121번. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

A great strength of the market mechanism is that there are incentives for individuals to reveal their knowledge through their behavior. This stands in contrast to many strategic situations—for example, in political negotiations—in which it is wise not to let the other side know what one's true preferences or production capacities are. A perfectly competitive market that clears on the spot leaves no room for such strategies. If prices are not sticky—as many models assume—individuals adapt their behavior instantaneously, whenever their preferences or the circumstances change. They stop buying items that do not satisfy their needs and stop selling items that do not provide them with optimal gains, maybe switching to the production of other items. If they have motivational problems, for example, falling into denial about the fact that there is no demand for their products, markets reveal to them, sometimes in quite brutal ways, that they better accept this fact.

요약문:

Because a fully responsive market makes concealment costly rather than useful, it turns private judgments into public signals and forces even the self-deceived toward ___(A)___ of demand and ___(B)___ of action.

① acknowledgment …… recalibration
② acknowledgment …… concealment
③ evasion …… recalibration
④ evasion …… postponement
⑤ insulation …… distortion

1. 다음 글의 요약문으로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

A first step toward establishing a respectful classroom learning community is acceptance of all ideas and answers—regardless of any obvious errors. Rich mathematical discussions cannot occur if this expectation is not in place. We must remember that wrong answers are often rooted in misconceptions, and unless these ideas are allowed to be brought to the forefront, we cannot help students confront their thinking. Students who are in safe learning environments are willing to risk sharing an incorrect answer with their peers in order to grow mathematically. It is important to model and expect the acceptance of all ideas without derogatory comments. As educators we can model this by recording all answers to be considered without giving any verbal or physical expressions that indicate agreement or disagreement with any answer. The teacher may need to practice having a “blank face.” Students look to teachers as the source of correct answers. Part of building a safe learning community is to shift this source of knowledge to the students, by equipping them to defend the thinking behind their solutions.

요약문: A mathematically productive classroom emerges when error is treated not as something to be ___(A)___ by the teacher, but as material students can publicly examine, making authority more ___(B)___ across the class.

① concealed …… distributed
② concealed …… centralized
③ corrected …… distributed
④ corrected …… centralized
⑤ dismissed …… isolated

2. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

The usual intercity traveler moves slowly through the station area. The passenger may not be familiar with the routine, have baggage to handle and check or retrieve, have a long wait for connections or delayed trains, and may require information, food, and a comfortable place to sit. Commuters, on the other hand, are familiar with the route through the station, have little or no luggage, and are usually in a hurry. They want direct access to or from local streets and transport. These two types of traffic should be kept separate to avoid conflict and confusion. In some large stations such as Grand Central Terminal in New York City, commuter and intercity trains arrive and depart on different levels. In smaller stations, separate platforms should be used and traffic routed so that the two lines of movement do not cross. In some instances, separate stations are in use. Clear and concise direction and routing signs and other means of channelization are desirable.

요약문:
Because station users operate with sharply different rhythms and needs, effective design depends on spatial ___(A)___ that minimizes ___(B)___ rather than forcing all passengers through the same circulation pattern.

① segregation …… interference
② segregation …… accessibility
③ integration …… interference
④ integration …… accessibility
⑤ standardization …… efficiency

3. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Most performance lighting is made up of a number of different looks which we have called lighting states. Each lighting cue triggers a change to a new state. Like actors, lighting cues usually need a motivation. This might be something very obvious such as a cue required to brighten a room setting when an actor turns on a light switch or the rapid increase in intensity at the end of a dance number in a traditional musical (known as a button cue). At other times we will need a cue to provide a subtle change in atmosphere over a number of minutes, motivated perhaps by the mention of a sunset or the intention to slowly change the feel of the performance from normal to threatening. The question, ‘What will lighting do for this production?’ needs to be asked for each moment of the production, each dramatic unit or scene, and each transition.

요약문:

Stage lighting should not be treated as mere decoration; instead, every shift between visual conditions must serve a dramatic ___(A)___, whether the change is immediate or gradually builds a new emotional ___(B)___.

① rationale …… climate
② rationale …… boundary
③ ornament …… climate
④ ornament …… boundary
⑤ impulse …… texture

4. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Rooms have their own “sound” because they impose their own characteristics on audio signals contained within them. It’s actually kind of remarkable. Sound such as music coming from headphones will sound the same everywhere. No matter what acoustical environment we are in, the headphones sound the same. That’s because the room is not part of that playback signal path. But sound such as music from a loudspeaker will sound different in every acoustical environment. Every room where you set up the loudspeaker will cause the sound you hear to be different—sometimes dramatically different; that is because the room is now part of the signal path. Also, in the same room, the loudspeaker will sound different when it is placed in different locations in the room and it will sound different as you move around the room. Similarly, when you are recording a musical instrument, the sound you receive at the microphone will be different in every room and the recorded sound will sound different as the instrument or the microphone is moved.

요약문:

Once sound leaves a self-contained system and enters a shared space, that space ceases to be a mere backdrop and becomes an active ___(A)___, making the resulting sound highly ___(B)___ to location and arrangement.

① mediator …… vulnerable
② mediator …… uniform
③ container …… vulnerable
④ container …… uniform
⑤ observer …… neutral

5. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

In a thesis-based doctoral programme, students typically spend a significant amount of time and effort researching a specific topic. While this deep dive into a particular area allows for thorough exploration and understanding, it can also result in narrowing the focus. As students become deeply absorbed in their research, they may spend less time exploring related fields or acquiring skills outside their immediate area of study. Consequently, this singular focus may limit the breadth of knowledge and skills developed during the programme, potentially hindering students’ ability to adapt to diverse career paths or address interdisciplinary challenges. Some universities in Europe have recognised the limitations of traditional thesis-based doctoral programmes and have started to implement more structured approaches. These structured programmes often combine research with coursework and training in transferable skills. By incorporating coursework, seminars, workshops and internships into the curriculum, they aim to provide students with a broader skill set and better prepare them for a variety of career paths beyond academia.

요약문:

Doctoral education centred almost entirely on a single research agenda may produce intellectual ___(A)___, so some universities are redesigning it to cultivate greater ___(B)___ through structured learning beyond the dissertation.

① isolation …… versatility
② isolation …… conformity
③ specialization …… versatility
④ specialization …… conformity
⑤ acceleration …… uniformity

6. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Research shows that, by age three, children understand that imaginary objects do not come to life. This is especially clear with respect to everyday objects—children know that even though they imagine a pencil in an empty box, the box will remain empty. However, emotion can sometimes disrupt this understanding, or at least its expression. That is, even though a child knows that monsters are not real, the thought of a monster under a bed might be enough to make a child refuse to go into his room at night. Indeed, research shows that children have a more difficult time displaying their understanding of the causal relations between imagination and reality when they are asked to pretend or imagine scary things, like monsters. In one study, preschool children were shown an empty box and were asked to imagine a monster inside. All children agreed that the box was empty. However, when they were left alone with the box they exhibited fear and avoidance of it.

요약문:

Young children are not generally confused about what belongs to fantasy, but when fear enters the picture, their explicit knowledge can become ___(A)___ and their behavior may no longer remain ___(B)___.

① unstable …… aligned
② unstable …… symbolic
③ resilient …… aligned
④ resilient …… symbolic
⑤ neutral …… detached

7. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Perhaps the best-known development to emerge from the liberation and expansion of aesthetic experience is the aesthetics of everyday life. Although there is presently a flowering of work on everyday aesthetics, the possibility of aesthetic gratification in ordinary objects and events has long been recognized, even if degraded and dismissed by prevalent philosophical theory. Widely valued by poets, especially Romantic poets and those in Asian traditions, the aesthetic in everyday situations has also been recognized by novelists. It may be most convenient, though, to locate its contemporary intellectual origins in John Dewey’s Art as Experience. In that book Dewey argued against the separation of art from life by basing aesthetic experience on the biological and cultural conditions of human life. He located the aesthetic, not in an internalized awareness of sensation and feeling but in “a complete interpenetration of self and the world of objects and events.” Further, Dewey maintained that “the aesthetic is the clarified and intensified development of traits that belong to every normally complete experience.”

요약문: What had often been pushed to the margins by philosophy is redefined by Dewey as something ___(A)___ to ordinary living, arising through our active ___(B)___ with the surrounding world rather than through secluded inward feeling.

① peripheral …… detachment
② integral …… engagement
③ integral …… detachment
④ derivative …… engagement
⑤ derivative …… isolation

8. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

One cannot validly argue that humans are morally superior beings on the ground that they possess, while others lack, the capacities of a moral agent. The reason is that, as far as moral standards are concerned, only beings that have the capacities of a moral agent can meaningfully be said to be either morally good or morally bad. Only moral agents can be judged to be morally better or worse than others, and the others in question must be moral agents themselves. Judgments of moral superiority are based on the comparative merits or deficiencies of the entities being judged, and these merits and deficiencies are all moral ones, that is, ones determined by moral standards. One entity is correctly judged morally superior to another if it is the case that, when valid moral standards are applied to both entities, the first fulfills them to a greater degree than the second. Both entities, therefore, must fall within the range of application of moral standards. This would not be the case, however, if humans were being judged superior to animals and plants, since the latter are not moral agents.

요약문: A claim of human moral superiority collapses because comparison by moral criteria requires a shared ___(A)___ to such criteria; beings outside that domain cannot occupy a lower ___(B)___ within it.

① eligibility …… rank
② eligibility …… function
③ exposure …… rank
④ exposure …… function
⑤ resemblance …… capacity

9. 아래 글의 요약문으로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Such artificial ‘pause fillers’ as machine-generated supplements for silence may help to produce a more natural-sounding cadence in machine-generated speech patterns and so help to convince the AI’s human interlocutors that they are engaging with another human. AI’s ‘humanity’ of silence emerges in these contexts not least because a short period of silence is likely to be interpreted as a ‘pause for thought’, therefore reinforcing the illusion that the machine is ‘thinking’ before responding, just as a human might. However, the technical issues flagged in AI’s poor handling of higher duration and frequency silences, no less than the machine inference that silence can be filled with relevant sounds in some conversational situations, are both significant. In this context at least, the AI may be starting to recognise silence not as an absence but as meaningful data. Yet the AI’s confusion when presented with substantial silences, and its understanding that short break tags are equivalent to vocal markers such as ‘uh’s’ and ‘ah’s’ indicate the AI’s continuing preferences for sound over silence, for presence over absence.

요약문:
The machine’s imitation of human conversation depends on treating brief quietness as ___(A)___, but its deeper design still reveals a bias toward ___(B)___ whenever silence becomes too substantial to manage.

① cognition …… audibility
② cognition …… ambiguity
③ symbolism …… audibility
④ symbolism …… ambiguity
⑤ neutrality …… spontaneity

10. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Standardization of information was an effect of printing; since it allowed exact reproduction of information in a way that manuscript copying did not. This is evident in the contrast between the travel logs of Marco Polo and those of Christopher Columbus. After his return from China in 1295, a century and a half before printing, Polo’s narrative was copied in about 150 different manuscripts, with so many differences that we’re not sure which version is authentic. In contrast, there is only one version of Christopher Columbus’s letters about the exploration of the Caribbean in the 1490s, since they were fixed in printed form and widely distributed at the time they were written. So the certainty of accuracy was a way that printing was an improvement over the old oral-manuscript culture.

요약문:

By making texts reproducible without cumulative alteration, print culture transformed written accounts from objects vulnerable to ___(A)___ into records granted greater ___(B)___.

① distortion …… authority
② distortion …… obscurity
③ instability …… authority
④ instability …… obscurity
⑤ uniformity …… ambiguity

11. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Archaeological evidence suggests that various crops were being cultivated as early as 9500 BC in the Levant. Over the millennia, continuous innovations have boosted agricultural productivity while reducing manual labor. However, the growing global population will always demand more food. It is projected that by 2050, the world’s population will increase to 9.7 billion, which will require global food production to rise by at least 70% to meet demand. Despite this need, only a small portion of the Earth’s surface is suitable for farming due to limitations such as climate, topography, soil quality, and technology. Political and economic factors, including land ownership patterns, environmental laws, and population density, also influence agricultural land use. In fact, the amount of land used for agriculture has been declining. In 2013, around 18.6 million square miles was used for food production, compared to 19.5 million square miles in 1991.

요약문: Humanity’s long effort to improve farming now faces a growing ___(A)___: food demand is accelerating, but the physical and social room for cultivation is becoming increasingly ___(B)___.

① paradox …… constrained
② paradox …… abundant
③ momentum …… constrained
④ momentum …… adaptable
⑤ equilibrium …… abundant

12. 다음 글을 읽고, 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

If you are going to compare languages, it helps to start with something that you are confident you can find in all languages. Take for example signs or words for mother and father. If we add other family relationships to this category—son, grandmother, aunt, brother-in-law, cousin—we are defining the category of kinship terminology. Comparative typological studies of kinship terminology have discovered that languages have labels for some but not all family relationships. And the probability that a specific kin relationship has a label is predictable based on the other kinship terms in the language. For example, all languages have a core set of kinship terms—like mother and father. By contrast, terms for less central category members are often built up from the core terms—like mother-in-law and step-father. If we compare languages across the world, we can ask what kinship relationships are typically expressed with core terminology, and what relationships are expressed by modifying the core terminology.

요약문:
The naming of family relations across languages is not random but follows a ___(A)___ pattern: the most cognitively central ties receive independent labels, while more peripheral ones are commonly conveyed through ___(B)___ forms derived from them.

① hierarchical …… composite
② hierarchical …… arbitrary
③ incidental …… composite
④ incidental …… opaque
⑤ fragmented …… arbitrary

13. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

There are several ways that participants in a make-believe can communicate things about the fictional world to other participants. Sometimes these messages are emitted naturally as a result of full participation in the fictional world—i.e., something said or done by a player while in character communicates some things that are fictional of that world. For example, a child pretending to be Peter Pan might gasp and draw a plastic knife. This might be sufficient to communicate that fictionally one of Peter’s enemies, such as Captain Hook, is approaching. These in-character behaviors can be insufficient, however, to maintain the necessary amount of common ground about what is fictional in the world of the make-believe. At these times participants often come at least partly out of character to give other participants the information they need. For example, it would be important to avoid confusion about who is playing which character: “No, you’re Captain Hook, and I’m Peter Pan!”

요약문:

Shared understanding in make-believe is built not only through immersed performance but also through moments of ___(A)___, because expressive acting alone may fail to secure enough ___(B)___ among participants.

① clarification …… alignment
② clarification …… ambiguity
③ immersion …… alignment
④ immersion …… ambiguity
⑤ concealment …… tension

14. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Our intuition about states of matter comes from our experience on Earth’s surface, where the pressure is uniformly low and variations in temperature cause changes in the state of matter from solid to liquid to gas. Therefore, when we think of melting or boiling or the creation of plasma, we intuitively assume it reflects an increase in temperature. This bias comes from the fact that we live in a very constant pressure environment. Even small changes in pressure, such as those we experience when under water or on high mountaintops, can have very large effects on our metabolism. But the pressure changes we experience are trivial compared to the pressure range of the overall planetary environment. Since pressure is controlled by the weight of overlying material, pressures increase rapidly with depth. Imagine the pressures generated by the weight of rock a mile thick! For this reason a planet’s pressure ranges are enormous—from essentially zero pressure in space to pressures of millions of atmospheres in planetary interiors.

요약문: Because human experience is confined to a narrow band of environmental conditions, we tend to treat heat as the primary ___(A)___ of changes in matter, overlooking how a planet’s vast internal pressure profile can be an equally decisive ___(B)___.

① driver …… constraint
② driver …… factor
③ illusion …… factor
④ illusion …… boundary
⑤ tendency …… constraint

15. 다음 글의 요약문으로 가장 알맞은 것은?

