1. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 단어 중, 문맥상 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?

A first step toward establishing a respectful classroom learning community is acceptance of all ideas and answers—regardless of any obvious errors. Rich mathematical discussions cannot occur if this expectation is not in place. We must remember that wrong answers are often rooted in misconceptions, and unless these ideas are allowed to be brought to the forefront, we cannot help students confront their thinking. Students who are in safe learning environments are willing to risk sharing an incorrect answer with their peers in order to grow mathematically. It is important to model and expect the acceptance of all ideas without derogatory comments. As educators we can model this by recording all answers to be considered without giving any verbal or physical expressions that indicate agreement or disagreement with any answer. The teacher may need to practice having a “blank face.” Students look to teachers as the source of correct answers. Part of building a safe learning community is to ①transfer this source of knowledge to the students, by ②depriving them to defend the thinking behind their solutions, and by ③welcoming all ideas so that students can ④challenge their own thinking in a ⑤secure environment.

① transfer
② depriving
③ welcoming
④ challenge
⑤ secure

2. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 단어 중, 문맥상 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?

The usual intercity traveler moves slowly through the station area. The passenger may not be familiar with the routine, have baggage to handle and check or retrieve, have a long wait for connections or delayed trains, and may require information, food, and a comfortable place to sit. Commuters, on the other hand, are familiar with the route through the station, have little or no luggage, and are usually in a hurry. They want direct access to or from local streets and transport. These two types of traffic should be kept ①distinct to avoid conflict and confusion. In some large stations such as Grand Central Terminal in New York City, commuter and intercity trains arrive and depart on different levels. In smaller stations, separate platforms should be used and traffic routed so that the two lines of movement do not ②merge. In some instances, ③combined stations are in use. Clear and concise direction and routing signs and other means of ④guidance are ⑤desirable.

① distinct
② merge
③ combined
④ guidance
⑤ desirable

3. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 단어 중, 문맥상 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?

Most performance lighting is made up of a number of different looks which we have called lighting states. Each lighting cue triggers a change to a new state. Like actors, lighting cues usually need a ①motivation. This might be something very obvious such as a cue required to ②dim a room setting when an actor turns on a light switch or the rapid increase in ③intensity at the end of a dance number in a traditional musical (known as a button cue). At other times we will need a cue to provide a ④delicate change in atmosphere over a number of minutes, motivated perhaps by the mention of a sunset or the intention to slowly change the ⑤mood of the performance from normal to threatening. The question, ‘What will lighting do for this production?’ needs to be asked for each moment of the production, each dramatic unit or scene, and each transition.

① motivation
② dim
③ intensity
④ delicate
⑤ mood

4. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 ①~⑤ 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?

Rooms have their own “sound” because they ①impose their own characteristics on audio signals contained within them. It’s actually kind of remarkable. Sound such as music coming from headphones will sound the same everywhere. No matter what acoustical environment we are in, the headphones sound the same. That’s because the room is not part of that playback signal path. But sound such as music from a loudspeaker will sound ②identical in every acoustical environment. Every room where you set up the loudspeaker will ③cause the sound you hear to be different—sometimes dramatically different; that is because the room is now part of the signal path. Also, in the same room, the loudspeaker will sound different when it is placed in different locations in the room and it will sound different as you move around the room. Similarly, when you are recording a musical instrument, the sound you ④receive at the microphone will be different in every room and the recorded sound will sound different as the instrument or the microphone is ⑤moved.

① impose
② identical
③ cause
④ receive
⑤ moved

5. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 단어 중, 문맥상 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?

In a thesis-based doctoral programme, students typically spend a significant amount of time and effort researching a specific topic. While this deep dive into a particular area allows for thorough exploration and understanding, it can also result in ①broadening the focus. As students become deeply absorbed in their research, they may spend less time exploring related fields or acquiring ②abilities outside their immediate area of study. Consequently, this singular focus may limit the ③scope of knowledge and skills developed during the programme, potentially ④obstructing students’ ability to adapt to diverse career paths or address interdisciplinary challenges. Some universities in Europe have recognised the limitations of traditional thesis-based doctoral programmes and have started to implement more ⑤systematic approaches.

① broadening
② abilities
③ scope
④ obstructing
⑤ systematic

6. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 ①~⑤ 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?

Research shows that, by age three, children understand that imaginary objects do not come to life. This is especially clear with respect to everyday objects—children know that even though they imagine a pencil in an empty box, the box will remain ①vacant. However, emotion can sometimes ②facilitate this understanding, or at least its expression. That is, even though a child knows that monsters are not real, the thought of a monster under a bed might be enough to make a child ③decline to go into his room at night. Indeed, research shows that children have a more difficult time ④demonstrating their understanding of the causal relations between imagination and reality when they are asked to pretend or imagine scary things, like monsters. In one study, preschool children were shown an empty box and were asked to imagine a monster inside. All children ⑤agreed that the box was empty. However, when they were left alone with the box they exhibited fear and avoidance of it.

① vacant
② facilitate
③ decline
④ demonstrating
⑤ agreed

7. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 단어 중, 문맥상 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?

