval ⑤ are truly meaningful.

① being
② to try
③ linger
④ is
⑤ are

6. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

When movies are filmed, many sounds are too quiet or unclear for equipment to record them accurately as they take place on set. To address this issue, special sound-effect artists are required. Known as Foley artists, these individuals bring movies to life by looking carefully at camera footage and finding items ① to create sounds that match it. Being a Foley artist requires a lot of creativity because, despite ② seeming as though they are authentic, many sounds are replicated in unusual ways. For instance, the sound of a bird flapping its wings might be produced ③ with a leather wallet. Ultimately, the work of a Foley artist is invaluable as it adds a sense of authenticity and mood to films that would otherwise have to rely mostly on ④ their visuals. In many cases, the effects ⑤ was designed only after the visual scenes had already been edited.

7. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 가장 어색한 것은?

Newton's Three Laws of Motion are the bedrock of physics. Among the three, the third states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. This is something we experience yet rarely notice: all forces come in pairs. If a person is walking, their body exerts a force ①that is downward on the ground. This is something we recognize because we see it and feel it when we walk. Meanwhile, the ground pushes ②with the same upward force. The action-reaction pair represents the symmetry in nature. And one might think that two such forces would offset each other, but interestingly, this only occurs when both forces are ③acting on the same object. In the example above, the force of the person acts on the ground while the force of the ground acts on the person. However, if the person ④stepped on a pillow, the person and ground would exert their force on the pillow, ⑤cancelling the force.

① that is downward
② with the same upward force
③ acting on the same object
④ stepped on a pillow
⑤ cancelling the force

8. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 가장 어색한 것은?

Through selective breeding, offspring can be produced that possess more desirable attributes, including increased size or resistance to disease. However, a side effect of this method is that some plants or animals generated this way inherit unwanted characteristics as well, so the technique is less than perfect. That's where genetically modified organisms (GMOs) come in. Rather than ① artificially selecting the parents of an organism with the hope of offspring exhibiting certain characteristics, genetic modification makes it possible for engineers ② isolating a gene for a specific trait from one living thing, and then insert that same gene into a cell of another. This can be carried out across species and ③ accelerates the development of enhanced organisms. Agriculture is one industry ④ in which this technique is commonly used. Crops are altered to be more resilient and nutritious, ⑤ resulting in cheaper and higher-quality food for consumers.

9. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 가장 적절하지 않은 것은?

Narcissism is far more complicated than simply being vain or having an unwarranted sense of entitlement. While these are certainly symptoms, there is reason to believe that narcissism is actually an internal mechanism for people to deal with shame that stems from issues with self-esteem. Some theorists argue that the projection of strong attitudes by many narcissists is ①an affectation that masks the fact that their self-esteem is actually the opposite from how it is presented. Not wanting to reveal this inner fragility, they do everything they can ②to pretend to be strong and completely justified in their actions. Narcissists are eager to protect themselves from getting too close to others and having their peers ③learn of their weaknesses, so they avoid forming any true relationships, which could actually be an opportunity ④to develop empathy. Although they seem to manipulate others skillfully at first, their uncaring behavior ⑤drive people away in the end.

① an affectation that masks
② to pretend to be
③ learn
④ to develop
⑤ drive

10. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 가장 적절하지 않은 것은?

Freedom of speech is the hallmark of a healthy democratic society. It is particularly championed by those who wish to justify what they say, no matter how unpopular. This is a right of every citizen, but language has the potential to be used as a dangerous tool. Hate speech has the power to plant the seeds of intolerance and hostility that lead to acts of violence. Many advocate the notion that free speech justifies any type of self-expression but this undermines the significance of what it means to speak one's mind that is, what is essential is not that everyone says whatever they want but that everything that is worth ① being said. When free speech is substituted for consequence-free speech, we surrender our morality. Hateful rhetoric is subtle and gaslights vulnerable groups, making them feel less worthy. The way it tears down some people and elevates others ② is proof enough that not every thought needs to be uttered.

① being said
② is
③ those
④ lead
⑤ making

11. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 가장 적절하지 않은 것은?

Ethics consider what is right and wrong, or what is moral and immoral in regards to human behavior or activity. This branch of philosophy can be applied to all manner of situations and questions how matters should be dealt with for the common good. It is no surprise then that the medical field requires ethical oversight since it seems to be advancing so quickly. Bioethics fulfills this role and encompasses ethical issues related to health and biology, from evaluating scientific research to assessing doctor-patient relationships. Controversial issues such as genetic experimentation, organ transplantation, and treating comatose patients all have ethical implications that call for deliberation, and the questions they evoke are often difficult to answer with complete certainty. Medical fees, for instance, are an important point of discussion since the gap between the health of lower-income and higher-income individuals is widening even as more advanced treatment options enter the market. Bioethics reviews how best to help reduce these differences and ensure that more than just the wealthy ①have access to affordable and effective healthcare. In fact, many experts argue that public institutions ②plays a crucial role in making healthcare more equitable, because they can design systems that ③are responsive to the needs of vulnerable populations. Such efforts are especially important in societies where expensive treatments ④have become increasingly common, yet access to them remains deeply unequal. For bioethics to remain relevant, it must continue to ask not only what medicine can do, but also what it ⑤should do.

① have access to affordable and effective healthcare
② plays a crucial role in making healthcare more equitable
③ are responsive to the needs of vulnerable populations
④ have become increasingly common
⑤ should do

12. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 가장 어색한 것은?

Animals have been interacting with human-made technologies for decades, most commonly in behavioral experiments designed to further our understanding of their cognition and in agricultural settings to optimize production. But as digital technology becomes increasingly ubiquitous, we are expanding its reach with the hope of using it to improve their lives. These days, the market is flooded with pet products that allow people to monitor and play with their cats and dogs remotely, and zoos are adopting interactive touchscreens that provide apes the mental stimulation they require. While such innovations may seem harmless, some people are concerned that introducing human-made technologies to other species could make animals ①reliant on them or reduce the relevance of the natural world. Essentially, there is the sense that we may be ②forcing technology on creatures who may not ③benefiting from it.

① reliant
② forcing
③ benefiting
④ reduce
⑤ require

13. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 옳지 않은 것은?

Prior to the French Revolution, French units of measurement had not only gone unchanged for about 1,000 years but also ① varied widely from region to region. Since there were up to 800 different names for units of measurement, many traders used their own measuring devices. This, however, frequently caused conflict and accusation of fraud. To put an end to the confusion and lack of unity the old system caused, Charles Maurice de Talleyrand suggested ② replacing it in the 1790s with a new system based on features in nature. The primary unit of measurement in his proposed system was the meter, which was recorded as ③ being one ten-millionth of the distance from the equator to the North Pole. Now known as the metric system, this was a simpler system of measurement that was developed further through conferences with experts from other European nations. Although it would take roughly 50 years for France to make ④ its use mandatory, its impact is undeniable, as it is used today throughout the majority of the world ⑤ use today throughout the majority of the world.

① varied
② replacing
③ being
④ its
⑤ use today

14. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

As a fruit matures, it undergoes both external and internal changes, from acquiring a sweeter taste to taking on new colors. These alterations are driven by a variety of hormones and signals including the ethylene gas, which hastens the overall process. Each fruit differs in how much ethylene is present during its lifecycle, but it generally follows two patterns during development. Climacteric fruits such as apples, bananas, and pears produce more ethylene overall and experience a sudden increase of the gas during ripening. The burst of ethylene is accompanied by an increased rate of respiration. These fruits are able to ripen even after being harvested, and can be affected by external ethylene, so if a climacteric fruit with lower levels of the gas is placed next to one with higher levels, its ripening will quicken. Non-climacteric fruit do not have a surge in ethylene or respiration and do not ripen once picked, ① relying on the plant for this. Strawberries, cherries, and grapes are examples of fruits that ② ripen in this way. While climacteric fruits continue to mature after harvest, non-climacteric fruits ③ requires remaining attached to the plant in order to complete the ripening process. This distinction ④ helps explain why some fruits can be harvested early and still become sweet, whereas others must stay on the plant until they are fully ripe. In both cases, ethylene ⑤ plays an important role in determining the pace and pattern of fruit development.

① relying
② ripen
③ requires
④ helps
⑤ plays

15. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

Historically, fashion has never really been elevated to the same status as paintings, music, or literature in the art world. This disparity was brought to light at an exhibit at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1983. The display of certain iconic clothing items in the same manner as masterpieces by Rembrandt and Picasso angered many critics who did not feel clothes should be categorized as fine art. This assessment narrows the field of artistry to a box that is outdated and restrictive. It also fails to consider the myriad ways art can be communicated. Fashion, like all art, ① is a manifestation of the society we live in and an expression of the era we are a part of. It can reflect who we are as a person in the same way a painting we admire reveals to us what we find beautiful or moving. Fashion is an industry to be sure, but a creative one that ② takes as much dedication and craftsmanship as any other artistic endeavor. If critics ③ were to judge fashion only by its commercial nature, they ④ ignore the cultural and expressive value it holds. To deny its artistic status ⑤ is to overlook the many forms through which human creativity finds expression.

① is
② takes
③ were to judge
④ ignore
⑤ is

16. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 가장 적절하지 않은 것은?

Those who have moved to America from other economically advanced countries have no doubt puzzled over the strange workings of the US healthcare system. Unlike virtually every other industrialized nation in the world, the American government does not offer a form of publicly managed universal health care, instead ①operating a predominately private system. Under this system, impoverished, disabled, and elderly citizens qualify for some or all of their health care expenses ②to be covered through publicly funded plans. Meanwhile, 68% of citizens rely on private coverage through insurance companies, and another 8% ③lack coverage entirely. Moreover, high deductibles out-of-pocket costs that must be paid in addition to costly monthly premiums before insurance benefits come into effect ④prevents many of those enrolled in private insurance policies from being able to reliably access medical services. According to one analysis, the average individual deductible for Americans is $5,940, a sum that exceeds many people's financial means. For this reason, critics have put forth a number of different models for the legislature to consider ⑤adopting.

① operating
② to be covered
③ lack
④ prevents
⑤ adopting

17. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 틀린 것은?

To determine the role of sleep in spatial learning, an ability that is reliant on the hippocampus, researchers engaged volunteers in an academic sleep experiment that tested how well they could get through a three-dimensional virtual maze. The participants were divided into two groups, both of ① which received training on how to complete the maze; the first group's session occurred at 10:00 am, while the second group's session took place at 10:00 pm. Both groups were tested on what they learned 11 hours after their training, with the second group ② demonstrating what they learned the next day following a night of sleep. It was found that the group that slept before being tested ③ outperformed the first group. Although the members of this group were not faster at completing the task, the decisions they made with regards to their movements through the maze ④ was correct more often. The results of the experiment ultimately suggest sleep ⑤ enhances the processing of spatial information in the hippocampus.

① which received
② demonstrating
③ outperformed
④ was
⑤ enhances

18. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 가장 적절하지 않은 것은?

Anxiety is a form of unwanted time travel. It transports one out of a present that could be cherished into a future that is detested. The English philosopher John Locke stated, "What worries you, masters you." If you focus exclusively on potential negative outcomes, you are in fact experiencing failure in advance. This greatly increases your odds of ① not succeeding in whatever endeavor you have planned. In effect, you become trapped in a negative feedback loop, whereby your concerns lead you to fail, which ② makes you more anxious in the future. To avoid this trap, it is vital to remain fully engaged with the present, as it is after all the only time period that ③ truly exist. The future is a fantasy, and the past is a phantom. The trick is to make the most of today in pursuit of a better tomorrow, whether or not it ④ lives up to our expectations from yesterday. ⑤ Remaining focused on the present helps break the cycle of anxiety.

① not succeeding
② makes
③ truly exist
④ lives up to
⑤ Remaining

19. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 가장 어색한 것을 고르시오.

In the past, using data and statistics in the form of charts and other visualizations was hit or miss, and some presentations were little more than a story without a voice. Over the last decade, however, more and more organizations have attempted to address this issue by turning to data storytelling, a methodology of communicating information that is specially tailored for a specific audience. Instead of just presenting any information about a company or a product, data storytelling ① takes advantage of the wealth of information that is now available to businesses thanks to technology and ② contextualizes it. For instance, the ride-sharing application Uber uses data storytelling to share information such as the number of miles a user has traveled in a year and ③ putting it into perspective in order to show how much value it adds to the user's life. Being told that you've used the service to drive the equivalent of two journeys around Earth is far more compelling and has more of an impact than simply being told how much money you've spent.

① takes
② contextualizes
③ putting
④ adds
⑤ being told

20. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

Majoring in something more "employable" science, math, computer programming, etc. is much more attractive than studying literature. Statistics from universities across the country support this assertion, as the number of students with literature degrees has declined by 25 percent over the past decade and this downward trend is likely to continue. It is important to note, however, that literature is much more than just reading books. It fuels the imagination and encourages critical thinking. It improves communication and builds empathy. All ① are necessary skills to prosper today. Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau has surely made good use of his English degree and there ② must be a good reason that the first American woman in space studied literature alongside physics. Seeing literature only as a form of entertainment, an outdated subject without practical purpose, ③ is far too short-sighted, as it ultimately informs how well we live. If more people ④ recognized its broader value, they would be less likely to dismiss it as impractical. This perspective ⑤ help restore appreciation for literature in modern education.

21. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 옳지 않은 것은?

The most recent ice age reached its peak nearly 21,000 years ago, resulting in much of the northern hemisphere being covered by thick sheets of ice. Although this posed a challenge for Homo sapiens, their large brains made them smart enough to ① endure the harsh environment. One significant advantage was the use of language, which enabled early humans ② sharing information with each other. According to noted anthropologist Brian Fagan, this also gave them "the ability to conceptualize and plan ahead." As a result, they developed into highly adept hunters who were almost always capable of ③ securing sufficient food. Tool-making was also a major factor, as humans could produce a range of useful implements. In addition to weapons such as spears for hunting, they also had needles to sew tight-fitting clothes that ④ protected against the extreme cold. Another important contributor was the creation of effective shelters. Homo sapiens extensively modified caves and other natural formations to make them ⑤ weatherproof.

① endure
② sharing
③ securing
④ protected
⑤ weatherproof

22. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 가장 적절하지 않은 것은?

A geographic information system (GIS) is designed to examine trends and patterns related to positions on Earth's surface. It can be used for a multitude of purposes, from forecasting the weather to researching areas with high criminal activity. But one of the most valuable aspects of GIS is its ability to forecast the spread of a disease across large regions. Researchers in Thailand used this system to anticipate areas at risk of avian flu after an outbreak in 2004. The virus is highly contagious and severely impacted poultry farms, ① causing the deaths of more than 62 million birds either as a direct result of the virus or through forced slaughter and extensive damage to the local and national economies. By ② inputting important information regarding the region, its communities, and cases, scientists were able to gain a better understanding of the disease's potential diffusion patterns so that preventive measures could ③ be put in place. GIS has proven ④ itself useful in predicting risk areas, and the data it provides help authorities respond more effectively. Without such technology, it would have been much harder for researchers to identify where the disease was most likely ⑤ to spread.

23. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 가장 적절하지 않은 것은?

Defense mechanisms are unconscious coping techniques used to reduce the anxiety caused by unpleasant situations. One example of this is displaced aggression, which occurs when a person is angry at someone but chooses a different target to engage in hostile behavior with. Most commonly, the person who initially triggered the anger is in a position of authority and, therefore, ① is immune to retaliation. Displaced aggression is often exhibited by individuals with a narcissistic personality; as they have a high opinion of themselves and lack empathy for others, they are less able to move on from a perceived slight and more willing ② to take their frustrations out on an innocent. Unfortunately, victims of displaced aggression tend to be the vulnerable members of a group. Many cases of workplace bullying can be attributed to this psychological phenomenon because a manager ③ feeling the urge to express anger is more likely to target a subordinate than a superior. If such behavior ④ continues unchecked, it can create an environment in which employees become increasingly anxious and less productive. In this way, what begins as an internal emotional response may eventually affect people who ⑤ has done nothing to deserve such treatment.

24. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

Blindness can cause the unexpected symptom of seeing hallucinatory images. Unlike mental problems such as Alzheimer's disease, this phenomenon is not an indication of cognitive instability. Instead, it occurs because of a decline in the typical load of sensory information the brain is used to ① receiving. As the eyes perceive less, the brain cells become overactive in order to ② fill in missing details. To learn more, neuroscientists scanned the brains of numerous individuals with this condition and discovered that, despite the lack of visual input, the activity in the visual center of their brains ③ remained high. In some cases, there was more activity than in those with regular eyesight. Scientists attribute this outcome to the brain's attempts to ④ generated images from memory rather than passively receive information as it normally would. Furthermore, the images were not static or simple. Patients reported seeing moving parts, people, geometric shapes, and animals, always well-defined and in full color.

① receiving
② fill
③ remained
④ generated
⑤ reported

25. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 가장 적절하지 않은 것을 고르시오.

The construction industry has a significant environmental impact that is often overlooked due to how necessary it is with ever-expanding global populations, just keeping pace with the demand for new construction ① is a challenge in itself. In an effort to combat the damage caused by construction, the desire for sustainability in building practices has never been greater, and terms like "eco-friendly" and "green" ② are becoming commonplace within the industry. However, many consider these terms ③ to be exaggerated buzzwords. While buildings being marketed this way may indeed have a smaller environmental footprint than structures of the past, it is believed that truly sustainable architecture ④ are the exception rather than the rule. Until more architects and builders take care to incorporate eco-friendly practices into every last aspect of the planning and construction processes, we may be a long way from ⑤ reducing the negative effects of the building industry on the planet.

① is
② are becoming
③ to be
④ are
⑤ reducing

26. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

Notwithstanding the immorality of practices such as slavery, the Roman empire was still arguably more progressive with regards to welfare than we are today. The Roman empire was capable of ① systemizing social programs to benefit the entire population. The empire had 44,850 insulae, blocks of communal housing for the poor, which ② held shops and stores on the ground level with private residences above. Other programs included ③ handing out grain and pork once a week, providing free bathhouses and drinking water, and even establishing a form of subsidized healthcare. Although what modern society has inherited from such policies ④ are evident in the systems now in place, it is disappointing how little has been improved upon them. The scientific and cultural foundation we have had privilege to over the centuries should have resulted in progress far beyond the thousand-year-old Roman systems; instead, we have made meager strides and possibly even regressed.

① systemizing
② held
③ handing out
④ are
⑤ regressed

27. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 가장 어색한 것을 고르시오.

The brain works to offset physical changes when they occur. Although neuroscientists used to believe that neurogenesis, the ability to produce new information-processing neurons in the brain, occurred only during development, it is now understood that our brains are flexible and resilient enough to respond to a variety of situations and challenges throughout our lives. This includes ① having to replace non-functioning limbs that result from accidents or disabilities with a tool such as a prosthetic device or a wheelchair. When ② surveying wheelchair-bound participants with debilitating spinal cord injuries for the study, it was found that, rather than ③ viewing devices used to assist with their mobility as external tools, they viewed them as part of themselves. What this means is that the brain adjusts its image of the body ④ to incorporate the wheelchair, allowing those who must use them ⑤ to carry out activities in natural, automatic ways.

28. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 가장 적절하지 않은 것은?

Mannerism, an artistic style that emerged in 16th century Italy, marked a departure from the naturalism of the Renaissance and included a shift to a more philosophical approach to pieces. Rather than ① capturing life-like scenes that featured people as the focal point, mannerist artwork is distinguished by distorted subjects and asymmetry. Bodies are often illustrated with the figura serpentinata or "serpentine figure" in these pieces, ② leaving them with longer limbs, S-shaped forms, and small heads. They are also usually shown in odd and unnatural poses, surrounded by random elements in abnormal settings. These details and components, characterized by artificiality and sophistication, were intended to give the audience an intellectual experience, ③ putting artists on par with poets and scholars since they had mostly been regarded as craftsmen until then. This break from the basic principles of naturalism and classicism, which ④ promotes harmony and balance, could be interpreted as a reflection of the religious and social upheaval that ⑤ occurred during this era.

① capturing
② leaving
③ putting
④ promotes
⑤ occurred

29. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 가장 어색한 것을 고르시오.

The economic landscape and hyper-competitiveness of professional sports put intense constraints on youth athletes who hope to make a career out of their passion. While securing placement on a university team is already a challenge, professional leagues are exponentially more selective. As such, only very small percentages of those who are lucky enough to compete at a collegiate level ① have the abilities to continue on to become top ranked in their respective games, forcing most to transition into other careers once they finish their education. The saying that you shouldn't put all your eggs in one basket is thus a particularly valuable lesson for youth athletes, as they must be willing ② diversifying their prospects in the event that their ambitions do not come to fruition. Doing so will ensure that individuals ③ are adaptable, ④ capable of responding to and succeeding in whatever alternative opportunities may present themselves. ⑤ securing placement on a university team is already a challenge.

① ①
② ②
③ ③
④ ④
⑤ ⑤

30. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

The concept of a network of Internet-enabled devices that controls things remotely is known as the Internet of Things (IoT). Although the applications of IoT may seem more apparent in technology-driven sectors, there are potential uses in agriculture, too. A significant challenge we face as populations rise is our need to produce more food. This is difficult, as farmland is shrinking due to the expansion of cities and environmental damage has decreased the availability of natural resources. As a result, farmers want to maximize their land's productivity. They are, therefore, turning to technologies like IoT. As IoT is still a new concept, most of the benefits so far ① come from the huge amounts of data that sensors placed throughout farms can collect. This information can include the quality of the soil, measurements of temperature and humidity, and even the location of pests. With these details ② provided to them in real time and with minimal effort, farmers are able to do a better job of assessing the needs of their farms and ③ responding accordingly. A significant challenge we face as populations rise is our need to produce more food, which ④ make the efficient use of farmland increasingly important. Farmers who use IoT can gain data that ⑤ help them manage resources more effectively.

31. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 가장 적절하지 않은 것은?

Although volcanic eruptions are most commonly associated with lava and ash fall, one of the most serious dangers actually comes from lahars, floods of flowing water mixed with large amounts of debris. With enough force to sweep large boulders into surrounding valleys at high speeds, and with the potential for several to occur in quick succession, lahars are a major cause of death in volcanic eruptions. Furthermore, because they can travel great distances, even communities located miles away from volcanoes are at risk. Evacuation is the only option for such places and, fortunately, there are sometimes warning signs. If heavy rain is forecast, then the likelihood of a lahar ① increases as intense rainfall can easily erode loose sediment and send it cascading downward into inhabited areas. The chance of lahars on volcanoes typically covered in ice and snow ② is also high as the heat of eruptions can melt it. And with any vegetation and soil ③ being destroyed by the intense heat, there is nothing to slow the water as it engulfs everything in its path. In such circumstances, residents ④ living near river channels should leave immediately because waiting for visible signs ⑤ are extremely dangerous.

① increases
② is
③ being destroyed
④ living
⑤ are

32. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 가장 적절하지 않은 것은?

Whereas the Baroque Period was characterized by elaborate and complex compositions, the Classical Period marked a shift toward simplicity. Rather than ① producing layer upon layer of polyphony, classical composers crafted simple, memorable, "singable" melodies. The melody was often carried in the top line of the music: the soprano voice in a chord or the violin in an orchestra. Below that melody, supporting instruments would expand on the harmony. As part of the movement towards simplicity, there was a relative slowing of harmonic rhythm the pace at ② which chords changed within a piece which ③ was a marked departure from the prior period. In the Baroque era, the harmonic rhythm was quite fast. Often, the chord ④ would change with nearly every beat. In the Classical era, on the other hand, the harmonic rhythm was more relaxed, including a chord change no more than once or twice per measure ⑤ were.

33. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 가장 적절하지 않은 것은?

At its most basic, a contract is a legally binding agreement between two parties. Contract law can be traced back to the Latin principle of pacta sunt servanda ("all pacts must be kept"), although the true development of contract law as we understand it today ① was developed in western Europe as a way to handle disputes between merchants. This meant that, initially, it was created to help parties recover money that ② was promised under an express, or written, agreement. Actions to remedy the violation of informal agreements dealing with other issues only started ③ to be developed in the 15th century. Eventually, an action known as assumpsit ("he has undertaken") was adopted as a form of recovery in the event of the negligent performance of an undertaking. Because this had the potential to encompass many situations, the courts found the need ④ to limit its scope. They therefore devised the principle of "consideration," which stated that a contract could only be binding if an exchange ⑤ was made or promised.

① ①
② ②
③ ③
④ ④
⑤ ⑤

34. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 가장 적절하지 않은 것은?

Not wanting to be labeled a troublemaker or too assertive, many take a passive role in their daily interactions. To determine how such an individual is perceived by others, professor Kaitlin Woolley conducted a study wherein 300 participants ① were presented with a situation about a man ordering ice cream. They were asked to rate three options: he had a weak preference for chocolate, he had a strong preference for maple-bacon, or he had no preference and ② chose a flavor at random. Interestingly, when the man ordered at random, he was seen as the most robotic and ③ least likeable by the participants. Further investigation revealed that lacking a preference ④ harm how one was viewed in their professional life. Subjects were less interested in hiring an applicant who stated they had no favorite food or music as opposed to one who did, despite the fact that there was no difference in the quality of their work. Woolley's research shows that, on the whole, someone who just "goes with the flow" is viewed as both less likeable and less capable.

① were presented
② chose
③ least likeable
④ harm
⑤ is viewed

35. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

When faced with a choice between making a change and keeping things the way they are, there is a natural tendency to ask, "Why rock the boat?" But this predisposition known as the status quo bias can lead to missed opportunities, which is why it is important to break free from its shackles. Imagine you ① have been working in the same position for years; even if it ② was not your dream job, you would likely grow quite comfortable. If one of your close friends suddenly ③ recommended you for an important role at his or her company, you might ask yourself, "Why risk the unknown when things are fine now?" While doing nothing may indeed be the safest course of action, it also ④ precludes the possibility of you ⑤ ending up in a better situation. Caution is important, but don't let a preference for the familiar prevent you from improving your life.

① have been working
② was not
③ recommended
④ precludes
⑤ ending

36. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

Obtaining a bachelor's or master's degree has come to be seen as a prerequisite for achieving professional success and, thereby, financial stability. Given this, most students have a natural response: they apply to universities with the greatest name recognition, major in subjects that will allow them to maximize future earnings, and choose classes based on the ease with which they can obtain high grades. In effect, a degree is viewed as a commodity, and the student's goal is to get the most value at the lowest cost. This poses a significant problem according to noted economist Eamon O'Shea, who argues that something valuable is missed "by ①concentrating only on the market-based economic returns to education." Rather than simply ②providing a ticket to the ball, universities need to reorient themselves to challenge and stimulate young people intellectually so that they can identify their purpose in life and attempt ③fulfilling it; in other words, students need to be encouraged to pursue real happiness. ④Seen from this perspective, higher education should value intellectual growth as much as economic gain, and universities ought to create environments in which students are ⑤inspired to think beyond immediate profit.

37. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 가장 어색한 것은?

There is a widely held belief that humor is primarily a form of escapism in that it relieves stress by allowing people to make light of real-world problems that have a direct impact on their lives. While this is a function of comedy, it can also play a much more important role: it is ① a method to explore social issues in an unconventional way, often providing new insights in the process. Humor can be used to challenge harmful stereotypes about specific groups of people who are in the minority. This is because responding to a joke is a form of social bonding: when humor is centered on presenting the perspective of a marginalized group in a positive manner, it promotes empathy toward people who might otherwise be ignored or even disparaged. In this way, comedy works as a framing mechanism that ② presents controversial issues as shared experiences, ③ allowing people to see beyond their own prejudices.

① a method to explore
② presents
③ allowing
④ ignored
⑤ disparaged

38. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 가장 어색한 것을 고르시오.

The Internet has made art more accessible; it is no longer just the domain of ultra-wealthy collectors. The exposure the Internet affords is naturally good for artists, as it gives them the opportunity to showcase their work without having to hope that a dealer might exhibit it in a gallery first. However, while their work is technically out there for all to see, online art curating is overwhelmed with so much content that the lines between good and bad art have been blurred; it's all just art, available to anyone. In addition, the art community itself has turned into a factory of sorts, with the more original art being produced, the higher the potential for profit. Today, artists can be much more commercially successful when they produce 30 mediocre works every month instead of one carefully crafted work a year because art is now just something to be bought and sold rather than something "priceless" to be treasured for its aesthetic or transcendent qualities.

① has made
② affords
③ having to hope
④ being produced
⑤ to be treasured

39. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

With the purchasing power of wages remaining relatively constant over the last 40 years, more people are struggling to make ends meet. Workers are using their free time to take on second jobs as a way of paying their bills. For these people, flexibility is a key element of a second job so that it doesn't interfere with their primary job. Technology has helped make this possible, allowing people to work during hours of their own choosing as independent contractors who ① fulfill the short-term needs of many companies. The "gig economy" is a relatively new term to describe the prevalence of short-term contract work. New platforms have been developed to facilitate contract hiring, like Uber, which ② allows people to get paid to drive other people around. Numerous websites exist to connect people with short-term jobs in every area imaginable, many of ③ which can be done remotely and without a fixed schedule. This trend has created more opportunities for workers who need extra income, ④ making it easier for them to balancing multiple responsibilities. As a result, short-term contract work has become an increasingly common way for people to supplement their earnings while ⑤ maintaining control over their schedules.

40. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

The development of technologies to track individuals as they use the Internet has proven to be a boon for companies that market their products online. It allows them to create personalized advertisements based on specific data points ranging from age to relationship status to net worth that ① target potential customers. However, increased consumer awareness of the threat this poses to privacy is leading to significant changes in the advertising industry. Of particular note is the gradual transition from an opt-out model of data collection to an opt-in one. Most social media sites and search engines ② collect extensive user information by default. Individuals who want to avoid this must scroll through complicated menus to find the appropriate setting to change. Rising complaints over this practice have led some firms to take action. They now create marketing content that ③ encourage consumers to voluntarily provide personal details. In particular, well-designed quizzes ④ have a high level of consumer engagement and ⑤ result in the collection of data that is of great use in advertising.

41. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

A wolf tone is an unwanted beating or howling sound that is produced when the natural resonating frequency of a stringed instrument's top plate matches a note that is played. Although one might assume that an instrument with a wolf tone is of questionable quality, it's actually the high-quality instruments that ① suffer from it. The reason is quite simple: lower-quality instruments are made of materials that are less resonant. Therefore, they are less likely to create a wolf tone, and if they do, the amplitude is often low enough that it is hardly ② heard. Conversely, higher-quality instruments are extremely resonant and are more apt to support wolf tones that are amplified enough to be ③ noticeably. As ways to reduce the effect also affect the overall sound of the instrument, a balanced method is needed. The goal is to suppress the wolf tone with a minimally invasive solution. This is typically done by attaching a weight to the string below the bridge of the instrument. The placement and mass of the weight must be adjusted to find just the right combination, but if done correctly, the howl of the wolf tone can be ④ tamed.

① suffer from it
② heard
③ noticeably
④ tamed
⑤ are made of

42. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 가장 적절하지 않은 것은?

The popularity of e-commerce, largely driven by our ever-increasing desire for convenience, is only expected to grow on a global scale in the coming years. While a number of factors play into this, including automation and the decline of brick-and-mortar businesses, the growth of emerging markets is also expected to have a notable effect on the future of online sales. Previously, e-commerce penetration in emerging markets lagged behind ① that of major markets like the United States, but due to recent economic growth, it is expected that three billion people from emerging nations ② will have had access to the Internet by 2022. Given that many of these markets are currently untapped with traditional retailers having long dominated commercial activities, e-commerce in these regions understandably ③ has a lot of potential. With so many opportunities now opening up, it is anticipated that new e-commerce brands will appear, and traditional ones will develop online capabilities to stay relevant as the growth of consumer spending over the Internet ④ intensifies. This trend is likely to continue unless major economic disruptions ⑤ occur unexpectedly.

43. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 가장 적절하지 않은 것은?

Of the behaviors that play a central role in maintaining healthy social structures, solidarity — the process of mutual support within a group — is one of the most widely felt. Neighbors often demonstrate this behavior in small ways when they do favors to help out those who live next door. In work settings, virtually no projects or tasks stand to be accomplished unless colleagues embrace collaboration and reciprocal assistance; indeed, many manual labor jobs physically require joint efforts, such as when construction workers must collectively raise a wall. The realm of politics and social activism ① offers maybe one of the most explicit examples yet of the need for and implementation of solidarity. Mass social justice movements are perfect manifestations of this behavior, which ② is demonstrated in the way that people come together to protest oppressive governments or ③ supply food and housing to their fellow citizens during times of economic hardship. All of these cases illustrate how solidarity ④ are a fundamental pillar of life in a community. In this sense, communities ⑤ depend on shared effort to remain stable and humane.

① offers
② is demonstrated
③ supply
④ are
⑤ depend

44. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 가장 적절하지 않은 것은?

With the transition to electric vehicles (EV) now underway, the demand for lithium-ion batteries, the power sources for EV, is skyrocketing, creating a new concern: What will we do with them once they reach the end of their life cycle? Unlike other types of batteries, which are shredded into a powder and then melted or dissolved during the recycling process, lithium-ion batteries are more complicated to get rid of. Disposing of them is harmful as they release heavy metals and other environmental contaminants. The current recycling process for them is expensive and results in low-value products, making it cheaper to mine more lithium than to try to reuse it. However, mining the metals needed to make these batteries requires vast amounts of water, the use of which has been linked to ① declining vegetation, drought, and higher temperatures. While lithium-ion batteries may help ② pave the way to a more sustainable future eventually, it is clear that the environmental challenges they pose must be ③ neutralized. Unlike other batteries, lithium-ion batteries are harder ④ recycling efficiently, and current methods often produce materials that are less valuable than newly mined ones. This economic reality has made manufacturers and policymakers ⑤ reconsider how battery waste should be managed.

45. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 틀린 것을 고르시오.

Unlike most other microorganisms found in freshwater, Naegleria fowleri is fatal to nearly everyone it infects, largely because the infection progresses rapidly and the initial symptoms headache, fever, and vomiting are similar to many other illnesses, making it easy to misdiagnose. Naegleria fowleri thrives in warm water, which means it was once only found in southern regions, but climate change and the ensuing increase in water temperature has caused the bug to make its way northward in recent years, intensifying concerns among those who enjoy recreational activities in lakes and rivers. The good news is that Naegleria fowleri cases are still extremely rare the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has only recorded ① 34 over the past decade. Nonetheless, experts say that people should not let their guard down. As the microorganism is only transmissible when water is inhaled through the nose, at which point it ② travels up the nasal cavity into the brain where it ③ begins to feed on the tissue, remembering ④ to wear a nose clip can provide ⑤ effective protection.

① 34
② travels
③ begins
④ to wear
⑤ effective

46. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것을 고르시오.

Modern society has become increasingly complex, with many measures in place to prioritize the welfare of citizens and encourage progress. However, as a result of such safeguards, of the expectation that we will be protected by authorities from any and all potential threats, it can be argued that we live in a "culture of fear." This means that our perception of danger has increased, even if the actual level of risk has not, providing an explanation for why many problems in society ① develop into full-blown crises that policy makers may be limited in their ability to get under control. Part of the difficulty in managing such crises ② have to do with the fact that they are frequently subjective. What may seem entirely innocent to some members of society can be interpreted by others as wrong, leading to the situation ③ getting out of hand. In such circumstances, issues that ④ appear minor at first can quickly become matters that authorities find difficult ⑤ to contain.

① develop
② have to do
③ getting
④ appear
⑤ to contain

47. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

Some parents become anxious when faced with having to deal with their child's emotional needs. Because of their nervousness, they may be unable or unwilling to respond to their child in a comforting way, which may cause them to ignore their child, become angry, or shame them for any emotional displays. This reaction teaches the child that they cannot rely on their parents for emotional support, and they develop an avoidant attachment. Knowing that being emotional will be poorly received, the child learns to hold their feelings back. Although they still experience sadness and other emotions, they teach themselves that these feelings do not matter and find ways to comfort themselves that do not involve going to their parents. This tendency to self-soothe carries over into adulthood. Because people with avoidant attachment have learned to rely on themselves, they may be uncomfortable with ① receiving emotional support from others or ② discussing their struggles, which can make ③ it difficult for them to form close relationships. Some of them ④ has learned to avoid emotional dependence altogether, and this pattern may continue unless it is consciously addressed. As a result, they often appear independent even when they ⑤ inwardly desire connection.

48. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 가장 적절하지 않은 것은?

The 1993 Pulitzer Prize-winning photo "The Vulture and the Little Girl" was taken by photojournalist Kevin Carter in Sudan. The famous picture shows a famine-stricken child collapsed on the ground as a vulture looks on in the background. The photo elicited a lot of raw emotion when it was published in The New York Times. There was, of course, concern for the starving child, but there was also rage directed at Carter, who many considered ①heartless for not helping. Carter did shoo the vulture away after ②snapping the picture, and the child, who had been crawling to a UN feeding center, eventually did make it there, according to reports. Nonetheless, Carter was bombarded with questions like "Why didn't you help ③more?" The backlash was incessant. This is a prime example of the high psychological toll of ④being a photojournalist. Not only is the occupation dangerous with many photojournalists going headfirst into wars and natural disasters but there is constant reproach from the public, who expect much more from the person behind the camera than ⑤objective.

① heartless
② snapping
③ more
④ being
⑤ objective

49. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 옳지 않은 것은?

Once ranked among the top in the world, the US educational system had, by the year 2000, begun to fall behind other nations. To improve its ranking and make students more competitive, educational reforms such as the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) were introduced in 2001. The purpose of the legislation was to improve standards and hold schools accountable for underperforming students. In this way, students of every race, background, and economic status would become adequately prepared for college and a career. When the law was put into practice, however, a number of challenges emerged. Among these ① were difficulties ensuring a consistent application of standards and compliance from different states. Eventually, NCLB was replaced in 2015 with the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA). Though still imperfect in its implementation, ESSA has provided schools with more flexibility in both the standards they use and ② how they measure performance. Supporters argue that this flexibility has helped states develop systems that are more responsive to local needs, while critics claim that too much freedom ③ weaken accountability. Even so, many educators believe that policies like ESSA are more practical than earlier reforms that ④ attempted to impose uniform rules on every school. As debates continue, it remains clear that improving education requires laws that are not only ambitious but also ⑤ adaptable to different circumstances.

① were
② how
③ weaken
④ attempted
⑤ adaptable

50. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 틀린 것을 고르시오.

Medical software is a booming business, with health tech firms rushing to provide hospitals and doctors with AI programs that can carry out a range of diagnostic tasks. Partly, this promotion of medical technology is an attempt to relieve some of the pressure on health care workers and services. It is also an example of "technological solutionism," the widespread notion that all of society's problems ① can be solved with the invention of a new form of technology. But there are various problems with this approach, including that these programs are not infallible and often reflect the biases of those who develop them, ② putting certain categories of patients at risk. This issue is also exacerbated by the fact that the internal processes of these programs ③ are hidden from everyone but programmers. Many insurance firms that utilize algorithmic assessment programs admit that there is no way to find out how a program reached a conclusion, but they are nonetheless obligated to ④ following it. The lack of accountability and the biases it could propagate must be addressed before these programs are more widely ⑤ utilized.

① can be solved
② putting
③ are hidden
④ following
⑤ utilized

51. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 가장 적절하지 않은 것을 고르시오.

In winter, it is not an uncommon sight to see hundreds or thousands of starlings swooping and swirling as they fly in a coordinated pattern called a murmuration. How the birds are able to form such a cohesive whole as a group composed of so many individual members ① has long been a subject of interest for scientists, but a study by George F. Young and his team may finally provide an explanation. By carefully examining video footage, they found that individual starlings pay attention to a fixed number of their flying neighbors seven to be exact so that they can predict their movements and ② carries them out themselves, reacting with both incredible speed and precision. According to Young, focusing on these other birds and nothing else ③ allows starlings to maintain the delicate balance between not knowing where or how the group will fly and moving with the group without crashing into others or flying out of the flock. Within this rule of seven, the subgroups ④ combine to form the larger system, the murmuration. This explanation ⑤ helps scientists better understand how complex group behavior can emerge from simple individual rules.

① ①
② ②
③ ③
④ ④
⑤ ⑤

1. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것은?

When faced with a choice between making a change and keeping things the way they are, there is a natural tendency to ask, "Why rock the boat?" But this predisposition known as the status quo bias can lead to missed opportunities, which is why it is important to break free from its shackles.

(A) While doing nothing may indeed be the safest course of action, it also precludes the possibility of you ending up in a better situation. Caution is important, but don't let a preference for the familiar prevent you from improving your life.

(B) Imagine you had been working in the same position for years; even if it wasn't your dream job, you would likely grow quite comfortable.

(C) If one of your close friends suddenly recommended you for an important role at his or her company, you might ask yourself, "Why risk the unknown when things are fine now?"

① (A) - (B) - (C)
② (B) - (A) - (C)
③ (B) - (C) - (A)
④ (C) - (A) - (B)
⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)

2. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Most people mistakenly believe that they are less likely to experience negative events than their peers.

(A) While an overly optimistic mindset can be beneficial in that it results in greater self-esteem, it can also negatively affect your ability to assess risk, which may lead to harmful behaviors.

(B) Therefore, try to see yourself through others' eyes. It may make you more hesitant, but it can also protect you over the long run.

(C) The underlying cause of this cognitive bias is our inability to accurately evaluate our own abilities in comparison to those of others. We have a natural inclination to overestimate our skills, making us feel unrealistically confident about avoiding the hardships others experience. If you feel sure that you are going to have a successful career and earn great wealth in the future, you may not worry about running up a large credit card debt buying unnecessary luxuries.

① (A) - (C) - (B)
② (B) - (A) - (C)
③ (C) - (A) - (B)
④ (C) - (B) - (A)
⑤ (A) - (B) - (C)

3. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것은?

When people join together to take collective action, small groups are better able to further common goals than large ones. This results from the underlying tension between shared and individual interests.

(A) At the same time, all members sense that their individual efforts are necessary for success, which provides additional motivation. For those belonging to large groups, the opposite is true: a failure of one person to contribute will likely have no noticeable effect, resulting in a lack of incentive to participate.

(B) In small groups, though, each person is aware of the contributions made by others, so the likelihood of someone not pulling his or her weight is reduced because no one wants to be subject to the negative opinion of the rest of the group.

(C) One factor is the issue of free riding, benefiting from group action without contributing to it. This phenomenon is more pronounced when many people are involved because greater numbers provide greater anonymity.

① (A) - (B) - (C)
② (A) - (C) - (B)
③ (B) - (A) - (C)
④ (C) - (B) - (A)
⑤ (C) - (A) - (B)

4. 다음 글에 이어질 내용의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

While there is no doubt solar energy could be integral to solving the world's energy problems, it's not a magic pill. (A) It's also important to note that the process of manufacturing solar cells requires the use of water, which could potentially threaten an area's local supply. (B) Solar energy actually has considerable environmental ramifications. Large-scale solar power plants cover vast amounts of land and can therefore impact local wildlife by taking up valuable habitat area. (C) Due to the layout and design of such power plants, the land they occupy cannot be simultaneously used for agricultural purposes, and the installation of these facilities can lead to environmental degradation. Toxic chemicals such as sulfuric acid and acetone are also utilized during this process and could harm people if not handled properly.

① (A) - (C) - (B)
② (B) - (C) - (A)
③ (B) - (A) - (C)
④ (C) - (B) - (A)
⑤ (C) - (A) - (B)

5. 다음 글에 이어질 내용의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

The comedian Groucho Marx once joked that he wouldn't want to belong to any club that would accept him as a member the flip side being that he would only want to join a club that wouldn't accept him.

(A) Of course, as adults, we live in a much more complex world and are part of many more social circles. Yet, interestingly, the need for recognition from people who disregard us often lingers.

(B) This weird longing to belong begins young. Most teens only want to be part of one small group of peers: the "cool kids." They go out of their way to get noticed or approved of, and being rejected by the group just motivates them to try harder.

(C) It is important to keep in mind that the toll required to get something does not equate to its merit, so think carefully about who is worth your time and energy.

① (A)－(B)－(C)
② (A)－(C)－(B)
③ (B)－(A)－(C)
④ (B)－(C)－(A)
⑤ (C)－(A)－(B)

6. 다음 글에 이어질 내용의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

When movies are filmed, many sounds are too quiet or unclear for equipment to record them accurately as they take place on set.

(A) Ultimately, the work of a Foley artist is invaluable as it adds a sense of authenticity and mood to films that would otherwise have to rely mostly on their visuals.
(B) To address this issue, special sound-effect artists are required. Known as Foley artists, these individuals bring movies to life by looking carefully at camera footage and finding items to create sounds that match it.
(C) Being a Foley artist requires a lot of creativity because, despite seeming as though they are authentic, many sounds are replicated in unusual ways. For instance, the sound of a bird flapping its wings might be produced with a leather wallet.

① (A) - (B) - (C)
② (A) - (C) - (B)
③ (B) - (A) - (C)
④ (B) - (C) - (A)
⑤ (C) - (A) - (B)

7. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Newton's Three Laws of Motion are the bedrock of physics. Among the three, the third states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

(A) The action-reaction pair represents the symmetry in nature. And one might think that two such forces would offset each other, but interestingly, this only occurs when both forces are acting on the same object.

(B) Meanwhile, the ground pushes the same upward force. If a person is walking, their body exerts a force that is downwards on the ground. This is something we recognize because we see it and feel it when we walk.

(C) In the example above, the force of the person acts on the ground while the force of the ground acts on the person. However, if the person stepped on a pillow, the person and ground would exert their force on the pillow, cancelling the force.

① (A) - (B) - (C)
② (B) - (A) - (C)
③ (B) - (C) - (A)
④ (C) - (A) - (B)
⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)

8. 다음 글에 이어질 내용의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Through selective breeding, offspring can be produced that possess more desirable attributes, including increased size or resistance to disease. However, a side effect of this method is that some plants or animals generated this way inherit unwanted characteristics as well, so the technique is less than perfect.

(A) Agriculture is one industry in which this technique is commonly used. Crops are altered to be more resilient and nutritious, resulting in cheaper and higher-quality food for consumers.
(B) Rather than artificially selecting the parents of an organism with the hope of offspring exhibiting certain characteristics, genetic modification makes it possible for engineers to isolate a gene for a specific trait from one living thing, and then insert that same gene into a cell of another.
(C) That's where genetically modified organisms (GMOs) come in. This can be carried out across species and accelerates the development of enhanced organisms.

① (A) - (B) - (C)
② (A) - (C) - (B)
③ (B) - (C) - (A)
④ (C) - (B) - (A)
⑤ (C) - (A) - (B)

9. 다음 글에 이어질 내용의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Narcissism is far more complicated than simply being vain or having an unwarranted sense of entitlement. While these are certainly symptoms, there is reason to believe that narcissism is actually an internal mechanism for people to deal with shame that stems from issues with self-esteem.

(A) Narcissists are eager to protect themselves from getting too close to others and having their peers learn of their weaknesses, so they avoid forming any true relationships, which could actually be an opportunity to develop empathy.
(B) Although they seem to manipulate others skillfully at first, their uncaring behavior drives people away in the end.
(C) Some theorists argue that the projection of strong attitudes by many narcissists is an affectation that masks the fact that their self-esteem is actually the opposite from how it is presented. Not wanting to reveal this inner fragility, they do everything they can to pretend to be strong and completely justified in their actions.

① (A) - (B) - (C)
② (A) - (C) - (B)
③ (B) - (A) - (C)
④ (C) - (A) - (B)
⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)

10. 다음 글에 이어질 내용의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것은?

