1. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true? People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports. But this internal filter can easily create the impression that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency. The truth of the matter is that they are less common now than in the past; in fact, the murder rate in the United States has declined by almost 50 percent over the past 30 years. So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on accurate information?”

① effects of crime news on public memory
② reasons for the rising murder rate in society
③ ways to reduce serious crimes through media reports
④ need for evidence-based judgment over intuitive impressions
⑤ dangers of frightening events in modern society

2. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis.

① limitations of outsiders in studying unfamiliar cultures
② causes of growing risks in the banking sector
③ need for detached self-examination in familiar social systems
④ effects of Western research on exotic societies
⑤ ways to predict crises through corporate risk management

3. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint. Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas. The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products.

① benefits of employee autonomy for groundbreaking applications
② ways to release software developers from current projects
③ importance of measuring progress in software development
④ need for guided conditions in producing viable new offerings
⑤ effects of consumer imagination on business models

4. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?). In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion. This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to fake.

① the role of actors in recording emotional exclamations
② the limits of online evaluation in identifying emotions
③ how involuntary acoustic signals betray concealed inner states
④ ways to fake feelings by controlling vocal bursts
⑤ the cultural differences in expressing surprise and confusion

5. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain. However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.” This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license.

① growing popularity of NFTs among online art collectors
② using blockchain records to prevent ownership duplication
③ ways to secure licenses before minting digital artwork
④ risks of unregulated ownership claims to creators' rights
⑤ benefits of selling NFTs as interchangeable digital certificates

6. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later. It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun.

① rotations of transparent spheres carrying heavenly bodies
② the long acceptance and later replacement of an early cosmology
③ ways to prove Earth’s immobility at the universe’s center
④ confirmation of Ptolemy’s model by Copernicus’s orbital theory
⑤ the influence of stars on ancient views of the Moon

7. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures. He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called "music." That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds. For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce a single note. The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of "silence," the audience would find that there was not silence at all; they would become aware of the ambient sounds around them that would typically be ignored. Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation.

① risks of rejecting established musical structures completely
② influence of anechoic chambers on modern composers
③ expanding artistic experience through attention to the unnoticed
④ unconventional instrument techniques in Cage’s experimental works
⑤ reasons for public controversy over 4’33” as music

8. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

“Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly...” Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time. Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has been applied to the good. But are these terms this simple? Why must “ugly” have a negative connotation? After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing. By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece. They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is a key characteristic of compelling art anyway.

① moral judgments attached to beautiful and ugly artworks
② historical shifts in definitions of artistic beauty
③ negative effects of ugly art on public taste
④ encouraging critical reflection through unfamiliar aesthetic forms
⑤ ways to teach fine art techniques to artists

9. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

That which is forgotten is not always lost. Research shows that memories remain stored even if we can’t readily retrieve them. Take the brain activity of numerous university students who were observed during memory formation and recall. When students were asked to remember as much as they could about a list of words they’d been given earlier in the study, fMRI scans showed that the brain activity throughout recall was the same as in the course of the learning process. Even when students had forgotten most of what they had learned, the original neurological patterns were still picked up, illustrating that the memories were still there despite being unattainable. Much is still unclear regarding how long memories persist, but evidence like this has shown that it might be longer than we think. Therefore, it would not be wrong to say that memories are just archived in the less accessible parts of our brains.

① effects of fMRI scans on university students’ learning
② similarities between learning and recall brain activity
③ loss of memories caused by failed retrieval
④ continued existence of hidden records beyond conscious access
⑤ ways to improve word-list recall in students

10. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

Assistive technologies allow disabled individuals to perform an array of tasks without the aid of another person, thereby increasing their level of independence. Although recent developments have improved the functionality of assistive technologies, the corresponding increase in complexity necessitates that sufficient training be offered to the people with disabilities who will use them. While some devices can be easily incorporated into a person’s life with a minimum of instruction, others are more sophisticated and require a significant amount of knowledge to be utilized effectively. In fact, a number of studies have shown that people who avoid new assistive technologies report feeling intimidated by the complex interfaces and many optional features, which leads them to believe that they are unqualified to operate them. Fortunately, individuals who are provided with access to ongoing support have an increased likelihood of overcoming this barrier and integrating new assistive technologies into their day-to-day routine, greatly enhancing the overall quality of their life.

① benefits of assistive technologies for disabled individuals' independence
② challenges of complex interfaces in assistive technology use
③ need for sustained guidance in adopting advanced aids
④ limited value of ongoing support for assistive technology users
⑤ ways to design simpler interfaces for assistive technologies

11. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

In Adam Smith’s 1759 work The Theory of Moral Sentiments, he posited that, although everyone is driven to a certain extent by self-interest and personal passions, we act in accordance with others’ expectations. As members of society, we are keenly aware of what behaviors are considered objectionable to the majority and what are not based on the reactions we receive or witness. Because we have a natural ability to empathize and want others to see us as morally accountable, we are taught that we must do what is perceived as the right thing. To help us determine whether we are doing the right thing, Smith suggested that we each have a conscience that informs us of how our behavior will be interpreted. This “impartial spectator,” as he called it, prevents us from being overly interested in our own affairs and causes us to do things that are worthy of society’s praise rather than its reproach.

