1번. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true? People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports. But this internal filter can easily create the impression that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency. The truth of the matter is that they are less common now than in the past; in fact, the murder rate in the United States has declined by almost 50 percent over the past 30 years. So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on accurate information?”

① the growing social cost of repeated reports on violent crime
② the need for fact-based judgment beyond fear-driven impressions
③ the reasons people remember murders better than other events
④ the rise in violent acts despite recent changes in crime rates
⑤ the ways to reduce public anxiety about crises in society

2. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis.

① limits of outsider objectivity in studying foreign cultures
② dangers of applying fieldwork methods to modern corporations
③ emergence of inward-looking anthropology as a critical tool
④ ways to prevent financial crises in the banking sector
⑤ influence of Western researchers on exotic societies

[STEP 0: 지문 논지 분석 및 선지 설계]
- Topic (핵심 소재): business innovation and the conditions that make it effective
- 고빈도 핵심 키워드 (함정용): innovation, employee autonomy, freedom, creativity, structure, goals, support, measure progress
- Main Idea (필자의 주장/요지): meaningful innovation does not come simply from giving employees unrestricted freedom; it requires structure, managerial support, and evaluation systems so that ideas become practical and executable within the business model.
- Logical Structure (논리 전개 방식): 통념 제시 → 사례 제시 → 통념 반박 → 대안적 조건 제시 → 그 필요성 설명
- 선지 배치 계획 (난이도 상 반영):
  * ①번 선지: 부분요지 - management support and progress measurement만을 강조하여 구조 전체를 포괄하지 못하게 설계
  * ②번 선지: 역방향 - employee autonomy and freedom이 breakthrough ideas의 핵심이라고 뒤집어 제시
  * ③번 선지: 정답 - innovation의 표면 키워드를 줄이고 organizational guidance와 commercial viability의 관계로 추상화
  * ④번 선지: 지문外 - software companies가 consumer demand를 예측하는 방법으로 초점을 이동
  * ⑤번 선지: 부분요지 - practical ideas fitting the business model만 강조하고 구조·지원·실행 인프라의 핵심 논지를 축소


[실전 변형 문제]

3. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint. Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas. The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products.

① the role of management support in tracking creative progress
② the value of employee freedom in producing breakthrough applications
③ the need for organizational guidance in turning ideas into products
④ ways for software companies to predict consumer demand accurately
⑤ the importance of practical ideas within a firm’s business model

4. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?). In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion. This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to fake.

① the benefits of acting training for emotional speech
② the effects of hidden vocal signals on reading feelings
③ the reasons online judges prefer clear emotional sounds
④ the limits of language in expressing complex surprise
⑤ the need for controlling sighs in social relationships

5. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain. However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.” This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license.

① the growth of online markets for costly digital artwork
② the benefits of blockchain in proving unique ownership
③ the need for legal safeguards in digital ownership trade
④ the reasons collectors seek special ties to artworks
⑤ the ways artists can prevent unauthorized NFT minting

6. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later. It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun.

① the need for transparent spheres in explaining star movement
② the evolution of human views of the cosmic order
③ the causes of Ptolemy’s influence on modern astronomy
④ the limits of Copernicus’s model of planetary rotation
⑤ the relationship between Earth’s motion and fixed stars

7. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures. He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called “music.” That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds. For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce a single note. The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of “silence,” the audience would find that there was not silence at all; they would become aware of the ambient sounds around them that would typically be ignored. Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation.

① the limits of traditional rules in defining music
② the methods of composing regular rhythms and tones
③ the harmful effects of silence on musical creativity
④ the reasons audiences reject experimental performances
⑤ the importance of vocalists in modern musical structure

8. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

“Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly…” Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time. Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has been applied to the good. But are these terms this simple? Why must “ugly” have a negative connotation? After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing. By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece. They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is a key characteristic of compelling art anyway.

① moral standards used in judging artistic beauty
② the effects of socially defined ugliness in art
③ ways to make fine art look more beautiful
④ the limits of critical discourse on ugly artworks
⑤ changes in moral values shown in modern art

9. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

That which is forgotten is not always lost. Research shows that memories remain stored even if we can’t readily retrieve them. Take the brain activity of numerous university students who were observed during memory formation and recall. When students were asked to remember as much as they could about a list of words they’d been given earlier in the study, fMRI scans showed that the brain activity throughout recall was the same as in the course of the learning process. Even when students had forgotten most of what they had learned, the original neurological patterns were still picked up, illustrating that the memories were still there despite being unattainable. Much is still unclear regarding how long memories persist, but evidence like this has shown that it might be longer than we think. Therefore, it would not be wrong to say that memories are just archived in the less accessible parts of our brains.

① the role of word lists in improving students’ recall ability
② the limits of fMRI scans in tracking hidden brain activity
③ the persistence of stored memories beyond conscious access
④ the reasons forgotten memories disappear from the brain
⑤ the need for repeated learning to strengthen memory patterns

10. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Assistive technologies allow disabled individuals to perform an array of tasks without the aid of another person, thereby increasing their level of independence. Although recent developments have improved the functionality of assistive technologies, the corresponding increase in complexity necessitates that sufficient training be offered to the people with disabilities who will use them. While some devices can be easily incorporated into a person’s life with a minimum of instruction, others are more sophisticated and require a significant amount of knowledge to be utilized effectively. In fact, a number of studies have shown that people who avoid new assistive technologies report feeling intimidated by the complex interfaces and many optional features, which leads them to believe that they are unqualified to operate them. Fortunately, individuals who are provided with access to ongoing support have an increased likelihood of overcoming this barrier and integrating new assistive technologies into their day-to-day routine, greatly enhancing the overall quality of their life.

① benefits of optional features in complex interfaces
② need for continued guidance in technology adoption
③ limits of independence gained through assistive devices
④ reasons for rapid growth in assistive technology markets
⑤ ways to simplify daily routines for disabled individuals

11. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

In Adam Smith’s 1759 work The Theory of Moral Sentiments, he posited that, although everyone is driven to a certain extent by self-interest and personal passions, we act in accordance with others’ expectations. As members of society, we are keenly aware of what behaviors are considered objectionable to the majority and what are not based on the reactions we receive or witness. Because we have a natural ability to empathize and want others to see us as morally accountable, we are taught that we must do what is perceived as the right thing. To help us determine whether we are doing the right thing, Smith suggested that we each have a conscience that informs us of how our behavior will be interpreted. This “impartial spectator,” as he called it, prevents us from being overly interested in our own affairs and causes us to do things that are worthy of society’s praise rather than its reproach.

① the effects of self-interest on personal moral failure
② the role of an inner moral judge in social conduct
③ the need to resist society’s expectations and reactions
④ the ways empathy weakens individual freedom in society
⑤ the influence of public punishment on moral education

1번. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true? People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports. But this internal filter can easily create the impression that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency. The truth of the matter is that they are less common now than in the past; in fact, the murder rate in the United States has declined by almost 50 percent over the past 30 years. So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on accurate information?”

요약문:

Because the mind naturally gives greater weight to alarming cases, people may mistake psychological ___(A)___ for social reality; only a fact-based view can keep such judgments ___(B)___.

① distortion …… grounded
② distortion …… inflated
③ caution …… grounded
④ caution …… inflated
⑤ neutrality …… vague

2. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis.

요약문:

Anthropology has begun to generate insight not by preserving ___(A)___ from the familiar, but by treating one’s own world as if it were ___(B)___ enough to require detached interpretation.