When self-experimentation and conventional experiments are both possible, the difference between them often resembles the difference between learning and showing: Self experiments are better for discovery but worse for convincing others that the solution is helpful or the answer is correct. Of course, most scientists want to do both—discover something and convince others of their discovery. Thus, psychologists should consider doing both self-experiments and conventional ones. The best use of resources may often be self-experiments followed by conventional ones. The researcher begins with self-experiments that, if all goes well, find large effects and/or generate and eliminate many hypotheses. This exploratory and theory-building phase lasts until a convenient solution or large effect is found. Then the researcher uses self-experiments to find the procedural parameters (e.g., duration, time of day, intensity) that optimize the solution or maximize the effect. Only then would the researcher begin conventional experiments, using the optimized parameters.

요약문:

A productive research strategy is to treat personal trials as a tool for ___(A)___ refinement, and to reserve standard studies for public ___(B)___ once the strongest conditions have been identified.

① strategic …… validation
② strategic …… improvisation
③ intuitive …… validation
④ intuitive …… improvisation
⑤ decorative …… diffusion

16. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Standardization of information was an effect of printing; since it allowed exact reproduction of information in a way that manuscript copying did not. This is evident in the contrast between the travel logs of Marco Polo and those of Christopher Columbus. After his return from China in 1295, a century and a half before printing, Polo’s narrative was copied in about 150 different manuscripts, with so many differences that we’re not sure which version is authentic. In contrast, there is only one version of Christopher Columbus’s letters about the exploration of the Caribbean in the 1490s, since they were fixed in printed form and widely distributed at the time they were written. So the certainty of accuracy was a way that printing was an improvement over the old oral-manuscript culture.

요약문:
The shift to print transformed recorded knowledge from something vulnerable to textual ___(A)___ into something possessing greater ___(B)___, because duplication no longer depended on the instability of repeated hand-copying.

① drift …… authority
② drift …… obscurity
③ uniformity …… authority
④ uniformity …… obscurity
⑤ distortion …… fragility

17. 다음 글의 요약문으로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Archaeological evidence suggests that various crops were being cultivated as early as 9500 BC in the Levant. Over the millennia, continuous innovations have boosted agricultural productivity while reducing manual labor. However, the growing global population will always demand more food. It is projected that by 2050, the world’s population will increase to 9.7 billion, which will require global food production to rise by at least 70% to meet demand. Despite this need, only a small portion of the Earth’s surface is suitable for farming due to limitations such as climate, topography, soil quality, and technology. Political and economic factors, including land ownership patterns, environmental laws, and population density, also influence agricultural land use. In fact, the amount of land used for agriculture has been declining. In 2013, around 18.6 million square miles was used for food production, compared to 19.5 million square miles in 1991.

요약문:

Although farming has long become more efficient through human ingenuity, the challenge of feeding future populations is intensifying because demand keeps rising while the physical and social room for cultivation grows more ___(A)___ and increasingly ___(B)___.

① constrained …… contested
② constrained …… abundant
③ expansive …… contested
④ expansive …… stable
⑤ adaptable …… abundant

18. 다음 글의 요약문으로 가장 알맞은 것은?

If you are going to compare languages, it helps to start with something that you are confident you can find in all languages. Take for example signs or words for mother and father. If we add other family relationships to this category—son, grandmother, aunt, brother-in-law, cousin—we are defining the category of kinship terminology. Comparative typological studies of kinship terminology have discovered that languages have labels for some but not all family relationships. And the probability that a specific kin relationship has a label is predictable based on the other kinship terms in the language. For example, all languages have a core set of kinship terms—like mother and father. By contrast, terms for less central category members are often built up from the core terms—like mother-in-law and step-father. If we compare languages across the world, we can ask what kinship relationships are typically expressed with core terminology, and what relationships are expressed by modifying the core terminology.

요약문:

Across languages, kinship naming is not a random inventory but an ___(A)___ system in which the most socially basic relations receive independent labels, while more peripheral ones are typically expressed through ___(B)___ forms derived from them.

① organized …… extended
② organized …… arbitrary
③ intuitive …… extended
④ intuitive …… arbitrary
⑤ fragmented …… opaque

19. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

A first step toward establishing a respectful classroom learning community is acceptance of all ideas and answers—regardless of any obvious errors. Rich mathematical discussions cannot occur if this expectation is not in place. We must remember that wrong answers are often rooted in misconceptions, and unless these ideas are allowed to be brought to the forefront, we cannot help students confront their thinking. Students who are in safe learning environments are willing to risk sharing an incorrect answer with their peers in order to grow mathematically. It is important to model and expect the acceptance of all ideas without derogatory comments. As educators we can model this by recording all answers to be considered without giving any verbal or physical expressions that indicate agreement or disagreement with any answer. The teacher may need to practice having a “blank face.” Students look to teachers as the source of correct answers. Part of building a safe learning community is to shift this source of knowledge to the students, by equipping them to defend the thinking behind their solutions.

요약문:

A productive math classroom emerges when teachers replace visible judgment with ___(A)___, allowing flawed responses to function not as failures to be erased but as material for ___(B)___ that students themselves learn to justify.

① neutrality …… inquiry
② neutrality …… compliance
③ authority …… inquiry
④ authority …… compliance
⑤ exclusion …… memorization

20. 다음 글의 요약문으로 가장 알맞은 것은?

The usual intercity traveler moves slowly through the station area. The passenger may not be familiar with the routine, have baggage to handle and check or retrieve, have a long wait for connections or delayed trains, and may require information, food, and a comfortable place to sit. Commuters, on the other hand, are familiar with the route through the station, have little or no luggage, and are usually in a hurry. They want direct access to or from local streets and transport. These two types of traffic should be kept separate to avoid conflict and confusion. In some large stations such as Grand Central Terminal in New York City, commuter and intercity trains arrive and depart on different levels. In smaller stations, separate platforms should be used and traffic routed so that the two lines of movement do not cross. In some instances, separate stations are in use. Clear and concise direction and routing signs and other means of channelization are desirable.

요약문: A well-functioning station is designed not around a single stream of users, but around the need to ___(A)___ travelers with different tempos and purposes so that movement remains ___(B)___ rather than disruptive.

① segregate …… coherent
② segregate …… hazardous
③ accommodate …… coherent
④ accommodate …… hazardous
⑤ compress …… chaotic

21. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Most performance lighting is made up of a number of different looks which we have called lighting states. Each lighting cue triggers a change to a new state. Like actors, lighting cues usually need a motivation. This might be something very obvious such as a cue required to brighten a room setting when an actor turns on a light switch or the rapid increase in intensity at the end of a dance number in a traditional musical (known as a button cue). At other times we will need a cue to provide a subtle change in atmosphere over a number of minutes, motivated perhaps by the mention of a sunset or the intention to slowly change the feel of the performance from normal to threatening. The question, ‘What will lighting do for this production?’ needs to be asked for each moment of the production, each dramatic unit or scene, and each transition.

요약문:

In stage production, lighting should not be treated as a series of isolated technical shifts; instead, every change must be guided by dramatic ___(A)___ and contribute, whether abruptly or gradually, to the audience’s overall ___(B)___ of each moment and transition.

① logic …… perception
② logic …… repetition
③ decoration …… perception
④ decoration …… repetition
⑤ machinery …… symbolism

22. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Rooms have their own “sound” because they impose their own characteristics on audio signals contained within them. It’s actually kind of remarkable. Sound such as music coming from headphones will sound the same everywhere. No matter what acoustical environment we are in, the headphones sound the same. That’s because the room is not part of that playback signal path. But sound such as music from a loudspeaker will sound different in every acoustical environment. Every room where you set up the loudspeaker will cause the sound you hear to be different—sometimes dramatically different; that is because the room is now part of the signal path. Also, in the same room, the loudspeaker will sound different when it is placed in different locations in the room and it will sound different as you move around the room. Similarly, when you are recording a musical instrument, the sound you receive at the microphone will be different in every room and the recorded sound will sound different as the instrument or the microphone is moved.

요약문:
The identity of a sound remains relatively stable only when its route is ___(A)___ from the surrounding space; once the environment becomes an active participant, what we hear turns increasingly ___(B)___.

① insulated …… contingent
② insulated …… uniform
③ detached …… contingent
④ detached …… uniform
⑤ amplified …… predictable

23. 다음 글의 요약문으로 가장 알맞은 것은?

In a thesis-based doctoral programme, students typically spend a significant amount of time and effort researching a specific topic. While this deep dive into a particular area allows for thorough exploration and understanding, it can also result in narrowing the focus. As students become deeply absorbed in their research, they may spend less time exploring related fields or acquiring skills outside their immediate area of study. Consequently, this singular focus may limit the breadth of knowledge and skills developed during the programme, potentially hindering students’ ability to adapt to diverse career paths or address interdisciplinary challenges. Some universities in Europe have recognised the limitations of traditional thesis-based doctoral programmes and have started to implement more structured approaches. These structured programmes often combine research with coursework and training in transferable skills. By incorporating coursework, seminars, workshops and internships into the curriculum, they aim to provide students with a broader skill set and better prepare them for a variety of career paths beyond academia.

요약문:

Doctoral education centered exclusively on a single research track can produce intellectual ___(A)___, so some universities are redesigning it to cultivate greater professional ___(B)___ through structured learning beyond the dissertation.

① insulation …… versatility
② insulation …… conformity
③ specialization …… versatility
④ specialization …… conformity
⑤ expansion …… rigidity

24. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Research shows that, by age three, children understand that imaginary objects do not come to life. This is especially clear with respect to everyday objects—children know that even though they imagine a pencil in an empty box, the box will remain empty. However, emotion can sometimes disrupt this understanding, or at least its expression. That is, even though a child knows that monsters are not real, the thought of a monster under a bed might be enough to make a child refuse to go into his room at night. Indeed, research shows that children have a more difficult time displaying their understanding of the causal relations between imagination and reality when they are asked to pretend or imagine scary things, like monsters. In one study, preschool children were shown an empty box and were asked to imagine a monster inside. All children agreed that the box was empty. However, when they were left alone with the box they exhibited fear and avoidance of it.

요약문:

Young children are not generally unable to separate fantasy from reality; rather, their knowledge can become ___(A)___ when fear makes imagined threats feel behaviorally ___(B)___.

① fragile …… consequential
② fragile …… reversible
③ inaccessible …… consequential
④ inaccessible …… reversible
⑤ innate …… temporary

25. 다음 글을 읽고, 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Perhaps the best-known development to emerge from the liberation and expansion of aesthetic experience is the aesthetics of everyday life. Although there is presently a flowering of work on everyday aesthetics, the possibility of aesthetic gratification in ordinary objects and events has long been recognized, even if degraded and dismissed by prevalent philosophical theory. Widely valued by poets, especially Romantic poets and those in Asian traditions, the aesthetic in everyday situations has also been recognized by novelists. It may be most convenient, though, to locate its contemporary intellectual origins in John Dewey’s Art as Experience. In that book Dewey argued against the separation of art from life by basing aesthetic experience on the biological and cultural conditions of human life. He located the aesthetic, not in an internalized awareness of sensation and feeling but in “a complete interpenetration of self and the world of objects and events.” Further, Dewey maintained that “the aesthetic is the clarified and intensified development of traits that belong to every normally complete experience.”

요약문:

Dewey’s view recast the aesthetic not as a __(A)__ realm cut off from ordinary existence, but as an __(B)__ quality latent in fully lived experience and awakened through one’s active relation with the world.

① autonomous …… immanent
② autonomous …… peripheral
③ accidental …… immanent
④ accidental …… peripheral
⑤ decorative …… derivative

26. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

One cannot validly argue that humans are morally superior beings on the ground that they possess, while others lack, the capacities of a moral agent. The reason is that, as far as moral standards are concerned, only beings that have the capacities of a moral agent can meaningfully be said to be either morally good or morally bad. Only moral agents can be judged to be morally better or worse than others, and the others in question must be moral agents themselves. Judgments of moral superiority are based on the comparative merits or deficiencies of the entities being judged, and these merits and deficiencies are all moral ones, that is, ones determined by moral standards. One entity is correctly judged morally superior to another if it is the case that, when valid moral standards are applied to both entities, the first fulfills them to a greater degree than the second. Both entities, therefore, must fall within the range of application of moral standards. This would not be the case, however, if humans were being judged superior to animals and plants, since the latter are not moral agents.

요약문:

A claim of human moral supremacy collapses because comparison by ethical criteria requires shared ___(A)___ to those criteria; without that, differences in agency create not a ranking of worth but a ___(B)___ mismatch.

① eligibility …… categorical
② eligibility …… gradual
③ sensitivity …… categorical
④ sensitivity …… hierarchical
⑤ capacity …… hierarchical

27. 다음 글의 요약문 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것은?

Such artificial ‘pause fillers’ as machine-generated supplements for silence may help to produce a more natural-sounding cadence in machine-generated speech patterns and so help to convince the AI’s human interlocutors that they are engaging with another human. AI’s ‘humanity’ of silence emerges in these contexts not least because a short period of silence is likely to be interpreted as a ‘pause for thought’, therefore reinforcing the illusion that the machine is ‘thinking’ before responding, just as a human might. However, the technical issues flagged in AI’s poor handling of higher duration and frequency silences, no less than the machine inference that silence can be filled with relevant sounds in some conversational situations, are both significant. In this context at least, the AI may be starting to recognise silence not as an absence but as meaningful data. Yet the AI’s confusion when presented with substantial silences, and its understanding that short break tags are equivalent to vocal markers such as ‘uh’s’ and ‘ah’s’ indicate the AI’s continuing preferences for sound over silence, for presence over absence.

요약문:

AI uses brief silence as a form of ___(A)___ that can deepen the impression of humanness, yet its broader treatment of silence remains ___(B)___ because it still translates absence into something audible rather than fully grasping it on its own terms.

① mediation …… incomplete
② mediation …… reciprocal
③ simulation …… incomplete
④ simulation …… transparent
⑤ regulation …… reciprocal

28. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Standardization of information was an effect of printing; since it allowed exact reproduction of information in a way that manuscript copying did not. This is evident in the contrast between the travel logs of Marco Polo and those of Christopher Columbus. After his return from China in 1295, a century and a half before printing, Polo’s narrative was copied in about 150 different manuscripts, with so many differences that we’re not sure which version is authentic. In contrast, there is only one version of Christopher Columbus’s letters about the exploration of the Caribbean in the 1490s, since they were fixed in printed form and widely distributed at the time they were written. So the certainty of accuracy was a way that printing was an improvement over the old oral-manuscript culture.

요약문:

By making texts resistant to alteration as they spread, print culture transformed recorded knowledge from something open to ___(A)___ into something carrying greater ___(B)___.

     (A)           (B)
① distortion …… authority
② distortion …… fragility
③ adaptation …… authority
④ adaptation …… fragility
⑤ imitation …… obscurity

29. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Archaeological evidence suggests that various crops were being cultivated as early as 9500 BC in the Levant. Over the millennia, continuous innovations have boosted agricultural productivity while reducing manual labor. However, the growing global population will always demand more food. It is projected that by 2050, the world’s population will increase to 9.7 billion, which will require global food production to rise by at least 70% to meet demand. Despite this need, only a small portion of the Earth’s surface is suitable for farming due to limitations such as climate, topography, soil quality, and technology. Political and economic factors, including land ownership patterns, environmental laws, and population density, also influence agricultural land use. In fact, the amount of land used for agriculture has been declining. In 2013, around 18.6 million square miles was used for food production, compared to 19.5 million square miles in

요약문:
The history of farming reveals a deepening ___(A)___ between humanity’s food requirements and the planet’s ability to provide cultivable space, a strain intensified by both natural limits and human ___(B)___.

① imbalance …… arrangements
② imbalance …… abundance
③ harmony …… arrangements
④ harmony …… abundance
⑤ expansion …… stability

30. 아래 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

3

요약문: The passage reduces its message to a form of pure ___(A)___, leaving the reader with almost no ___(B)___ to reconstruct beyond the single given element.