Freedom of speech is the hallmark of a healthy democratic society. It is particularly championed by those who wish to justify what they say, no matter how unpopular.

(A) Hateful rhetoric is subtle and gaslights vulnerable groups, making them feel less worthy. The way it tears down some people and elevates others is proof enough that not every thought needs to be uttered.
(B) This is a right of every citizen, but language has the potential to be used as a dangerous tool. Hate speech has the power to plant the seeds of intolerance and hostility that lead to acts of violence.
(C) Many advocate the notion that free speech justifies any type of self-expression but this undermines the significance of what it means to speak one's mind that is, what is essential is not that everyone says whatever they want but that everything that is worth is said. When free speech is substituted for consequence-free speech, we surrender our morality.

① (A) - (B) - (C)
② (A) - (C) - (B)
③ (B) - (C) - (A)
④ (B) - (A) - (C)
⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)

11. 다음 글에 이어질 내용의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Ethics consider what is right and wrong, or what is moral and immoral in regards to human behavior or activity. This branch of philosophy can be applied to all manner of situations and questions how matters should be dealt with for the common good. (A) Medical fees, for instance, are an important point of discussion since the gap between the health of lower-income and higher-income individuals is widening even as more advanced treatment options enter the market. (B) It is no surprise then that the medical field requires ethical oversight since it seems to be advancing so quickly. Bioethics fulfills this role and encompasses ethical issues related to health and biology, from evaluating scientific research to assessing doctor-patient relationships. (C) Controversial issues such as genetic experimentation, organ transplantation, and treating comatose patients all have ethical implications that call for deliberation, and the questions they evoke are often difficult to answer with complete certainty. Bioethics reviews how best to help reduce these differences and ensure that more than just the wealthy have access to affordable and effective healthcare.

① (A) - (C) - (B)
② (B) - (C) - (A)
③ (B) - (A) - (C)
④ (C) - (A) - (B)
⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)

12. 다음 글에 이어질 내용의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Animals have been interacting with human-made technologies for decades, most commonly in behavioral experiments designed to further our understanding of their cognition and in agricultural settings to optimize production. But as digital technology becomes increasingly ubiquitous, we are expanding its reach with the hope of using it to improve their lives.

(A) Essentially, there is the sense that we may be forcing technology on creatures who may not benefit from it.
(B) While such innovations may seem harmless, some people are concerned that introducing human-made technologies to other species could make animals reliant on them or reduce the relevance of the natural world.
(C) These days, the market is flooded with pet products that allow people to monitor and play with their cats and dogs remotely, and zoos are adopting interactive touchscreens that provide apes the mental stimulation they require.

① (A) - (C) - (B)
② (B) - (A) - (C)
③ (C) - (B) - (A)
④ (C) - (A) - (B)
⑤ (B) - (C) - (A)

13. 다음 글에 이어질 내용의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Prior to the French Revolution, French units of measurement had not only gone unchanged for about 1,000 years but also varied widely from region to region. Since there were up to 800 different names for units of measurement, many traders used their own measuring devices. This, however, frequently caused conflict and accusation of fraud.

(A) Now known as the metric system, this was a simpler system of measurement that was developed further through conferences with experts from other European nations.
(B) To put an end to the confusion and lack of unity the old system caused, Charles Maurice de Talleyrand suggested replacing it in the 1790s with a new system based on features in nature.
(C) Although it would take roughly 50 years for France to make its use mandatory, its impact is undeniable, as it is used today throughout the majority of the world.
(D) The primary unit of measurement in his proposed system was the meter, which was recorded as being one ten-millionth of the distance from the equator to the North Pole.

① (B) - (D) - (A) - (C)
② (A) - (B) - (D) - (C)
③ (B) - (A) - (D) - (C)
④ (D) - (B) - (A) - (C)
⑤ (B) - (D) - (C) - (A)

14. 다음 글에 이어질 내용을 순서대로 가장 알맞게 배열한 것은?

As a fruit matures, it undergoes both external and internal changes, from acquiring a sweeter taste to taking on new colors. These alterations are driven by a variety of hormones and signals including the ethylene gas, which hastens the overall process. Each fruit differs in how much ethylene is present during its lifecycle, but it generally follows two patterns during development.

(A) Non-climacteric fruit do not have a surge in ethylene or respiration and do not ripen once picked, relying on the plant for this.
(B) These fruits are able to ripen even after being harvested, and can be affected by external ethylene, so if a climacteric fruit with lower levels of the gas is placed next to one with higher levels, its ripening will quicken.
(C) Climacteric fruits such as apples, bananas, and pears produce more ethylene overall and experience a sudden increase of the gas during ripening. The burst of ethylene is accompanied by an increased rate of respiration.

① (A) - (C) - (B)
② (B) - (A) - (C)
③ (C) - (B) - (A)
④ (C) - (A) - (B)
⑤ (A) - (B) - (C)

15. 다음 글에 이어질 내용을 순서에 맞게 배열한 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Historically, fashion has never really been elevated to the same status as paintings, music, or literature in the art world.

(A) It also fails to consider the myriad ways art can be communicated. Fashion, like all art, is a manifestation of the society we live in and an expression of the era we are a part of.

(B) This disparity was brought to light at an exhibit at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1983. The display of certain iconic clothing items in the same manner as masterpieces by Rembrandt and Picasso angered many critics who did not feel clothes should be categorized as fine art.

(C) This assessment narrows the field of artistry to a box that is outdated and restrictive. It can reflect who we are as a person in the same way a painting we admire reveals to us what we find beautiful or moving. Fashion is an industry to be sure, but a creative one that takes as much dedication and craftsmanship as any other artistic endeavor.

① (A) - (C) - (B)
② (B) - (C) - (A)
③ (B) - (A) - (C)
④ (C) - (A) - (B)
⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)

16. 다음 글에 이어질 문장의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Those who have moved to America from other economically advanced countries have no doubt puzzled over the strange workings of the US healthcare system.

(A) Meanwhile, 68% of citizens rely on private coverage through insurance companies, and another 8% lack coverage entirely.
(B) Moreover, high deductibles out-of-pocket costs that must be paid in addition to costly monthly premiums before insurance benefits come into effect prevent many of those enrolled in private insurance policies from being able to reliably access medical services.
(C) Unlike virtually every other industrialized nation in the world, the American government does not offer a form of publicly managed universal health care, instead operating a predominately private system.

① (A) - (C) - (B)
② (B) - (A) - (C)
③ (C) - (A) - (B)
④ (C) - (B) - (A)
⑤ (A) - (B) - (C)

17. 다음 글에 이어질 내용을 순서에 맞게 배열한 것으로 가장 알맞은 것은?

To determine the role of sleep in spatial learning, an ability that is reliant on the hippocampus, researchers engaged volunteers in an academic sleep experiment that tested how well they could get through a three-dimensional virtual maze.

(A) It was found that the group that slept before being tested outperformed the first group. Although the members of this group were not faster at completing the task, the decisions they made with regards to their movements through the maze were correct more often.

(B) Both groups were tested on what they learned 11 hours after their training, with the second group demonstrating what they learned the next day following a night of sleep.

(C) The participants were divided into two groups, both of which received training on how to complete the maze; the first group's session occurred at 10:00 am, while the second group's session took place at 10:00 pm.

① (A) - (B) - (C)
② (B) - (A) - (C)
③ (C) - (B) - (A)
④ (C) - (A) - (B)
⑤ (B) - (C) - (A)

18. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것은?

Anxiety is a form of unwanted time travel. It transports one out of a present that could be cherished into a future that is detested.

(A) To avoid this trap, it is vital to remain fully engaged with the present, as it is after all the only time period that truly exists. The future is a fantasy, and the past is a phantom.

(B) In effect, you become trapped in a negative feedback loop, whereby your concerns lead you to fail, which makes you more anxious in the future.

(C) The English philosopher John Locke stated, "What worries you, masters you." If you focus exclusively on potential negative outcomes, you are in fact experiencing failure in advance. This greatly increases your odds of not succeeding in whatever endeavor you have planned.

① (A) - (C) - (B)
② (B) - (A) - (C)
③ (C) - (B) - (A)
④ (C) - (A) - (B)
⑤ (B) - (C) - (A)

19. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

In the past, using data and statistics in the form of charts and other visualizations was hit or miss, and some presentations were little more than a story without a voice.

(A) For instance, the ride-sharing application Uber uses data storytelling to share information such as the number of miles a user has traveled in a year and puts it into perspective in order to show how much value it adds to the user's life.

(B) Over the last decade, however, more and more organizations have attempted to address this issue by turning to data storytelling, a methodology of communicating information that is specially tailored for a specific audience.

(C) Instead of just presenting any information about a company or a product, data storytelling takes advantage of the wealth of information that is now available to businesses thanks to technology and contextualizes it.

① (A) - (C) - (B)
② (B) - (C) - (A)
③ (B) - (A) - (C)
④ (C) - (B) - (A)
⑤ (C) - (A) - (B)

20. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것은?

Majoring in something more "employable" science, math, computer programming, etc. is much more attractive than studying literature.

(A) It is important to note, however, that literature is much more than just reading books. It fuels the imagination and encourages critical thinking. It improves communication and builds empathy. All are necessary skills to prosper today.

(B) Statistics from universities across the country support this assertion, as the number of students with literature degrees has declined by 25 percent over the past decade and this downward trend is likely to continue.

(C) Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau has surely made good use of his English degree and there must be a good reason that the first American woman in space studied literature alongside physics. Seeing literature only as a form of entertainment, an outdated subject without practical purpose, is far too short-sighted, as it ultimately informs how well we live.

① (A) - (B) - (C)
② (A) - (C) - (B)
③ (B) - (A) - (C)
④ (B) - (C) - (A)
⑤ (C) - (A) - (B)

21. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것은?

The most recent ice age reached its peak nearly 21,000 years ago, resulting in much of the northern hemisphere being covered by thick sheets of ice. Although this posed a challenge for Homo sapiens, their large brains made them smart enough to endure the harsh environment.

(A) Another important contributor was the creation of effective shelters. Homo sapiens extensively modified caves and other natural formations to make them weatherproof.

(B) One significant advantage was the use of language, which enabled early humans to share information with each other. According to noted anthropologist Brian Fagan, this also gave them "the ability to conceptualize and plan ahead." As a result, they developed into highly adept hunters who were almost always capable of securing sufficient food.

(C) Tool-making was also a major factor, as humans could produce a range of useful implements. In addition to weapons such as spears for hunting, they also had needles to sew tight-fitting clothes that protected against the extreme cold.

① (A)－(B)－(C)
② (B)－(C)－(A)
③ (B)－(A)－(C)
④ (C)－(A)－(B)
⑤ (C)－(B)－(A)

22. 다음 글에 이어질 내용의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것은?

[주어진 글] A geographic information system (GIS) is designed to examine trends and patterns related to positions on Earth's surface.

(A) By inputting important information regarding the region, its communities, and cases, scientists were able to gain a better understanding of the disease's potential diffusion patterns so that preventive measures could be put in place.

(B) Researchers in Thailand used this system to anticipate areas at risk of avian flu after an outbreak in 2004. The virus is highly contagious and severely impacted poultry farms, causing the deaths of more than 62 million birds either as a direct result of the virus or through forced slaughter and extensive damage to the local and national economies.

(C) It can be used for a multitude of purposes, from forecasting the weather to researching areas with high criminal activity. But one of the most valuable aspects of GIS is its ability to forecast the spread of a disease across large regions.

① (A) - (B) - (C)
② (B) - (A) - (C)
③ (C) - (B) - (A)
④ (C) - (A) - (B)
⑤ (B) - (C) - (A)

23. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것은?

Defense mechanisms are unconscious coping techniques used to reduce the anxiety caused by unpleasant situations.

(A) Unfortunately, victims of displaced aggression tend to be the vulnerable members of a group. Many cases of workplace bullying can be attributed to this psychological phenomenon: a manager feeling the urge to express anger is more likely to target a subordinate than a superior.

(B) One example of this is displaced aggression, which occurs when a person is angry at someone but chooses a different target to engage in hostile behavior with. Most commonly, the person who initially triggered the anger is in a position of authority and, therefore, immune to retaliation.

(C) Displaced aggression is often exhibited by individuals with a narcissistic personality; as they have a high opinion of themselves and lack empathy for others, they are less able to move on from a perceived slight and more willing to take their frustrations out on an innocent.

① (A) - (C) - (B)
② (B) - (C) - (A)
③ (B) - (A) - (C)
④ (C) - (B) - (A)
⑤ (C) - (A) - (B)

24. 다음 글에 이어질 내용의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것은?

Blindness can cause the unexpected symptom of seeing hallucinatory images. Unlike mental problems such as Alzheimer's disease, this phenomenon is not an indication of cognitive instability.

(A) Furthermore, the images were not static or simple. Patients reported seeing moving parts, people, geometric shapes, and animals, always well-defined and in full color.
(B) To learn more, neuroscientists scanned the brains of numerous individuals with this condition and discovered that, despite the lack of visual input, the activity in the visual center of their brains remained high. In some cases, there was more activity than in those with regular eyesight.
(C) Instead, it occurs because of a decline in the typical load of sensory information the brain is used to receiving. As the eyes perceive less, the brain cells become overactive in order to fill in missing details.

① (A) - (B) - (C)
② (B) - (A) - (C)
③ (C) - (B) - (A)
④ (C) - (A) - (B)
⑤ (B) - (C) - (A)

25. 다음 글에 이어질 내용의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것은?

The construction industry has a significant environmental impact that is often overlooked due to how necessary it is with ever-expanding global populations, just keeping pace with the demand for new construction is a challenge in itself. (A) However, many consider these terms to be exaggerated buzzwords. (B) Until more architects and builders take care to incorporate eco-friendly practices into every last aspect of the planning and construction processes, we may be a long way from reducing the negative effects of the building industry on the planet. (C) In an effort to combat the damage caused by construction, the desire for sustainability in building practices has never been greater, and terms like "eco-friendly" and "green" are becoming commonplace within the industry. (D) While buildings being marketed this way may indeed have a smaller environmental footprint than structures of the past, it is believed that truly sustainable architecture is the exception rather than the rule.

① (A) - (C) - (D) - (B)
② (C) - (A) - (D) - (B)
③ (C) - (D) - (A) - (B)
④ (A) - (D) - (C) - (B)
⑤ (D) - (A) - (C) - (B)

26. 다음 글에 이어질 내용을 순서에 맞게 배열한 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Notwithstanding the immorality of practices such as slavery, the Roman empire was still arguably more progressive with regards to welfare than we are today.

(A) Other programs included handing out grain and pork once a week, providing free bathhouses and drinking water, and even establishing a form of subsidized healthcare.
(B) Although what modern society has inherited from such policies is evident in the systems now in place, it is disappointing how little has been improved upon them.
(C) The Roman empire was capable of systemizing social programs to benefit the entire population. The empire had 44,850 insulae, blocks of communal housing for the poor, which held shops and stores on the ground level with private residences above.

① (A) - (C) - (B)
② (B) - (A) - (C)
③ (C) - (A) - (B)
④ (C) - (B) - (A)
⑤ (B) - (C) - (A)

27. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

The brain works to offset physical changes when they occur.

(A) This includes having to replace non-functioning limbs that result from accidents or disabilities with a tool such as a prosthetic device or a wheelchair.
(B) When surveying wheelchair-bound participants with debilitating spinal cord injuries for the study, it was found that, rather than viewing devices used to assist with their mobility as external tools, they viewed them as part of themselves.
(C) Although neuroscientists used to believe that neurogenesis the ability to produce new information-processing neurons in the brain occurred only during development, it is now understood that our brains are flexible and resilient enough to respond to a variety of situations and challenges throughout our lives. What this means is that the brain adjusts its image of the body to incorporate the wheelchair, allowing those who must use them to carry out activities in natural, automatic ways.

