1. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

That which is forgotten is not always lost. Research shows that memories remain stored even if we can’t readily retrieve them. Take the brain activity of numerous university students who were observed during memory formation and recall. When students were asked to remember as much as they could about a list of words they’d been given earlier in the study, fMRI scans showed that the brain activity throughout recall was the same as in the course of the learning process. Even when students had forgotten most of what they had learned, the original neurological patterns were still picked up, illustrating that the memories were still there despite being unattainable. Much is still unclear regarding how long memories persist, but evidence like this has shown that it might be longer than we think. Therefore, it would not be wrong to say that memories are just archived in the less accessible parts of our brains.

① memories are erased when recall fails during the study
② memories stay stored though some parts resist easy recall
③ memories are formed only during recall, not learning process
④ memories become accessible once original patterns are unattainable
⑤ memories persist because students remember most word lists

2. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Assistive technologies allow disabled individuals to perform an array of tasks without the aid of another person, thereby increasing their level of independence. Although recent developments have improved the functionality of assistive technologies, the corresponding increase in complexity necessitates that sufficient training be offered to the people with disabilities who will use them. While some devices can be easily incorporated into a person’s life with a minimum of instruction, others are more sophisticated and require a significant amount of knowledge to be utilized effectively. In fact, a number of studies have shown that people who avoid new assistive technologies report feeling intimidated by the complex interfaces and many optional features, which leads them to believe that they are unqualified to operate them. Fortunately, individuals who are provided with access to ongoing support have an increased likelihood of overcoming this barrier and integrating new assistive technologies into their day-to-day routine, greatly enhancing the overall quality of their life.

① lacking enough knowledge to use the technologies effectively
② needing another person to operate the technologies for them
③ avoiding optional features to improve daily independence quickly
④ receiving sufficient training before using complex interfaces effectively
⑤ incorporating new technologies into their routine with minimum instruction

3. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

In Adam Smith’s 1759 work The Theory of Moral Sentiments, he posited that, although everyone is driven to a certain extent by self-interest and personal passions, we act in accordance with others’ expectations. As members of society, we are keenly aware of what behaviors are considered objectionable to the majority and what are not based on the reactions we receive or witness. Because we have a natural ability to empathize and want others to see us as morally accountable, we are taught that we must do what is perceived as the right thing. To help us determine whether we are doing the right thing, Smith suggested that we each have a conscience that informs us of how our behavior will be interpreted. This “impartial spectator”, as he called it, prevents us from being overly interested in our own affairs and causes us to do things that are worthy of society’s praise rather than its reproach.

① a conscience viewing our behavior beyond personal interest
② society’s majority controlling our passions through reproach
③ personal passions seeking praise from other members
④ a witness expecting reactions from morally accountable members
⑤ self-interest guiding behavior without regard for society

4. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

In a study on hidden anger, researchers observed that certain unintended behaviors often come forward. One group of them consists of repetitive physical acts, such as facial tics and spasmodic foot movements. They may also include uncontrollable behaviors such as poor sleeping habits, jaw clenching, and teeth grinding, which others may notice but not associate with anger. Other behaviors are deliberate but not directly linked to anger, and these may be expressed as procrastination, habitual lateness, excessive politeness, or inappropriate sarcasm and flippancy in conversation. Whatever the case, these behaviors are often attributed to harmless personality flaws or eccentricities. Few if any people ever associate them with deeper issues that might have been provoked by anger.

① signs of anger treated as minor personal oddities
② sleeping habits showing harmless anger without deeper issues
③ deliberate behaviors linked directly to anger in conversation
④ repetitive acts proving eccentricities rather than hidden anger
⑤ personality flaws noticed as clear causes of anger

5. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

In his 1935 essay “The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction,” Walter Benjamin contended that the aura of original art had disappeared in the modern age as a result of new forms of replicable media technology. For Benjamin, art possessed an aura that was derived from its physical uniqueness. Making a copy, as one might do with a photograph or a film, he argued, removed the artwork from its original context, destroying its authenticity. The destruction of the vital force that gives art its individuality — its spirit — altered the effect of art on viewers. Before the age of mechanical reproduction, viewing an image or an object required one to be in the presence of the original piece, allowing for a more personal experience. By producing copies and making it possible for many people to see the work simultaneously, however, a viewer could no longer be fully absorbed in it because the individual connection was eliminated. Instead, the viewers, “the distracted mass,” collectively absorbed the art.

① viewers shared the art as a group without deep individual absorption
② viewers faced the original art alone for a personal experience
③ viewers restored the aura by returning art to its context
④ viewers absorbed the spirit because copies preserved authenticity
⑤ viewers became fully absorbed as many saw the work simultaneously

6. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

The scientific method is based on the principle of methodological naturalism. Proponents of this approach to providing explanations about the universe assert that truths can only be realized by studying natural events and phenomena. In particular, they prefer that the objects of scientific research be tangible so that it is absolutely clear that they are real and not imagined. The philosophy behind this strategy is that natural things in the physical world can be tested and experimented on, whereas theories about other potential causes for events cannot. Essentially, methodological naturalism embraces the skepticism of the phrase “seeing is believing.” In other words, it does not allow for belief or emotion to be considered. This requirement has formed an essential part of the scientific method since the Enlightenment, when logic and reason began to replace old worldviews.

① accepting belief when natural events seem difficult to explain
② relying on what can be observed in the physical world
③ treating emotion as another way to test natural phenomena
④ studying imagined objects when they appear real and tangible
⑤ replacing logic and reason with old worldviews about events