① minimalism …… context
② minimalism …… resistance
③ expansion …… context
④ expansion …… resistance
⑤ omission …… ambiguity

31. 다음 글의 요약문으로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

If you are going to compare languages, it helps to start with something that you are confident you can find in all languages. Take for example signs or words for mother and father. If we add other family relationships to this category—son, grandmother, aunt, brother-in-law, cousin—we are defining the category of kinship terminology. Comparative typological studies of kinship terminology have discovered that languages have labels for some but not all family relationships. And the probability that a specific kin relationship has a label is predictable based on the other kinship terms in the language. For example, all languages have a core set of kinship terms—like mother and father. By contrast, terms for less central category members are often built up from the core terms—like mother-in-law and step-father. If we compare languages across the world, we can ask what kinship relationships are typically expressed with core terminology, and what relationships are expressed by modifying the core terminology.

요약문: Cross-linguistic study of family vocabulary suggests that kinship naming is not a random inventory but a(n) ___(A)___ system, where the most fundamental relations are encoded ___(B)___ and more peripheral ones are derived from them.

① structured …… independently
② structured …… indirectly
③ arbitrary …… independently
④ arbitrary …… indirectly
⑤ fragmentary …… hierarchically

32. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

There are several ways that participants in a make-believe can communicate things about the fictional world to other participants. Sometimes these messages are emitted naturally as a result of full participation in the fictional world—i.e., something said or done by a player while in character communicates some things that are fictional of that world. For example, a child pretending to be Peter Pan might gasp and draw a plastic knife. This might be sufficient to communicate that fictionally one of Peter’s enemies, such as Captain Hook, is approaching. These in-character behaviors can be insufficient, however, to maintain the necessary amount of common ground about what is fictional in the world of the make-believe. At these times participants often come at least partly out of character to give other participants the information they need. For example, it would be important to avoid confusion about who is playing which character: “No, you’re Captain Hook, and I’m Peter Pan!”

요약문: In make-believe, shared understanding is built not only through immersion-driven signals from within the fiction, but also through occasional ___(A)___ moves that secure ___(B)___ when the enacted cues alone no longer suffice.

     (A)           (B)
① corrective …… alignment
② corrective …… ambiguity
③ performative …… alignment
④ performative …… ambiguity
⑤ decorative …… tension

33. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Our intuition about states of matter comes from our experience on Earth’s surface, where the pressure is uniformly low and variations in temperature cause changes in the state of matter from solid to liquid to gas. Therefore, when we think of melting or boiling or the creation of plasma, we intuitively assume it reflects an increase in temperature. This bias comes from the fact that we live in a very constant pressure environment. Even small changes in pressure, such as those we experience when under water or on high mountaintops, can have very large effects on our metabolism. But the pressure changes we experience are trivial compared to the pressure range of the overall planetary environment. Since pressure is controlled by the weight of overlying material, pressures increase rapidly with depth. Imagine the pressures generated by the weight of rock a mile thick! For this reason a planet’s pressure ranges are enormous—from essentially zero pressure in space to pressures of millions of atmospheres in planetary interiors.

요약문:

Because human experience is confined to a narrow pressure setting, we tend to grant temperature ___(A)___ over changes in matter, even though across a planet, increasing depth gives pressure such overwhelming ___(B)___ that it can rival or surpass temperature in shaping material states.

① primacy …… leverage
② primacy …… fragility
③ visibility …… leverage
④ visibility …… fragility
⑤ neutrality …… scarcity

34. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

When self-experimentation and conventional experiments are both possible, the difference between them often resembles the difference between learning and showing: Self experiments are better for discovery but worse for convincing others that the solution is helpful or the answer is correct. Of course, most scientists want to do both—discover something and convince others of their discovery. Thus, psychologists should consider doing both self-experiments and conventional ones. The best use of resources may often be self-experiments followed by conventional ones. The researcher begins with self-experiments that, if all goes well, find large effects and/or generate and eliminate many hypotheses. This exploratory and theory-building phase lasts until a convenient solution or large effect is found. Then the researcher uses self-experiments to find the procedural parameters (e.g., duration, time of day, intensity) that optimize the solution or maximize the effect. Only then would the researcher begin conventional experiments, using the optimized parameters.

요약문:

A productive research strategy is to treat self-experimentation as a tool for ___(A)___, and postpone conventional studies until the approach has gained enough ___(B)___ to be publicly tested persuasively.

① incubation …… precision
② incubation …… popularity
③ verification …… precision
④ verification …… visibility
⑤ imitation …… popularity

35. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Archaeological evidence suggests that various crops were being cultivated as early as 9500 BC in the Levant. Over the millennia, continuous innovations have boosted agricultural productivity while reducing manual labor. However, the growing global population will always demand more food. It is projected that by 2050, the world’s population will increase to 9.7 billion, which will require global food production to rise by at least 70% to meet demand. Despite this need, only a small portion of the Earth’s surface is suitable for farming due to limitations such as climate, topography, soil quality, and technology. Political and economic factors, including land ownership patterns, environmental laws, and population density, also influence agricultural land use. In fact, the amount of land used for agriculture has been declining. In 2013, around 18.6 million square miles was used for food production, compared to 19.5 million square miles in

요약문:
The future of food security depends not simply on producing more, but on confronting the ___(A)___ of farmland, as demand keeps rising while the space available for cultivation becomes increasingly ___(B)___.

① scarcity …… constrained
② scarcity …… adaptable
③ abundance …… constrained
④ abundance …… adaptable
⑤ expansion …… flexible

36. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

To compare languages, it helps to start with something confident found in all languages. For example, consider the symbols or words for 'mother' and 'father.' Add other family relationships to this category, like son, grandmother, aunt, brother-in-law, cousin, and you define the category of kinship terms. Comparative typological research on kinship terms finds that languages have labels for some, but not all, family relations. And the probability that there is a label for a particular kin relationship can be predicted based on a language’s other kinship terms. For example, in all languages there is a core subset of kin terms like mother and father. Less central category members, on the other hand, often have terms built from the core terms, like mother-in-law and stepfather. Comparing languages globally, one can ask which kin relations are expressed with core terms, and which are expressed by modifying the core terms.

요약문:
The way languages name relatives is not a random inventory but an ___(A)___ system in which the most basic relations form the center, while less central ones are often ___(B)___ from that center.

① organized …… derived
② organized …… concealed
③ arbitrary …… derived
④ arbitrary …… concealed
⑤ fragmented …… unstable

37. 다음 글을 읽고, 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

If you are going to compare languages, it helps to start with something that you are confident you can find in all languages. Take for example signs or words for mother and father. If we add other family relationships to this category—son, grandmother, aunt, brother-in-law, cousin—we are defining the category of kinship terminology. Comparative typological studies of kinship terminology have discovered that languages have labels for some but not all family relationships. And the probability that a specific kin relationship has a label is predictable based on the other kinship terms in the language. For example, all languages have a core set of kinship terms—like mother and father. By contrast, terms for less central category members are often built up from the core terms—like mother-in-law and step-father. If we compare languages across the world, we can ask what kinship relationships are typically expressed with core terminology, and what relationships are expressed by modifying the core terminology.

요약문: Cross-linguistic patterns in kinship vocabulary suggest that family relations are named not in a random way but through a(n) ___(A)___ system, where the most central ties are encoded as basic terms and more peripheral ones through ___(B)___ forms.

① hierarchical …… derived
② hierarchical …… arbitrary
③ symmetrical …… derived
④ symmetrical …… arbitrary
⑤ fragmented …… isolated

38. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

There are several ways that participants in a make-believe can communicate things about the fictional world to other participants. Sometimes these messages are emitted naturally as a result of full participation in the fictional world—i.e., something said or done by a player while in character communicates some things that are fictional of that world. For example, a child pretending to be Peter Pan might gasp and draw a plastic knife. This might be sufficient to communicate that fictionally one of Peter’s enemies, such as Captain Hook, is approaching. These in-character behaviors can be insufficient, however, to maintain the necessary amount of common ground about what is fictional in the world of the make-believe. At these times participants often come at least partly out of character to give other participants the information they need. For example, it would be important to avoid confusion about who is playing which character: “No, you’re Captain Hook, and I’m Peter Pan!”

요약문:
Participants in make-believe usually rely on immersion to signal what belongs in the shared fiction, but when that leaves too much room for misunderstanding, they temporarily shift to ___(A)___ communication to restore ___(B)___ about the imagined situation.

① explicit …… alignment
② explicit …… ambiguity
③ symbolic …… alignment
④ symbolic …… distance
⑤ intuitive …… ambiguity

39. 다음 글의 요약문으로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

A first step toward establishing a respectful classroom learning community is acceptance of all ideas and answers—regardless of any obvious errors. Rich mathematical discussions cannot occur if this expectation is not in place. We must remember that wrong answers are often rooted in misconceptions, and unless these ideas are allowed to be brought to the forefront, we cannot help students confront their thinking. Students who are in safe learning environments are willing to risk sharing an incorrect answer with their peers in order to grow mathematically. It is important to model and expect the acceptance of all ideas without derogatory comments. As educators we can model this by recording all answers to be considered without giving any verbal or physical expressions that indicate agreement or disagreement with any answer. The teacher may need to practice having a “blank face.” Students look to teachers as the source of correct answers. Part of building a safe learning community is to shift this source of knowledge to the students, by equipping them to defend the thinking behind their solutions.

요약문: A productive math classroom emerges when teachers replace judgment with ___(A)___, so that students expose flawed reasoning without fear and gradually assume ___(B)___ for justifying what they think.

① neutrality …… ownership
② neutrality …… conformity
③ authority …… ownership
④ authority …… conformity
⑤ indulgence …… dependence

40. 다음 글의 요약문으로 가장 알맞은 것은?

The usual intercity traveler moves slowly through the station area. The passenger may not be familiar with the routine, have baggage to handle and check or retrieve, have a long wait for connections or delayed trains, and may require information, food, and a comfortable place to sit. Commuters, on the other hand, are familiar with the route through the station, have little or no luggage, and are usually in a hurry. They want direct access to or from local streets and transport. These two types of traffic should be kept separate to avoid conflict and confusion. In some large stations such as Grand Central Terminal in New York City, commuter and intercity trains arrive and depart on different levels. In smaller stations, separate platforms should be used and traffic routed so that the two lines of movement do not cross. In some instances, separate stations are in use. Clear and concise direction and routing signs and other means of channelization are desirable.

요약문:
Because rail users enter stations with sharply different rhythms and needs, effective design depends on spatial ___(A)___ supported by clear ___(B)___, so that fast routine flow is not disrupted by slower, service-dependent movement.

① segregation …… guidance
② segregation …… congestion
③ integration …… guidance
④ integration …… congestion
⑤ acceleration …… overlap

41. 다음 글의 요약문으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Most performance lighting is made up of a number of different looks which we have called lighting states. Each lighting cue triggers a change to a new state. Like actors, lighting cues usually need a motivation. This might be something very obvious such as a cue required to brighten a room setting when an actor turns on a light switch or the rapid increase in intensity at the end of a dance number in a traditional musical (known as a button cue). At other times we will need a cue to provide a subtle change in atmosphere over a number of minutes, motivated perhaps by the mention of a sunset or the intention to slowly change the feel of the performance from normal to threatening. The question, ‘What will lighting do for this production?’ needs to be asked for each moment of the production, each dramatic unit or scene, and each transition.

요약문:

Stage lighting should not be treated as mere decoration; instead, every shift in it must serve a dramatic ___(A)___, whether through striking changes or gradual adjustments, so that the visual design remains ___(B)___ to each part of the performance and the movement between parts.

① impulse …… incidental
② rationale …… responsive
③ rationale …… incidental
④ ornament …… responsive
⑤ ornament …… arbitrary

42. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Rooms have their own “sound” because they impose their own characteristics on audio signals contained within them. It’s actually kind of remarkable. Sound such as music coming from headphones will sound the same everywhere. No matter what acoustical environment we are in, the headphones sound the same. That’s because the room is not part of that playback signal path. But sound such as music from a loudspeaker will sound different in every acoustical environment. Every room where you set up the loudspeaker will cause the sound you hear to be different—sometimes dramatically different; that is because the room is now part of the signal path. Also, in the same room, the loudspeaker will sound different when it is placed in different locations in the room and it will sound different as you move around the room. Similarly, when you are recording a musical instrument, the sound you receive at the microphone will be different in every room and the recorded sound will sound different as the instrument or the microphone is moved.

요약문:

Whether a space leaves sound untouched or rewrites it depends on whether that space is merely a backdrop or an active ___(A)___, making the resulting audio highly ___(B)___ to location and movement.

① participant …… responsive
② participant …… uniform
③ container …… responsive
④ container …… uniform
⑤ observer …… stable

43. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

In a thesis-based doctoral programme, students typically spend a significant amount of time and effort researching a specific topic. While this deep dive into a particular area allows for thorough exploration and understanding, it can also result in narrowing the focus. As students become deeply absorbed in their research, they may spend less time exploring related fields or acquiring skills outside their immediate area of study. Consequently, this singular focus may limit the breadth of knowledge and skills developed during the programme, potentially hindering students’ ability to adapt to diverse career paths or address interdisciplinary challenges. Some universities in Europe have recognised the limitations of traditional thesis-based doctoral programmes and have started to implement more structured approaches. These structured programmes often combine research with coursework and training in transferable skills. By incorporating coursework, seminars, workshops and internships into the curriculum, they aim to provide students with a broader skill set and better prepare them for a variety of career paths beyond academia.

요약문:

Doctoral education centered almost exclusively on a dissertation can produce intellectual ___(A)___, whereas programmes redesigned to include formal training and varied practical experiences seek to build ___(B)___ for both cross-disciplinary work and non-academic careers.

① insulation …… versatility
② insulation …… conformity
③ specialization …… versatility
④ specialization …… conformity
⑤ fragmentation …… rigidity

44. 다음 글을 한 문장으로 요약할 때, 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것은?

Research shows that, by age three, children understand that imaginary objects do not come to life. This is especially clear with respect to everyday objects—children know that even though they imagine a pencil in an empty box, the box will remain empty. However, emotion can sometimes disrupt this understanding, or at least its expression. That is, even though a child knows that monsters are not real, the thought of a monster under a bed might be enough to make a child refuse to go into his room at night. Indeed, research shows that children have a more difficult time displaying their understanding of the causal relations between imagination and reality when they are asked to pretend or imagine scary things, like monsters. In one study, preschool children were shown an empty box and were asked to imagine a monster inside. All children agreed that the box was empty. However, when they were left alone with the box they exhibited fear and avoidance of it.

요약문:
Young children can usually keep make-believe separate from the real world, but when fear enters the picture, that cognitive boundary becomes ___(A)___, leading behavior to appear ___(B)___ to what they actually know.

① porous …… contrary
② porous …… proportional
③ rigid …… contrary
④ rigid …… proportional
⑤ instinctive …… transparent

45. 다음 글의 요약문으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Perhaps the best-known development to emerge from the liberation and expansion of aesthetic experience is the aesthetics of everyday life. Although there is presently a flowering of work on everyday aesthetics, the possibility of aesthetic gratification in ordinary objects and events has long been recognized, even if degraded and dismissed by prevalent philosophical theory. Widely valued by poets, especially Romantic poets and those in Asian traditions, the aesthetic in everyday situations has also been recognized by novelists. It may be most convenient, though, to locate its contemporary intellectual origins in John Dewey’s Art as Experience. In that book Dewey argued against the separation of art from life by basing aesthetic experience on the biological and cultural conditions of human life. He located the aesthetic, not in an internalized awareness of sensation and feeling but in “a complete interpenetration of self and the world of objects and events.” Further, Dewey maintained that “the aesthetic is the clarified and intensified development of traits that belong to every normally complete experience.”

요약문:

Rather than reserving beauty for rarefied artworks or private feeling, the passage presents it as a form of ___(A)___ rooted in ordinary living, whose modern defense depends on dissolving the ___(B)___ between art and the ongoing world of experience.