① dangers of personal passions weakening moral accountability
② role of empathy in forming social expectations
③ ways to gain praise by hiding private affairs
④ inner regulation of conduct through anticipated public judgment
⑤ influence of self-interest on economic decision making

1. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 ___(A)___, ___(B)___에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true? People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports. But this internal filter can easily create the impression that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency. The truth of the matter is that they are less common now than in the past; in fact, the murder rate in the United States has declined by almost 50 percent over the past 30 years. So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on accurate information?”

요약문:
The social landscape can appear to be collapsing when vivid threats monopolize attention; therefore, belief should be ___(A)___ by statistical reality rather than ___(B)___ by mental alarms.

     (A)          (B)
① calibrated …… neutralized
② distorted …… inflated
③ insulated …… dramatized
④ calibrated …… inflated
⑤ distorted …… neutralized

2. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 ___(A)___, ___(B)___에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis.

요약문:
By deliberately ___(A)___ what normally feels native, anthropology can turn one’s own institutions into objects of ___(B)___, making concealed systemic danger visible before it erupts.

     (A)                          (B)
① defamiliarizing …… loyal confirmation
② romanticizing …… early diagnosis
③ defamiliarizing …… early diagnosis
④ romanticizing …… loyal confirmation
⑤ insulating …… myth preservation

3. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 ___(A)___, ___(B)___에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint. Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas. The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products.

요약문:
In organizations pursuing radical new offerings, creative latitude does not automatically ripen into value; it must be ___(A)___ by deliberate constraints so that imagination yields concepts that are ___(B)___ rather than merely intriguing.

     (A)                    (B)
① insulated …… actionable
② disciplined …… spontaneous
③ diversified …… spontaneous
④ disciplined …… actionable
⑤ insulated …… decorative

4. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 ___(A)___, ___(B)___에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?). In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion. This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to fake.

요약문:
Because subtle vocal traces operate beneath chosen words, spoken interaction carries an involuntary ___(A)___ through which listeners can ___(B)___ the emotion a speaker attempts to conceal.

     (A)           (B)
① signature …… regulate
② signature …… magnify
③ camouflage …… unmask
④ signature …… unmask
⑤ ornament …… intensify

5. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain. However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.” This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license.

요약문:
By turning cultural works into blockchain-stamped badges of ___(A)___, NFTs can intensify collectors’ sense of privileged attachment, yet the lack of a gatekeeping system allows the same device to become a channel for unauthorized ___(B)___.

     (A)                      (B)
① exclusivity …… transparency
② liquidity …… appropriation
③ exclusivity …… appropriation
④ liquidity …… transparency
⑤ abundance …… authentication

6. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 ___(A)___, ___(B)___에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later. It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun.

요약문:
Rather than merely charting sky motions, Ptolemy’s design gave Earth the role of a ___(A)___ for a layered celestial machinery, until Copernicus later ___(B)___ that machinery by making the Sun its organizing focus.

     (A)                     (B)
① cosmic throne …… reinforced
② wandering servant …… reframed
③ cosmic throne …… reframed
④ wandering servant …… reinforced
⑤ temporary puzzle …… ignored

7. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 ___(A)___, ___(B)___에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures. He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called “music.” That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds. For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce a single note. The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of “silence,” the audience would find that there was not silence at all; they would become aware of the ambient sounds around them that would typically be ignored. Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation.

요약문:
Cage’s notorious nonperformance treats emptiness not as a void to be filled, but as a frame that ___(A)___ the normally unnoticed, turning music from a produced object into an experience of perceptual ___(B)___.

     (A)                            (B)
① foregrounds …… preservation
② suppresses …… reorientation
③ foregrounds …… reorientation
④ suppresses …… preservation
⑤ commercializes …… imitation

8. 아래 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 ___(A)___, ___(B)___에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

“Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly…” Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time. Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has been applied to the good. But are these terms this simple? Why must “ugly” have a negative connotation? After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing. By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece. They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is a key characteristic of compelling art anyway.

요약문:
Once aesthetic labels are understood as cultural lenses rather than fixed moral verdicts, a work that appears ___(A)___ may function not as a defect in taste but as a deliberate instrument of ___(B)___.

     (A)                    (B)
① repellent …… conformity
② harmonious …… reorientation
③ harmonious …… conformity
④ repellent …… reorientation
⑤ accidental …… preservation

9. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 ___(A)___, ___(B)___에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것은?