① (A) - (B) - (C)
② (A) - (C) - (B)
③ (B) - (A) - (C)
④ (C) - (A) - (B)
⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)

28. 다음 글에 이어질 내용을 순서에 맞게 배열한 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Mannerism, an artistic style that emerged in 16th century Italy, marked a departure from the naturalism of the Renaissance and included a shift to a more philosophical approach to pieces.

(A) These details and components, characterized by artificiality and sophistication, were intended to give the audience an intellectual experience, putting artists on par with poets and scholars since they had mostly been regarded as craftsmen until then.
(B) Bodies are often illustrated with the figura serpentinata or "serpentine figure" in these pieces, leaving them with longer limbs, S-shaped forms, and small heads. They are also usually shown in odd and unnatural poses, surrounded by random elements in abnormal settings.
(C) Rather than capturing life-like scenes that featured people as the focal point, mannerist artwork is distinguished by distorted subjects and asymmetry. This break from the basic principles of naturalism and classicism, which promoted harmony and balance, could be interpreted as a reflection of the religious and social upheaval that occurred during this era.

① (A) - (B) - (C)
② (B) - (A) - (C)
③ (B) - (C) - (A)
④ (C) - (A) - (B)
⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)

29. 다음 글에 이어질 내용의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것은?

The economic landscape and hyper-competitiveness of professional sports put intense constraints on youth athletes who hope to make a career out of their passion.

(A) As such, only very small percentages of those who are lucky enough to compete at a collegiate level have the abilities to continue on to become top ranked in their respective games, forcing most to transition into other careers once they finish their education.

(B) Doing so will ensure that individuals are adaptable capable of responding to and succeeding in whatever alternative opportunities may present themselves.

(C) While securing placement on a university team is already a challenge, professional leagues are exponentially more selective.

① (A) - (C) - (B)
② (B) - (A) - (C)
③ (C) - (A) - (B)
④ (C) - (B) - (A)
⑤ (A) - (B) - (C)

30. 다음 글에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것은?

The concept of a network of Internet-enabled devices that controls things remotely is known as the Internet of Things (IoT). Although the applications of IoT may seem more apparent in technology-driven sectors, there are potential uses in agriculture, too.

(A) As a result, farmers want to maximize their land's productivity. They are, therefore, turning to technologies like IoT.

(B) As IoT is still a new concept, most of the benefits so far come from the huge amounts of data that sensors placed throughout farms can collect. This information can include the quality of the soil, measurements of temperature and humidity, and even the location of pests.

(C) A significant challenge we face as populations rise is our need to produce more food. This is difficult, as farmland is shrinking due to the expansion of cities and environmental damage has decreased the availability of natural resources.

① (A) - (C) - (B)
② (A) - (B) - (C)
③ (B) - (A) - (C)
④ (C) - (A) - (B)
⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)

31. 다음 글에 이어질 내용의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Although volcanic eruptions are most commonly associated with lava and ash fall, one of the most serious dangers actually comes from lahars floods of flowing water mixed with large amounts of debris.

(A) Furthermore, because they can travel great distances, even communities located miles away from volcanoes are at risk. Evacuation is the only option for such places and, fortunately, there are sometimes warning signs.

(B) If heavy rain is forecast, then the likelihood of a lahar increases as intense rainfall can easily erode loose sediment and send it cascading downward into inhabited areas.

(C) With enough force to sweep large boulders into surrounding valleys at high speeds, and with the potential for several to occur in quick succession, lahars are a major cause of death in volcanic eruptions.

① (A) - (B) - (C)
② (A) - (C) - (B)
③ (B) - (A) - (C)
④ (C) - (A) - (B)
⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)

32. 다음 글에 이어질 내용의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Whereas the Baroque Period was characterized by elaborate and complex compositions, the Classical Period marked a shift toward simplicity.

(A) As part of the movement towards simplicity, there was a relative slowing of harmonic rhythm the pace at which chords changed within a piece which was a marked departure from the prior period.
(B) Below that melody, supporting instruments would expand on the harmony.
(C) Rather than producing layer upon layer of polyphony, classical composers crafted simple, memorable, "singable" melodies. The melody was often carried in the top line of the music: the soprano voice in a chord or the violin in an orchestra.

① (A) - (B) - (C)
② (A) - (C) - (B)
③ (C) - (B) - (A)
④ (B) - (A) - (C)
⑤ (C) - (A) - (B)

33. 다음 글에 이어질 내용의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것은?

At its most basic, a contract is a legally binding agreement between two parties. Contract law can be traced back to the Latin principle of pacta sunt servanda ("all pacts must be kept").

(A) Because this form of action had the potential to apply to a wide range of situations, courts felt the need to restrict it. As a result, they developed the principle of consideration, under which a contract was binding only when something was exchanged or promised in return.

(B) However, the full development of modern contract law took place in western Europe, where it emerged as a means of resolving disputes between merchants. In its early stage, it mainly helped parties recover money promised under explicit, written agreements.

(C) Later, in the 15th century, legal remedies for the breach of informal agreements concerning other matters began to appear. Eventually, an action called assumpsit ("he has undertaken") came to be used to obtain recovery when an undertaking was performed negligently.

① (A) - (C) - (B)
② (B) - (C) - (A)
③ (B) - (A) - (C)
④ (C) - (A) - (B)
⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)

34. 다음 글에 이어질 내용의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Not wanting to be labeled a troublemaker or too assertive, many take a passive role in their daily interactions.

(A) Interestingly, when the man ordered at random, he was seen as the most robotic and least likeable by the participants. Further investigation revealed that lacking a preference harmed how one was viewed in their professional life.

(B) To determine how such an individual is perceived by others, professor Kaitlin Woolley conducted a study wherein 300 participants were presented with a situation of a man ordering ice cream. They were asked to rate three options: he had a weak preference for chocolate, he had a strong preference for maple-bacon, or he had no preference and chose a flavor at random.

(C) Subjects were less interested in hiring an applicant who stated they had no favorite food or music as opposed to one who did, despite the fact that there was no difference in the quality of their work. Woolley's research shows that, on the whole, someone who just "goes with the flow" is viewed as both less likeable and less capable.

① (A) - (B) - (C)
② (B) - (A) - (C)
③ (B) - (C) - (A)
④ (C) - (A) - (B)
⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)

35. 다음 글에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

When faced with a choice between making a change and keeping things the way they are, there is a natural tendency to ask, "Why rock the boat?"

(A) Imagine you had been working in the same position for years; even if it wasn't your dream job, you would likely grow quite comfortable. If one of your close friends suddenly recommended you for an important role at his or her company, you might ask yourself, "Why risk the unknown when things are fine now?"

(B) While doing nothing may indeed be the safest course of action, it also precludes the possibility of you ending up in a better situation. Caution is important, but don't let a preference for the familiar prevent you from improving your life.

(C) But this predisposition known as the status quo bias can lead to missed opportunities, which is why it is important to break free from its shackles.

① (A) - (C) - (B)
② (B) - (A) - (C)
③ (C) - (A) - (B)
④ (C) - (B) - (A)
⑤ (B) - (C) - (A)

36. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Obtaining a bachelor's or master's degree has come to be seen as a prerequisite for achieving professional success and, thereby, financial stability.

(A) In effect, a degree is viewed as a commodity, and the student's goal is to get the most value at the lowest cost.

(B) This poses a significant problem according to noted economist Eamon O'Shea, who argues that something valuable is missed "by concentrating only on the market-based economic returns to education."

(C) Given this, most students have a natural response: they apply to universities with the greatest name recognition, major in subjects that will allow them to maximize future earnings, and choose classes based on the ease with which they can obtain high grades.

① (A) - (C) - (B)
② (B) - (A) - (C)
③ (C) - (A) - (B)
④ (C) - (B) - (A)
⑤ (B) - (C) - (A)

37. 다음 글에 이어질 내용의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것은?

There is a widely held belief that humor is primarily a form of escapism in that it relieves stress by allowing people to make light of real-world problems that have a direct impact on their lives.

(A) This is because responding to a joke is a form of social bonding: when humor is centered on presenting the perspective of a marginalized group in a positive manner, it promotes empathy toward people who might otherwise be ignored or even disparaged.

(B) While this is a function of comedy, it can also play a much more important role: it is a method to explore social issues in an unconventional way, often providing new insights in the process.

(C) In this way, comedy works as a framing mechanism that presents controversial issues as shared experiences, allowing people to see beyond their own prejudices.

① (A) - (C) - (B)
② (B) - (A) - (C)
③ (B) - (C) - (A)
④ (C) - (A) - (B)
⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)

38. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것은?

The Internet has made art more accessible it is no longer just the domain of ultra-wealthy collectors.

(A) However, while their work is technically out there for all to see, online art curating is overwhelmed with so much content that the lines between good and bad art have been blurred; it's all just art, available to anyone.
(B) In addition, the art community itself has turned into a factory of sorts, with the more original art being produced, the higher the potential for profit.
(C) The exposure the Internet affords is naturally good for artists, as it gives them the opportunity to showcase their work without having to hope that a dealer might exhibit it in a gallery first.

① (C) - (A) - (B)
② (A) - (C) - (B)
③ (B) - (A) - (C)
④ (C) - (B) - (A)
⑤ (B) - (C) - (A)

39. 다음 글에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것은?

With the purchasing power of wages remaining relatively constant over the last 40 years, more people are struggling to make ends meet.

(A) Technology has helped make this possible, allowing people to work during hours of their own choosing as independent contractors who fulfill the short-term needs of many companies.

(B) The "gig economy" is a relatively new term to describe the prevalence of short-term contract work. New platforms have been developed to facilitate contract hiring, like Uber, which allows people to get paid to drive other people around.

(C) Workers are using their free time to take on second jobs as a way of paying their bills. For these people, flexibility is a key element of a second job so that it doesn't interfere with their primary job.

① (A) - (C) - (B)
② (B) - (A) - (C)
③ (C) - (A) - (B)
④ (C) - (B) - (A)
⑤ (A) - (B) - (C)

40. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

The development of technologies to track individuals as they use the Internet has proven to be a boon for companies that market their products online.

(A) Of particular note is the gradual transition from an opt-out model of data collection to an opt-in one. Most social media sites and search engines collect extensive user information by default. Individuals who want to avoid this must scroll through complicated menus to find the appropriate setting to change.

(B) However, increased consumer awareness of the threat this poses to privacy is leading to significant changes in the advertising industry. Rising complaints over this practice have led some firms to take action.

(C) They now create marketing content that encourages consumers to voluntarily provide personal details. In particular, well-designed quizzes have a high level of consumer engagement and result in the collection of data that is of great use in advertising.

① (A) - (B) - (C)
② (A) - (C) - (B)
③ (B) - (A) - (C)
④ (B) - (C) - (A)
⑤ (C) - (A) - (B)

41. 다음 글에 이어질 내용을 순서에 맞게 배열한 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?

A wolf tone is an unwanted beating or howling sound that is produced when the natural resonating frequency of a stringed instrument's top plate matches a note that is played. Although one might assume that an instrument with a wolf tone is of questionable quality, it's actually the high-quality instruments that suffer from it.

(A) Conversely, higher-quality instruments are extremely resonant and are more apt to support wolf tones that are amplified enough to be noticeable.

(B) As ways to reduce the effect also affect the overall sound of the instrument, a balanced method is needed. The goal is to suppress the wolf tone with a minimally invasive solution.

(C) The reason is quite simple: lower-quality instruments are made of materials that are less resonant. Therefore, they are less likely to create a wolf tone, and if they do, the amplitude is often low enough that it is hardly heard.

① (A) - (C) - (B)
② (B) - (A) - (C)
③ (C) - (A) - (B)
④ (C) - (B) - (A)
⑤ (A) - (B) - (C)

42. 다음 글에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것은?

The popularity of e-commerce, largely driven by our ever-increasing desire for convenience, is only expected to grow on a global scale in the coming years.

(A) Given that many of these markets are currently untapped with traditional retailers having long dominated commercial activities, e-commerce in these regions understandably has a lot of potential.

(B) Previously, e-commerce penetration in emerging markets lagged behind that of major markets like the United States, but due to recent economic growth, it is expected that three billion people from emerging nations will have access to the Internet by 2022.

(C) While a number of factors play into this, including automation and the decline of brick-and-mortar businesses, the growth of emerging markets is also expected to have a notable effect on the future of online sales. With so many opportunities now opening up, it is anticipated that new e-commerce brands will appear, and traditional ones will develop online capabilities to stay relevant as the growth of consumer spending over the Internet intensifies.

① (A) - (B) - (C)
② (A) - (C) - (B)
③ (B) - (A) - (C)
④ (B) - (C) - (A)
⑤ (C) - (A) - (B)

43. 다음 글에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Of the behaviors that play a central role in maintaining healthy social structures, solidarity — the process of mutual support within a group — is one of the most widely felt.

(A) The realm of politics and social activism offers maybe one of the most explicit examples yet of the need for and implementation of solidarity. Mass social justice movements are perfect manifestations of this behavior, which is demonstrated in the way that people come together to protest oppressive governments or supply food and housing to their fellow citizens during times of economic hardship.

(B) In work settings, virtually no projects or tasks stand to be accomplished unless colleagues embrace collaboration and reciprocal assistance; indeed, many manual labor jobs physically require joint efforts, such as when construction workers must collectively raise a wall.

(C) Neighbors often demonstrate this behavior in small ways when they do favors to help out those who live next door.

① (A) - (C) - (B)
② (B) - (A) - (C)
③ (C) - (B) - (A)
④ (C) - (A) - (B)
⑤ (B) - (C) - (A)

44. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 내용의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

With the transition to electric vehicles (EV) now underway, the demand for lithium-ion batteries the power sources for EV is skyrocketing, creating a new concern: What will we do with them once they reach the end of their life cycle?

(A) However, mining the metals needed to make these batteries requires vast amounts of water, the use of which has been linked to declining vegetation, drought, and higher temperatures.

(B) Unlike other types of batteries, which are shredded into a powder and then melted or dissolved during the recycling process, lithium-ion batteries are more complicated to get rid of.

(C) While lithium-ion batteries may help pave the way to a more sustainable future eventually, it is clear that the environmental challenges they pose must be neutralized.

(D) Disposing of them is harmful as they release heavy metals and other environmental contaminants.

(E) The current recycling process for them is expensive and results in low-value products, making it cheaper to mine more lithium than to try to reuse it.

① (B) - (D) - (E) - (A) - (C)
② (B) - (E) - (D) - (A) - (C)
③ (D) - (B) - (E) - (C) - (A)
④ (E) - (B) - (D) - (A) - (C)
⑤ (B) - (D) - (A) - (E) - (C)

45. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것은?

Unlike most other microorganisms found in freshwater, Naegleria fowleri is fatal to nearly everyone it infects.

(A) The good news is that Naegleria fowleri cases are still extremely rare, as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has only recorded 34 over the past decade. Nonetheless, experts say that people should not let their guard down.

(B) As the microorganism is only transmissible when water is inhaled through the nose, at which point it travels up the nasal cavity into the brain where it begins to feed on the tissue, remembering to wear a nose clip can provide effective protection.

(C) This is largely because the infection progresses rapidly and the initial symptoms — headache, fever, and vomiting — are similar to many other illnesses, making it easy to misdiagnose. Naegleria fowleri thrives in warm water, which means it was once only found in southern regions, but climate change and the ensuing increase in water temperature has caused the bug to make its way northward in recent years, intensifying concerns among those who enjoy recreational activities in lakes and rivers.

① (A) - (C) - (B)
② (B) - (A) - (C)
③ (C) - (A) - (B)
④ (C) - (B) - (A)
⑤ (A) - (B) - (C)

46. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것은?

Modern society has become increasingly complex, with many measures in place to prioritize the welfare of citizens and encourage progress. However, as a result of such safeguards, of the expectation that we will be protected by authorities from any and all potential threats, it can be argued that we live in a "culture of fear."

(A) Part of the difficulty in managing such crises has to do with the fact that they are frequently subjective. What may seem entirely innocent to some members of society can be interpreted by others as wrong, leading to the situation getting out of hand.