① continuity …… boundary
② continuity …… hierarchy
③ isolation …… boundary
④ isolation …… hierarchy
⑤ transcendence …… distance

46. 다음 글의 요약문으로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

One cannot validly argue that humans are morally superior beings on the ground that they possess, while others lack, the capacities of a moral agent. The reason is that, as far as moral standards are concerned, only beings that have the capacities of a moral agent can meaningfully be said to be either morally good or morally bad. Only moral agents can be judged to be morally better or worse than others, and the others in question must be moral agents themselves. Judgments of moral superiority are based on the comparative merits or deficiencies of the entities being judged, and these merits and deficiencies are all moral ones, that is, ones determined by moral standards. One entity is correctly judged morally superior to another if it is the case that, when valid moral standards are applied to both entities, the first fulfills them to a greater degree than the second. Both entities, therefore, must fall within the range of application of moral standards. This would not be the case, however, if humans were being judged superior to animals and plants, since the latter are not moral agents.

요약문:

A claim of human moral superiority collapses because comparison by ethical criteria requires shared ___(A)___ to those criteria; beings outside that domain cannot occupy a lower ___(B)___ within it.

① membership …… rank
② membership …… function
③ relevance …… rank
④ relevance …… function
⑤ capacity …… status

47. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Such artificial ‘pause fillers’ as machine-generated supplements for silence may help to produce a more natural-sounding cadence in machine-generated speech patterns and so help to convince the AI’s human interlocutors that they are engaging with another human. AI’s ‘humanity’ of silence emerges in these contexts not least because a short period of silence is likely to be interpreted as a ‘pause for thought’, therefore reinforcing the illusion that the machine is ‘thinking’ before responding, just as a human might. However, the technical issues flagged in AI’s poor handling of higher duration and frequency silences, no less than the machine inference that silence can be filled with relevant sounds in some conversational situations, are both significant. In this context at least, the AI may be starting to recognise silence not as an absence but as meaningful data. Yet the AI’s confusion when presented with substantial silences, and its understanding that short break tags are equivalent to vocal markers such as ‘uh’s’ and ‘ah’s’ indicate the AI’s continuing preferences for sound over silence, for presence over absence.

요약문:

AI treats silence as a strategic resource for performing humanness, but its responses show that this new sensitivity remains ___(A)___, since it still bends absence back into ___(B)___.

① provisional …… audibility
② provisional …… ambiguity
③ symbolic …… audibility
④ symbolic …… ambiguity
⑤ mechanical …… neutrality

48. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Standardization of information was an effect of printing; since it allowed exact reproduction of information in a way that manuscript copying did not. This is evident in the contrast between the travel logs of Marco Polo and those of Christopher Columbus. After his return from China in 1295, a century and a half before printing, Polo’s narrative was copied in about 150 different manuscripts, with so many differences that we’re not sure which version is authentic. In contrast, there is only one version of Christopher Columbus’s letters about the exploration of the Caribbean in the 1490s, since they were fixed in printed form and widely distributed at the time they were written. So the certainty of accuracy was a way that printing was an improvement over the old oral-manuscript culture.

요약문:

By making texts resistant to alteration as they spread, print culture gave knowledge greater ___(A)___, whereas earlier hand-copied transmission left authenticity increasingly ___(B)___.

① stability …… elusive
② stability …… cumulative
③ fluidity …… elusive
④ fluidity …… cumulative
⑤ fragility …… provisional

49. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Archaeological evidence suggests that various crops were being cultivated as early as 9500 BC in the Levant. Over the millennia, continuous innovations have boosted agricultural productivity while reducing manual labor. However, the growing global population will always demand more food. It is projected that by 2050, the world’s population will increase to 9.7 billion, which will require global food production to rise by at least 70% to meet demand. Despite this need, only a small portion of the Earth’s surface is suitable for farming due to limitations such as climate, topography, soil quality, and technology. Political and economic factors, including land ownership patterns, environmental laws, and population density, also influence agricultural land use. In fact, the amount of land used for agriculture has been declining. In 2013, around 18.6 million square miles was used for food production, compared to 19.5 million square miles in

요약문:

Although farming has become increasingly efficient through long-term innovation, humanity faces a deepening ___(A)___ between expanding food needs and the increasingly ___(B)___ base of land available for cultivation.

① imbalance …… contracting
② imbalance …… adaptable
③ alignment …… contracting
④ alignment …… adaptable
⑤ surplus …… accessible

50. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

To compare languages, it helps to start with something confident that you can find in every language. For instance, look at signs or words for 'mother' and 'father.' If you add daughter, grandmother, aunt, brother-in-law, cousin, and so on to this category, you define the category of kinship terms. Comparative typological studies of kinship terms have found that languages label only some of these relationships, not all. And the probability that a language will have a label for a particular kinship relationship can be predicted based on its other kinship terms. For instance, all languages have a core set of kinship terms, like 'mother' and 'father.' Whereas terms for less central category members are often constructed from the core terms, such as 'mother-in-law' and 'stepfather.' When comparing languages globally, we can often ask which relationships are expressed with core terms, and which are expressed by modifying core terms.

요약문:
Across languages, kinship vocabulary is not an unlimited list but a(n) ___(A)___ system, in which the presence of more ___(B)___ designations depends on how a language organizes its basic family labels.

① structured …… peripheral
② structured …… universal
③ arbitrary …… peripheral
④ arbitrary …… universal
⑤ inherited …… transparent

51. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

If you are going to compare languages, it helps to start with something that you are confident you can find in all languages. Take for example signs or words for mother and father. If we add other family relationships to this category—son, grandmother, aunt, brother-in-law, cousin—we are defining the category of kinship terminology. Comparative typological studies of kinship terminology have discovered that languages have labels for some but not all family relationships. And the probability that a specific kin relationship has a label is predictable based on the other kinship terms in the language. For example, all languages have a core set of kinship terms—like mother and father. By contrast, terms for less central category members are often built up from the core terms—like mother-in-law and step-father. If we compare languages across the world, we can ask what kinship relationships are typically expressed with core terminology, and what relationships are expressed by modifying the core terminology.

요약문:

Across languages, kinship naming does not develop as a random inventory; instead, it follows a ___(A)___ pattern in which the most socially basic relations are encoded independently, while more peripheral ones are made ___(B)___ through those central labels.

① hierarchical …… derivable
② hierarchical …… interchangeable
③ arbitrary …… derivable
④ arbitrary …… interchangeable
⑤ fragmented …… opaque

52. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

There are several ways that participants in a make-believe can communicate things about the fictional world to other participants. Sometimes these messages are emitted naturally as a result of full participation in the fictional world—i.e., something said or done by a player while in character communicates some things that are fictional of that world. For example, a child pretending to be Peter Pan might gasp and draw a plastic knife. This might be sufficient to communicate that fictionally one of Peter’s enemies, such as Captain Hook, is approaching. These in-character behaviors can be insufficient, however, to maintain the necessary amount of common ground about what is fictional in the world of the make-believe. At these times participants often come at least partly out of character to give other participants the information they need. For example, it would be important to avoid confusion about who is playing which character: “No, you’re Captain Hook, and I’m Peter Pan!”

요약문:
In make-believe, shared understanding is built not only through players’ immersive signals but also through moments of ___(A)___, which restore ___(B)___ when the pretend frame alone leaves too much room for misunderstanding.

① clarification …… coordination
② clarification …… ambiguity
③ improvisation …… coordination
④ improvisation …… ambiguity
⑤ concealment …… immersion

53. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Our intuition about states of matter comes from our experience on Earth’s surface, where the pressure is uniformly low and variations in temperature cause changes in the state of matter from solid to liquid to gas. Therefore, when we think of melting or boiling or the creation of plasma, we intuitively assume it reflects an increase in temperature. This bias comes from the fact that we live in a very constant pressure environment. Even small changes in pressure, such as those we experience when under water or on high mountaintops, can have very large effects on our metabolism. But the pressure changes we experience are trivial compared to the pressure range of the overall planetary environment. Since pressure is controlled by the weight of overlying material, pressures increase rapidly with depth. Imagine the pressures generated by the weight of rock a mile thick! For this reason a planet’s pressure ranges are enormous—from essentially zero pressure in space to pressures of millions of atmospheres in planetary interiors.

요약문:

Because human experience is confined to a narrow pressure setting, we tend to give ___(A)___ to temperature when explaining changes in matter, even though across a planet, pressure is an equally ___(B)___ variable that expands dramatically with depth.

① priority …… decisive
② priority …… negligible
③ resistance …… decisive
④ resistance …… negligible
⑤ familiarity …… superficial

54. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

When self-experimentation and conventional experiments are both possible, the difference between them often resembles the difference between learning and showing: Self experiments are better for discovery but worse for convincing others that the solution is helpful or the answer is correct. Of course, most scientists want to do both—discover something and convince others of their discovery. Thus, psychologists should consider doing both self-experiments and conventional ones. The best use of resources may often be self-experiments followed by conventional ones. The researcher begins with self-experiments that, if all goes well, find large effects and/or generate and eliminate many hypotheses. This exploratory and theory-building phase lasts until a convenient solution or large effect is found. Then the researcher uses self-experiments to find the procedural parameters (e.g., duration, time of day, intensity) that optimize the solution or maximize the effect. Only then would the researcher begin conventional experiments, using the optimized parameters.

요약문:

A productive research strategy treats personal trials as a tool for ___(A)___ a promising approach and refining it, before public testing is used to secure ___(B)___ for that polished result.

① incubating …… validation
② incubating …… efficiency
③ advertising …… validation
④ advertising …… efficiency
⑤ abandoning …… publicity

55. 다음 글을 읽고, 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

We might forget an anecdote about a stranger because it makes few connections with our existing associations, but we won’t forget a piece of gossip about our cousin. There’s one complex network that is larger and quicker to access than all others—the self. We’ve been thinking about ourselves in our whole lives. (In fact, there were entire years during junior high when we weren’t capable of thinking about much else.) So if a new piece of information has something to do with us, it will be more easily and thoroughly processed. It hits even closer to home than our actual home—we can take a vacation away from our home, but not from ourselves. The most effective communicators find ways to make the abstract personal. Consider the warning that law schools give to motivate first-year law students concerning the rigors of their program. Hearing that “the first-year dropout rate is 33%” is an abstract statistic. “Look to your left, look to your right. One of the three of you won’t be joining us next fall” wakes up the self.

요약문: Information becomes most memorable not when it is merely presented as data, but when it is routed through one’s ___(A)___ and thereby gains immediate ___(B)___.

① identity …… urgency
② identity …… neutrality
③ routine …… urgency
④ routine …… neutrality
⑤ distance …… obscurity

56. 다음 글의 요약문으로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Steve Jobs used analogy to get people to embrace the new technology. Before computers, people worked in a physical world. We used paper and pens and physical file folders and so on. The idea of working in a virtual world was radically different. Or at least seemed radically different. What Jobs understood was that a physical office was fundamentally similar to a virtual office. To win over the masses, Jobs drew strong analogies between the traditional workplace people knew well with the new, unfamiliar virtual workplace. In the pre-computer workplace, when ideas were written on paper it was called a document. When those documents needed to be stored they were put in a folder. And those folders were kept on a desk. Documents, folders, and desktops are the terms we use in our virtual work because Steve Jobs understood that using familiar terms would make the new technology easier to understand. The parallels between the physical and virtual workplace now seem obvious.

요약문:

Rather than asking people to enter an entirely alien system, Jobs reduced psychological ___(A)___ by recasting digital work through the ___(B)___ of everyday office life.

① resistance …… grammar
② resistance …… novelty
③ complexity …… grammar
④ complexity …… novelty
⑤ confusion …… abstraction

57. 다음 글의 요약문으로 가장 알맞은 것은?

Turtle hatchlings have, it seems, evolved to crawl toward the light. For millions of years this was a highly rational and effective strategy because the light on a dark beach represented the reflection of the moon and stars on the water’s surface. Following the lights led baby turtles back home to the sea. The problems started when humans began building beachfront homes and sparkling hotels on the other side of the beach. Now after hatching, turtles heading for the brightest nearby lights were being guided straight into traffic. Are self-destructive sea turtles naturally irrational? Yes, in the modern world. But there’s a deeper truth. Turtles are basing their decisions on simple cues that were perfectly rational for their ancestors; these days, however, their evolved decision-making mechanisms are being blinded by modern lights.

요약문:

What looks like irrational behavior can arise when an inherited rule, once highly ___(A)___, is applied in an environment where artificial signals create fatal ___(B)___.

① adaptive …… distortions
② adaptive …… resilience
③ arbitrary …… distortions
④ arbitrary …… stability
⑤ instinctive …… stability

58. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Sensory organs are the only channels of communication between the brain and the outside world. Simply put, the brain is not designed to sense on its own. For instance, an exposed brain would neither sense light shining on it nor feel something touching it. In fact, patients are often kept awake during brain surgery, which can help a surgeon isolate specific regions of the brain. The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle recognized this characteristic of the brain over 2,000 years ago when he said, “Nothing is in the mind that does not pass through the senses.” This concept can be seen clearly when volunteers are blind-folded and placed in the warm water of a sensory deprivation tank. They soon experience visual, auditory, and tactile (touch) hallucinations, as well as incoherent thought patterns. From these experiments and others, it is apparent that we need constant input from our senses to carry out functions that give us personality and intellect.

요약문:

Rather than operating as a self-sufficient source of awareness, the brain depends on continuous ___(A)___ from the body to keep thought anchored in ___(B)___.

① mediation …… reality
② mediation …… isolation
③ autonomy …… reality
④ autonomy …… illusion
⑤ restraint …… instability

59. 다음 글의 요약문으로 가장 알맞은 것은?

Answering these questions showed me what kind of person I was and what my needs, values, passions, and talents were. More importantly, I came to know what I truly wanted! I remembered my childhood dreams of being a writer, songwriter, and radio host. Gradually, vague ideas became clear plans. Years later, here I am, a successful podcaster and vlogger! I’ve also published a book and a music album. My morning pages, which I still write every day, have given me the drive and ideas to achieve these aims. Dear subscribers, will you try writing your morning pages, too? You never know what creative energy or ideas you have until you start exploring. Don’t be a perfectionist, though. If you miss a few days, simply open your notebook and start again! The ultimate aim is to improve your mental health and help you lead a happier, more creative life.

요약문:

By repeatedly putting imperfect thoughts on paper, one can turn inner uncertainty into ___(A)___ and sustain the ___(B)___ needed for a more fulfilling and inventive life.

① momentum …… blueprint
② momentum …… restraint
③ confusion …… blueprint
④ confusion …… restraint
⑤ hesitation …… indifference

60. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

I can totally relate to these two people because their experiences are similar to mine. Like Yuna, I started this journaling during my first year of high school. At that time, I felt lost, stressed, and unsure about the future, and it wasn’t easy for me to concentrate. When I first tried writing three daily pages, I didn’t expect to stick to it. But I did, and it changed my life! Releasing my feelings onto paper every morning helped relieve my emotional tension. I gained more inner peace, which improved my schoolwork performance. Like David, I asked many questions, for instance, “Why was I so angry yesterday?” “Why are things less fun these days?” Then, I started raising more challenging ones: “What could make me happier right now?” “What is my ideal future? Can I reach it? How?”

요약문:

What began as a simple writing habit became a means of ___(A)___, allowing the writer not only to ease internal strain but also to move toward greater ___(B)___ about life and direction.

① realignment …… clarity
② realignment …… detachment
③ avoidance …… clarity
④ avoidance …… detachment
⑤ suppression …… confusion

61. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Now, let’s listen to Yuna, a high school junior: When I started this exercise last year, I simply wrote random thoughts like this: I’m sleepy. A slight headache’s starting. I need to finish the math assignment today … I don’t know what more to write now. But soon I found I had deeper and deeper thoughts. Now, I normally start by writing about today’s tasks or worries. After that, I write about my dreams and how to move towards them. I often come up with great plans and a clear sense of purpose to start the day. Most importantly, I’m much happier than before.

요약문:

What began as a routine of recording trivial mental noise gradually became a tool for ___(A)___, allowing Yuna to turn ordinary concerns into future-oriented direction and greater ___(B)___.