That which is forgotten is not always lost. Research shows that memories remain stored even if we can’t readily retrieve them. Take the brain activity of numerous university students who were observed during memory formation and recall. When students were asked to remember as much as they could about a list of words they’d been given earlier in the study, fMRI scans showed that the brain activity throughout recall was the same as in the course of the learning process. Even when students had forgotten most of what they had learned, the original neurological patterns were still picked up, illustrating that the memories were still there despite being unattainable. Much is still unclear regarding how long memories persist, but evidence like this has shown that it might be longer than we think. Therefore, it would not be wrong to say that memories are just archived in the less accessible parts of our brains.

요약문:
The mind’s blank spaces may signal not that past experiences have been ___(A)___, but that their neural fingerprints have been ___(B)___ into zones that ordinary recall cannot easily open.

     (A)          (B)
① annihilated …… reorganized
② distorted …… sealed away
③ annihilated …… sealed away
④ amplified …… circulated
⑤ annihilated …… exposed

10. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 ___(A)___, ___(B)___에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Assistive technologies allow disabled individuals to perform an array of tasks without the aid of another person, thereby increasing their level of independence. Although recent developments have improved the functionality of assistive technologies, the corresponding increase in complexity necessitates that sufficient training be offered to the people with disabilities who will use them. While some devices can be easily incorporated into a person’s life with a minimum of instruction, others are more sophisticated and require a significant amount of knowledge to be utilized effectively. In fact, a number of studies have shown that people who avoid new assistive technologies report feeling intimidated by the complex interfaces and many optional features, which leads them to believe that they are unqualified to operate them. Fortunately, individuals who are provided with access to ongoing support have an increased likelihood of overcoming this barrier and integrating new assistive technologies into their day-to-day routine, greatly enhancing the overall quality of their life.

요약문:
Greater technological power can become a locked door rather than a path to autonomy when users must confront its design burden alone; sustained guidance converts ___(A)___ into usable ___(B)___.

     (A)          (B)
① opacity …… dependency
② rigidity …… agency
③ opacity …… agency
④ rigidity …… dependency
⑤ familiarity …… hesitation

11. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 ___(A)___, ___(B)___에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

In Adam Smith’s 1759 work The Theory of Moral Sentiments, he posited that, although everyone is driven to a certain extent by self-interest and personal passions, we act in accordance with others’ expectations. As members of society, we are keenly aware of what behaviors are considered objectionable to the majority and what are not based on the reactions we receive or witness. Because we have a natural ability to empathize and want others to see us as morally accountable, we are taught that we must do what is perceived as the right thing. To help us determine whether we are doing the right thing, Smith suggested that we each have a conscience that informs us of how our behavior will be interpreted. This “impartial spectator,” as he called it, prevents us from being overly interested in our own affairs and causes us to do things that are worthy of society’s praise rather than its reproach.

요약문:
Smith portrays morality not as the simple defeat of desire, but as the self’s ___(A)___ of an imagined public judge, through which private impulses are filtered into conduct seeking ___(B)___.

     (A)                  (B)
① externalization …… social legitimacy
② internalization …… private indulgence
③ externalization …… private indulgence
④ internalization …… social legitimacy
⑤ suppression …… intellectual accuracy

1. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true? People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports. But this internal filter can easily create the impression that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency. The truth of the matter is that they are less common now than in the past; in fact, the murder rate in the United States has declined by almost 50 percent over the past 30 years. So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on accurate information?”

① a device that removes unwanted news reports
② a habit of judging crime from statistics
③ a belief that murders are rising everywhere
④ a bias toward recalling alarming events first
⑤ a method for collecting reports about crimes

2. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis.

① turn field tools toward distant cultures
② keep personal ties outside observation
③ use neutrality to defend banking risks
④ direct outside methods toward familiar settings
⑤ replace corporate study with exotic travel

3. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint. Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas. The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products.

① take control of users' inner thoughts
② let developers test ideas without limits
③ fit neatly into the firm's business plan
④ gain strong public interest in the market
⑤ replace organized support with individual freedom

4. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?). In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion. This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to fake.

① exposed your hidden condition
② matched your spoken claim
③ recorded your vocal bursts
④ escaped your friend’s notice
⑤ produced a physical signal

5. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain. However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.” This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license.

① being physically labeled by the artist
② being freely copied by later buyers
③ being permanently recorded in a public ledger
④ being priced higher than ordinary artwork
⑤ being regulated by copyright authorities

6. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later. It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun.

① stayed physically fixed in transparent spheres
② replaced Copernicus soon after its creation
③ remained widely accepted for many centuries
④ placed the Sun beyond the largest sphere
⑤ proved Earth moved around the Sun

7. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures. He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called “music.” That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds. For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce a single note. The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of “silence,” the audience would find that there was not silence at all; they would become aware of the ambient sounds around them that would typically be ignored. Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation.