① distance …… alien
② distance …… transparent
③ intimacy …… alien
④ intimacy …… transparent
⑤ conformity …… ordinary

3. 다음 글의 요약문으로 가장 알맞은 것은?

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint. Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas. The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products.

요약문: Innovation is less the child of unlimited discretion than the outcome of ___(A)___ conditions that keep new ideas commercially ___(B)___ from conception to implementation.

① disciplined …… viable
② disciplined …… obscure
③ chaotic …… viable
④ chaotic …… obscure
⑤ spontaneous …… fragile

4. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?). In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion. This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to fake.

요약문:

Even when words attempt to manage social appearances, the voice often creates an unintended ___(A)___ through which inner states become socially ___(B)___.

① leakage …… legible
② leakage …… reversible
③ concealment …… legible
④ concealment …… negotiable
⑤ performance …… reversible

5. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain. However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.” This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license.

요약문:
By turning ownership into a blockchain entry, NFTs create a sense of ___(A)___ for collectors, yet the absence of oversight leaves room for ___(B)___ of artists’ rights.

① exclusivity …… infringement
② exclusivity …… preservation
③ accessibility …… infringement
④ accessibility …… preservation
⑤ transparency …… stabilization

6. 다음 글을 읽고, 문단 전체의 내용을 가장 잘 나타내도록 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말을 고르시오.

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later. It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun.

요약문:

For centuries, people interpreted the cosmos through a framework built on earthly ___(A)___, but this long-standing intellectual architecture was eventually replaced by a model grounded in solar ___(B)___.

① centrality …… primacy
② centrality …… symmetry
③ hierarchy …… primacy
④ hierarchy …… symmetry
⑤ isolation …… balance

7. 다음 글을 읽고, 문단 전체의 흐름을 가장 잘 나타내도록 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말을 고르시오.

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures. He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called “music.” That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds. For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce a single note. The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of “silence,” the audience would find that there was not silence at all; they would become aware of the ambient sounds around them that would typically be ignored. Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation.

요약문:
Cage’s 4’33” shifts attention away from deliberate performance and toward the often unnoticed soundscape, suggesting that what seems like absence is actually a form of ___(A)___ made ___(B)___.

① perception …… audible
② perception …… irrelevant
③ emptiness …… audible
④ emptiness …… artificial
⑤ novelty …… irrelevant

8. 다음 글의 요약문으로 가장 적절한 것은?

“Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly…” Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time. Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has been applied to the good. But are these terms this simple? Why must “ugly” have a negative connotation? After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing. By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece. They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is a key characteristic of compelling art anyway.

요약문:

Rather than being fixed measures of artistic worth, judgments of beauty and ugliness are culturally mediated labels, and works marked as ugly may generate greater ___(A)___ by unsettling viewers into ___(B)___ their inherited standards.

① reflection …… revising
② reflection …… preserving
③ admiration …… revising
④ admiration …… preserving
⑤ neutrality …… dismissing

9. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

That which is forgotten is not always lost. Research shows that memories remain stored even if we can’t readily retrieve them. Take the brain activity of numerous university students who were observed during memory formation and recall. When students were asked to remember as much as they could about a list of words they’d been given earlier in the study, fMRI scans showed that the brain activity throughout recall was the same as in the course of the learning process. Even when students had forgotten most of what they had learned, the original neurological patterns were still picked up, illustrating that the memories were still there despite being unattainable. Much is still unclear regarding how long memories persist, but evidence like this has shown that it might be longer than we think. Therefore, it would not be wrong to say that memories are just archived in the less accessible parts of our brains.

요약문:
What seems mentally erased may in fact remain ___(A)___, because the brain can preserve the trace of prior learning even when conscious access becomes ___(B)___.

① dormant …… obstructed
② dormant …… expandable
③ deleted …… obstructed
④ deleted …… reversible
⑤ scattered …… expandable

10. 아래 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

Assistive technologies allow disabled individuals to perform an array of tasks without the aid of another person, thereby increasing their level of independence. Although recent developments have improved the functionality of assistive technologies, the corresponding increase in complexity necessitates that sufficient training be offered to the people with disabilities who will use them. While some devices can be easily incorporated into a person’s life with a minimum of instruction, others are more sophisticated and require a significant amount of knowledge to be utilized effectively. In fact, a number of studies have shown that people who avoid new assistive technologies report feeling intimidated by the complex interfaces and many optional features, which leads them to believe that they are unqualified to operate them. Fortunately, individuals who are provided with access to ongoing support have an increased likelihood of overcoming this barrier and integrating new assistive technologies into their day-to-day routine, greatly enhancing the overall quality of their life.

요약문:

Assistive technology fulfills its promise not merely through technical advancement, but through a learning environment that turns user ___(A)___ into lasting ___(B)___.

① hesitation …… self-sufficiency
② hesitation …… exclusion
③ mastery …… self-sufficiency
④ mastery …… exclusion
⑤ dependence …… uncertainty

11. 다음 글을 읽고, 요약문의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.

In Adam Smith’s 1759 work The Theory of Moral Sentiments, he posited that, although everyone is driven to a certain extent by self-interest and personal passions, we act in accordance with others’ expectations. As members of society, we are keenly aware of what behaviors are considered objectionable to the majority and what are not based on the reactions we receive or witness. Because we have a natural ability to empathize and want others to see us as morally accountable, we are taught that we must do what is perceived as the right thing. To help us determine whether we are doing the right thing, Smith suggested that we each have a conscience that informs us of how our behavior will be interpreted. This “impartial spectator,” as he called it, prevents us from being overly interested in our own affairs and causes us to do things that are worthy of society’s praise rather than its reproach.

요약문:

For Smith, moral conduct does not arise simply from suppressing private desire, but from an inner judge that translates society’s likely verdict into personal ___(A)___, steering individuals toward actions that secure collective ___(B)___.

① restraint …… approval
② restraint …… isolation
③ impulse …… approval
④ impulse …… confusion
⑤ vanity …… isolation

1. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true? People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports. But *__this internal filter can easily create the impression that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency__*. The truth of the matter is that they are less common now than in the past; in fact, the murder rate in the United States has declined by almost 50 percent over the past 30 years. So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on accurate information?”

① this mental screen can physically block reports of violence from public view
② this mental habit can lead people to overestimate how often violence happens
③ this social change can prove that murders are rising throughout the country
④ this news pattern can help people remember factual reports more objectively
⑤ this human instinct can show that society is becoming dangerous in every case

2. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to *__flip the lens__*. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis.

① turn their attention to cultures they had previously ignored entirely
② examine their own society with the distance usually kept from others
③ replace objective fieldwork with direct participation in corporate decision making
④ observe foreign communities through a more neutral and scientific method
⑤ reverse earlier findings about banking by changing the focus of research

3. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint. Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas. The key to meaningful innovation is *__structure__* — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products.

① removing limits on developers’ independent thinking
② providing organized conditions for useful idea development
③ depending on managers to choose every creative concept
④ letting practical ideas emerge without formal evaluation
⑤ building products that immediately attract consumers

4. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — *__gave you away__* and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?). In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion. This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to fake.

① made your words sound more confident
② exposed what you were really feeling
③ helped your friend understand the research
④ hid the emotional meaning of your voice
⑤ caused your sigh to express every emotion

5. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain. However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.” This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work *__without their permission__*, which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license.

① being unable to identify who first owned the item
② having their work tokenized by others with no consent
③ failing to transfer the token to a new collector
④ allowing blockchain records to replace copyright law
⑤ making digital artwork available to only one buyer

6. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center *__endured long after Ptolemy__* and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later. It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun.