(B) This means that our perception of danger has increased, even if the actual level of risk has not, providing an explanation for why many problems in society develop into full-blown crises that policy makers may be limited in their ability to get under control.

(C) In other words, attempts to make society safer can ironically heighten public sensitivity to possible harm. As people come to expect complete protection, they may react more strongly to ambiguous situations and demand immediate intervention before facts are fully established.

① (A)－(B)－(C)
② (B)－(C)－(A)
③ (B)－(A)－(C)
④ (C)－(A)－(B)
⑤ (C)－(B)－(A)

47. 다음 글에 이어질 내용의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Some parents become anxious when faced with having to deal with their child's emotional needs.

(A) Although they still experience sadness and other emotions, they teach themselves that these feelings do not matter and find ways to comfort themselves that do not involve going to their parents.

(B) Because people with avoidant attachment have learned to rely on themselves, they may be uncomfortable with receiving emotional support from others or discussing their struggles, which can make it difficult for them to form close relationships.

(C) Because of their nervousness, they may be unable or unwilling to respond to their child in a comforting way, which may cause them to ignore their child, become angry, or shame them for any emotional displays. This reaction teaches the child that they cannot rely on their parents for emotional support, and they develop an avoidant attachment. Knowing that being emotional will be poorly received, the child learns to hold their feelings back. This tendency to self-soothe carries over into adulthood.

① (A) - (C) - (B)
② (B) - (A) - (C)
③ (C) - (A) - (B)
④ (C) - (B) - (A)
⑤ (A) - (B) - (C)

48. 다음 글에 이어질 내용의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

The 1993 Pulitzer Prize-winning photo "The Vulture and the Little Girl" was taken by photojournalist Kevin Carter in Sudan. The famous picture shows a famine-stricken child collapsed on the ground as a vulture looks on in the background.

(A) Carter did shoo the vulture away after snapping the picture, and the child, who had been crawling to a UN feeding center, eventually did make it there, according to reports. Nonetheless, Carter was bombarded with questions like "Why didn't you help more?"

(B) This is a prime example of the high psychological toll of being a photojournalist. Not only is the occupation dangerous with many photojournalists going headfirst into wars and natural disasters but there is constant reproach from the public, who expect much more from the person behind the camera than objectivity.

(C) The photo elicited a lot of raw emotion when it was published in The New York Times. There was, of course, concern for the starving child, but there was also rage directed at Carter, who many considered heartless for not helping.

① (A) - (C) - (B)
② (A) - (B) - (C)
③ (B) - (A) - (C)
④ (C) - (A) - (B)
⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)

49. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것은?

Once ranked among the top in the world, the US educational system had, by the year 2000, begun to fall behind other nations.

(A) Eventually, NCLB was replaced in 2015 with the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA). Though still imperfect in its implementation, ESSA has provided schools with more flexibility in both the standards they use and how they measure performance.

(B) The purpose of the legislation was to improve standards and hold schools accountable for underperforming students. In this way, students of every race, background, and economic status would become adequately prepared for college and a career.

(C) To improve its ranking and make students more competitive, educational reforms such as the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) were introduced in 2001. When the law was put into practice, however, a number of challenges emerged. Among these were difficulties ensuring a consistent application of standards and compliance from different states.

① (A) - (B) - (C)
② (B) - (A) - (C)
③ (B) - (C) - (A)
④ (C) - (A) - (B)
⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)

50. 다음 글에 이어질 내용을 순서대로 배열한 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Medical software is a booming business, with health tech firms rushing to provide hospitals and doctors with AI programs that can carry out a range of diagnostic tasks.

(A) But there are various problems with this approach, including that these programs are not infallible and often reflect the biases of those who develop them, putting certain categories of patients at risk.

(B) This issue is also exacerbated by the fact that the internal processes of these programs are hidden from everyone but programmers.

(C) Partly, this promotion of medical technology is an attempt to relieve some of the pressure on health care workers and services. It is also an example of “technological solutionism,” the widespread notion that all of society's problems can be solved with the invention of a new form of technology.

① (A) - (B) - (C)
② (B) - (C) - (A)
③ (C) - (A) - (B)
④ (C) - (B) - (A)
⑤ (A) - (C) - (B)

51. 다음 글에 이어질 내용의 순서로 가장 알맞은 것은?

In winter, it is not an uncommon sight to see hundreds or thousands of starlings swooping and swirling as they fly in a coordinated pattern called a murmuration. How the birds are able to form such a cohesive whole as a group composed of so many individual members has long been a subject of interest for scientists.

(A) According to Young, focusing on these other birds and nothing else allows starlings to maintain the delicate balance between not knowing where or how the group will fly and moving with the group without crashing into others or flying out of the flock.

(B) By carefully examining video footage, George F. Young and his team found that individual starlings pay attention to a fixed number of their flying neighbors seven to be exact so that they can predict their movements and carry them out themselves, reacting with both incredible speed and precision.

(C) Within this rule of seven, the subgroups combine to form the larger system, the murmuration.

① (A) - (C) - (B)
② (B) - (A) - (C)
③ (B) - (C) - (A)
④ (C) - (A) - (B)
⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)

1. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

주어진 문장: While doing nothing may indeed be the safest course of action, it also precludes the possibility of you ending up in a better situation.

When faced with a choice between making a change and keeping things the way they are, there is a natural tendency to ask, "Why rock the boat?" ( ① ) But this predisposition known as the status quo bias can lead to missed opportunities, which is why it is important to break free from its shackles. ( ② ) Imagine you had been working in the same position for years; even if it wasn't your dream job, you would likely grow quite comfortable. ( ③ ) If one of your close friends suddenly recommended you for an important role at his or her company, you might ask yourself, "Why risk the unknown when things are fine now?" ( ④ ) Caution is important, but don't let a preference for the familiar prevent you from improving your life. ( ⑤ )

① ①
② ②
③ ③
④ ④
⑤ ⑤

2. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?

주어진 문장: This can cause us to behave carelessly in situations that actually require caution.

Most people mistakenly believe that they are less likely to experience negative events than their peers. The underlying cause of this cognitive bias is our inability to accurately evaluate our own abilities in comparison to those of others. We have a natural inclination to overestimate our skills, making us feel unrealistically confident about avoiding the hardships others experience. ① While an overly optimistic mindset can be beneficial in that it results in greater self-esteem, it can also negatively affect your ability to assess risk, which may lead to harmful behaviors. ② If you feel sure that you are going to have a successful career and earn great wealth in the future, you may not worry about running up a large credit card debt buying unnecessary luxuries. ③ Therefore, try to see yourself through others' eyes. ④ It may make you more hesitant, but it can also protect you over the long run. ⑤

3. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

주어진 문장: In other words, the larger the group, the easier it becomes for individuals to hide their lack of effort.

When people join together to take collective action, small groups are better able to further common goals than large ones. This results from the underlying tension between shared and individual interests. One factor is the issue of free riding benefiting from group action without contributing to it. ① This phenomenon is more pronounced when many people are involved because greater numbers provide greater anonymity. ② In small groups, though, each person is aware of the contributions made by others, and the likelihood of someone not pulling his or her weight is reduced because no one wants to be subject to the negative opinion of the rest of the group. ③ At the same time, all members sense that their individual efforts are necessary for success, which provides additional motivation. ④ For those belonging to large groups, the opposite is true a failure of one person to contribute will likely have no noticeable effect, resulting in a lack of incentive to participate. ⑤

① ①
② ②
③ ③
④ ④
⑤ ⑤

4. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

While there is no doubt solar energy could be integral to solving the world's energy problems, it's not a magic pill. ( ① ) Solar energy actually has considerable environmental ramifications. ( ② ) Large-scale solar power plants cover vast amounts of land and can therefore impact local wildlife by taking up valuable habitat area. ( ③ ) Due to the layout and design of such power plants, the land they occupy cannot be simultaneously used for agricultural purposes, and the installation of these facilities can lead to environmental degradation. ( ④ ) It's also important to note that the process of manufacturing solar cells requires the use of water, which could potentially threaten an area's local supply. ( ⑤ ) Toxic chemicals such as sulfuric acid and acetone are also utilized during this process and could harm people if not handled properly.

주어진 문장: These concerns extend beyond land use, reaching into the production stage of solar technology itself.

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5. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳은?

It is as if scarcity itself makes their approval seem more valuable.

The comedian Groucho Marx once joked that he wouldn't want to belong to any club that would accept him as a member, the flip side being that he would only want to join a club that wouldn't accept him. ① This weird longing to belong begins young. ② Most teens only want to be part of one small group of peers: the "cool kids." ③ They go out of their way to get noticed or approved of, and being rejected by the group just motivates them to try harder. ④ Of course, as adults, we live in a much more complex world and are part of many more social circles. ⑤ Yet, interestingly, the need for recognition from people who disregard us often lingers. It is important to keep in mind that the toll required to get something does not equate to its merit, so think carefully about who is worth your time and energy.

6. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

When movies are filmed, many sounds are too quiet or unclear for equipment to record them accurately as they take place on set. ① To address this issue, special sound-effect artists are required. ② Known as Foley artists, these individuals bring movies to life by looking carefully at camera footage and finding items to create sounds that match it. ③ Being a Foley artist requires a lot of creativity because, despite seeming as though they are authentic, many sounds are replicated in unusual ways. ④ For instance, the sound of a bird flapping its wings might be produced with a leather wallet. ⑤ Ultimately, the work of a Foley artist is invaluable as it adds a sense of authenticity and mood to films that would otherwise have to rely mostly on their visuals.

These artists often use ordinary objects in unexpected ways to imitate realistic sounds.

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7. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

Newton's Three Laws of Motion are the bedrock of physics. Among the three, the third states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. This is something we experience yet rarely notice: all forces come in pairs. ( ① ) If a person is walking, their body exerts a force that is downwards on the ground. This is something we recognize because we see it and feel it when we walk. ( ② ) Meanwhile, the ground pushes the same upward force. The action-reaction pair represents the symmetry in nature. ( ③ ) And one might think that two such forces would offset each other, but interestingly, this only occurs when both forces are acting on the same object. ( ④ ) In the example above, the force of the person acts on the ground while the force of the ground acts on the person. However, if the person stepped on a pillow, the person and ground would exert their force on the pillow, cancelling the force. ( ⑤ )

주어진 문장: This upward push is what prevents the person from sinking into the ground.

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8. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳은?

Through selective breeding, offspring can be produced that possess more desirable attributes, including increased size or resistance to disease. However, a side effect of this method is that some plants or animals generated this way inherit unwanted characteristics as well, so the technique is less than perfect. ① That's where genetically modified organisms (GMOs) come in. ② Rather than artificially selecting the parents of an organism with the hope of offspring exhibiting certain characteristics, genetic modification makes it possible for engineers to isolate a gene for a specific trait from one living thing, and then insert that same gene into a cell of another. ③ This can be carried out across species and accelerates the development of enhanced organisms. ④ Agriculture is one industry in which this technique is commonly used. ⑤ Crops are altered to be more resilient and nutritious, resulting in cheaper and higher-quality food for consumers.

In other words, it offers a more precise way to produce desired traits without relying on the uncertainties of traditional breeding.

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9. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

주어진 문장: This emotional distance ultimately prevents them from gaining the very interpersonal understanding they lack.

Narcissism is far more complicated than simply being vain or having an unwarranted sense of entitlement. While these are certainly symptoms, there is reason to believe that narcissism is actually an internal mechanism for people to deal with shame that stems from issues with self-esteem. ( ① ) Some theorists argue that the projection of strong attitudes by many narcissists is an affectation that masks the fact that their self-esteem is actually the opposite from how it is presented. ( ② ) Not wanting to reveal this inner fragility, they do everything they can to pretend to be strong and completely justified in their actions. ( ③ ) Narcissists are eager to protect themselves from getting too close to others and having their peers learn of their weaknesses, so they avoid forming any true relationships, which could actually be an opportunity to develop empathy. ( ④ ) Although they seem to manipulate others skillfully at first, their uncaring behavior drives people away in the end. ( ⑤ )

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10. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

주어진 문장: Yet this argument ignores the distinction between protecting expression and excusing the harm that expression can cause.

Freedom of speech is the hallmark of a healthy democratic society. ( ① ) It is particularly championed by those who wish to justify what they say, no matter how unpopular. ( ② ) This is a right of every citizen, but language has the potential to be used as a dangerous tool. ( ③ ) Hate speech has the power to plant the seeds of intolerance and hostility that lead to acts of violence. ( ④ ) Many advocate the notion that free speech justifies any type of self-expression but this undermines the significance of what it means to speak one's mind that is, what is essential is not that everyone says whatever they want but that everything that is worth is said. ( ⑤ ) When free speech is substituted for consequence-free speech, we surrender our morality. Hateful rhetoric is subtle and gaslights vulnerable groups, making them feel less worthy. The way it tears down some people and elevates others is proof enough that not every thought needs to be uttered.

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11. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

주어진 문장: In many cases, bioethics must balance scientific possibility with social fairness and human dignity.

Ethics consider what is right and wrong, or what is moral and immoral in regards to human behavior or activity. ( ① ) This branch of philosophy can be applied to all manner of situations and questions how matters should be dealt with for the common good. ( ② ) It is no surprise then that the medical field requires ethical oversight since it seems to be advancing so quickly. ( ③ ) Bioethics fulfills this role and encompasses ethical issues related to health and biology, from evaluating scientific research to assessing doctor-patient relationships. ( ④ ) Controversial issues such as genetic experimentation, organ transplantation, and treating comatose patients all have ethical implications that call for deliberation, and the questions they evoke are often difficult to answer with complete certainty. ( ⑤ ) Medical fees, for instance, are an important point of discussion since the gap between the health of lower-income and higher-income individuals is widening even as more advanced treatment options enter the market. Bioethics reviews how best to help reduce these differences and ensure that more than just the wealthy have access to affordable and effective healthcare.

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12. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

주어진 문장: However, this growing use of technology in animals’ lives has also prompted ethical questions about whether such interventions are truly beneficial.

Animals have been interacting with human-made technologies for decades, most commonly in behavioral experiments designed to further our understanding of their cognition and in agricultural settings to optimize production. ( ① ) But as digital technology becomes increasingly ubiquitous, we are expanding its reach with the hope of using it to improve their lives. ( ② ) These days, the market is flooded with pet products that allow people to monitor and play with their cats and dogs remotely, and zoos are adopting interactive touchscreens that provide apes the mental stimulation they require. ( ③ ) While such innovations may seem harmless, some people are concerned that introducing human-made technologies to other species could make animals reliant on them or reduce the relevance of the natural world. ( ④ ) Essentially, there is the sense that we may be forcing technology on creatures who may not benefit from it. ( ⑤ )

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13. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

Prior to the French Revolution, French units of measurement had not only gone unchanged for about 1,000 years but also varied widely from region to region. Since there were up to 800 different names for units of measurement, many traders used their own measuring devices. This, however, frequently caused conflict and accusation of fraud. ① To put an end to the confusion and lack of unity the old system caused, Charles Maurice de Talleyrand suggested replacing it in the 1790s with a new system based on features in nature. ② The primary unit of measurement in his proposed system was the meter, which was recorded as being one ten-millionth of the distance from the equator to the North Pole. ③ Now known as the metric system, this was a simpler system of measurement that was developed further through conferences with experts from other European nations. ④ Although it would take roughly 50 years for France to make its use mandatory, its impact is undeniable, as it is used today throughout the majority of the world. ⑤

주어진 문장: It was intended to create a universal standard that anyone could measure and verify in the same way.

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14. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

As a fruit matures, it undergoes both external and internal changes, from acquiring a sweeter taste to taking on new colors. These alterations are driven by a variety of hormones and signals including the ethylene gas, which hastens the overall process. ( ① ) Each fruit differs in how much ethylene is present during its lifecycle, but it generally follows two patterns during development. ( ② ) Climacteric fruits such as apples, bananas, and pears produce more ethylene overall and experience a sudden increase of the gas during ripening. ( ③ ) The burst of ethylene is accompanied by an increased rate of respiration. ( ④ ) These fruits are able to ripen even after being harvested, and can be affected by external ethylene, so if a climacteric fruit with lower levels of the gas is placed next to one with higher levels, its ripening will quicken. ( ⑤ ) Non-climacteric fruit do not have a surge in ethylene or respiration and do not ripen once picked, relying on the plant for this. Strawberries, cherries, and grapes are examples of fruits that ripen in this way.