① musical structures had no fixed rules
② unnoticed acoustic events continued around them
③ performers intentionally produced hidden notes
④ complete quietness physically surrounded them
⑤ traditional instruments lost their musical value

8. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

“Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly…” Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time. Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has been applied to the good. But are these terms this simple? Why must “ugly” have a negative connotation? After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing. By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece. They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is a key characteristic of compelling art anyway.

① activate a direct dislike of rough images
② make viewers accept conventional taste more firmly
③ prove that fine techniques always improve works
④ lead observers to reconsider established judgments
⑤ cause artists to choose unusual subjects

9. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

That which is forgotten is not always lost. Research shows that memories remain stored even if we can’t readily retrieve them. Take the brain activity of numerous university students who were observed during memory formation and recall. When students were asked to remember as much as they could about a list of words they’d been given earlier in the study, fMRI scans showed that the brain activity throughout recall was the same as in the course of the learning process. Even when students had forgotten most of what they had learned, the original neurological patterns were still picked up, illustrating that the memories were still there despite being unattainable. Much is still unclear regarding how long memories persist, but evidence like this has shown that it might be longer than we think. Therefore, it would not be wrong to say that memories are just archived in the less accessible parts of our brains.

① physically filed in hidden sections of our brains
② permanently removed when recall attempts fail
③ reactivated during fMRI scans of word learning
④ simply kept in forms that resist immediate recovery
⑤ preserved for every possible future use

10. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Assistive technologies allow disabled individuals to perform an array of tasks without the aid of another person, thereby increasing their level of independence. Although recent developments have improved the functionality of assistive technologies, the corresponding increase in complexity necessitates that sufficient training be offered to the people with disabilities who will use them. While some devices can be easily incorporated into a person’s life with a minimum of instruction, others are more sophisticated and require a significant amount of knowledge to be utilized effectively. In fact, a number of studies have shown that people who avoid new assistive technologies report feeling intimidated by the complex interfaces and many optional features, which leads them to believe that they are unqualified to operate them. Fortunately, individuals who are provided with access to ongoing support have an increased likelihood of overcoming this barrier and integrating new assistive technologies into their day-to-day routine, greatly enhancing the overall quality of their life.

① adding optional features to complex interfaces
② relying on another person for daily tasks
③ gaining confidence through guided practice
④ removing physical obstacles from their homes
⑤ avoiding unfamiliar devices despite instruction

11. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분이 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

In Adam Smith’s 1759 work The Theory of Moral Sentiments, he posited that, although everyone is driven to a certain extent by self-interest and personal passions, we act in accordance with others’ expectations. As members of society, we are keenly aware of what behaviors are considered objectionable to the majority and what are not based on the reactions we receive or witness. Because we have a natural ability to empathize and want others to see us as morally accountable, we are taught that we must do what is perceived as the right thing. To help us determine whether we are doing the right thing, Smith suggested that we each have a conscience that informs us of how our behavior will be interpreted. This “impartial spectator,” as he called it, prevents us from being overly interested in our own affairs and causes us to do things that are worthy of society’s praise rather than its reproach.

① a neutral witness observing public disputes
② an inner standard for judging our conduct
③ a passion that strengthens private interests
④ a public rule enforcing social punishment
⑤ a shared desire for majority approval

1. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true? People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports. But this internal filter can easily create the impression that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency. The truth of the matter is that they are less common now than in the past; in fact, the murder rate in the United States has declined by almost 50 percent over the past 30 years. So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on accurate information?”

① Why Serious Crimes Dominate Our News Memory
② Violent Acts Are Rising Through Modern Society
③ Murder Rates: A Clear Measure of Social Collapse
④ Clearing the Fog Before Drawing Conclusions
⑤ Relying on Instinct to Understand Every Crisis

2. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis.

① Objective Outsiders and the Study of Exotic Cultures
② Banking Risks Seen Through Corporate Anthropology
③ The Distant Gaze Turned Back Home
④ Should Researchers Avoid Their Own Societies?
⑤ Financial Crises Demand Better Banking Regulations

3. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint. Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas. The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products.

① Employee Autonomy: The Main Source of Business Innovation
② Freeing Developers to Capture Consumers’ Imagination
③ Guided Boundaries as the Engine of Original Value
④ Why Do Breakthrough Ideas Need Less Management?
⑤ Measuring Progress for Every Successful Product Launch

4. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?). In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion. This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to fake.

① Can Vocal Bursts Be Trained to Conceal Emotions?
② A Sigh That Misleads a Friend Into Trust
③ The Leaking Mask of Inner States
④ Global Actors Record Sounds for Online Evaluation
⑤ Twenty-Four Emotions as a Complete Human Dictionary

5. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain. However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.” This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license.

① Blockchain Marks for Collectors Seeking Special Connections
② NFTs: Costly Artwork Creating Safer Ownership Markets
③ Can Copyright Holders Control Every Digital Token?
④ A New Badge of Possession with Legal Shadows
⑤ Minting Photos and Videos as Future Art Markets

6. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later. It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun.