① remained widely accepted for many centuries
② kept moving beyond the outer celestial sphere
③ proved that Earth could never leave the center
④ established transparent spheres around all planets
⑤ explained how the stars formed the universe’s edge

7. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures. He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called “music.” That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds. For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce a single note. The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of “silence,” the audience would find that there was *__not silence at all__*; they would become aware of the ambient sounds around them that would typically be ignored. Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation.

① a complete absence of any audible event
② an unnoticed field of surrounding sound
③ a rejection of all established musical forms
④ a state in which listeners lose interest quickly
⑤ an effect produced only by instruments and voices

8. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

“Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly…” Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time. Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has been applied to the good. But are these terms this simple? Why must “ugly” have a negative connotation? After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can *__trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas__*: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing. By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece. They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is a key characteristic of compelling art anyway.

① cause viewers to accept unfamiliar thoughts more openly
② make observers prefer traditionally beautiful works more strongly
③ lead artists to define ugliness by moral standards alone
④ push people to reject unusual forms as aesthetically wrong
⑤ cause artworks to hide their meanings behind visual disorder

9. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

That which is forgotten is not always lost. Research shows that memories remain stored even if we can’t readily retrieve them. Take the brain activity of numerous university students who were observed during memory formation and recall. When students were asked to remember as much as they could about a list of words they’d been given earlier in the study, fMRI scans showed that the brain activity throughout recall was the same as in the course of the learning process. Even when students had forgotten most of what they had learned, the original neurological patterns were still picked up, illustrating that the memories were still there despite being unattainable. Much is still unclear regarding how long memories persist, but evidence like this has shown that it might be longer than we think. Therefore, it would not be wrong to say that memories are just *__archived in the less accessible parts of our brains__*.

① being physically removed from the brain over time
② being stored where retrieval is difficult but still possible
③ being changed into entirely new neurological patterns
④ being actively erased whenever recall repeatedly fails
⑤ being preserved only during the process of learning

10. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Assistive technologies allow disabled individuals to perform an array of tasks without the aid of another person, thereby increasing their level of independence. Although recent developments have improved the functionality of assistive technologies, the corresponding increase in complexity necessitates that sufficient training be offered to the people with disabilities who will use them. While some devices can be easily incorporated into a person’s life with a minimum of instruction, others are more sophisticated and require a significant amount of knowledge to be utilized effectively. In fact, a number of studies have shown that people who avoid new assistive technologies report feeling intimidated by the complex interfaces and many optional features, which leads them to believe that they are *__unqualified to operate them__*. Fortunately, individuals who are provided with access to ongoing support have an increased likelihood of overcoming this barrier and integrating new assistive technologies into their day-to-day routine, greatly enhancing the overall quality of their life.

① physically unable to turn the devices on by themselves
② not properly prepared to use the devices with confidence
③ unwilling to accept any changes in their daily routine
④ prevented from receiving the benefits of independence
⑤ required to remove unnecessary features from the devices

11. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

In Adam Smith’s 1759 work The Theory of Moral Sentiments, he posited that, although everyone is driven to a certain extent by self-interest and personal passions, we act in accordance with others’ expectations. As members of society, we are keenly aware of what behaviors are considered objectionable to the majority and what are not based on the reactions we receive or witness. Because we have a natural ability to empathize and want others to see us as morally accountable, we are taught that we must do what is perceived as the right thing. To help us determine whether we are doing the right thing, Smith suggested that we each have a conscience that informs us of how our behavior will be interpreted. This “impartial spectator”, as he called it, prevents us from being overly interested in our own affairs and causes us to do things that are worthy of society’s praise rather than its reproach.

① a neutral observer who watches other people’s conduct from outside
② an inner standard that leads us to judge ourselves from a social point of view
③ a public authority that punishes those who ignore accepted moral rules
④ a strong desire to gain approval by openly displaying moral behavior
⑤ a habit of following the majority without reflecting on personal motives

1. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true? People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports. But this internal filter can easily create the impression that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency. The truth of the matter is that they are less common now than in the past; in fact, the murder rate in the United States has declined by almost 50 percent over the past 30 years. So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on accurate information?”

① Why Do Murders Stay Longer in Memory?
② Facts Over Fear in Judging Social Reality
③ Violent Crime: A Sign of Social Collapse
④ How News Reports Increase Murder Rates
⑤ Never Ignore the Crisis Facing Society Today

2. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis.

① Why Outsiders Still Best Understand Foreign Cultures
② Banking Risks: A Lesson From Corporate Fieldwork
③ Turning the Gaze Inward to Read One’s Own World
④ How Exotic Societies Shaped the Financial Crisis
⑤ Anthropology as a Complete Guide to Modern Corporations

3. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint. Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas. The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products.

① Employee Freedom as the Root of Innovation
② Why Developers Need More Freedom to Create?
③ Structure as the Framework for Viable Innovation
④ Management Support: the Final Step to New Apps
⑤ Innovation Beyond Business Models and Practical Limits

4. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?). In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion. This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to fake.

① Vocal Bursts: A Catalog of Twenty-Four Emotions
② Why Tone of Voice Often Misleads Listeners
③ When Inner States Leave Audible Traces
④ Can Actors Reproduce Every Human Emotion?
⑤ The Universal Value of Online Emotion Research

5. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain. However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.” This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license.

① Why Blockchain Ownership Attracts More Art Collectors
② NFTs: A New Standard for Copyright Protection
③ When a Badge of Possession Breeds Legal Shadows
④ How Minting Gives Artists Full Control of Works
⑤ The Global Future of Digital Art Market Rules

6. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later. It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun.

① The Transparent Spheres That Carried the Stars
② Why Did Earth Lose Its Central Place?
③ From a Fixed Center to a Changed Frame
④ The Sun and Moon in Ptolemy’s Rotating System
⑤ How Copernicus Built the Modern Universe

7. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures. He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called “music.” That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds. For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce a single note. The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of “silence,” the audience would find that there was not silence at all; they would become aware of the ambient sounds around them that would typically be ignored. Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation.

① 4’33”: A Composer’s Most Controversial Silence
② Can Silence Be Heard as Music?
③ Ambient Sounds in an Anechoic Chamber
④ Hearing What Habit Usually Leaves Unnoticed
⑤ Why Traditional Structures Still Define Real Music

8. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

“Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly…” Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time. Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has been applied to the good. But are these terms this simple? Why must “ugly” have a negative connotation? After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing. By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece. They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is a key characteristic of compelling art anyway.

① Beautiful Art and Its Moral Superiority
② Why Ugly Art Often Deepens Critical Thought
③ Can Beauty Exist Without Social Agreement?
④ Ugly Images as a Threat to Aesthetic Value
⑤ The History of Changing Artistic Standards

9. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

That which is forgotten is not always lost. Research shows that memories remain stored even if we can’t readily retrieve them. Take the brain activity of numerous university students who were observed during memory formation and recall. When students were asked to remember as much as they could about a list of words they’d been given earlier in the study, fMRI scans showed that the brain activity throughout recall was the same as in the course of the learning process. Even when students had forgotten most of what they had learned, the original neurological patterns were still picked up, illustrating that the memories were still there despite being unattainable. Much is still unclear regarding how long memories persist, but evidence like this has shown that it might be longer than we think. Therefore, it would not be wrong to say that memories are just archived in the less accessible parts of our brains.