주어진 문장: This distinction divides fruits into climacteric and non-climacteric categories depending on how ethylene and respiration change during ripening.

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15. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

Historically, fashion has never really been elevated to the same status as paintings, music, or literature in the art world. ( ① ) This disparity was brought to light at an exhibit at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1983. ( ② ) The display of certain iconic clothing items in the same manner as masterpieces by Rembrandt and Picasso angered many critics who did not feel clothes should be categorized as fine art. ( ③ ) Such a reaction reveals a lingering assumption that only traditionally recognized forms deserve to be considered art. ( ④ ) This assessment narrows the field of artistry to a box that is outdated and restrictive. It also fails to consider the myriad ways art can be communicated. ( ⑤ ) Fashion, like all art, is a manifestation of the society we live in and an expression of the era we are a part of. It can reflect who we are as a person in the same way a painting we admire reveals to us what we find beautiful or moving. Fashion is an industry to be sure, but a creative one that takes as much dedication and craftsmanship as any other artistic endeavor.

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16. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

주어진 문장: This arrangement leaves many Americans either dependent on limited public programs or exposed to significant financial risk when seeking treatment.

Those who have moved to America from other economically advanced countries have no doubt puzzled over the strange workings of the US healthcare system. ① Unlike virtually every other industrialized nation in the world, the American government does not offer a form of publicly managed universal health care, instead operating a predominately private system. ② Under this system, impoverished, disabled, and elderly citizens qualify for some or all of their health care expenses to be covered through publicly funded plans. ③ Meanwhile, 68% of citizens rely on private coverage through insurance companies, and another 8% lack coverage entirely. ④ Moreover, high deductibles out-of-pocket costs that must be paid in addition to costly monthly premiums before insurance benefits come into effect prevent many of those enrolled in private insurance policies from being able to reliably access medical services. ⑤ According to one analysis, the average individual deductible for Americans is $5,940, a sum that exceeds many people's financial means. For this reason, critics have put forth a number of different models for the legislature to consider adopting.

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17. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

To determine the role of sleep in spatial learning, an ability that is reliant on the hippocampus, researchers engaged volunteers in an academic sleep experiment that tested how well they could get through a three-dimensional virtual maze. ① The participants were divided into two groups, both of which received training on how to complete the maze; the first group's session occurred at 10:00 am, while the second group's session took place at 10:00 pm. ② Both groups were tested on what they learned 11 hours after their training, with the second group demonstrating what they learned the next day following a night of sleep. ③ Thus, the main difference between the two groups was that only one of them slept before the test. ④ It was found that the group that slept before being tested outperformed the first group. ⑤ Although the members of this group were not faster at completing the task, the decisions they made with regards to their movements through the maze were correct more often. The results of the experiment ultimately suggest sleep enhances the processing of spatial information in the hippocampus.

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18. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

주어진 문장: This greatly increases your odds of not succeeding in whatever endeavor you have planned.

Anxiety is a form of unwanted time travel. It transports one out of a present that could be cherished into a future that is detested. The English philosopher John Locke stated, "What worries you, masters you." ① If you focus exclusively on potential negative outcomes, you are in fact experiencing failure in advance. ② In effect, you become trapped in a negative feedback loop, whereby your concerns lead you to fail, which makes you more anxious in the future. ③ To avoid this trap, it is vital to remain fully engaged with the present, as it is after all the only time period that truly exists. ④ The future is a fantasy, and the past is a phantom. ⑤ The trick is to make the most of today in pursuit of a better tomorrow, whether or not it lives up to our expectations from yesterday.

19. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

For instance, merely telling a customer the total amount of money spent on a service may fail to leave a strong impression.

In the past, using data and statistics in the form of charts and other visualizations was hit or miss, and some presentations were little more than a story without a voice. Over the last decade, however, more and more organizations have attempted to address this issue by turning to data storytelling, a methodology of communicating information that is specially tailored for a specific audience. ① Instead of just presenting any information about a company or a product, data storytelling takes advantage of the wealth of information that is now available to businesses thanks to technology and contextualizes it. ② For instance, the ride-sharing application Uber uses data storytelling to share information such as the number of miles a user has traveled in a year and puts it into perspective in order to show how much value it adds to the user's life. ③ Being told that you've used the service to drive the equivalent of two journeys around Earth is far more compelling and has more of an impact than simply being told how much money you've spent. ④ This comparison shows how contextualized data can transform dry numerical facts into meaningful personal insight. ⑤ As a result, data storytelling has become an increasingly effective way for organizations to communicate value to their audiences.

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20. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

Majoring in something more "employable" science, math, computer programming, etc. is much more attractive than studying literature. Statistics from universities across the country support this assertion, as the number of students with literature degrees has declined by 25 percent over the past decade and this downward trend is likely to continue. ① It is important to note, however, that literature is much more than just reading books. ② It fuels the imagination and encourages critical thinking. ③ It improves communication and builds empathy. ④ All are necessary skills to prosper today. ⑤ Seeing literature only as a form of entertainment, an outdated subject without practical purpose, is far too short-sighted, as it ultimately informs how well we live.

주어진 문장: Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau has surely made good use of his English degree and there must be a good reason that the first American woman in space studied literature alongside physics.

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21. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?

주어진 문장: These abilities helped them survive in a world that was far colder and more dangerous than today.

The most recent ice age reached its peak nearly 21,000 years ago, resulting in much of the northern hemisphere being covered by thick sheets of ice. ① Although this posed a challenge for Homo sapiens, their large brains made them smart enough to endure the harsh environment. ② One significant advantage was the use of language, which enabled early humans to share information with each other. ③ According to noted anthropologist Brian Fagan, this also gave them "the ability to conceptualize and plan ahead." ④ As a result, they developed into highly adept hunters who were almost always capable of securing sufficient food. Tool-making was also a major factor, as humans could produce a range of useful implements. In addition to weapons such as spears for hunting, they also had needles to sew tight-fitting clothes that protected against the extreme cold. ⑤ Another important contributor was the creation of effective shelters. Homo sapiens extensively modified caves and other natural formations to make them weatherproof.

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22. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

Researchers could then use these predictions to prepare interventions before the disease spread further.

A geographic information system (GIS) is designed to examine trends and patterns related to positions on Earth's surface. ① It can be used for a multitude of purposes, from forecasting the weather to researching areas with high criminal activity. ② But one of the most valuable aspects of GIS is its ability to forecast the spread of a disease across large regions. ③ Researchers in Thailand used this system to anticipate areas at risk of avian flu after an outbreak in 2004. ④ The virus is highly contagious and severely impacted poultry farms, causing the deaths of more than 62 million birds either as a direct result of the virus or through forced slaughter and extensive damage to the local and national economies. ⑤ By inputting important information regarding the region, its communities, and cases, scientists were able to gain a better understanding of the disease's potential diffusion patterns so that preventive measures could be put in place.

23. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?

Most commonly, this happens because directly confronting the original source of anger may feel too risky or impossible. Defense mechanisms are unconscious coping techniques used to reduce the anxiety caused by unpleasant situations. ① One example of this is displaced aggression, which occurs when a person is angry at someone but chooses a different target to engage in hostile behavior with. ② Most commonly, the person who initially triggered the anger is in a position of authority and, therefore, immune to retaliation. ③ Displaced aggression is often exhibited by individuals with a narcissistic personality; as they have a high opinion of themselves and lack empathy for others, they are less able to move on from a perceived slight and more willing to take their frustrations out on an innocent. ④ Unfortunately, victims of displaced aggression tend to be the vulnerable members of a group. ⑤ Many cases of workplace bullying can be attributed to this psychological phenomenon a manager feeling the urge to express anger is more likely to target a subordinate than a superior.

24. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳은?

Notably, these hallucinations are often vivid and detailed, even though they arise in people with severely reduced vision.

Blindness can cause the unexpected symptom of seeing hallucinatory images. ① Unlike mental problems such as Alzheimer's disease, this phenomenon is not an indication of cognitive instability. ② Instead, it occurs because of a decline in the typical load of sensory information the brain is used to receiving. ③ As the eyes perceive less, the brain cells become overactive in order to fill in missing details. ④ To learn more, neuroscientists scanned the brains of numerous individuals with this condition and discovered that, despite the lack of visual input, the activity in the visual center of their brains remained high. In some cases, there was more activity than in those with regular eyesight. ⑤ Scientists attribute this outcome to the brain's attempts to generate images from memory rather than passively receive information as it normally would. Furthermore, the images were not static or simple. Patients reported seeing moving parts, people, geometric shapes, and animals, always well-defined and in full color.

25. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

However, this growing awareness does not necessarily mean that genuinely sustainable methods are being widely adopted.

The construction industry has a significant environmental impact that is often overlooked due to how necessary it is with ever-expanding global populations, just keeping pace with the demand for new construction is a challenge in itself. ① In an effort to combat the damage caused by construction, the desire for sustainability in building practices has never been greater, and terms like "eco-friendly" and "green" are becoming commonplace within the industry. ② However, many consider these terms to be exaggerated buzzwords. ③ While buildings being marketed this way may indeed have a smaller environmental footprint than structures of the past, it is believed that truly sustainable architecture is the exception rather than the rule. ④ Until more architects and builders take care to incorporate eco-friendly practices into every last aspect of the planning and construction processes, we may be a long way from reducing the negative effects of the building industry on the planet. ⑤

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26. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

주어진 문장: In this respect, the empire seems to challenge the common assumption that ancient societies were uniformly less humane or organized than modern ones.

Notwithstanding the immorality of practices such as slavery, the Roman empire was still arguably more progressive with regards to welfare than we are today. ① The Roman empire was capable of systemizing social programs to benefit the entire population. ② The empire had 44,850 insulae, blocks of communal housing for the poor, which held shops and stores on the ground level with private residences above. ③ Other programs included handing out grain and pork once a week, providing free bathhouses and drinking water, and even establishing a form of subsidized healthcare. ④ Although what modern society has inherited from such policies is evident in the systems now in place, it is disappointing how little has been improved upon them. ⑤ The scientific and cultural foundation we have had privilege to over the centuries should have resulted in progress far beyond the thousand-year-old Roman systems; instead, we have made meager strides and possibly even regressed.

27. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

주어진 문장: This suggests that the brain can extend its sense of the body beyond the biological organism itself.

The brain works to offset physical changes when they occur. ① Although neuroscientists used to believe that neurogenesis the ability to produce new information-processing neurons in the brain occurred only during development, it is now understood that our brains are flexible and resilient enough to respond to a variety of situations and challenges throughout our lives. ② This includes having to replace non-functioning limbs that result from accidents or disabilities with a tool such as a prosthetic device or a wheelchair. ③ When surveying wheelchair-bound participants with debilitating spinal cord injuries for the study, it was found that, rather than viewing devices used to assist with their mobility as external tools, they viewed them as part of themselves. ④ What this means is that the brain adjusts its image of the body to incorporate the wheelchair, allowing those who must use them to carry out activities in natural, automatic ways. ⑤

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28. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

주어진 문장: This stylistic transformation was not merely visual but also ideological in nature.

Mannerism, an artistic style that emerged in 16th century Italy, marked a departure from the naturalism of the Renaissance and included a shift to a more philosophical approach to pieces. ① Rather than capturing life-like scenes that featured people as the focal point, mannerist artwork is distinguished by distorted subjects and asymmetry. ② Bodies are often illustrated with the figura serpentinata or “serpentine figure” in these pieces, leaving them with longer limbs, S-shaped forms, and small heads. ③ They are also usually shown in odd and unnatural poses, surrounded by random elements in abnormal settings. ④ These details and components, characterized by artificiality and sophistication, were intended to give the audience an intellectual experience, putting artists on par with poets and scholars since they had mostly been regarded as craftsmen until then. ⑤ This break from the basic principles of naturalism and classicism, which promoted harmony and balance, could be interpreted as a reflection of the religious and social upheaval that occurred during this era.

29. 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

주어진 문장: This reality makes it essential for them to prepare for possibilities beyond sports alone.

The economic landscape and hyper-competitiveness of professional sports put intense constraints on youth athletes who hope to make a career out of their passion. ① While securing placement on a university team is already a challenge, professional leagues are exponentially more selective. ② As such, only very small percentages of those who are lucky enough to compete at a collegiate level have the abilities to continue on to become top ranked in their respective games, forcing most to transition into other careers once they finish their education. ③ The saying that you shouldn't put all your eggs in one basket is thus a particularly valuable lesson for youth athletes, as they must be willing to diversify their prospects in the event that their ambitions do not come to fruition. ④ Doing so will ensure that individuals are adaptable capable of responding to and succeeding in whatever alternative opportunities may present themselves. ⑤

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30. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

However, this technology is proving useful not only in factories and offices but also in fields and farms.

The concept of a network of Internet-enabled devices that controls things remotely is known as the Internet of Things (IoT). ① Although the applications of IoT may seem more apparent in technology-driven sectors, there are potential uses in agriculture, too. ② A significant challenge we face as populations rise is our need to produce more food. ③ This is difficult, as farmland is shrinking due to the expansion of cities and environmental damage has decreased the availability of natural resources. ④ As a result, farmers want to maximize their land's productivity. ⑤ They are, therefore, turning to technologies like IoT. As IoT is still a new concept, most of the benefits so far come from the huge amounts of data that sensors placed throughout farms can collect. This information can include the quality of the soil, measurements of temperature and humidity, and even the location of pests. With these details provided to them in real time and with minimal effort, farmers are able to do a better job of assessing the needs of their farms and responding accordingly.

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31. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?

주어진 문장: This makes them especially destructive because people may not realize the danger until it is too late.

Although volcanic eruptions are most commonly associated with lava and ash fall, one of the most serious dangers actually comes from lahars, floods of flowing water mixed with large amounts of debris. ① With enough force to sweep large boulders into surrounding valleys at high speeds, and with the potential for several to occur in quick succession, lahars are a major cause of death in volcanic eruptions. ② Furthermore, because they can travel great distances, even communities located miles away from volcanoes are at risk. ③ Evacuation is the only option for such places and, fortunately, there are sometimes warning signs. ④ If heavy rain is forecast, then the likelihood of a lahar increases as intense rainfall can easily erode loose sediment and send it cascading downward into inhabited areas. ⑤ The chance of lahars on volcanoes typically covered in ice and snow is also high as the heat of eruptions can melt it. And with any vegetation and soil being destroyed by the intense heat, there is nothing to slow the water as it engulfs everything in its path.

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32. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳은?

주어진 문장: This change also made the accompanying parts less independent than they had been in Baroque music.

Whereas the Baroque Period was characterized by elaborate and complex compositions, the Classical Period marked a shift toward simplicity. ① Rather than producing layer upon layer of polyphony, classical composers crafted simple, memorable, "singable" melodies. ② The melody was often carried in the top line of the music: the soprano voice in a chord or the violin in an orchestra. ③ Below that melody, supporting instruments would expand on the harmony. ④ As part of the movement towards simplicity, there was a relative slowing of harmonic rhythm the pace at which chords changed within a piece which was a marked departure from the prior period. ⑤ In the Baroque era, the harmonic rhythm was quite fast. Often, the chord would change with nearly every beat. In the Classical era, on the other hand, the harmonic rhythm was more relaxed, including a chord change no more than once or twice per measure.

33. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

주어진 문장: This restriction was important because otherwise nearly any promise or poorly performed undertaking might have been treated as legally enforceable.