① self-discovery …… well-being
② self-discovery …… confusion
③ self-protection …… well-being
④ self-protection …… hesitation
⑤ time management …… hesitation

62. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

There is no right or wrong way to write your morning pages, but there are two rules. First, don’t judge your writing as good or bad. These pages are meant to be a “brain cleansing,” so don’t worry about writing correctly. Second, keep your writing completely private. It is important for you to write freely and honestly. You’re even advised not to read your writing yourself for weeks. Now, let me share the experiences of some people I interviewed. David, a chef and kitchen manager, who has been writing morning pages for two years, says: My job tends to be very stressful. When I started writing morning pages, I just wrote a lot of complaints about my hard life. Later, I began to ask questions, like “What would make my life easier today?” “How can I improve my recipes?” Sometimes, I keep asking questions until I reach a sort of “click moment.” It feels like a door opening to great ideas. Nowadays, I feel less stressed, enjoy my job more, and am more productive.

요약문: Morning pages work best when shielded from both external standards and self-surveillance, because that protected space can turn emotional ___(A)___ into practical ___(B)___.

① release …… clarity
② release …… conformity
③ restraint …… clarity
④ restraint …… conformity
⑤ performance …… confusion

63. 다음 글의 요약문으로 가장 알맞은 것은?

Welcome to my channel Good Habits! This is Regan, your podcast host. Today, I’m going to talk about a way of starting the day that many people, including me, find enormously useful. It’s a kind of journaling called “the morning pages.” There is no age at which it is too late to form this habit. I started eight years ago as a high school student, and that’s why today’s episode is especially for my teenage subscribers. The morning pages are three pages of “free writing,” ideally done first thing in the morning. The concept is simple. Get up every morning, pick up a pen and a notebook, and write whatever crosses your mind until you have filled three pages. The technique was originally developed to help writers and artists overcome a loss of creativity, but anybody can use it to create a better life.

요약문:

Rather than being a practice reserved for professional creators, morning pages can serve as an everyday tool for ___(A)___, because regularly emptying one’s thoughts onto paper at the start of the day promotes a more ___(B)___ life.

① self-renewal …… intentional
② self-renewal …… distracted
③ self-display …… intentional
④ self-display …… distracted
⑤ emotional restraint …… passive

64. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Welcome to my channel Good Habits! This is Regan, your podcast host. Today, I’m going to talk about a way of starting the day that many people, including me, find enormously useful. It’s a kind of journaling called “the morning pages.” There is no age at which it is too late to form this habit. I started eight years ago as a high school student, and that’s why today’s episode is especially for my teenage subscribers. The morning pages are three pages of “free writing,” ideally done first thing in the morning. The concept is simple. Get up every morning, pick up a pen and a notebook, and write whatever crosses your mind until you have filled three pages. The technique was originally developed to help writers and artists overcome a loss of creativity, but anybody can use it to create a better life.

요약문:

Rather than serving only as a specialized cure for blocked artists, morning pages can become a daily ritual of ___(A)___ through which even teenagers can cultivate greater ___(B)___ by emptying their minds onto paper at the start of the day.

① reset …… clarity
② reset …… prestige
③ discipline …… clarity
④ discipline …… prestige
⑤ performance …… status

65. 다음 글의 요약문으로 가장 적절한 것은?

There is no right or wrong way to write your morning pages, but there are two rules. First, don’t judge your writing as good or bad. These pages are meant to be a “brain cleansing,” so don’t worry about writing correctly. Second, keep your writing completely private. It is important for you to write freely and honestly. You’re even advised not to read your writing yourself for weeks.

요약문:
The value of morning pages lies not in literary ___(A)___ but in creating a sheltered space where thoughts can surface with total ___(B)___.

① polish …… restraint
② polish …… candor
③ secrecy …… candor
④ secrecy …… restraint
⑤ performance …… discipline

66. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Assistive technologies allow disabled individuals to perform an array of tasks without the aid of another person, thereby increasing their level of independence. Although recent developments have improved the functionality of assistive technologies, the corresponding increase in complexity necessitates that sufficient training be offered to the people with disabilities who will use them. While some devices can be easily incorporated into a person’s life with a minimum of instruction, others are more sophisticated and require a significant amount of knowledge to be utilized effectively. In fact, a number of studies have shown that people who avoid new assistive technologies report feeling intimidated by the complex interfaces and many optional features, which leads them to believe that they are unqualified to operate them. Fortunately, individuals who are provided with access to ongoing support have an increased likelihood of overcoming this barrier and integrating new assistive technologies into their day-to-day routine, greatly enhancing the overall quality of their life.

요약문:

The value of assistive technology is not secured by advanced design alone; unless users are guided past initial ___(A)___, even useful tools may remain functionally ___(B)___.

① hesitation …… dormant
② hesitation …… portable
③ confidence …… dormant
④ confidence …… portable
⑤ familiarity …… disposable

67. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것은?

The scientific method is based on the principle of methodological naturalism. Proponents of this approach to providing explanations about the universe assert that truths can only be realized by studying natural events and phenomena. In particular, they prefer that the objects of scientific research be tangible so that it is absolutely clear that they are real and not imagined. The philosophy behind this strategy is that natural things in the physical world can be tested and experimented on, whereas theories about other potential causes for events cannot. Essentially, methodological naturalism embraces the skepticism of the phrase “seeing is believing.” In other words, it does not allow for belief or emotion to be considered. This requirement has formed an essential part of the scientific method since the Enlightenment, when logic and reason began to replace old worldviews.

요약문:

Modern science secures knowledge by granting authority only to explanations that are ___(A)___ to public verification, thereby pushing ___(B)___ convictions outside the boundary of legitimate inquiry.

     (A)           (B)
① accountable …… private
② accountable …… provisional
③ resistant …… private
④ resistant …… abstract
⑤ intuitive …… provisional

68. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Conceived in the aftermath of World War I, and influenced by the Dada art of the previous decade, Surrealism was a cultural movement officially established in 1924 by French poet André Breton. It began as a new form of literary expression heavily inspired by the writings and dream interpretation of father of psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud, and its objective was to give a voice to the private world of the subconscious mind, which was thought to have been repressed by societal conventions and logic. Since Surrealism was originally intended as a means of spontaneous expression, some did not initially believe that it would lend itself well to the slow and labor-intensive processes of painting or sculpting. However, surrealist visual artists are arguably more remembered today than poets involved in the movement due to the dreamlike, sometimes bizarre imagery they created — the artistic depictions of their mind’s deepest thoughts. A leading figure of the movement was Belgian artist René Magritte, whose paintings frequently depicted everyday objects. The Treachery of Images, one of his most iconic works, shows a realistic-looking pipe, perhaps similar to one that might be found in an advertisement, with the caption: “This is not a pipe.” While a viewer might at first find such a statement curious, they would have to eventually concede that “the pipe” is in fact simply a painting, a combination of colors on canvas, rather than a physical object one could fill with tobacco. Through works like this, Magritte emphasized the paradox of representing objects through art and led viewers to question their preconditioned ideas of reality.

요약문:

Although Surrealism sought to release what social reason had ___(A)___, its visual branch became especially powerful by turning familiar objects into reminders that representation itself may be fundamentally ___(B)___.

① concealed …… unstable
② concealed …… transparent
③ legitimized …… unstable
④ legitimized …… decorative
⑤ simplified …… transparent

69. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A)와 (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Conceived in the aftermath of World War I, and influenced by the Dada art of the previous decade, Surrealism was a cultural movement officially established in 1924 by French poet André Breton. It began as a new form of literary expression heavily inspired by the writings and dream interpretation of father of psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud, and its objective was to give a voice to the private world of the subconscious mind, which was thought to have been repressed by societal conventions and logic. Since Surrealism was originally intended as a means of spontaneous expression, some did not initially believe that it would lend itself well to the slow and labor-intensive processes of painting or sculpting. However, surrealist visual artists are arguably more remembered today than poets involved in the movement due to the dreamlike, sometimes bizarre imagery they created — the artistic depictions of their mind’s deepest thoughts. A leading figure of the movement was Belgian artist René Magritte, whose paintings frequently depicted everyday objects. The Treachery of Images, one of his most iconic works, shows a realistic-looking pipe, perhaps similar to one that might be found in an advertisement, with the caption: “This is not a pipe.” While a viewer might at first find such a statement curious, they would have to eventually concede that “the pipe” is in fact simply a painting, a combination of colors on canvas, rather than a physical object one could fill with tobacco. Through works like this, Magritte emphasized the paradox of representing objects through art and led viewers to question their preconditioned ideas of reality.

요약문:
This movement sought to let what society had ___(A)___ emerge, and Magritte’s familiar-yet-unusable image exposed how representation itself can ___(B)___ certainty about what is real.

① silenced …… destabilize
② silenced …… reinforce
③ normalized …… destabilize
④ normalized …… reinforce
⑤ concealed …… preserve

70. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Cultural pluralism has, in recent years, been decried for its potential to undermine social cohesion, rather than reinforce it, and its supposedly adverse effect on the uniqueness of a dominant culture. Critics suggest that instead of promoting a model of inclusivity when it comes to immigration, governments should focus on assimilation, whereby new arrivals are forced to adjust to the dominant culture, shedding most, if not all, of their cultural characteristics along the way. But at the same time, supporters of this view ignore the essentially hybrid nature of every culture on earth, none of which emerged in a vacuum. Each culture was shaped by a centuries-long influx of cultural practices, linguistic structures, and, indeed, immigrants. Cultural pluralism is merely the continuation of this trend, and its complex form of social relation is an extension of prior practices. Culture has always been fostered by diversity, and adopting an exclusive approach to certain traditions and practices is effectively contradicting the very nature of culture.

요약문:

The call for newcomers to disappear into a single cultural mold rests on the illusion that culture is ever ___(A)___; in reality, what keeps culture alive is its longstanding capacity for ___(B)___.

① pristine …… renewal
② pristine …… regulation
③ fragile …… renewal
④ fragile …… regulation
⑤ uniform …… isolation

71. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

The distinctions between an autocracy and dictatorship are generally disregarded given their subtle nature. Although both forms of government are characterized by an excessive centralization of power, the two systems do differ in several ways. While an autocracy is controlled by a single person, a dictatorship can have either one leader or a group of leaders in power. The term dictatorship also carries extremely negative implications because dictators themselves have historically been connected to crimes against their own people. Autocracies, in contrast, have been viewed favorably in the past because they’ve been associated with high productivity. Another difference lies in the tendency of dictators to preside over mass media, propaganda, and rallies so that they can create an idealized image of themselves. They attempt this in order to deceive their audiences on a large scale and encourage their people’s praise and devotion.

요약문:

Though often treated as nearly interchangeable because of their shared concentration of authority, autocracy and dictatorship part ways in both ___(A)___ and ___(B)___: the former has at times enjoyed pragmatic approval, whereas the latter is more strongly tied to coercive image-making and abuse.

     (A)           (B)
① legitimacy …… methodology
② legitimacy …… neutrality
③ structure …… methodology
④ structure …… neutrality
⑤ symbolism …… stability

72. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Fracking is a high-pressure water drilling technique used to extract oil and natural gas from shale rock deep underground. The technique is highly controversial and has inspired activists and scientists to rally against it, highlighting environmental and health concerns. They point out that, for one, the process causes toxic pollutants such as methane to be released into the air. There are also around 750 identified chemicals used in the process, 29 of which are known carcinogens and many of which end up in nearby groundwater supplies, threatening the health of local residents. But despite threats like these which impact communities, proponents believe that fracking has positive and practical uses that make up for its potential to cause harm. For example, fracking allows for electricity generation at half of the carbon dioxide-emission levels of coal. Additionally, it results in lower energy prices and greater energy security.

요약문:

Fracking is portrayed as a practice caught between local ___(A)___ and broader ___(B)___, with critics stressing immediate damage while supporters emphasize large-scale utility.

① vulnerability …… efficiency
② vulnerability …… uncertainty
③ profitability …… efficiency
④ profitability …… uncertainty
⑤ stability …… resistance

73. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

A milestone in artificial intelligence was set when Google’s AlphaGo program beat top-ranked player Lee Sedol at the game of Go. Now, building on that achievement, four of the world’s best poker players have been defeated by the Libratus program. Designed by researchers at Carnegie Mellon University, Libratus was simply given the rules of a two-player version of the game known as Texas Hold’em. It was then left to play countless versions of the game until it became better at learning and decision-making. The level of expertise it achieved through this process was astonishing. The fact that poker requires the ability to understand the thought processes of one’s opponents and to know whether they are bluffing seemed to suggest that Libratus had gained the power to think intuitively. However, Libratus’s human-like behaviors were based completely on calculations. Through trial and error, Libratus’ algorithms had determined that bluffing was an effective strategy and began to incorporate it into its own plays. It was also aware that its opponents could bluff, too, which indicated that it could understand a type of uncertainty that hadn’t been expected to be comprehended by programs before.

요약문:
What looked like machine ___(A)___ in poker was, in fact, the result of exhaustive computation that enabled the program to operate under strategic ___(B)___ rather than genuine human-like insight.

① intuition …… ambiguity
② intuition …… obedience
③ reflex …… ambiguity
④ reflex …… obedience
⑤ imitation …… uniformity

74. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Although science fiction may seem like just a fun way to escape at first glance, the popularity of this genre may be based in something more profound. Some suggest that its appeal lies in the fact that it is incredibly relevant to us. That’s because it serves as a means of tackling serious issues that affect our society today. At the same time, it provides a sense of distance. Since characters in science fiction stories are from a different time or place, they initially seem far removed from us to the extent that we don’t view them through the same lens as we might view someone from our own society. But despite their differences from us, they frequently face situations that we can relate to, allowing us to see the problems in our own society. Essentially, by framing modern issues in an exciting context that seems like it has nothing to do with us, we are able to process them more easily.

요약문:

Science fiction makes present-day social concerns easier to confront by wrapping them in ___(A)___ worlds, which lowers our ___(B)___ while still preserving their relevance.

① unfamiliar …… defensiveness
② unfamiliar …… conformity
③ idealized …… defensiveness
④ idealized …… conformity
⑤ entertaining …… detachment

75. 다음 글의 요약문으로 가장 알맞은 것은?

The task of a project manager is to ensure that a project is completed successfully: the operational budget is maintained, schedules are kept, and the client and all the stakeholders are satisfied. To reach this goal, it is vital to reduce potential risks — any events or factors that can threaten the project’s success. However, since not all risks pose an equal threat and a certain amount of risk is unavoidable in any project, organizations must manage risk by ranking potential threats in order of severity. This process, called ‘risk prioritization,’ involves using metrics to separate mission-critical risks from less impactful ones, which is done by questioning whether taking a risk is worth the reward. To determine whether it is, factors that must be considered include the probability of the risk occurring and the likely impact, with the logic being that risks with low probability and positive outcomes are the most desirable to take.

요약문:

Because uncertainty cannot be eliminated from projects, effective management depends on ___(A)___ possible threats so that choices favor those with limited downside and greater ___(B)___.

① filtering …… upside
② filtering …… urgency
③ magnifying …… upside
④ magnifying …… urgency
⑤ postponing …… volatility

76. 다음 글의 요약문으로 가장 알맞은 것은?

The development of modern sociology was heavily influenced by the eminent French intellectual Émile Durkheim and the positivist train of thought that he subscribed to. Positivism, which emerged in the mid-to-late 19th century, was founded on the belief that the social sciences should be treated with the same objective rigor and emphasis on empiricism and causality as the natural sciences. To this end, Durkheim stated, “Our main goal is to extend scientific rationalism to human conduct.” In response to this approach, an antipositivist methodology gradually emerged around the turn of the 20th century. Many social scientists openly embraced the idea that sociological investigations must understand cultural behaviors, values, and symbols from very specific — often culturally rooted — perspectives. This approach was adopted by a number of major intellectuals, including the German sociologist and historian Max Weber. Among other things, Weber argued that while the natural sciences may be able to achieve generalizable observations, social sciences would always function as a subjective form of inquiry.

요약문:

The early debate in sociology centered on whether human life should be read through ___(A)___ standards borrowed from science or through the ___(B)___ lenses required by culture-bound meaning.