① Transparent Spheres Holding Stars at the Boundary
② Why Did Planets Revolve Around Earth?
③ An Ancient Blueprint Yielding to a Reordered Sky
④ Copernicus Proving Ptolemy’s Fixed Earth Correct
⑤ The Complete History of Heavenly Bodies

7. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures. He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called “music.” That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds. For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce a single note. The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of “silence,” the audience would find that there was not silence at all; they would become aware of the ambient sounds around them that would typically be ignored. Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation.

① Four Minutes of Silence in a Concert Hall
② Traditional Structures as the Measure of Real Music
③ Framing Absence as a Field of Perception
④ An Anechoic Chamber: The Birthplace of Total Silence
⑤ Ambient Sounds as Tools for Modern Healing

8. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

“Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly…” Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time. Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has been applied to the good. But are these terms this simple? Why must “ugly” have a negative connotation? After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing. By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece. They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is a key characteristic of compelling art anyway.

① Ugly Art: Turning Bad Taste into Moral Failure
② Why Beautiful Works Struggle to Teach New Ideas
③ Changing Standards of Beauty Across Human History
④ When Discomfort Opens the Door to New Perception
⑤ Should Artists Make Ugly Images for Public Debate?

9. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

That which is forgotten is not always lost. Research shows that memories remain stored even if we can’t readily retrieve them. Take the brain activity of numerous university students who were observed during memory formation and recall. When students were asked to remember as much as they could about a list of words they’d been given earlier in the study, fMRI scans showed that the brain activity throughout recall was the same as in the course of the learning process. Even when students had forgotten most of what they had learned, the original neurological patterns were still picked up, illustrating that the memories were still there despite being unattainable. Much is still unclear regarding how long memories persist, but evidence like this has shown that it might be longer than we think. Therefore, it would not be wrong to say that memories are just archived in the less accessible parts of our brains.

① Brain Scans Reveal How Students Form Word Memories
② Forgotten Lessons Vanish When Recall Fails
③ Echoes Preserved Behind a Closed Door
④ Can fMRI Improve Learning in University Classrooms?
⑤ Memory Research: Measuring How Long All Knowledge Lasts

10. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Assistive technologies allow disabled individuals to perform an array of tasks without the aid of another person, thereby increasing their level of independence. Although recent developments have improved the functionality of assistive technologies, the corresponding increase in complexity necessitates that sufficient training be offered to the people with disabilities who will use them. While some devices can be easily incorporated into a person’s life with a minimum of instruction, others are more sophisticated and require a significant amount of knowledge to be utilized effectively. In fact, a number of studies have shown that people who avoid new assistive technologies report feeling intimidated by the complex interfaces and many optional features, which leads them to believe that they are unqualified to operate them. Fortunately, individuals who are provided with access to ongoing support have an increased likelihood of overcoming this barrier and integrating new assistive technologies into their day-to-day routine, greatly enhancing the overall quality of their life.

① Complex Interfaces: The Main Reason to Avoid New Devices
② Do Optional Features Make Users More Independent?
③ Assistive Technologies Without the Burden of User Training
④ Guided Pathways Toward Practical Autonomy
⑤ Why Disabled Individuals Reject Every Complex Interface?

11. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

In Adam Smith’s 1759 work The Theory of Moral Sentiments, he posited that, although everyone is driven to a certain extent by self-interest and personal passions, we act in accordance with others’ expectations. As members of society, we are keenly aware of what behaviors are considered objectionable to the majority and what are not based on the reactions we receive or witness. Because we have a natural ability to empathize and want others to see us as morally accountable, we are taught that we must do what is perceived as the right thing. To help us determine whether we are doing the right thing, Smith suggested that we each have a conscience that informs us of how our behavior will be interpreted. This “impartial spectator,” as he called it, prevents us from being overly interested in our own affairs and causes us to do things that are worthy of society’s praise rather than its reproach.

① Why Self-Interest Overrules Others’ Expectations
② Adam Smith: The Source of Personal Passions
③ The Inner Mirror That Guides Our Conduct
④ Social Praise as the End of Accountability
⑤ Does Empathy Free Us from Majority Judgment?

1. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true? People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports. But this internal filter can easily create the impression that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency. The truth of the matter is that they are less common now than in the past; in fact, the murder rate in the United States has declined by almost 50 percent over the past 30 years. So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on accurate information?”

① 사회 위기 판단은 범죄 뉴스의 영향을 경계해야 한다
② 살인 사건 보도는 사회 불안감을 키우는 주요 원인이다
③ 사회 현실 판단은 두려움보다 정확한 사실에 근거해야 한다
④ 폭력 범죄의 증감은 장기 통계로 확인해야 한다
⑤ 위협적 사건에 주목하는 인간 본능은 자연스러운 것이다

2. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis.