① fMRI Scans and the Process of Learning Words
② Why Forgotten Words Rarely Stay in the Brain
③ Lost Access, Not Lost Traces
④ How Students Can Improve Memory Recall Quickly
⑤ Brain Patterns: Proof That All Memories Last Forever

10. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Assistive technologies allow disabled individuals to perform an array of tasks without the aid of another person, thereby increasing their level of independence. Although recent developments have improved the functionality of assistive technologies, the corresponding increase in complexity necessitates that sufficient training be offered to the people with disabilities who will use them. While some devices can be easily incorporated into a person’s life with a minimum of instruction, others are more sophisticated and require a significant amount of knowledge to be utilized effectively. In fact, a number of studies have shown that people who avoid new assistive technologies report feeling intimidated by the complex interfaces and many optional features, which leads them to believe that they are unqualified to operate them. Fortunately, individuals who are provided with access to ongoing support have an increased likelihood of overcoming this barrier and integrating new assistive technologies into their day-to-day routine, greatly enhancing the overall quality of their life.

① Complex Interfaces: Why Users Turn Away
② Optional Features Always Reduce Daily Independence
③ From Access to Adoption Through Guided Use
④ Are Simple Devices the Best for Everyone?
⑤ The Rapid Spread of New Disability Equipment

11. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

In Adam Smith’s 1759 work The Theory of Moral Sentiments, he posited that, although everyone is driven to a certain extent by self-interest and personal passions, we act in accordance with others’ expectations. As members of society, we are keenly aware of what behaviors are considered objectionable to the majority and what are not based on the reactions we receive or witness. Because we have a natural ability to empathize and want others to see us as morally accountable, we are taught that we must do what is perceived as the right thing. To help us determine whether we are doing the right thing, Smith suggested that we each have a conscience that informs us of how our behavior will be interpreted. This “impartial spectator,” as he called it, prevents us from being overly interested in our own affairs and causes us to do things that are worthy of society’s praise rather than its reproach.

① How Society Defines Objectionable Behavior
② Conscience as an Inner Court of Judgment
③ Why Self-Interest Weakens Moral Accountability
④ Empathy: The Basis of Social Praise Alone
⑤ The Theory of Moral Sentiments and Modern Law

1. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true? People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports. But this internal filter can easily create the impression that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency. The truth of the matter is that they are less common now than in the past; in fact, the murder rate in the United States has declined by almost 50 percent over the past 30 years. So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on accurate information?”

① 사람들은 사회 현실을 판단할 때 자극적 사건보다 사실에 근거해야 한다.
② 사람들은 범죄 뉴스의 반복 노출이 불안을 키운다는 점을 경계해야 한다.
③ 사람들은 폭력 범죄가 실제보다 더 자주 일어난다고 오해하기 쉽다.
④ 사람들은 사회 위기 담론이 형성되는 과정을 제도적으로 통제해야 한다.
⑤ 사람들은 살인율 감소처럼 장기 통계를 통해 사회 변화를 읽어야 한다.

2. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis.

① 인류학은 낯선 문화보다 자기가 속한 사회를 중립적으로 볼 때 새로운 통찰을 줄 수 있다.
② 인류학은 외부 문화보다 금융권 같은 폐쇄 집단을 분석하는 데 더 효과적이다.
③ 인류학자는 자신이 속한 문화의 위험 신호를 예측하는 데 집중해야 한다.
④ 객관적 연구를 위해서는 연구자가 관찰 대상과 반드시 거리를 유지해야 한다.
⑤ 테트의 사례는 기업 문화 연구가 금융 위기 예측의 핵심 수단임을 보여 준다.

3. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint. Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas. The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products.

① 혁신적 성과를 위해 개발자 자율성을 최대화해야 한다.
② 의미 있는 혁신은 구조화된 지원 속에서 가능하다.
③ 기업 혁신은 소비자 상상력을 자극해야 성공할 수 있다.
④ 혁신 아이디어는 사업 모델과의 부합이 우선되어야 한다.
⑤ 관리자들은 혁신 과정의 진척을 지속적으로 측정해야 한다.

4. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?). In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion. This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to fake.

① 목소리의 비언어적 신호는 놀람과 혼란 같은 감정을 드러낼 수 있다.
② 사람들은 목소리의 단서로 감정을 알아차려 진심 여부를 판별할 수 있다.
③ 감정 연구에서는 배우의 발성을 온라인 평가로 분류해야 더 정확하다.
④ 우리는 자신의 목소리 습관을 의식적으로 통제하려는 노력이 필요하다.
⑤ 복잡한 감정일수록 언어보다 감탄사로 더 분명히 표현되는 편이다.

5. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain. However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.” This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license.

① NFT 구매는 작품과의 특별한 소유 관계를 형성해 준다.
② NFT 시장에서는 고가 거래가 계속 늘어날 가능성이 크다.
③ NFT는 복제가 불가능해 소유권 증명이 명확한 편이다.
④ NFT는 규제 부재로 저작권 침해 위험을 안고 있다.
⑤ NFT 민팅은 반드시 저작권자의 승인 아래 이루어져야 한다.

6. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later. It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun.

① 프톨레마이오스는 천체의 회전을 수학적으로 정밀하게 설명한 인물이다.
② 우주는 고정된 투명한 구체들로 이루어져 있다고 이해되었다.
③ 지구 중심의 우주관은 오래 지속되다 태양 중심설로 대체되었다.
④ 가장 바깥 천구는 별을 붙들며 우주의 경계를 이루는 존재이다.
⑤ 코페르니쿠스는 행성의 운동을 통해 지구의 정지를 입증하고자 했다.

7. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures. He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called “music.” That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds. For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce a single note. The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of “silence,” the audience would find that there was not silence at all; they would become aware of the ambient sounds around them that would typically be ignored. Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation.

① 케이지는 침묵 속에서 주변 소리를 음악처럼 인식하게 했다는 점이 핵심이다.
② 케이지는 전통 음악 형식을 깨는 실험을 꾸준히 확대해 온 작곡가이다.
③ 케이지는 무음 상태에서 청중이 자기 내면의 감정에 집중해야 한다고 본다.
④ 케이지는 무음의 가치를 깨닫고 악기 없이도 공연을 완성할 수 있음을 보였다.
⑤ 케이지는 무향실 경험을 통해 침묵이 인간에게 불가능함을 확인한 것이다.

8. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

“Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly…” Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time. Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has been applied to the good. But are these terms this simple? Why must “ugly” have a negative connotation? After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing. By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece. They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is a key characteristic of compelling art anyway.

① 예술에서 추함은 미에 대한 기존 판단을 흔들 수 있다.
② 아름다움과 추함의 기준은 시대마다 자주 달라진다.
③ 예술은 도덕적 가치보다 미적 완성도를 우선해야 한다.
④ 전형적으로 아름다운 작품이 더 깊은 사고를 이끈다.
⑤ 예술가는 추함보다 아름다움을 통해 공감을 얻어야 한다.

9. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

That which is forgotten is not always lost. Research shows that memories remain stored even if we can’t readily retrieve them. Take the brain activity of numerous university students who were observed during memory formation and recall. When students were asked to remember as much as they could about a list of words they’d been given earlier in the study, fMRI scans showed that the brain activity throughout recall was the same as in the course of the learning process. Even when students had forgotten most of what they had learned, the original neurological patterns were still picked up, illustrating that the memories were still there despite being unattainable. Much is still unclear regarding how long memories persist, but evidence like this has shown that it might be longer than we think. Therefore, it would not be wrong to say that memories are just archived in the less accessible parts of our brains.