Perhaps the best-known development to emerge from the liberation and ①broadening of aesthetic experience is the aesthetics of everyday life. Although there is presently a flowering of work on everyday aesthetics, the possibility of aesthetic gratification in ordinary objects and events has long been ②acknowledged, even if degraded and dismissed by prevalent philosophical theory. Widely valued by poets, especially Romantic poets and those in Asian traditions, the aesthetic in everyday situations has also been recognized by novelists. It may be most convenient, though, to locate its contemporary intellectual ③origins in John Dewey’s Art as Experience. In that book Dewey argued against the separation of art from life by basing aesthetic experience on the biological and cultural conditions of human life. He located the aesthetic, not in an internalized awareness of sensation and feeling but in “a complete ④division of self and the world of objects and events.” Further, Dewey maintained that “the aesthetic is the clarified and ⑤heightened development of traits that belong to every normally complete experience.”

① broadening
② acknowledged
③ origins
④ division
⑤ heightened

8. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 ①~⑤ 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?

One cannot validly argue that humans are morally superior beings on the ground that they possess, while others lack, the capacities of a moral agent. The reason is that, as far as moral standards are concerned, only beings that have the capacities of a moral agent can meaningfully be said to be either morally good or morally bad. Only moral agents can be judged to be morally ①better or worse than others, and the others in question must be moral agents themselves. Judgments of moral superiority are based on the comparative merits or deficiencies of the entities being judged, and these merits and deficiencies are all moral ones, that is, ones ②governed by moral standards. One entity is correctly judged morally superior to another if it is the case that, when valid moral standards are ③disregarded to both entities, the first fulfills them to a greater degree than the second. Both entities, therefore, must fall within the ④scope of application of moral standards. This would not be the case, however, if humans were being judged superior to animals and plants, since the latter are not ⑤moral agents.

① better
② governed
③ disregarded
④ scope
⑤ moral agents

9. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 ①~⑤ 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?

Such artificial ‘pause fillers’ as machine-generated supplements for silence may help to produce a more natural-sounding ①cadence in machine-generated speech patterns and so help to ②persuade the AI’s human interlocutors that they are engaging with another human. AI’s ‘humanity’ of silence emerges in these contexts not least because a short period of silence is likely to be interpreted as a ‘pause for thought’, therefore ③undermining the illusion that the machine is ‘thinking’ before responding, just as a human might. However, the technical issues flagged in AI’s poor handling of higher duration and frequency silences, no less than the machine inference that silence can be filled with ④pertinent sounds in some conversational situations, are both significant. In this context at least, the AI may be starting to recognise silence not as an absence but as ⑤meaningful data.

① cadence
② persuade
③ undermining
④ pertinent
⑤ meaningful

10. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 ①~⑤ 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?

Standardization of information was an effect of printing; since it allowed exact ①replication of information in a way that manuscript copying did not. This is evident in the ②comparison between the travel logs of Marco Polo and those of Christopher Columbus. After his return from China in 1295, a century and a half before printing, Polo’s narrative was copied in about 150 different manuscripts, with so many differences that we’re not sure which version is ③genuine. In contrast, there is only one version of Christopher Columbus’s letters about the exploration of the Caribbean in the 1490s, since they were ④altered in printed form and widely distributed at the time they were written. So the ⑤certainty of accuracy was a way that printing was an improvement over the old oral-manuscript culture.

① replication
② comparison
③ genuine
④ altered
⑤ certainty

11. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 단어 중, 문맥상 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?

Archaeological evidence suggests that various crops were being cultivated as early as 9500 BC in the Levant. Over the millennia, continuous innovations have ①enhanced agricultural productivity while reducing manual labor. However, the growing global population will always ②require more food. It is projected that by 2050, the world’s population will increase to 9.7 billion, which will require global food production to ③fall by at least 70% to meet demand. Despite this need, only a small portion of the Earth’s surface is ④appropriate for farming due to limitations such as climate, topography, soil quality, and technology. Political and economic factors, including land ownership patterns, environmental laws, and population density, also ⑤affect agricultural land use. In fact, the amount of land used for agriculture has been declining. In 2013, around 18.6 million square miles was used for food production, compared to 19.5 million square miles in 1991.

① enhanced
② require
③ fall
④ appropriate
⑤ affect

12. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 ①~⑤ 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?

If you are going to compare languages, it helps to start with something that you are confident you can find in all languages. Take for example signs or words for mother and father. If we add other family relationships to this category—son, grandmother, aunt, brother-in-law, cousin—we are defining the category of kinship terminology. Comparative typological studies of kinship terminology have discovered that languages have labels for some but not all family relationships. And the probability that a specific kin relationship has a label is predictable based on the other kinship terms in the language. For example, all languages have a core set of kinship terms—like mother and father. By contrast, terms for less central category members are often ①constructed from the core terms—like mother-in-law and step-father. If we compare languages across the world, we can ask what kinship relationships are typically ②conveyed with core terminology, and what relationships are ③obscured by ④modifying the core terminology. Comparative typological studies have ⑤discovered that such patterns are not random.

① constructed
② conveyed
③ obscured
④ modifying
⑤ discovered

13. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 ①~⑤ 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?

There are several ways that participants in a make-believe can ①convey things about the fictional world to other participants. Sometimes these messages are emitted naturally as a result of full participation in the fictional world—i.e., something said or done by a player while in character communicates some things that are fictional of that world. For example, a child pretending to be Peter Pan might gasp and draw a plastic knife. This might be sufficient to ②express that fictionally one of Peter’s enemies, such as Captain Hook, is approaching. These in-character behaviors can be ③adequate, however, to maintain the necessary amount of common ground about what is fictional in the world of the make-believe. At these times participants often come at least partly out of character to give other participants the information they need. For example, it would be important to avoid ④bewilderment about who is playing which character: “No, you’re Captain Hook, and I’m Peter Pan!”

① convey
② express
③ adequate
④ bewilderment
⑤ maintain