① universal · interpretive
② universal · mechanical
③ contextual · interpretive
④ contextual · mechanical
⑤ instrumental · deterministic

77. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

The importance of architectural lighting cannot be overstated as it does far more than just help us see well enough to navigate a space. Light is powerful because, in its absence, it creates shadows, which can have an emotional impact on the occupant of the space. Just as the size and shape of a human shadow outside varies throughout the day, depending on the position of the sun, the proportions of architectural features like columns or latticework can be influenced by the light source in a room. Positioning a light low to the ground to cast a long shadow, for instance, can evoke a sense of awe and mystery, while a space with large windows that allows natural sunlight to pour through can give one a sense of calm and well-being. Essentially, light has the power to give substance to architecture in the form of shadows while shaping the atmosphere of a space.

요약문: Rather than serving as a mere tool for visibility, architectural lighting functions as a medium of ___(A)___, making built forms perceptually dynamic and guiding the occupant toward a particular ___(B)___.

     (A)           (B)
① modulation …… disposition
② modulation …… efficiency
③ measurement …… disposition
④ measurement …… efficiency
⑤ decoration …… neutrality

78. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

There seems to be no limit to the things in life that can break our hearts, so we cope by learning to make light of painful situations. But in 1991, doctors discovered that hearts can literally “break” from pain. Heart attacks are fearsome because people die from them, so when people with a broken heart feel chest pain and it worsens by the minute, they wonder if they’re having a heart attack. The cardiologist makes an examination and recognizes the electrocardiographic changes that indicate a problem but is usually stumped because the symptoms are only mimicking the conditions of heart failure. Compared to diseases that happen in people with blocked arteries, the arteries of a person with a broken heart appear normal, and there are no other signs common to heart disease. But that shows how powerful emotions can be when something life-changing occurs, such as the death of a loved one. It’s like one’s heart is stunned and momentarily doesn’t work as it should.

요약문:

Severe emotional shock can produce a temporary state in which the heart displays convincing ___(A)___ of a deadly physical crisis even though it lacks the usual structural ___(B)___ of cardiac disease.

① imitation …… damage
② imitation …… certainty
③ resistance …… damage
④ resistance …… stability
⑤ recovery …… certainty

79. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Nearly all mammals — excluding sloths and manatees — have seven cervical vertebrae. The number of lumbar and thoracic vertebrae, however, varies more from mammal to mammal. Despite the giraffe’s enormously long neck, scientists have always believed that giraffes were similar to most other mammals and that they have seven cervical vertebrae. But research conducted by the University of Tokyo has shown that assumptions related to the unique neck of the giraffe might be wrong; in fact, they discovered that the giraffe’s first thoracic vertebra actually functions like a cervical vertebra. This provides the giraffe’s neck with more flexibility which allows them to reach food in higher places and water in lower ones. The high mobility of the giraffe’s first thoracic vertebra, which is comparable to that of a cervical vertebra, indicates that this bone therefore acts as part of the neck rather than the body.

요약문:

What seemed to confirm the giraffe as an ordinary case among mammals is now being ___(A)___: one bone formerly assigned to the body is better understood as part of the neck, giving the animal greater ___(B)___ in using its extreme anatomy.

① revised …… versatility
② revised …… symmetry
③ preserved …… versatility
④ preserved …… rigidity
⑤ classified …… symmetry

80. 다음 글의 내용으로 가장 적절한 요약문을 고르시오.

Although, in a broader sense, courage is the ability to take action in the face of risk, there are many different types of courage. Moral courage is a type of courage that calls for careful and deliberate thought. The morally courageous tend to have a strong sense of what is right and wrong and want to effect positive change in the world. Yet they also understand that there may be negative consequences for their actions, and may experience pressure to ignore a problem despite its incidence. For example, an ethical concern may arise in the workplace, and organizational constraints may prevent the majority of people from criticizing it, although they recognize it as wrong. However, a morally courageous person, fully aware that they could lose their job or face other consequences, would reason that it is immoral to become complicit and instead choose to say something.

요약문:

Moral courage is shown when a person refuses ___(A)___ to social or institutional pressure and accepts personal ___(B)___ rather than silently sharing responsibility for wrongdoing.

① conformity …… exposure
② conformity …… advantage
③ resistance …… exposure
④ resistance …… comfort
⑤ obedience …… comfort

81. 다음 글의 요약문으로 가장 알맞은 것은?

With the average adult spending 11 hours a day using smartphones or computers, playing video games, or watching TV, it is unsurprising that some experts believe the overuse of technology and devices is becoming a problem. Many people agree, saying that technology makes their lives more stressful, prevents them from sleeping, and ruins their mental health. That’s why some individuals are trying what is being referred to as a “digital detox.” This is a period in which they refrain from using electronic devices — whether that means giving up all digital devices for a while or simply avoiding any app or program that takes up too much of their time — in favor of socializing with family and friends. Although the idea of a digital detox might sound impossible or uncomfortable, disconnecting from your devices can have a positive effect. Not only can it reverse the issues caused by excessive technology use but it can also help you be more mindful and engaged during real-life experiences.

요약문:

When constant screen exposure begins to ___(A)___ everyday well-being, deliberately stepping back from digital habits can restore balance and make offline moments more ___(B)___.

① erode …… absorbing
② erode …… optional
③ stabilize …… absorbing
④ stabilize …… optional
⑤ fragment …… disposable

82. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Chances are you’ve had a song get stuck in your head. Words you did not mean to memorize come to mind without any effort, even though you may struggle to retain other information. This is because music is a mnemonic device; a tool that assists with remembering things. Songs often consist of rhymes and rhythm, which neatly organize information into patterns that are simple for the brain to recollect. Yet, because humans process and store a multitude of memories in the hippocampus and frontal cortex, which take in a significant amount of data each minute, remembering specific information is not always so straightforward. Even so, music includes an abundance of cues (hidden in the lyrics and images they evoke) that aid in bringing certain pieces of information to mind. This means that setting a tune to any piece of information you need to remember will improve your ability to recall it.

요약문:

When information is woven into melody, it becomes less vulnerable to mental ___(A)___ because patterned sound provides multiple ___(B)___ that make later retrieval easier.

① overload …… pathways
② overload …… distractions
③ isolation …… pathways
④ isolation …… distortions
⑤ decay …… distortions

83. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Introduced by Soviet economist Nikolai Kondratiev in his 1925 book The Major Economic Cycles, Kondratiev waves are hypothetical cycles in world economies. Kondratiev believed that each wave — representing long-lasting periods of economic rises, plateaus, and falls — resulted from technological innovations and periods of change. While Kondratiev waves are a subject of interest for some investors and a fascinating academic discussion topic, most economists do not accept they are even real, mostly due to the imprecise nature of the theory. There is no formal agreement on the cause of the waves, the standards for identifying the start and end years of a wave cycle, or even any consensus about where an economy is on a wave at any time due to the relatively long duration of each one — between 40 and 60 years. Generally, many suggest Kondratiev’s theory was based on recognizing patterns that may not even exist.

요약문:

Kondratiev waves remain more an exercise in ___(A)___ than a dependable economic framework, because the theory lacks shared rules for verification and may rest on ___(B)___ order in random fluctuation.

① interpretation …… perceived
② interpretation …… measurable
③ prediction …… perceived
④ prediction …… measurable
⑤ regulation …… observable

84. 다음 글의 요약문으로 가장 알맞은 것은?

A lot of anxiety and depression among the youth comes from the ever-growing pressure to succeed. In a national survey, nearly 80% of youths stated that personal achievement was more important to them than caring for others. While much of human history has progressed thanks to the drive for success, in modern times, success has turned into an obsession. Before, prosperity was balanced with other facets of life — health, empathy, family, and friends. Now, the obsession with achievement has led young adults to strive for their own success no matter the cost. It is a drive that pushes them forward to the detriment of other aspects of themselves. Although their drive to achieve is not necessarily a bad thing, problems arise when the youth pursue success solely for individual purposes. This ultimately comes at a cost to their mental health, their character, and morality.

요약문:

What once functioned as a productive motive becomes harmful when it is cut loose from communal values and turned into ___(A)___, leaving inner well-being and ethical development increasingly ___(B)___.

① compulsion …… eroded
② compulsion …… amplified
③ cooperation …… eroded
④ cooperation …… amplified
⑤ equilibrium …… restored

85. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

In business negotiations, one party often tries to defeat the other. If you do this, however, you might find that even when you win, you lose. The other person will likely feel resentful and might be unwilling to do business with you in the future. This is why many experts advocate a “win-win” mindset when negotiating. It involves a conscious effort to ensure that everyone gets the maximum benefit from whatever agreement is reached. An important element of this approach is a focus on an objective standard that can be used to measure the value that each party receives. In some cases, this will require finding a neutral arbitrator to make the final determination of whether an agreement is fair. It is also often necessary to grant significant concessions so that the other person is able to meet his or her goals. This negotiating strategy is much more likely to result in lasting partnerships rather than one-off deals.

요약문:

Negotiation becomes more durable when it is treated not as a contest for ___(A)___ but as a process of building ___(B)___ through fairness, measurable criteria, and meaningful compromise.

① dominance …… reciprocity
② dominance …… ambiguity
③ prestige …… reciprocity
④ prestige …… dependency
⑤ isolation …… ambiguity

86. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

With the average adult spending 11 hours a day using smartphones or computers, playing video games, or watching TV, it is unsurprising that some experts believe the overuse of technology and devices is becoming a problem. Many people agree, saying that technology makes their lives more stressful, prevents them from sleeping, and ruins their mental health. That’s why some individuals are trying what is being referred to as a “digital detox.” This is a period in which they refrain from using electronic devices — whether that means giving up all digital devices for a while or simply avoiding any app or program that takes up too much of their time — in favor of socializing with family and friends. Although the idea of a digital detox might sound impossible or uncomfortable, disconnecting from your devices can have a positive effect. Not only can it reverse the issues caused by excessive technology use but it can also help you be more mindful and engaged during real-life experiences.

요약문:

Stepping away from screens functions not as a mere act of deprivation but as a way of restoring personal ___(A)___ and deepening one’s ___(B)___ in offline life.

① equilibrium …… immersion
② equilibrium …… isolation
③ productivity …… immersion
④ productivity …… distraction
⑤ dependency …… isolation

87. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Although, in a broader sense, courage is the ability to take action in the face of risk, there are many different types of courage. Moral courage is a type of courage that calls for careful and deliberate thought. The morally courageous tend to have a strong sense of what is right and wrong and want to effect positive change in the world. Yet they also understand that there may be negative consequences for their actions, and may experience pressure to ignore a problem despite its incidence. For example, an ethical concern may arise in the workplace, and organizational constraints may prevent the majority of people from criticizing it, although they recognize it as wrong. However, a morally courageous person, fully aware that they could lose their job or face other consequences, would reason that it is immoral to become complicit and instead choose to say something.

요약문:

Moral courage is shown when a person refuses ___(A)___ to wrongdoing and, despite likely personal costs, acts in line with an inner ___(B)___ rather than social pressure.

① indifferent …… compass
② indifferent …… impulse
③ submissive …… compass
④ submissive …… impulse
⑤ strategic …… habit

88. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Introduced by Soviet economist Nikolai Kondratiev in his 1925 book The Major Economic Cycles, Kondratiev waves are hypothetical cycles in world economies. Kondratiev believed that each wave — representing long-lasting periods of economic rises, plateaus, and falls — resulted from technological innovations and periods of change. While Kondratiev waves are a subject of interest for some investors and a fascinating academic discussion topic, most economists do not accept they are even real, mostly due to the imprecise nature of the theory. There is no formal agreement on the cause of the waves, the standards for identifying the start and end years of a wave cycle, or even any consensus about where an economy is on a wave at any time due to the relatively long duration of each one — between 40 and 60 years. Generally, many suggest Kondratiev’s theory was based on recognizing patterns that may not even exist.

요약문:

Kondratiev waves remain intellectually appealing as an attempt to impose ___(A)___ on long-term economic change, but the theory is widely dismissed because its claims resist ___(B)___ and may rest on imagined regularities.

① coherence …… verification
② coherence …… adaptation
③ volatility …… verification
④ volatility …… adaptation
⑤ momentum …… neutrality

89. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Chances are you’ve had a song get stuck in your head. Words you did not mean to memorize come to mind without any effort, even though you may struggle to retain other information. This is because music is a mnemonic device; a tool that assists with remembering things. Songs often consist of rhymes and rhythm, which neatly organize information into patterns that are simple for the brain to recollect. Yet, because humans process and store a multitude of memories in the hippocampus and frontal cortex, which take in a significant amount of data each minute, remembering specific information is not always so straightforward. Even so, music includes an abundance of cues (hidden in the lyrics and images they evoke) that aid in bringing certain pieces of information to mind. This means that setting a tune to any piece of information you need to remember will improve your ability to recall it.

요약문:

When information is woven into music, memory becomes less a matter of brute ___(A)___ and more a process of guided ___(B)___, because melody supplies patterns and cues that help the brain retrieve what might otherwise be lost among competing data.

① storage …… navigation
② storage …… resistance
③ exposure …… navigation
④ exposure …… resistance
⑤ distraction …… interference

90. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약할 때, 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것은?

Gaslighting, which involves manipulating a person so that they question their own reality or perceptions, is often thought of in terms of personal relationships. In this case, a single person is the victim, and according to psychologists, it can be extremely dangerous and toxic for them. What is more unsettling is that a manipulator’s gaslighting can affect not only a single person but also an entire group of people. Farah Latif, a communications expert at George Washington University, explains how some politicians utilize gaslighting to “destabilize and disorient public opinion on political issues.” Their techniques — inventing false narratives, attempting to discredit their opposition, and continually denying proven facts — are all utilized to “garner support” for their aims and objectives. A politician who gaslights voters might try to downplay their own mistakes or even blame them on another politician. They spread misinformation and especially target the media and researchers, attempting to portray them as unreliable sources of information. The repercussions of these actions include public distrust, twisted perceptions of reality, and the inability of voters to rationally consider important issues. Gaslighting, therefore, has the very real and terrifying ability to contaminate the normal functioning of politics itself.

요약문:
When political gaslighting moves beyond private manipulation, it becomes a tool of ___(A)___ that weakens citizens’ capacity for ___(B)___ by distorting what counts as credible reality.

① domination …… judgment
② domination …… compliance
③ reconciliation …… judgment
④ reconciliation …… compliance
⑤ entertainment …… passivity

91. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

In search of a new, more effective strategy to reduce bullying at schools, Princeton University psychologist Betsy Levy Paluck and her research team turned to students themselves or, more specifically, students who were identified by their classmates as trendsetters, team leaders, and peer role models — known in scientific terms as “social referents.” According to social psychology theory, individuals learn what is desirable by observing other people’s behavior and seeing what is rewarded or punished. Social referents, Paluck said, might play a significant role in shaping what is considered acceptable behavior. With that in mind, Paluck and her team worked with schools across New Jersey in the 2012–2013 school year and staged bullying intervention programs at half of them. In these intervention programs, student social referents — students with the most connections to other students — were coached to spread anti-conflict messages. At the end of the year, it was found that schools where the intervention programs had taken place reported less violence and more diplomacy among students, demonstrating how powerful peer modeling can be.

요약문:

Rather than confronting school bullying only through top-down control, the study treated highly connected students as engines of norm change, showing that behavior spreads more effectively through peer ___(A)___ than through formal ___(B)___.

① diffusion …… enforcement
② diffusion …… isolation
③ compliance …… enforcement
④ compliance …… isolation
⑤ resistance …… punishment

92. 다음 글의 요약문으로 가장 알맞은 것은?

In 1794, the English chemist and physicist John Dalton published an academic article that included the first description of colorblindness. In it, he provided a summary of his research regarding red-green colorblindness, which is now known to be caused by a problem with the light-sensitive cells called cones that are found in the retina of the human eye. Typically, a person has three sets of fully functional cones — each responds to different light wavelengths, enabling the eye to perceive the three primary colors. However, in some cases, the cells that detect either red or green are less sensitive than normal or are missing altogether. Regardless of which of these types of cones are deficient, the end result for the affected individual is the same. It becomes difficult or even impossible to distinguish between these two colors. This form of colorblindness is usually genetic, but it can also result from physical damage to the eye or even old age.