① 기억은 인출되지 않아도 뇌 속에 더 오래 저장될 수 있다.
② 기억 형성과 회상 시의 뇌 활동은 대체로 동일하게 나타난다.
③ 망각된 기억도 적절한 자극이 주어지면 다시 떠올려야 한다.
④ 기억의 지속 기간은 아직 불분명하므로 단정은 피해야 한다.
⑤ 기억은 접근하기 어려운 뇌 영역에 보관된다고 볼 수 있다.

10. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Assistive technologies allow disabled individuals to perform an array of tasks without the aid of another person, thereby increasing their level of independence. Although recent developments have improved the functionality of assistive technologies, the corresponding increase in complexity necessitates that sufficient training be offered to the people with disabilities who will use them. While some devices can be easily incorporated into a person’s life with a minimum of instruction, others are more sophisticated and require a significant amount of knowledge to be utilized effectively. In fact, a number of studies have shown that people who avoid new assistive technologies report feeling intimidated by the complex interfaces and many optional features, which leads them to believe that they are unqualified to operate them. Fortunately, individuals who are provided with access to ongoing support have an increased likelihood of overcoming this barrier and integrating new assistive technologies into their day-to-day routine, greatly enhancing the overall quality of their life.

① 보조기기의 복잡성은 사용자에게 심리적 위축을 줄 수 있다.
② 보조기기의 기능 향상은 사용법 단순화와 함께 가야 한다.
③ 보조기기는 타인의 도움 없이 자립을 확대하는 수단이다.
④ 보조기기 활용을 위해서는 충분한 훈련과 지속 지원이 필요하다.
⑤ 보조기기는 간단한 기기부터 단계적으로 도입해야 한다.

11. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

In Adam Smith’s 1759 work The Theory of Moral Sentiments, he posited that, although everyone is driven to a certain extent by self-interest and personal passions, we act in accordance with others’ expectations. As members of society, we are keenly aware of what behaviors are considered objectionable to the majority and what are not based on the reactions we receive or witness. Because we have a natural ability to empathize and want others to see us as morally accountable, we are taught that we must do what is perceived as the right thing. To help us determine whether we are doing the right thing, Smith suggested that we each have a conscience that informs us of how our behavior will be interpreted. This “impartial spectator,” as he called it, prevents us from being overly interested in our own affairs and causes us to do things that are worthy of society’s praise rather than its reproach.

① 사회의 비난을 피하려면 다수의 반응을 민감하게 살펴야 한다.
② 인간은 공감과 양심을 통해 사회적 기대에 맞게 행동한다.
③ 인간은 사적 열정보다 공적 평판을 우선하도록 훈련되어야 한다.
④ 양심은 자신의 행위가 타인에게 어떻게 보일지 알려 주는 기준이다.
⑤ 도덕적 책임감은 타인의 칭찬보다 자기 만족에서 더 잘 형성된다.

1. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true? People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports. But this internal filter can easily create the impression that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency. The truth of the matter is that they are less common now than in the past; in fact, the murder rate in the United States has declined by almost 50 percent over the past 30 years. So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on accurate information?”

① 사람들은 사회 불안을 줄이기 위해 범죄 보도를 제한해야 한다.
② 사람들은 사회 현실을 판단할 때 정확한 사실에 근거해야 한다.
③ 사람들은 강력 범죄 기사를 접할 때 감정 표현을 자제해야 한다.
④ 사람들은 미국의 살인율 변화를 사회 판단의 기준으로 삼아야 한다.
⑤ 사람들은 위기 상황일수록 폭력 사건의 증가 원인을 분석해야 한다.

2. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis.

① 연구자는 자신이 속한 사회도 인류학적으로 관찰해야 한다.
② 연구자는 낯선 문화권을 현지 체험으로 깊이 이해해야 한다.
③ 연구자는 기업 문화를 분석할 때 위험 관리에 집중해야 한다.
④ 연구자는 외부자 관점을 유지하며 객관성을 우선해야 한다.
⑤ 연구자는 금융권 사례를 미래 위기 예측에 적극 활용해야 한다.

3. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint. Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas. The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products.

① 기업은 혁신을 위해 직원 자율성을 최대한 보장해야 한다.
② 기업은 혁신을 위해 명확한 목표와 지원 체계를 마련해야 한다.
③ 기업은 혁신을 위해 우수 개발자를 새 과제에 우선 투입해야 한다.
④ 기업은 혁신을 위해 성과 측정 시스템만 강화해야 한다.
⑤ 기업은 혁신을 위해 소비자 관심을 끌 아이디어를 우선 찾아야 한다.

4. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?). In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion. This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to fake.

① 우리는 감정을 숨길 때 말의 진술 내용만 더 정교히 다듬어야 한다.
② 우리는 감정을 전달할 때 한숨 같은 음성 신호를 적극 활용해야 한다.
③ 우리는 목소리의 어조와 감정 신호가 드러남을 인정해야 한다.
④ 우리는 타인의 감정을 판단할 때 온라인 평가 결과를 우선시해야 한다.
⑤ 우리는 놀람과 혼란 같은 특정 감정만 정확히 구별하려 노력해야 한다.

5. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain. However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.” This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license.

① NFT 거래 참여자들은 블록체인 기록의 투명성을 더욱 강화해야 한다.
② NFT 시장 관계자들은 작품의 희소성을 적극적으로 홍보해야 한다.
③ NFT 제작과 판매에는 저작권 보호 규정을 마련해야 한다.
④ NFT 구매자들은 예술가와의 정서적 유대에 더 주목해야 한다.
⑤ NFT 발행자들은 거래 전에 소유권 인증 절차를 간소화해야 한다.

6. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later. It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun.

① 우주 모형은 지구를 중심으로 한 천구 구조로 이해해야 한다.
② 우주 모형은 천체의 회전 방식보다 구체적 계산에 집중해야 한다.
③ 우주 모형은 고대의 지구 중심설을 오랫동안 유지해야 한다.
④ 우주 모형은 새로운 관점으로 중심 체계를 재검토해야 한다.
⑤ 우주 모형은 별의 경계를 설명하는 천구 개념을 우선시해야 한다.

7. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures. He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called “music.” That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds. For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce a single note. The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of “silence,” the audience would find that there was not silence at all; they would become aware of the ambient sounds around them that would typically be ignored. Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation.

① 청중은 음악을 들을 때 작곡가의 의도를 우선 파악해야 한다.
② 청중은 전통적 형식 밖의 소리도 음악으로 받아들여야 한다.
③ 청중은 공연 중 주변의 소음을 의식적으로 차단해야 한다.
④ 청중은 침묵의 효과를 위해 연주의 길이를 최소화해야 한다.
⑤ 청중은 무음의 공연보다 복잡한 리듬의 곡을 선호해야 한다.

8. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

“Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly…” Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time. Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has been applied to the good. But are these terms this simple? Why must “ugly” have a negative connotation? After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing. By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece. They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is a key characteristic of compelling art anyway.

① 예술가는 아름다움의 보편 기준을 새롭게 정립해야 한다.
② 예술가는 추함의 부정적 의미를 적극적으로 해체해야 한다.
③ 예술가는 아름다운 작품의 도덕적 가치를 더욱 강화해야 한다.
④ 예술가는 감상자의 미적 취향을 세밀하게 분석해야 한다.
⑤ 예술가는 추한 작품의 독창성보다 기법을 우선해야 한다.

9. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

That which is forgotten is not always lost. Research shows that memories remain stored even if we can’t readily retrieve them. Take the brain activity of numerous university students who were observed during memory formation and recall. When students were asked to remember as much as they could about a list of words they’d been given earlier in the study, fMRI scans showed that the brain activity throughout recall was the same as in the course of the learning process. Even when students had forgotten most of what they had learned, the original neurological patterns were still picked up, illustrating that the memories were still there despite being unattainable. Much is still unclear regarding how long memories persist, but evidence like this has shown that it might be longer than we think. Therefore, it would not be wrong to say that memories are just archived in the less accessible parts of our brains.

① 우리는 기억이 사라졌다고 쉽게 단정하지 말아야 한다.
② 우리는 기억을 오래 유지하려면 반복 학습에 집중해야 한다.
③ 우리는 기억 연구에서 뇌 영상 기술을 더욱 활용해야 한다.
④ 우리는 회상 실패를 기억 저장의 부재로 받아들여야 한다.
⑤ 우리는 학습한 단어를 자주 떠올리며 점검해야 한다.

10. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Assistive technologies allow disabled individuals to perform an array of tasks without the aid of another person, thereby increasing their level of independence. Although recent developments have improved the functionality of assistive technologies, the corresponding increase in complexity necessitates that sufficient training be offered to the people with disabilities who will use them. While some devices can be easily incorporated into a person’s life with a minimum of instruction, others are more sophisticated and require a significant amount of knowledge to be utilized effectively. In fact, a number of studies have shown that people who avoid new assistive technologies report feeling intimidated by the complex interfaces and many optional features, which leads them to believe that they are unqualified to operate them. Fortunately, individuals who are provided with access to ongoing support have an increased likelihood of overcoming this barrier and integrating new assistive technologies into their day-to-day routine, greatly enhancing the overall quality of their life.

① 장애인에게 보조공학기기의 선택권을 폭넓게 보장해야 한다.
② 장애인에게 보조공학기기의 충분한 훈련과 지속적 지원을 제공해야 한다.
③ 장애인에게 보조공학기기의 최신 기능을 우선적으로 소개해야 한다.
④ 장애인에게 보조공학기기의 복잡한 인터페이스를 단순화해야 한다.
⑤ 장애인에게 보조공학기기의 최소한의 사용법만 익히게 해야 한다.

11. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

In Adam Smith’s 1759 work The Theory of Moral Sentiments, he posited that, although everyone is driven to a certain extent by self-interest and personal passions, we act in accordance with others’ expectations. As members of society, we are keenly aware of what behaviors are considered objectionable to the majority and what are not based on the reactions we receive or witness. Because we have a natural ability to empathize and want others to see us as morally accountable, we are taught that we must do what is perceived as the right thing. To help us determine whether we are doing the right thing, Smith suggested that we each have a conscience that informs us of how our behavior will be interpreted. This “impartial spectator,” as he called it, prevents us from being overly interested in our own affairs and causes us to do things that are worthy of society’s praise rather than its reproach.

① 우리는 다수의 기대보다 개인의 신념을 더 우선시해야 한다.
② 우리는 양심의 판단으로 사회가 옳게 볼 행동을 해야 한다.
③ 우리는 타인의 비난을 피하려 감정을 숨길 줄 알아야 한다.
④ 우리는 공감을 바탕으로 공동체 규범을 스스로 강화해야 한다.
⑤ 우리는 자신의 이해관계보다 사회적 평판을 먼저 지켜야 한다.

1. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true? People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports. But this internal filter can easily create the impression that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency. So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on ________?”

① social fears
② media attention
③ accurate information
④ public anxiety
⑤ emotional reactions

2. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of ________ that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis.

① familiarity
② neutrality
③ sympathy
④ curiosity
⑤ skepticism

3. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint. Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas. The key to meaningful innovation is ________ — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products.

① discipline
② autonomy
③ novelty
④ flexibility
⑤ spontaneity

4. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?). In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion. This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to ________.

① regulate
② transmit
③ classify
④ disguise
⑤ intensify

5. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain. However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.” This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license. Therefore, the chief concern surrounding NFTs is the ________ of creative ownership.

① verification
② transfer
③ protection
④ confusion
⑤ celebration

6. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later. It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun. From this shift, we can infer that Copernicus replaced an Earth-centered cosmic ________ with a Sun-centered one.

① boundary
② framework
③ rotation
④ surface
⑤ distance

7. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures. He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called “music.” That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds. For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce a single note. The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of “silence,” the audience would find that there was not silence at all; they would become aware of the ambient sounds around them that would typically be ignored. Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation. Cage’s piece invites listeners to recognize that apparent silence is actually filled with ________.

① inner discipline
② hidden sound
③ public tension
④ musical order
⑤ complete emptiness

8. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

“Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly…” Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time. Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has been applied to the good. But are these terms this simple? Why must “ugly” have a negative connotation? After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing. By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece. They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is a key characteristic of compelling art anyway. Thus, making art look “ugly” can function as a catalyst for ________ rather than mere passive admiration.

① visual harmony
② moral approval
③ critical reflection
④ emotional comfort
⑤ social agreement

9. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

That which is forgotten is not always lost. Research shows that memories remain stored even if we can’t readily retrieve them. Take the brain activity of numerous university students who were observed during memory formation and recall. When students were asked to remember as much as they could about a list of words they’d been given earlier in the study, fMRI scans showed that the brain activity throughout recall was the same as in the course of the learning process. Even when students had forgotten most of what they had learned, the original neurological patterns were still picked up, illustrating that the memories were still there despite being unattainable. Much is still unclear regarding how long memories persist, but evidence like this has shown that it might be longer than we think. Therefore, it would not be wrong to say that memories are just archived in the less accessible parts of our brains, awaiting ________.

① erasure
② retrieval
③ replacement
④ distortion
⑤ decay

10. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Assistive technologies allow disabled individuals to perform an array of tasks without the aid of another person, thereby increasing their level of independence. Although recent developments have improved the functionality of assistive technologies, the corresponding increase in complexity necessitates that sufficient training be offered to the people with disabilities who will use them. While some devices can be easily incorporated into a person’s life with a minimum of instruction, others are more sophisticated and require a significant amount of knowledge to be utilized effectively. In fact, a number of studies have shown that people who avoid new assistive technologies report feeling intimidated by the complex interfaces and many optional features, which leads them to believe that they are unqualified to operate them. Fortunately, individuals who are provided with access to ongoing support have an increased likelihood of overcoming this barrier and integrating new assistive technologies into their day-to-day routine, greatly enhancing the overall quality of their life. In short, continued support helps users move past psychological ________ to the effective adoption of assistive technologies.

① rewards
② barriers
③ routines
④ instructions
⑤ qualifications

11. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

In Adam Smith’s 1759 work The Theory of Moral Sentiments, he posited that, although everyone is driven to a certain extent by self-interest and personal passions, we act in accordance with others’ expectations. As members of society, we are keenly aware of what behaviors are considered objectionable to the majority and what are not based on the reactions we receive or witness. Because we have a natural ability to empathize and want others to see us as morally accountable, we are taught that we must do what is perceived as the right thing. To help us determine whether we are doing the right thing, Smith suggested that we each have a conscience that informs us of how our behavior will be interpreted. This “impartial spectator,” as he called it, prevents us from being overly interested in our own affairs and causes us to pursue ________ rather than social approval.

① inner restraint
② public judgment
③ private advantage
④ collective sympathy
⑤ moral recognition

1. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true? People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports. But this internal filter can easily create the impression that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency. So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on __________________________?”