At its most basic, a contract is a legally binding agreement between two parties. Contract law can be traced back to the Latin principle of pacta sunt servanda ("all pacts must be kept"), although the true development of contract law as we understand it today was developed in western Europe as a way to handle disputes between merchants. This meant that, initially, it was created to help parties recover money that was promised under an express, or written, agreement. Actions to remedy the violation of informal agreements dealing with other issues only started to be developed in the 15th century. Eventually, an action known as assumpsit ("he has undertaken") was adopted as a form of recovery in the event of the negligent performance of an undertaking. ① Because this had the potential to encompass many situations, ② the courts found the need to limit its scope. ③ They therefore devised the principle of "consideration," ④ which stated that a contract could only be binding if an exchange was made or promised. ⑤

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34. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?

Not wanting to be labeled a troublemaker or too assertive, many take a passive role in their daily interactions. ( ① ) To determine how such an individual is perceived by others, professor Kaitlin Woolley conducted a study wherein 300 participants were presented with a situation of a man ordering ice cream. ( ② ) They were asked to rate three options: he had a weak preference for chocolate, he had a strong preference for maple-bacon, or he had no preference and chose a flavor at random. ( ③ ) Interestingly, when the man ordered at random, he was seen as the most robotic and least likeable by the participants. ( ④ ) Further investigation revealed that lacking a preference harmed how one was viewed in their professional life. ( ⑤ ) Subjects were less interested in hiring an applicant who stated they had no favorite food or music as opposed to one who did, despite the fact that there was no difference in the quality of their work. Woolley's research shows that, on the whole, someone who just "goes with the flow" is viewed as both less likeable and less capable.

People may assume that showing no strong preference will make them seem easygoing and agreeable.

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35. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

While doing nothing may indeed be the safest course of action, it also precludes the possibility of you ending up in a better situation.

When faced with a choice between making a change and keeping things the way they are, there is a natural tendency to ask, "Why rock the boat?" ① But this predisposition known as the status quo bias can lead to missed opportunities, which is why it is important to break free from its shackles. ② Imagine you had been working in the same position for years; even if it wasn't your dream job, you would likely grow quite comfortable. ③ If one of your close friends suddenly recommended you for an important role at his or her company, you might ask yourself, "Why risk the unknown when things are fine now?" ④ Caution is important, but don't let a preference for the familiar prevent you from improving your life. ⑤

36. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

주어진 문장: This consumer-oriented approach reduces higher education to a transaction rather than a process of intellectual and personal development.

Obtaining a bachelor's or master's degree has come to be seen as a prerequisite for achieving professional success and, thereby, financial stability. Given this, most students have a natural response: they apply to universities with the greatest name recognition, major in subjects that will allow them to maximize future earnings, and choose classes based on the ease with which they can obtain high grades. ① In effect, a degree is viewed as a commodity, and the student's goal is to get the most value at the lowest cost. ② This poses a significant problem according to noted economist Eamon O'Shea, who argues that something valuable is missed "by concentrating only on the market-based economic returns to education." ③ Rather than simply providing a ticket to the ball, universities need to reorient themselves to challenge and stimulate young people intellectually ④ so that they can identify their purpose in life and attempt to fulfill it ⑤ in other words, students need to be encouraged to pursue real happiness.

37. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

주어진 문장: This means that comedy does not merely distract people from reality, but can actively reshape how they understand it.

There is a widely held belief that humor is primarily a form of escapism in that it relieves stress by allowing people to make light of real-world problems that have a direct impact on their lives. ( ① ) While this is a function of comedy, it can also play a much more important role: it is a method to explore social issues in an unconventional way, often providing new insights in the process. ( ② ) Humor can be used to challenge harmful stereotypes about specific groups of people who are in the minority. ( ③ ) This is because responding to a joke is a form of social bonding. ( ④ ) When humor is centered on presenting the perspective of a marginalized group in a positive manner, it promotes empathy toward people who might otherwise be ignored or even disparaged. ( ⑤ ) In this way, comedy works as a framing mechanism that presents controversial issues as shared experiences, allowing people to see beyond their own prejudices.

38. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

주어진 문장: This abundance has made it increasingly difficult for truly outstanding works to stand out from the vast sea of images online.

The Internet has made art more accessible; it is no longer just the domain of ultra-wealthy collectors. The exposure the Internet affords is naturally good for artists, as it gives them the opportunity to showcase their work without having to hope that a dealer might exhibit it in a gallery first. ① However, while their work is technically out there for all to see, online art curating is overwhelmed with so much content ② that the lines between good and bad art have been blurred; it's all just art, available to anyone. ③ In addition, the art community itself has turned into a factory of sorts, with the more original art being produced, the higher the potential for profit. ④ Today, artists can be much more commercially successful when they produce 30 mediocre works every month instead of one carefully crafted work a year ⑤ because art is now just something to be bought and sold rather than something "priceless" to be treasured for its aesthetic or transcendent qualities.

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39. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

Given this need, many workers have turned to a new kind of labor market that offers short, flexible work opportunities.

With the purchasing power of wages remaining relatively constant over the last 40 years, more people are struggling to make ends meet. ① Workers are using their free time to take on second jobs as a way of paying their bills. ② For these people, flexibility is a key element of a second job so that it doesn't interfere with their primary job. ③ Technology has helped make this possible, allowing people to work during hours of their own choosing as independent contractors who fulfill the short-term needs of many companies. ④ The "gig economy" is a relatively new term to describe the prevalence of short-term contract work. ⑤ New platforms have been developed to facilitate contract hiring, like Uber, which allows people to get paid to drive other people around. Numerous websites exist to connect people with short-term jobs in every area imaginable, many of which can be done remotely and without a fixed schedule.

40. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

주어진 문장: This has made it increasingly difficult for companies to rely on passive data collection methods alone.

The development of technologies to track individuals as they use the Internet has proven to be a boon for companies that market their products online. It allows them to create personalized advertisements based on specific data points ranging from age to relationship status to net worth that target potential customers. However, increased consumer awareness of the threat this poses to privacy is leading to significant changes in the advertising industry. ① Of particular note is the gradual transition from an opt-out model of data collection to an opt-in one. ② Most social media sites and search engines collect extensive user information by default. ③ Individuals who want to avoid this must scroll through complicated menus to find the appropriate setting to change. ④ Rising complaints over this practice have led some firms to take action. ⑤ They now create marketing content that encourages consumers to voluntarily provide personal details. In particular, well-designed quizzes have a high level of consumer engagement and result in the collection of data that is of great use in advertising.

41. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

Although this may seem counterintuitive, the presence of a wolf tone can actually indicate a superior instrument. A wolf tone is an unwanted beating or howling sound that is produced when the natural resonating frequency of a stringed instrument's top plate matches a note that is played. ① One might assume that an instrument with a wolf tone is of questionable quality. ② However, the opposite is often true. ③ Lower-quality instruments are made of materials that are less resonant, so they are less likely to create a wolf tone, and even if they do, the sound is often too weak to be clearly heard. ④ By contrast, higher-quality instruments are extremely resonant and are more likely to support wolf tones that are amplified enough to be noticeable. ⑤ Because methods of reducing this effect can also alter the instrument's overall sound, a balanced approach is required: the aim is to suppress the wolf tone with minimal interference, typically by attaching and adjusting a small weight to the string below the bridge.

42. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

주어진 문장: This means that online retailers are likely to find especially fertile ground in places where digital commerce has not yet been fully established.

The popularity of e-commerce, largely driven by our ever-increasing desire for convenience, is only expected to grow on a global scale in the coming years. ( ① ) While a number of factors play into this, including automation and the decline of brick-and-mortar businesses, the growth of emerging markets is also expected to have a notable effect on the future of online sales. ( ② ) Previously, e-commerce penetration in emerging markets lagged behind that of major markets like the United States, but due to recent economic growth, it is expected that three billion people from emerging nations will have access to the Internet by 2022. ( ③ ) Given that many of these markets are currently untapped with traditional retailers having long dominated commercial activities, e-commerce in these regions understandably has a lot of potential. ( ④ ) With so many opportunities now opening up, it is anticipated that new e-commerce brands will appear, and traditional ones will develop online capabilities to stay relevant as the growth of consumer spending over the Internet intensifies. ( ⑤ )

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43. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

주어진 문장: This is because many of the most important goals people pursue can only be achieved through coordinated, cooperative action.

Of the behaviors that play a central role in maintaining healthy social structures, solidarity — the process of mutual support within a group — is one of the most widely felt. ① Neighbors often demonstrate this behavior in small ways when they do favors to help out those who live next door. ② In work settings, virtually no projects or tasks stand to be accomplished unless colleagues embrace collaboration and reciprocal assistance; indeed, many manual labor jobs physically require joint efforts, such as when construction workers must collectively raise a wall. ③ The realm of politics and social activism offers maybe one of the most explicit examples yet of the need for and implementation of solidarity. ④ Mass social justice movements are perfect manifestations of this behavior, which is demonstrated in the way that people come together to protest oppressive governments or supply food and housing to their fellow citizens during times of economic hardship. ⑤ All of these cases illustrate how solidarity is a fundamental pillar of life in a community.

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44. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

주어진 문장: This creates a dilemma in which a technology meant to reduce environmental harm can itself become a source of ecological damage.

With the transition to electric vehicles (EV) now underway, the demand for lithium-ion batteries the power sources for EV is skyrocketing, creating a new concern: What will we do with them once they reach the end of their life cycle? ① Unlike other types of batteries, which are shredded into a powder and then melted or dissolved during the recycling process, lithium-ion batteries are more complicated to get rid of. ② Disposing of them is harmful as they release heavy metals and other environmental contaminants. ③ The current recycling process for them is expensive and results in low-value products, making it cheaper to mine more lithium than to try to reuse it. ④ However, mining the metals needed to make these batteries requires vast amounts of water, the use of which has been linked to declining vegetation, drought, and higher temperatures. ⑤ While lithium-ion batteries may help pave the way to a more sustainable future eventually, it is clear that the environmental challenges they pose must be neutralized.

45. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

Naegleria fowleri is often called the “brain-eating amoeba,” a name that reflects the devastating effect it has once it enters the human body. ( ① ) Unlike most other microorganisms found in freshwater, Naegleria fowleri is fatal to nearly everyone it infects, largely because the infection progresses rapidly and the initial symptoms headache, fever, and vomiting are similar to many other illnesses, making it easy to misdiagnose. ( ② ) Naegleria fowleri thrives in warm water, which means it was once only found in southern regions, but climate change and the ensuing increase in water temperature has caused the bug to make its way northward in recent years, intensifying concerns among those who enjoy recreational activities in lakes and rivers. ( ③ ) The good news is that Naegleria fowleri cases are still extremely rare the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has only recorded 34 over the past decade. ( ④ ) Nonetheless, experts say that people should not let their guard down. ( ⑤ ) As the microorganism is only transmissible when water is inhaled through the nose, at which point it travels up the nasal cavity into the brain where it begins to feed on the tissue, remembering to wear a nose clip can provide effective protection.

Given its near-certain lethality and the difficulty of recognizing the disease early, public health officials have continued to warn people about it despite the small number of recorded cases.

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46. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

주어진 문장: This helps explain why issues that might once have remained manageable now often escalate rapidly into major public crises.

Modern society has become increasingly complex, with many measures in place to prioritize the welfare of citizens and encourage progress. ① However, as a result of such safeguards, of the expectation that we will be protected by authorities from any and all potential threats, it can be argued that we live in a "culture of fear." ② This means that our perception of danger has increased, even if the actual level of risk has not. ③ providing an explanation for why many problems in society develop into full-blown crises that policy makers may be limited in their ability to get under control. ④ Part of the difficulty in managing such crises has to do with the fact that they are frequently subjective. ⑤ What may seem entirely innocent to some members of society can be interpreted by others as wrong, leading to the situation getting out of hand.

47. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

주어진 문장: As a result, they often come to value emotional independence over emotional closeness.

Some parents become anxious when faced with having to deal with their child's emotional needs. Because of their nervousness, they may be unable or unwilling to respond to their child in a comforting way, which may cause them to ignore their child, become angry, or shame them for any emotional displays. ( ① ) This reaction teaches the child that they cannot rely on their parents for emotional support, and they develop an avoidant attachment. Knowing that being emotional will be poorly received, the child learns to hold their feelings back. ( ② ) Although they still experience sadness and other emotions, they teach themselves that these feelings do not matter and find ways to comfort themselves that do not involve going to their parents. ( ③ ) As they repeatedly soothe themselves instead of seeking comfort from caregivers, self-reliance becomes a central emotional strategy. ( ④ ) This tendency to self-soothe carries over into adulthood. Because people with avoidant attachment have learned to rely on themselves, they may be uncomfortable with receiving emotional support from others or discussing their struggles, which can make it difficult for them to form close relationships. ( ⑤ )

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48. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

주어진 문장: Yet the public often judges them not for what they document, but for what they fail to do in the moment.

The 1993 Pulitzer Prize-winning photo "The Vulture and the Little Girl" was taken by photojournalist Kevin Carter in Sudan. The famous picture shows a famine-stricken child collapsed on the ground as a vulture looks on in the background. The photo elicited a lot of raw emotion when it was published in The New York Times. ( ① ) There was, of course, concern for the starving child, but there was also rage directed at Carter, who many considered heartless for not helping. ( ② ) Carter did shoo the vulture away after snapping the picture, and the child, who had been crawling to a UN feeding center, eventually did make it there, according to reports. ( ③ ) Nonetheless, Carter was bombarded with questions like "Why didn't you help more?" The backlash was incessant. ( ④ ) This is a prime example of the high psychological toll of being a photojournalist. Not only is the occupation dangerous with many photojournalists going headfirst into wars and natural disasters but there is constant reproach from the public, who expect much more from the person behind the camera than objectivity. ( ⑤ )

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49. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

Given the decentralized nature of education in the United States, carrying out one nationwide policy proved far more complicated than lawmakers had anticipated.

Once ranked among the top in the world, the US educational system had, by the year 2000, begun to fall behind other nations. ① To improve its ranking and make students more competitive, educational reforms such as the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) were introduced in 2001. ② The purpose of the legislation was to improve standards and hold schools accountable for underperforming students. ③ In this way, students of every race, background, and economic status would become adequately prepared for college and a career. ④ When the law was put into practice, however, a number of challenges emerged. ⑤ Among these were difficulties ensuring a consistent application of standards and compliance from different states. Eventually, NCLB was replaced in 2015 with the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA). Though still imperfect in its implementation, ESSA has provided schools with more flexibility in both the standards they use and how they measure performance.

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50. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

Medical software is a booming business, with health tech firms rushing to provide hospitals and doctors with AI programs that can carry out a range of diagnostic tasks. ( ① ) Partly, this promotion of medical technology is an attempt to relieve some of the pressure on health care workers and services. ( ② ) It is also an example of "technological solutionism" the widespread notion that all of society's problems can be solved with the invention of a new form of technology. ( ③ ) As a result, decisions made with the help of such systems may appear objective even when they are shaped by hidden assumptions. ( ④ ) But there are various problems with this approach, including that these programs are not infallible and often reflect the biases of those who develop them, putting certain categories of patients at risk. ( ⑤ ) This issue is also exacerbated by the fact that the internal processes of these programs are hidden from everyone but programmers. Many insurance firms that utilize algorithmic assessment programs admit that there is no way to find out how a program reached a conclusion, but they are nonetheless obligated to follow it. The lack of accountability and the biases it could propagate must be addressed before these programs are more widely utilized.

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51. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 알맞은 곳을 고르시오.

주어진 문장: Within this rule of seven, the subgroups combine to form the larger system, the murmuration.

In winter, it is not an uncommon sight to see hundreds or thousands of starlings swooping and swirling as they fly in a coordinated pattern called a murmuration. ① How the birds are able to form such a cohesive whole as a group composed of so many individual members has long been a subject of interest for scientists, but a study by George F. Young and his team may finally provide an explanation. ② By carefully examining video footage, they found that individual starlings pay attention to a fixed number of their flying neighbors seven to be exact so that they can predict their movements and carry them out themselves, reacting with both incredible speed and precision. ③ According to Young, focusing on these other birds and nothing else allows starlings to maintain the delicate balance between not knowing where or how the group will fly and moving with the group without crashing into others or flying out of the flock. ④ ⑤

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