요약문:
The eye’s normal color system depends on a three-part sensory ___(A)___, and when one channel in that arrangement is weakened or absent, the visual boundary between red and green becomes ___(B)___, whether the cause is inherited or acquired.

① architecture …… blurred
② architecture …… reversible
③ immunity …… blurred
④ immunity …… reversible
⑤ balance …… temporary

93. 다음 글의 요약문으로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

According to statistics, millennials watch far less television than older generations. The average American over 65 watches almost four and a half hours of television a day; the average millennial, meanwhile, watches just two. Furthermore, the amount of television millennials watch has declined in the last two decades, while older generations are watching more. Several factors may explain this disparity, the most prominent of which is the Internet. While older generations still rely on television for most of their entertainment and news, millennials prefer to consume both online. Still, a relatively new technological trend could be bringing millennials back to television, but via other media. A recent study has shown that 9 percent more millennials stream online videos than watch television, a trend that shows no signs of slowing. As a form of television watching, streaming differs considerably from the analogue viewing style of older generations, but it nonetheless reveals that this younger generation hasn’t entirely abandoned the medium.

요약문:
What appears to be millennials’ ___(A)___ from television is, in part, a ___(B)___ of the same medium into digitally delivered forms rather than a complete break from it.

① retreat …… migration
② retreat …… rejection
③ revival …… migration
④ revival …… distortion
⑤ indifference …… fragmentation

94. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

The scientific method is based on the principle of methodological naturalism. Proponents of this approach to providing explanations about the universe assert that truths can only be realized by studying natural events and phenomena. In particular, they prefer that the objects of scientific research be tangible so that it is absolutely clear that they are real and not imagined. The philosophy behind this strategy is that natural things in the physical world can be tested and experimented on, whereas theories about other potential causes for events cannot. Essentially, methodological naturalism embraces the skepticism of the phrase “seeing is believing.” In other words, it does not allow for belief or emotion to be considered. This requirement has formed an essential part of the scientific method since the Enlightenment, when logic and reason began to replace old worldviews.

요약문:

Since the Enlightenment, science has claimed (A) only by limiting acceptable explanations to what can withstand public verification, thereby excluding claims grounded in ___(B)___ rather than demonstrable reality.

① authority …… intuition
② legitimacy …… intuition
③ legitimacy …… precision
④ objectivity …… intuition
⑤ authority …… precision

95. 다음 글의 요약문으로 가장 알맞은 것은?

In his 1935 essay “The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction,” Walter Benjamin contended that the aura of original art had disappeared in the modern age as a result of new forms of replicable media technology. For Benjamin, art possessed an aura that was derived from its physical uniqueness. Making a copy, as one might do with a photograph or a film, he argued, removed the artwork from its original context, destroying its authenticity. The destruction of the vital force that gives art its individuality — its spirit — altered the effect of art on viewers. Before the age of mechanical reproduction, viewing an image or an object required one to be in the presence of the original piece, allowing for a more personal experience. By producing copies and making it possible for many people to see the work simultaneously, however, a viewer could no longer be fully absorbed in it because the individual connection was eliminated. Instead, the viewers, “the distracted mass,” collectively absorbed the art.

요약문:

Benjamin suggests that when technology turns artworks from singular encounters into endlessly shareable objects, their ___(A)___ weakens and spectatorship shifts from intimate attention to collective ___(B)___.

① immediacy …… contemplation
② immediacy …… dispersion
③ authority …… contemplation
④ authority …… dispersion
⑤ familiarity …… isolation

96. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

In a study on hidden anger, researchers observed that certain unintended behaviors often come forward. One group of them consists of repetitive physical acts, such as facial tics and spasmodic foot movements. They may also include uncontrollable behaviors such as poor sleeping habits, jaw clenching, and teeth grinding, which others may notice but not associate with anger. Other behaviors are deliberate but not directly linked to anger, and these may be expressed as procrastination, habitual lateness, excessive politeness, or inappropriate sarcasm and flippancy in conversation. Whatever the case, these behaviors are often attributed to harmless personality flaws or eccentricities. Few if any people ever associate them with deeper issues that might have been provoked by anger.

요약문: What looks like mere eccentricity or bad habit may actually be anger wearing a social ___(A)___, making its deeper cause largely ___(B)___ to observers.

① mask …… invisible
② mask …… inevitable
③ impulse …… invisible
④ impulse …… superficial
⑤ routine …… inevitable

97. 다음 글의 요약문으로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

In Adam Smith’s 1759 work The Theory of Moral Sentiments, he posited that, although everyone is driven to a certain extent by self-interest and personal passions, we act in accordance with others’ expectations. As members of society, we are keenly aware of what behaviors are considered objectionable to the majority and what are not based on the reactions we receive or witness. Because we have a natural ability to empathize and want others to see us as morally accountable, we are taught that we must do what is perceived as the right thing. To help us determine whether we are doing the right thing, Smith suggested that we each have a conscience that informs us of how our behavior will be interpreted. This “impartial spectator,” as he called it, prevents us from being overly interested in our own affairs and causes us to do things that are worthy of society’s praise rather than its reproach.

요약문:

Smith suggests that social life depends not on the removal of self-interest but on its ___(A)___ by an inner judge that steers people toward actions likely to earn public ___(B)___.

① calibration …… approval
② calibration …… ambiguity
③ intensification …… approval
④ intensification …… isolation
⑤ concealment …… ambiguity

98. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말을 고르시오.

Assistive technologies allow disabled individuals to perform an array of tasks without the aid of another person, thereby increasing their level of independence. Although recent developments have improved the functionality of assistive technologies, the corresponding increase in complexity necessitates that sufficient training be offered to the people with disabilities who will use them. While some devices can be easily incorporated into a person’s life with a minimum of instruction, others are more sophisticated and require a significant amount of knowledge to be utilized effectively. In fact, a number of studies have shown that people who avoid new assistive technologies report feeling intimidated by the complex interfaces and many optional features, which leads them to believe that they are unqualified to operate them. Fortunately, individuals who are provided with access to ongoing support have an increased likelihood of overcoming this barrier and integrating new assistive technologies into their day-to-day routine, greatly enhancing the overall quality of their life.

요약문:

The value of assistive technology is realized not simply through its advanced design but through reducing users’ ___(A)___ toward complexity, since continued guidance makes adoption more ___(B)___ in everyday life.

① hesitation …… sustainable
② hesitation …… optional
③ confidence …… sustainable
④ confidence …… optional
⑤ efficiency …… accidental

99. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

That which is forgotten is not always lost. Research shows that memories remain stored even if we can’t readily retrieve them. Take the brain activity of numerous university students who were observed during memory formation and recall. When students were asked to remember as much as they could about a list of words they’d been given earlier in the study, fMRI scans showed that the brain activity throughout recall was the same as in the course of the learning process. Even when students had forgotten most of what they had learned, the original neurological patterns were still picked up, illustrating that the memories were still there despite being unattainable. Much is still unclear regarding how long memories persist, but evidence like this has shown that it might be longer than we think. Therefore, it would not be wrong to say that memories are just archived in the less accessible parts of our brains.

요약문:

What seems to have vanished from awareness may in fact remain ___(A)___ in the mind, with failed recall reflecting not ___(B)___ but blocked access.

① dormant …… erasure
② dormant …… distortion
③ fragile …… erasure
④ fragile …… distortion
⑤ permanent …… decay

100. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly… Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time. Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has been applied to the good. But are these terms this simple? Why must “ugly” have a negative connotation? After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing. By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece. They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is a key characteristic of compelling art anyway.

요약문:

Rather than functioning as a fixed mark of artistic failure, ugliness can serve as a form of ___(A)___ that unsettles inherited standards and opens viewers to ___(B)___.

① disruption …… reinterpretation
② disruption …… conformity
③ decoration …… reinterpretation
④ decoration …… passivity
⑤ preservation …… conformity

101. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures. He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called “music.” That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds. For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce a single note. The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of “silence,” the audience would find that there was not silence at all; they would become aware of the ambient sounds around them that would typically be ignored. Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation.

요약문:

Rather than presenting music as something that must be intentionally produced, Cage reframed it as an act of ___(A)___, through which what is usually dismissed as background could become aesthetically ___(B)___.

① attention …… legible
② attention …… disposable
③ performance …… legible
④ performance …… disposable
⑤ control …… decorative

102. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A)와 (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later. It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun.

요약문:
The older cosmic scheme preserved human ___(A)___ by placing Earth at the still point of a layered universe, but this long-standing framework eventually gave way to a model built on solar ___(B)___.

① centrality …… primacy
② centrality …… symmetry
③ hierarchy …… primacy
④ hierarchy …… symmetry
⑤ permanence …… balance

103. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Berthe Morisot was born in 1841 in Bourges, France, to a wealthy family. From an early age, her mother encouraged a serious education in art. Morisot likewise took her art career seriously and willingly pursued it. She developed her skills by copying masterpieces at the Louvre, and further progressed by studying under the famous painter Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot. In 1868, she met Édouard Manet and the two cultivated a close working relationship. Alongside Manet and other Impressionist artists of the time, such as Edgar Degas, Claude Monet, and Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Morisot held regular exhibitions at the Paris Salon. She achieved widespread recognition for the themes of modernity she portrayed in her works. She continued to paint up until her death in 1895, when she died of pneumonia at the age of 54.

요약문: Morisot’s path as an artist was shaped by early support and sustained discipline, allowing her to move from private ___(A)___ to public ___(B)___ within a major artistic movement.

① cultivation …… obscurity
② cultivation …… prominence
③ hesitation …… prominence
④ hesitation …… obscurity
⑤ imitation …… withdrawal

104. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain. However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.” This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license.

요약문:

While NFTs are valued because they create a sense of exclusive ___(A)___ between a buyer and a digital work, the absence of legal oversight leaves room for unauthorized ___(B)___ of that same work in tokenized form.

① affiliation …… appropriation
② affiliation …… authentication
③ regulation …… appropriation
④ regulation …… authentication
⑤ scarcity …… circulation

105. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?). In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion. This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to fake.

요약문:

Even when words attempt to construct a social ___(A)___, the voice often leaves behind enough emotional residue for listeners to infer what lies ___(B)___.

① performance …… beneath
② performance …… ahead
③ barrier …… beneath
④ barrier …… beyond
⑤ impulse …… ahead

106. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint. Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas. The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products.

요약문:

In business, novel ideas are less likely to emerge from unlimited discretion than from an environment where creative efforts are ___(A)___ and their value is kept ___(B)___ to organizational realities.

① anchored …… accountable
② anchored …… speculative
③ liberated …… accountable
④ liberated …… speculative
⑤ fragmented …… ornamental

107. 다음 글의 요약문으로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis.

요약문:

Anthropology proves most revealing when it suspends habitual ___(A)___ toward one’s own world, allowing hidden patterns of ___(B)___ to emerge before they become disasters.

① familiarity …… fragility
② familiarity …… conformity
③ detachment …… fragility
④ detachment …… conformity
⑤ advocacy …… stability

108. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Our team is looking forward to launching our new AI service next month. However, some developers object to changing the core database schema at this stage. As a lead developer, I am used to handling these kinds of sudden technical challenges. We must devote ourselves to improving the user experience before the final release. When it comes to optimizing the performance, every millisecond counts. We are fully committed to providing the best service to our users.

요약문: Although the project faces internal ___(A)___ over late-stage system changes, its direction remains defined by ___(B)___ to end-user value through refinement and speed.

① friction …… dedication
② friction …… hesitation
③ consensus …… dedication
④ consensus …… hesitation
⑤ indifference …… compromise

109. 다음 글을 읽고, 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

We might forget an anecdote about a stranger because it makes few connections with our existing associations, but we won’t forget a piece of gossip about our cousin. There’s one complex network that is larger and quicker to access than all others—the self. We’ve been thinking about ourselves in our whole lives. (In fact, there were entire years during junior high when we weren’t capable of thinking about much else.) So if a new piece of information has something to do with us, it will be more easily and thoroughly processed. It hits even closer to home than our actual home—we can take a vacation away from our home, but not from ourselves. The most effective communicators find ways to make the abstract personal. Consider the warning that law schools give to motivate first-year law students concerning the rigors of their program. Hearing that “the first-year dropout rate is 33%” is an abstract statistic. “Look to your left, look to your right. One of the three of you won’t be joining us next fall” wakes up the self.

요약문:
The force of a message depends less on raw data than on whether it can be routed through one’s ___(A)___ center, because information tied to the self gains immediate ___(B)___ and deeper mental processing.

① identity …… salience
② identity …… resistance
③ numerical …… salience
④ numerical …… resistance
⑤ external …… detachment

110. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것은?

Steve Jobs used analogy to get people to embrace the new technology. Before computers, people worked in a physical world. We used paper and pens and physical file folders and so on. The idea of working in a virtual world was radically different. Or at least seemed radically different. What Jobs understood was that a physical office was fundamentally similar to a virtual office. To win over the masses, Jobs drew strong analogies between the traditional workplace people knew well with the new, unfamiliar virtual workplace. In the pre-computer workplace, when ideas were written on paper it was called a document. When those documents needed to be stored they were put in a folder. And those folders were kept on a desk. Documents, folders, and desktops are the terms we use in our virtual work because Steve Jobs understood that using familiar terms would make the new technology easier to understand. The parallels between the physical and virtual workplace now seem obvious.

요약문:

By framing an unfamiliar digital system through the logic of everyday office life, Jobs reduced users’ sense of ___(A)___ and encouraged ___(B)___ of innovation.

① alienation …… adoption
② alienation …… distortion
③ ambiguity …… adoption
④ ambiguity …… distortion
⑤ resistance …… exclusion

111. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Turtle hatchlings have, it seems, evolved to crawl toward the light.For millions of years this was a highly rational and effective strategy because the light on a dark beach represented the reflection of the moon and stars on the water’s surface.Following the lights led baby turtles back home to the sea.The problems started when humans began building beachfront homes and sparkling hotels on the other side of the beach.Now after hatching, turtles heading for the brightest nearby lights were being guided straight into traffic.Are self-destructive sea turtles naturally irrational?Yes, in the modern world.But there’s a deeper truth.Turtles are basing their decisions on simple cues that were perfectly rational for their ancestors; these days, however, their evolved decision-making mechanisms are being blinded by modern lights.

요약문:

A behavior once shaped as an ___(A)___ response to a stable environment can become ___(B)___ when new conditions distort the signals it depends on.

① adaptive …… hazardous
② adaptive …… resilient
③ instinctive …… hazardous
④ instinctive …… resilient
⑤ deliberate …… reversible

112. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Sensory organs are the only channels of communication between the brain and the outside world. Simply put, the brain is not designed to sense on its own. For instance, an exposed brain would neither sense light shining on it nor feel something touching it. In fact, patients are often kept awake during brain surgery, which can help a surgeon isolate specific regions of the brain. The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle recognized this characteristic of the brain over 2,000 years ago when he said, “Nothing is in the mind that does not pass through the senses.” This concept can be seen clearly when volunteers are blind-folded and placed in the warm water of a sensory deprivation tank. They soon experience visual, auditory, and tactile (touch) hallucinations, as well as incoherent thought patterns. From these experiments and others, it is apparent that we need constant input from our senses to carry out functions that give us personality and intellect.

요약문:

Rather than operating as a self-sufficient interpreter of reality, the brain depends on sensory input as its basic ___(A)___ to the external world; when that link is removed, the mind begins to lose ___(B)___.