① dramatic events that dominate public memory
② the crimes that news reports emphasize most
③ isolated cases that linger in our minds
④ statistically grounded evidence rather than fear
⑤ worsening conditions in modern society

2. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that risks were building in this strange, shadowy world. Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis. This suggests that anthropological insight can emerge most powerfully when researchers __________________________ within their own society.

① mistake insider familiarity for analytical distance
② direct ethnographic scrutiny toward the near and ordinary
③ rely on corporate data instead of cultural interpretation
④ focus mainly on unfamiliar communities abroad
⑤ borrow financial expertise to reinforce anthropological authority

3. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint. Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas. The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure __________________________ with the potential to develop into successful products.

① that gives managers more freedom to judge employees
② that turns raw inspiration into marketable outcomes
③ that allows creativity to emerge without clear limits
④ that keeps developers away from routine business demands
⑤ that makes practical ideas depend on employee autonomy

4. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?). In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion. This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are __________________________.

① too layered to be sorted into fixed categories
② often exposed through signals beyond deliberate control
③ mostly shaped by listeners rather than by speakers
④ easier to hide when words sound calmly rehearsed
⑤ accurately judged only after repeated online training

5. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain. However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.” This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license, ________________________.

① because blockchain records guarantee the artist’s approval
② even when the original creator never authorized it
③ while collectors usually gain legal rights to reproduce it
④ since expensive tokens rarely involve disputes over ownership
⑤ as copyright holders alone can place such tokens for sale

6. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later. It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that __________________________.

① the Sun and the stars circle Earth together
② Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun
③ the planets support the spheres around the Sun
④ transparent spheres remain fixed around Earth forever
⑤ the universe ends at the sphere carrying planets

7. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures. He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called “music.” That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds. For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce a single note. The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of “silence,” the audience would find that there was not silence at all; they would become aware of __________________________ that would typically be ignored. Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation.

① the hidden soundscape surrounding them
② the listeners creating silence around the music
③ the unusual techniques used by performers
④ the structure of tones within formal composition
⑤ the absence of noise in enclosed spaces

8. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

“Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly...” Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time. Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has been applied to the good. But are these terms this simple? Why must “ugly” have a negative connotation? After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing. By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece. They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is a key characteristic of compelling art anyway. Thus, art judged as ugly may be especially valuable because it can __________________ rather than merely confirm familiar tastes.

① unsettle fixed standards and invite fresh reflection
② make beautiful viewers question ugly techniques first
③ reinforce common judgments through morally approved forms
④ display unusual styles and entertain passive observers
⑤ mirror settled preferences and avoid interpretive tension

9. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

That which is forgotten is not always lost. Research shows that memories remain stored even if we can’t readily retrieve them. Take the brain activity of numerous university students who were observed during memory formation and recall. When students were asked to remember as much as they could about a list of words they’d been given earlier in the study, fMRI scans showed that the brain activity throughout recall was the same as in the course of the learning process. Even when students had forgotten most of what they had learned, the original neurological patterns were still picked up, illustrating that the memories were still there despite being unattainable. Much is still unclear regarding how long memories persist, but evidence like this has shown that it might be longer than we think. Therefore, it would not be wrong to say that memories are just __________________________.

① being rebuilt each time we try recalling them
② waiting in regions that are harder to reach
③ fading as the original learning patterns disappear
④ becoming stronger only through repeated retrieval
⑤ produced by recall rather than preserved from learning

10. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

Assistive technologies allow disabled individuals to perform an array of tasks without the aid of another person, thereby increasing their level of independence. Although recent developments have improved the functionality of assistive technologies, the corresponding increase in complexity necessitates that sufficient training be offered to the people with disabilities who will use them. While some devices can be easily incorporated into a person’s life with a minimum of instruction, others are more sophisticated and require a significant amount of knowledge to be utilized effectively. In fact, a number of studies have shown that people who avoid new assistive technologies report feeling intimidated by the complex interfaces and many optional features, which leads them to believe that they are unqualified to operate them. Fortunately, individuals who are provided with access to ongoing support have an increased likelihood of overcoming this barrier and integrating new assistive technologies into their day-to-day routine, __________________________.

① because sophisticated devices demand less initial guidance
② thereby restoring autonomy through sustained guidance
③ since optional features reduce users’ sense of competence
④ thereby proving complexity is irrelevant to adoption
⑤ because interfaces alone determine long-term adjustment

11. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

In Adam Smith’s 1759 work The Theory of Moral Sentiments, he posited that, although everyone is driven to a certain extent by self-interest and personal passions, we act in accordance with others’ expectations. As members of society, we are keenly aware of what behaviors are considered objectionable to the majority and what are not based on the reactions we receive or witness. Because we have a natural ability to empathize and want others to see us as morally accountable, we are taught that we must do what is perceived as the right thing. To help us determine whether we are doing the right thing, Smith suggested that we each have a conscience that informs us of how our behavior will be interpreted. This “impartial spectator,” as he called it, prevents us from being overly interested in our own affairs and causes us to __________________________ rather than merely satisfy private impulses.

① seek conduct that can withstand public judgment
② follow society because praise creates conscience
③ copy the majority to avoid any objection
④ ignore inner passions through total self-denial
⑤ pursue actions that display moral answerability

1. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true?

(가) Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports.

(나) But this internal filter can easily create the impression that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency. The truth of the matter is that they are less common now than in the past; in fact, the murder rate in the United States has declined by almost 50 percent over the past 30 years.

(다) People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on accurate information?”

① (가)－(나)－(다)
② (가)－(다)－(나)
③ (나)－(가)－(다)
④ (나)－(다)－(가)
⑤ (다)－(가)－(나)

2. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens.

(가) Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” (나) Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. (다) Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis.

① (가) - (나) - (다)
② (나) - (가) - (다)
③ (나) - (다) - (가)
④ (다) - (가) - (나)
⑤ (다) - (나) - (가)

3. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers.

(가) Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas. The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress.

(나) To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint.

(다) All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products.

① (나)－(가)－(다)
② (나)－(다)－(가)
③ (가)－(나)－(다)
④ (다)－(가)－(나)
⑤ (다)－(나)－(가)

4. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement.

(가) In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion.

(나) According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?).

(다) This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to fake.

① (나) - (가) - (다)
② (나) - (다) - (가)
③ (가) - (나) - (다)
④ (다) - (나) - (가)
⑤ (가) - (다) - (나)

5. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time.

(가) However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.”

(나) This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license.

(다) Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain.

① (다) - (가) - (나)
② (가) - (다) - (나)
③ (나) - (가) - (다)
④ (다) - (나) - (가)
⑤ (가) - (나) - (다)

6. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe.

(가) This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later. It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun. (나) Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. (다) The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe.

① (가)－(나)－(다)
② (나)－(다)－(가)
③ (나)－(가)－(다)
④ (다)－(가)－(나)
⑤ (다)－(나)－(가)

7. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures.

(가) For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce a single note. The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of “silence,” the audience would find that there was not silence at all; they would become aware of the ambient sounds around them that would typically be ignored.

(나) Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation.

(다) He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called “music.” That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds.

① (가)－(다)－(나)
② (나)－(가)－(다)
③ (다)－(가)－(나)
④ (다)－(나)－(가)
⑤ (나)－(다)－(가)

8. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

“Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly…” Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time.

(가) But are these terms this simple? Why must “ugly” have a negative connotation? After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique.

(나) In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing.

(다) Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has been applied to the good. By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece. They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is a key characteristic of compelling art anyway.

① (다)－(가)－(나)
② (가)－(나)－(다)
③ (가)－(다)－(나)
④ (나)－(다)－(가)
⑤ (다)－(나)－(가)

9. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

That which is forgotten is not always lost. Research shows that memories remain stored even if we can’t readily retrieve them.

(가) Even when students had forgotten most of what they had learned, the original neurological patterns were still picked up, illustrating that the memories were still there despite being unattainable. Much is still unclear regarding how long memories persist, but evidence like this has shown that it might be longer than we think.

(나) Take the brain activity of numerous university students who were observed during memory formation and recall. When students were asked to remember as much as they could about a list of words they’d been given earlier in the study, fMRI scans showed that the brain activity throughout recall was the same as in the course of the learning process.

(다) Therefore, it would not be wrong to say that memories are just archived in the less accessible parts of our brains.

① (나)－(가)－(다)
② (나)－(다)－(가)
③ (가)－(나)－(다)
④ (다)－(가)－(나)
⑤ (다)－(나)－(가)

10. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

Assistive technologies allow disabled individuals to perform an array of tasks without the aid of another person, thereby increasing their level of independence.

Although recent developments have improved the functionality of assistive technologies, the corresponding increase in complexity necessitates that sufficient training be offered to the people with disabilities who will use them. While some devices can be easily incorporated into a person’s life with a minimum of instruction, others are more sophisticated and require a significant amount of knowledge to be utilized effectively. In fact, a number of studies have shown that people who avoid new assistive technologies report feeling intimidated by the complex interfaces and many optional features, which leads them to believe that they are unqualified to operate them. Fortunately, individuals who are provided with access to ongoing support have an increased likelihood of overcoming this barrier and integrating new assistive technologies into their day-to-day routine, greatly enhancing the overall quality of their life.

① ㉠ → ㉡ → ㉢
② ㉠ → ㉢ → ㉡
③ ㉡ → ㉠ → ㉢
④ ㉡ → ㉢ → ㉠
⑤ ㉢ → ㉡ → ㉠

㉠ While some devices can be easily incorporated into a person’s life with a minimum of instruction, others are more sophisticated and require a significant amount of knowledge to be utilized effectively.

㉡ Fortunately, individuals who are provided with access to ongoing support have an increased likelihood of overcoming this barrier and integrating new assistive technologies into their day-to-day routine, greatly enhancing the overall quality of their life.

㉢ In fact, a number of studies have shown that people who avoid new assistive technologies report feeling intimidated by the complex interfaces and many optional features, which leads them to believe that they are unqualified to operate them.

11. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

In Adam Smith’s 1759 work The Theory of Moral Sentiments, he posited that, although everyone is driven to a certain extent by self-interest and personal passions, we act in accordance with others’ expectations.

(가) To help us determine whether we are doing the right thing, Smith suggested that we each have a conscience that informs us of how our behavior will be interpreted. This “impartial spectator,” as he called it, prevents us from being overly interested in our own affairs and causes us to do things that are worthy of society’s praise rather than its reproach. (나) As members of society, we are keenly aware of what behaviors are considered objectionable to the majority and what are not based on the reactions we receive or witness. Because we have a natural ability to empathize and want others to see us as morally accountable, we are taught that we must do what is perceived as the right thing. (다) To help us determine whether we are doing the right thing, Smith suggested that we each have a conscience that informs us of how our behavior will be interpreted. This “impartial spectator,” as he called it, prevents us from being overly interested in our own affairs and causes us to do things that are worthy of society’s praise rather than its reproach.

① (가) - (나) - (다)
② (나) - (가) - (다)
③ (나) - (다) - (가)
④ (다) - (가) - (나)
⑤ (다) - (나) - (가)

1. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

But this internal filter can easily create the impression that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency.

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true? ① People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. ② This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports. ③ The truth of the matter is that they are less common now than in the past; in fact, the murder rate in the United States has declined by almost 50 percent over the past 30 years. ④ So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on accurate information?” ⑤

① ①
② ②
③ ③
④ ④
⑤ ⑤

2. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of.

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. ① Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. ② Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” ③ Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, ④ Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis. ⑤

① ①
② ②
③ ③
④ ④
⑤ ⑤

3. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas.

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. ① To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint. ② The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. ③ All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, ④ as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products. ⑤

①
②
③
④
⑤

4. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to fake.

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. ① According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?). ② In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. ③ All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion. ④ ⑤

① ①
② ②
③ ③
④ ④
⑤ ⑤

5. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them.

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. ① Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain. ② This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.” ③ This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, ④ which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license. ⑤

① ①
② ②
③ ③
④ ④
⑤ ⑤

6. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later.

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. ① According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. ② It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun. ③ ④ ⑤

① ①
② ②
③ ③
④ ④
⑤ ⑤

7. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds.

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures. ① He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called “music.” ② For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce a single note. ③ The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of “silence,” the audience would find that there was not silence at all; they would become aware of the ambient sounds around them that would typically be ignored. ④ Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation. ⑤

① ①
② ②
③ ③
④ ④
⑤ ⑤

8. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece.

“Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly…” Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time. Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has been applied to the good. ① But are these terms this simple? Why must “ugly” have a negative connotation? ② After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing. ③ They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is a key characteristic of compelling art anyway. ④ ⑤

① ①
② ②
③ ③
④ ④
⑤ ⑤

9. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

Therefore, it would not be wrong to say that memories are just archived in the less accessible parts of our brains.

That which is forgotten is not always lost. Research shows that memories remain stored even if we can’t readily retrieve them. ① Take the brain activity of numerous university students who were observed during memory formation and recall. When students were asked to remember as much as they could about a list of words they’d been given earlier in the study, fMRI scans showed that the brain activity throughout recall was the same as in the course of the learning process. ② Even when students had forgotten most of what they had learned, the original neurological patterns were still picked up, illustrating that the memories were still there despite being unattainable. ③ Much is still unclear regarding how long memories persist, but evidence like this has shown that it might be longer than we think. ④ ⑤

① ①
② ②
③ ③
④ ④
⑤ ⑤

10. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

While some devices can be easily incorporated into a person’s life with a minimum of instruction, others are more sophisticated and require a significant amount of knowledge to be utilized effectively.

Assistive technologies allow disabled individuals to perform an array of tasks without the aid of another person, thereby increasing their level of independence. Although recent developments have improved the functionality of assistive technologies, the corresponding increase in complexity necessitates that sufficient training be offered to the people with disabilities who will use them. ① In fact, a number of studies have shown that people who avoid new assistive technologies report feeling intimidated by the complex interfaces and many optional features, which leads them to believe that they are unqualified to operate them. ② Fortunately, individuals who are provided with access to ongoing support have an increased likelihood of overcoming this barrier and integrating new assistive technologies into their day-to-day routine, greatly enhancing the overall quality of their life. ③ ④ ⑤

① ①
② ②
③ ③
④ ④
⑤ ⑤

11. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

To help us determine whether we are doing the right thing, Smith suggested that we each have a conscience that informs us of how our behavior will be interpreted.

In Adam Smith’s 1759 work The Theory of Moral Sentiments, he posited that, although everyone is driven to a certain extent by self-interest and personal passions, we act in accordance with others’ expectations. As members of society, we are keenly aware of what behaviors are considered objectionable to the majority and what are not based on the reactions we receive or witness. ① Because we have a natural ability to empathize and want others to see us as morally accountable, we are taught that we must do what is perceived as the right thing. ② This “impartial spectator,” as he called it, prevents us from being overly interested in our own affairs and causes us to do things that are worthy of society’s praise rather than its reproach. ③ ④ ⑤

① ①
② ②
③ ③
④ ④
⑤ ⑤