① gateway …… coherence
② gateway …… immunity
③ engine …… coherence
④ engine …… immunity
⑤ archive …… stability

113. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Dictionary definitions are constantly revised to keep up with our changing uses and knowledge. In Roman times, "addicts" were people who were unable to pay their debts and gave themselves as slaves to their creditors. The word eventually came to be associated with drug dependency: one becomes a slave to one's addiction. The word "husband" originally referred to being a homeowner; it had nothing to do with being married. But because owning your own property made it more likely you'd find a mate, the word eventually came to mean a male who has been wed. On November 5th, 1605, Guy Fawkes tried to blow up the British Parliament. He was captured and put to death. Loyalists burned his effigy, which they nicknamed the "guy." Centuries later, the word lost its negative connotation and a musical named Guys and Dolls ran on Broadway. In American slang, bad means good, cool means great, and wicked means excellent. If you could transport yourself one hundred years into the future, you'd find yourself confused by your great-grandchildren's speech because language itself is an ever-changing reflection of human invention.

요약문:

Rather than preserving fixed labels, language works like a cultural record in which words undergo ___(A)___, often becoming nearly ___(B)___ from their earlier meanings as society reshapes them.

① metamorphosis …… unrecognizable
② metamorphosis …… predictable
③ stabilization …… unrecognizable
④ stabilization …… conventional
⑤ preservation …… predictable

114. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

The term "anchoring" was introduced by Roland Barthes who observed that text is often used next to images (his focus was on photographs) to confine meaning. Of all possible literal or implied interpretations an image could elicit, text would point the viewer towards a desired, specific direction. In advertising, as Barthes argues, the symbolic message does not guide identification but interpretation. The viewer is not asked to recognize what they see but to understand why they see it and what it means to them. By combining images with text, advertising produces symbolic meaning that is accurate and specific on the one hand, richer on the other, thus adding depth and eliminating breadth of rational and emotional interpretations. The headline or tagline of an ad directs the reader through the intended meanings of the image, so that the reader avoids some and receives others. It "remote-controls" the reader towards a meaning chosen in advance.

요약문: In advertising, words placed beside images do not merely label what is visible; they ___(A)___ the viewer's response so that meaning becomes more layered yet less ___(B)___, steering interpretation toward a preselected conclusion.

① calibrate …… diffuse
② calibrate …… transparent
③ liberate …… diffuse
④ liberate …… negotiable
⑤ decorate …… transparent

115. 다음 글의 요약문으로 가장 알맞은 것은?

Mirror neurons are the hardware of empathy, and so what would make more sense than to look and see which animals possess these cells? And this is exactly where modern research now stands: all researchers know so far is that apes possess mirror neurons. We still need to test to see which other species are like us in this respect. Scientists often publicly speculate that we can probably expect surprises here, too. They assume that all animals that live in herds or large groups possess similar brain mechanisms, because social units function only if individuals can see things from the perspective of others in the group and feel what they are feeling. I can see a goldfish waving its fin at us. As an animal that travels around in a tightly-knit group, it's on board with this idea—or at least swimming alongside the boat.

요약문:

Because the neural basis of empathy has been confirmed only in apes, current discussion about other social animals remains largely ___(A)___, guided by the idea that group life requires a capacity for ___(B)___.

① provisional …… perspective-taking
② provisional …… territorial defense
③ mechanistic …… perspective-taking
④ mechanistic …… territorial defense
⑤ definitive …… instinct suppression

116. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

When we realize we’ve said something in error and we pause to go back to correct it, we stop gesturing a couple of hundred milliseconds before we stop speaking. Such sequences suggest the startling notion that our hands “know” what we’re going to say before our conscious minds do, and in fact this is often the case. Gesture can mentally prime a word so that the right term comes to our lips. When people are prevented from gesturing, they talk less fluently; their speech becomes halting because their hands are no longer able to supply them with the next word, and the next. Not being able to gesture has other deleterious effects: without gesture to help our mental processes along, we remember less useful information, we solve problems less well, and we are less able to explain our thinking. Far from tagging along as speech’s clumsy companion, gesture represents the leading edge of our thought.

요약문:

Rather than functioning as a mere outward display of ideas already completed in the mind, gesture operates as a form of cognitive ___(A)___ that makes verbal thought more ___(B)___ before it is fully conscious.

① scaffolding …… accessible
② scaffolding …… ornamental
③ decoration …… accessible
④ decoration …… ornamental
⑤ imitation …… mechanical

117. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Despite the difference between the past and the future, between what has happened and what is to come, it can be suggested, that our sense of the past has always been influenced by our view of the future. Revolutionaries have always looked to the past to frame their future cause, as is amply illustrated by examples from nationalism to communism. The future has often been seen as variously a recovery of a lost time, as a replication of what is established, or as a model bequeathed by a heroic age long gone. The writing of history is based on understanding or explaining future outcomes that were not known to contemporaries, since the historian has the benefit of hindsight and the past is nothing more than the accumulation of futures that are now our past. So, rather than see the hand of the past always shaping the future, perhaps it can be seen in reverse, with the past—in the sense of our understanding of it—being shaped by our orientation to the future.

요약문:

What we call the past is not a fixed archive but a ___(A)___ construction, made ___(B)___ by the ends toward which we imagine history to be moving.

① retrospective …… legible
② retrospective …… reversible
③ autonomous …… legible
④ autonomous …… reversible
⑤ fragmentary …… provisional

118. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Paper's mechanical properties lend themselves to folding and bending. The cellulose fibers of which it is made can be partially snapped in the area of maximum bend, allowing a permanent crease to form, while sufficient fibers remain undamaged for the material not to crack and fall apart. Indeed, in this state it pretty much maintains its ability to resist being pulled apart, but it can also be torn easily and accurately along the crease if a point of weakness—a small, initial tear—is opened up. This winning combination of mechanical properties allows it to assume the shape of any object through creasing and folding—hence the art of origami. There are very few materials as good: metal foils can hold a crease, but control of the crease is somewhat more difficult. Plastic sheeting doesn't tend to hold a crease at all, unless it is very soft, in which case it lacks the rigidity required of a good wrapping material. So it is its ability to hold a crease while remaining stiff that makes paper uniquely suited to this purpose.

요약문:
Paper is exceptional not because it is simply easy to deform, but because it achieves a rare ___(A)___ between shape retention and structural ___(B)___, enabling both precise folding and controlled tearing.

① equilibrium …… integrity
② equilibrium …… fragility
③ mismatch …… integrity
④ mismatch …… flexibility
⑤ uniformity …… fragility

119. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말을 고르시오.

We're naturally wired to organize the world into a hierarchy. We do this to help make sense of the world, maintain our beliefs, and generally feel better. But when someone infringes on our place in the world and our understanding of how it works, we react without thinking. When someone cuts you off on the highway and road rage kicks in, that's your unconscious mind saying, "Who are you to cut me off?" You're reacting to a threat to your inherent sense of hierarchy. On the road we are all equals. We're all supposed to play by the same rules. Cutting someone off violates those rules and implies higher status. Or consider when you get frustrated with your kids and end an argument with "Because I said so." (Or the office equivalent: "Because I'm the boss.") In these moments you've stopped thinking and regressed to your biological tendencies of reaffirming the hierarchy.

요약문:

People often mistake their need for psychological ___(A)___ for a natural order, so when others seem to bypass shared norms, they instinctively defend their wounded sense of ___(B)___.

① stability …… rank
② stability …… fairness
③ reciprocity …… rank
④ reciprocity …… fairness
⑤ detachment …… autonomy

120. 다음 글의 요약문으로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Dictionary definitions are constantly revised to keep up with our changing uses and knowledge. In Roman times, "addicts" were people who were unable to pay their debts and gave themselves as slaves to their creditors. The word eventually came to be associated with drug dependency: one becomes a slave to one's addiction. The word "husband" originally referred to being a homeowner; it had nothing to do with being married. But because owning your own property made it more likely you'd find a mate, the word eventually came to mean a male who has been wed. On November 5th, 1605, Guy Fawkes tried to blow up the British Parliament. He was captured and put to death. Loyalists burned his effigy, which they nicknamed the "guy." Centuries later, the word lost its negative connotation and a musical named Guys and Dolls ran on Broadway. In American slang, bad means good, cool means great, and wicked means excellent. If you could transport yourself one hundred years into the future, you'd find yourself confused by your great-grandchildren's speech because language itself is an ever-changing reflection of human invention.

요약문:
Words do not preserve fixed identities; as societies reshape experience, familiar terms undergo ___(A)___ until their earlier meanings become nearly ___(B)___.

① metamorphosis …… recoverable
② metamorphosis …… untraceable
③ stabilization …… untraceable
④ stabilization …… recoverable
⑤ preservation …… transparent

122. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

The term "anchoring" was introduced by Roland Barthes who observed that text is often used next to images (his focus was on photographs) to confine meaning. Of all possible literal or implied interpretations an image could elicit, text would point the viewer towards a desired, specific direction. In advertising, as Barthes argues, the symbolic message does not guide identification but interpretation. The viewer is not asked to recognize what they see but to understand why they see it and what it means to them. By combining images with text, advertising produces symbolic meaning that is accurate and specific on the one hand, richer on the other, thus adding depth and eliminating breadth of rational and emotional interpretations. The headline or tagline of an ad directs the reader through the intended meanings of the image, so that the reader avoids some and receives others. It "remote-controls" the reader towards a meaning chosen in advance.

요약문:

Rather than leaving images open to many responses, advertising uses language to ___(A)___ the viewer's sense-making, while making the message seem more layered yet less ___(B)___.

     (A)           (B)
① regulate …… diffuse
② regulate …… autonomous
③ release …… diffuse
④ release …… autonomous
⑤ decorate …… neutral

123. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Commitment is the glue holding together characteristically human forms of social life. Commitments make individuals’ behavior predictable in the face of fluctuations in their desires and interests, thereby facilitating the planning and coordination of joint actions involving multiple agents. Moreover, commitments make people willing to perform actions that they would not otherwise perform. For example, a taxi driver picks up his clients and transports them to their desired destination because they are committed to paying him afterwards for the service, and a construction worker performs her job every day because her employer has made a credible commitment to pay her at the end of the month. Indeed, the taxi driver and the construction worker are willing to accept money as payment only because a network of other agents (notably the central bank) is committed to taking various measures to sustain the currency in question. Thus, social objects and institutions such as jobs, money, government, scientific collaborations and marriage depend for their origin and stability upon the credibility of commitments.

요약문:

Human cooperation rests not simply on shared interests but on a system of credible ___(A)___ that turns unstable personal motives into ___(B)___ expectations, thereby sustaining institutions themselves.

① assurances …… reliable
② assurances …… temporary
③ impulses …… reliable
④ impulses …… fragile
⑤ habits …… temporary

124. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

All of the restaurants are using carefully chosen words to evoke vivid mental images of delicious food and rich desserts in order to draw the potential customer to their particular establishment. Just like the restaurants, nature has its own dining establishments. In a fashion similar to the restaurants’ financial dependence upon drawing in many customers, the restaurateurs of the natural world (i.e., flowers) must also attract potential diners to sample their offerings. In the natural world, there are no neon signs or flashy words in which to market a potential meal to hungry animals. These restaurants that I am referring to are the world’s flowers, and the potential guests are the host of organisms that visit flowers to obtain nectar and other valuable resources. Instead of using a written language or neon sign, they advertise their offerings just as effectively using the language of smell.

요약문:

Although flowers cannot rely on human-style promotion, they secure visits from other organisms by turning scent into a form of ___(A)___ that stimulates ___(B)___ before any reward is actually reached.

① persuasion …… anticipation
② persuasion …… indifference
③ camouflage …… anticipation
④ camouflage …… avoidance
⑤ imitation …… avoidance

125. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

It is difficult, if not impossible, to define the limits which reason should impose on the desire for wealth; for there is no absolute or definite amount of wealth which will satisfy a man. The amount is always relative, that is to say, just so much as will maintain the proportion between what he wants and what he gets; for to measure a man’s happiness only by what he gets, and not also by what he expects to get, is as pointless as to try and express a fraction which shall have a numerator but no denominator. A man never feels the loss of things which it never occurs to him to ask for; he is just as happy without them; whilst another, who may have a hundred times as much, feels miserable because he has not got the one thing he wants. In fact, every man has a horizon of his own, and he will expect as much as he thinks it is possible for him to get.

요약문:

Material well-being is shaped less by possessions themselves than by the mind’s ___(A)___ of what counts as attainable, so abundance can still feel like ___(B)___ when desire expands with perceived possibility.

① calibration …… deprivation
② calibration …… fulfillment
③ accumulation …… deprivation
④ accumulation …… fulfillment
⑤ renunciation …… stability

126. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

The concept of ecosystem states should be familiar to anyone with a home vegetable garden. The garden is a small ecosystem that the grower attempts to keep in a specific state, namely the maximization of fruit and vegetable production. To achieve this, the grower is almost always intervening in the dynamics of the ecosystem; they remove unwanted plants that begin to grow and perhaps spray insecticides and fence off the patch to stop insects and other animals from consuming the vegetables. Since maximizing vegetable growth is an inherently unstable state for the ecosystem, the grower is effectively keeping the ball on a slope. If the grower stops intervening, even for a day, the ecosystem, that small patch of ground, will naturally begin to shift to a more stable state. Vegetables may still grow, but yield will almost certainly be lower as other plants crowd out the vegetables and wildlife consume the produce.

요약문:

A productive garden persists only through continual human ___(A)___, because without it the system drifts toward a more ___(B)___ condition that does not favor maximum yield.

① regulation …… resilient
② regulation …… profitable
③ withdrawal …… resilient
④ withdrawal …… profitable
⑤ imitation …… temporary

127. 다음 글의 요약문으로 가장 알맞은 것은?

The laws and constants of physics and the fundamental forces in our universe have very precise forms and values. This means that, if they were only very slightly different, life would not have been possible. For instance, the precise value of gravity has enabled our universe to arise by permitting the aggregation of dust and gas particles to protostars around which planets later came to orbit, including the Earth around the Sun. If the value of the electron had been ever so slightly larger or smaller, chemistry, as we know it, would not have been possible and life, which is based on organic chemistry, could not have started. The universe was not designed for us to evolve, we have no privileged position in the universe; however, the laws and constants of physics allowed advanced life to evolve.

요약문: Although the universe grants humans no special standing, advanced life could emerge because cosmic order is narrow enough to avoid ___(A)___ and stable enough to sustain ___(B)___.

① disorder …… complexity
② disorder …… isolation
③ intention …… complexity
④ intention …… isolation
⑤ chance …… balance

128. 다음 글의 요약문으로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

The laws and constants of physics and the fundamental forces in our universe have very precise forms and values. This means that, if they were only very slightly different, life would not have been possible. For instance, the precise value of gravity has enabled our universe to arise by permitting the aggregation of dust and gas particles to protostars around which planets later came to orbit, including the Earth around the Sun. If the value of the electron had been ever so slightly larger or smaller, chemistry, as we know it, would not have been possible and life, which is based on organic chemistry, could not have started. The universe was not designed for us to evolve, we have no privileged position in the universe; however, the laws and constants of physics allowed advanced life to evolve.

요약문:

Although the cosmos grants humans no special status, advanced life emerged because reality is balanced with enough ___(A)___ to permit complexity without requiring deliberate ___(B)___.

① stability …… intention
② stability …… disruption
③ arbitrariness …… intention
④ arbitrariness …… disruption
⑤ fragility …… accident

129. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

What is the Capabilities Approach (CA), and why would lawyers passionate about animal justice care about it? It is easy to say what it is not. The CA does not rank animals by likeness to humans or seek special privileges for those considered most “like us,” as do some other popular theoretical approaches. The CA has concern for the finch and the pig as much as the whale and the elephant. And it argues that the human form of life is simply irrelevant when we think about what each type of animal needs and deserves. What is relevant is their own forms of life. Just as humans seek to be able to enjoy the characteristic goods of a human life, so a finch seeks a finch’s life and the whale a whale’s life. We should extend ourselves and learn, not lazily picture animals as lesser humans, seeking a life sort of like our own. According to the CA, each sentient creature should have the opportunity to flourish in the form of life characteristic for that creature.

요약문: The Capabilities Approach rejects ___(A)___ standards based on human similarity and instead grounds justice in the species-specific conditions that make an animal’s own existence ___(B)___.

① hierarchical …… worthwhile
② hierarchical …… interchangeable
③ abstract …… worthwhile
④ abstract …… interchangeable
⑤ instrumental …… measurable