① 자기 사회 연구에도 외부자적 중립성이 필요하다.
② 서구 인류학은 낯선 문화를 객관적으로 탐구해 왔다.
③ 기업의 위험은 현장 몰입 관찰로 예측될 수 있다.
④ 인류학적 관점은 자기 사회의 숨은 위험도 드러낸다.
⑤ 금융 위기는 은행 부문의 불투명성에서 비롯된다.

3. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint. Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas. The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products.

① 개발자의 자유로운 탐색만으로는 혁신을 보장하기 어렵다.
② 기업 혁신은 소비자의 상상력을 사로잡는 제품에 달려 있다.
③ 기업 혁신에는 목표·지원·평가의 구조가 필요하다.
④ 혁신 아이디어는 회사의 사업 모델에 맞게 다듬어야 한다.
⑤ 경영진은 창의적 인재에게 충분한 지원을 제공해야 한다.

4. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend "Everything is great"? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?). In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion. This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to fake.

① 목소리의 한숨과 감탄사는 거짓말을 알아채게 한다.
② 목소리의 감정 단서는 온라인 평가로 체계화될 수 있다.
③ 목소리의 비언어적 단서는 감정을 숨기기 어렵게 한다.
④ 다양한 발성은 복잡한 감정을 분류하는 데 활용된다.
⑤ 감정 표현은 말의 의미보다 친구의 신뢰에 좌우된다.

5. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain. However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.” This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license.

① NFT 구매는 창작물과의 특별한 연결을 제공한다.
② NFT의 소유 증명은 블록체인에 기록되어야 한다.
③ 규제 없는 NFT 시장은 무단 발행에 따른 저작권 위험을 안고 있다.
④ NFT의 희소성은 디지털 수집품 가치를 높인다.
⑤ NFT 판매자는 작품 소유권을 명확히 확인해야 한다.

6. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later. It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun.

① 프톨레마이오스 우주는 고정된 투명 천구들로 구성되었다.
② 프톨레마이오스 천동설은 움직이지 않는 지구 중심성을 강조하였다.
③ 코페르니쿠스는 태양 중심의 새로운 우주 모형을 제안했다.
④ 프톨레마이오스 천동설은 오래 지속되다 태양중심설로 대체되었다.
⑤ 프톨레마이오스의 큰 천구는 별을 담고 우주 경계를 표시하였다.

7. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures. He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called "music." That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds. For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce a single note. The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of "silence," the audience would find that there was not silence at all; they would become aware of the ambient sounds around them that would typically be ignored. Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation.

① 케이지의 실험은 전통적 음악 형식을 거부하는 데 있다.
② 4분 33초의 침묵은 음악 논란의 중심에 놓였다.
③ 무향실의 경험은 침묵 작품의 가치를 확신시켰다.
④ 케이지의 침묵은 주변 소리까지 음악 경험으로 확장한다.
⑤ 청중은 공연 중 주변 소리를 대개 무시하는 경향이 있다.

8. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

"Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly…" Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time. Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; "ugly" has denoted the bad while "beautiful" has been applied to the good. But are these terms this simple? Why must "ugly" have a negative connotation? After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing. By using fine art techniques to make something look "ugly," an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece. They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is a key characteristic of compelling art anyway.

① 아름다움과 추함의 기준은 시대와 사회에 따라 달라진다.
② 추한 예술은 독특한 표현으로 관람자의 흥미를 끌 수 있다.
③ 예술가는 정교한 기법으로 낯선 미적 효과를 만들어야 한다.
④ 추한 예술은 미의 통념을 흔들고 비판적 사고를 이끌 수 있다.
⑤ 추한 예술은 부정적 도덕 판단에서 벗어나 감상되어야 한다.

9. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

That which is forgotten is not always lost. Research shows that memories remain stored even if we can’t readily retrieve them. Take the brain activity of numerous university students who were observed during memory formation and recall. When students were asked to remember as much as they could about a list of words they’d been given earlier in the study, fMRI scans showed that the brain activity throughout recall was the same as in the course of the learning process. Even when students had forgotten most of what they had learned, the original neurological patterns were still picked up, illustrating that the memories were still there despite being unattainable. Much is still unclear regarding how long memories persist, but evidence like this has shown that it might be longer than we think. Therefore, it would not be wrong to say that memories are just archived in the less accessible parts of our brains.

① 기억 형성 때의 뇌 활동은 회상 때도 반복된다.
② 잊힌 기억을 되살리려면 더 강한 단서가 필요하다.
③ 기억의 지속 기간은 아직 명확히 규명되지 않았다.
④ 잊힌 기억도 뇌에 남아 접근만 어려울 수 있다.
⑤ 단어 목록 실험은 기억 저장 과정을 밝히는 데 유용하다.

10. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Assistive technologies allow disabled individuals to perform an array of tasks without the aid of another person, thereby increasing their level of independence. Although recent developments have improved the functionality of assistive technologies, the corresponding increase in complexity necessitates that sufficient training be offered to the people with disabilities who will use them. While some devices can be easily incorporated into a person’s life with a minimum of instruction, others are more sophisticated and require a significant amount of knowledge to be utilized effectively. In fact, a number of studies have shown that people who avoid new assistive technologies report feeling intimidated by the complex interfaces and many optional features, which leads them to believe that they are unqualified to operate them. Fortunately, individuals who are provided with access to ongoing support have an increased likelihood of overcoming this barrier and integrating new assistive technologies into their day-to-day routine, greatly enhancing the overall quality of their life.

① 보조공학의 독립성 증진 효과는 지속적으로 확대되어야 한다.
② 복잡한 보조공학 활용에는 충분한 교육과 지원이 필요하다.
③ 보조공학의 복잡한 기능은 사용자 필요에 맞게 줄여야 한다.
④ 장애인의 보조공학 선택에는 개인 생활 방식이 중요하다.
⑤ 새 보조공학 회피는 복잡한 인터페이스에 대한 두려움 때문이다.

11. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

In Adam Smith’s 1759 work The Theory of Moral Sentiments, he posited that, although everyone is driven to a certain extent by self-interest and personal passions, we act in accordance with others’ expectations. As members of society, we are keenly aware of what behaviors are considered objectionable to the majority and what are not based on the reactions we receive or witness. Because we have a natural ability to empathize and want others to see us as morally accountable, we are taught that we must do what is perceived as the right thing. To help us determine whether we are doing the right thing, Smith suggested that we each have a conscience that informs us of how our behavior will be interpreted. This “impartial spectator,” as he called it, prevents us from being overly interested in our own affairs and causes us to do things that are worthy of society’s praise rather than its reproach.

① 타인의 반응은 사회가 금하는 행동을 배우게 한다.
② 인간은 양심에 의해 사회의 도덕적 기대에 맞춰 행동한다.
③ 인간은 도덕적 책임감 때문에 사적 열정을 버려야 한다.
④ 공감 능력은 개인이 사회적 비난을 피하게 하는 조건이다.
⑤ 사회적 평판은 인간의 도덕적 판단을 대신할 수 있다.

1. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true? People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports. But this internal filter can easily create the impression that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency. The truth of the matter is that they are less common now than in the past; in fact, the murder rate in the United States has declined by almost 50 percent over the past 30 years. So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on accurate information?”

① 사람들은 자신의 믿음을 범죄 보도의 인상과 구별해야 한다.
② 사람들은 자신의 믿음을 무서운 사건보다 통계로 설명해야 한다.
③ 사람들은 자신의 믿음을 살인율 변화 통계로 수정해야 한다.
④ 사람들은 자신의 믿음을 정확한 사실에 근거해 점검해야 한다.
⑤ 사람들은 자신의 믿음을 본능적 주의 편향을 고려해 세워야 한다.

2. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. Being an "objective" outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that "risks were building in this strange, shadowy world." Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more "exotic" ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis.

① 인류학자는 자신이 속한 사회의 위험 신호를 예측해야 한다.
② 인류학자는 자신이 속한 사회와 외부 문화를 비교해야 한다.
③ 인류학자는 자신이 속한 사회도 중립적으로 탐구해야 한다.
④ 인류학자는 자신이 속한 사회의 금융 부문에 몰입해야 한다.
⑤ 인류학자는 자신이 속한 사회의 기업 문화를 개선해야 한다.

3. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint. Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas. The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products.

① 기업은 혁신을 위해 개발자의 아이디어 탐색을 장려해야 한다.
② 기업은 혁신을 위해 경영진의 지원을 꾸준히 늘려야 한다.
③ 기업은 혁신을 위해 명확한 구조와 실행 체계를 마련해야 한다.
④ 기업은 혁신을 위해 신제품의 시장 적합성을 검토해야 한다.
⑤ 기업은 혁신을 위해 성과 측정 기준을 정교하게 세워야 한다.

4. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?). In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion. This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to fake.

① 우리는 목소리의 감정 단서를 통제해야 한다.
② 우리는 목소리의 감정 단서를 분류해야 한다.
③ 우리는 목소리의 감정 단서를 주목해야 한다.
④ 우리는 목소리의 감정 단서를 말로 설명해야 한다.
⑤ 우리는 목소리의 감정 단서를 온라인으로 평가해야 한다.

5. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain. However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as "minting." This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license.

① NFT 발행·판매에서는 저작권 침해 방지 규정을 마련해야 한다.
② NFT 발행·판매에서는 작품의 소유 증명 기능을 강화해야 한다.
③ NFT 발행·판매에서는 블록체인 기록 절차를 투명화해야 한다.
④ NFT 발행·판매에서는 수집가의 고유한 경험을 보장해야 한다.
⑤ NFT 발행·판매에서는 디지털 작품의 희소성을 강조해야 한다.

6. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later. It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun.

① 프톨레마이오스 체계는 천구의 회전 차이로 이해해야 한다.
② 프톨레마이오스 체계는 지구 중심 우주 모형으로 이해해야 한다.
③ 프톨레마이오스 체계는 별을 담는 최대 천구로 설명해야 한다.
④ 프톨레마이오스 체계는 투명한 구들의 배열로만 보아야 한다.
⑤ 프톨레마이오스 체계는 태양 중심설의 전 단계로 보아야 한다.

7. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

John Cage, who often challenged musical tradition, did more than make unusual sounds; he asked listeners to question what counts as listening. In 4'33", no instrument or voice produces a note for exactly four minutes and thirty-three seconds, yet the work is not meant to offer empty silence. By holding back the expected performance, Cage directs the audience toward the coughs, movements, airflow, and other ambient sounds usually dismissed as background. His experience in an anechoic chamber, where he heard his own blood circulation, convinced him that absolute silence is not truly available to human listeners. Thus, rather than treating silence as a lack of music, we should attend to it as a frame that reveals the sounds already present around us.

① 우리는 음악 감상에서 작품 구조를 새롭게 해석해야 한다.
② 우리는 음악 감상에서 침묵 속 주변음을 의식해야 한다.
③ 우리는 음악 감상에서 파격적 연주법에 주목해야 한다.
④ 우리는 음악 감상에서 공연장 음향 조건을 살펴야 한다.
⑤ 우리는 음악 감상에서 작곡가의 의도를 미리 알아야 한다.

8. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

“Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly…” Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time. Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has been applied to the good. But are these terms this simple? Why must “ugly” have a negative connotation? After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing. By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece. They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is a key characteristic of compelling art anyway.

① 예술가는 추한 표현에도 정교한 기법을 활용해야 한다.
② 예술가는 추한 표현의 도덕적 함의를 밝혀야 한다.
③ 예술가는 추한 표현으로 미적 통념을 성찰하게 해야 한다.
④ 예술가는 추한 표현으로 작품의 독창성을 높여야 한다.
⑤ 예술가는 추한 표현과 아름다움의 기준을 분리해야 한다.

9. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

That which is forgotten is not always lost. Research shows that memories remain stored even if we can’t readily retrieve them. Take the brain activity of numerous university students who were observed during memory formation and recall. When students were asked to remember as much as they could about a list of words they’d been given earlier in the study, fMRI scans showed that the brain activity throughout recall was the same as in the course of the learning process. Even when students had forgotten most of what they had learned, the original neurological patterns were still picked up, illustrating that the memories were still there despite being unattainable. Much is still unclear regarding how long memories persist, but evidence like this has shown that it might be longer than we think. Therefore, it would not be wrong to say that memories are just archived in the less accessible parts of our brains.

① 우리는 잊힌 기억을 반복 학습으로 되살려야 한다.
② 우리는 잊힌 기억을 뇌 속에 남은 것으로 보아야 한다.
③ 우리는 잊힌 기억을 영상 장비로 확인해야 한다.
④ 우리는 잊힌 기억을 학습 당시 맥락과 연결해야 한다.
⑤ 우리는 잊힌 기억을 오래된 정보와 구분해야 한다.

10. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Assistive technologies allow disabled individuals to perform an array of tasks without the aid of another person, thereby increasing their level of independence. Although recent developments have improved the functionality of assistive technologies, the corresponding increase in complexity necessitates that sufficient training be offered to the people with disabilities who will use them. While some devices can be easily incorporated into a person’s life with a minimum of instruction, others are more sophisticated and require a significant amount of knowledge to be utilized effectively. In fact, a number of studies have shown that people who avoid new assistive technologies report feeling intimidated by the complex interfaces and many optional features, which leads them to believe that they are unqualified to operate them. Fortunately, individuals who are provided with access to ongoing support have an increased likelihood of overcoming this barrier and integrating new assistive technologies into their day-to-day routine, greatly enhancing the overall quality of their life.

① 보조공학 제공자는 장애인에게 사용 전 기본 설명을 강화해야 한다.
② 보조공학 제공자는 장애인에게 기기의 기능 차이를 안내해야 한다.
③ 보조공학 제공자는 장애인에게 복잡한 기기 선택을 줄여야 한다.
④ 보조공학 제공자는 장애인에게 지속적 훈련과 지원을 제공해야 한다.
⑤ 보조공학 제공자는 장애인에게 독립 생활의 이점을 알려야 한다.

11. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

In Adam Smith’s 1759 work The Theory of Moral Sentiments, he posited that, although everyone is driven to a certain extent by self-interest and personal passions, we act in accordance with others’ expectations. As members of society, we are keenly aware of what behaviors are considered objectionable to the majority and what are not based on the reactions we receive or witness. Because we have a natural ability to empathize and want others to see us as morally accountable, we are taught that we must do what is perceived as the right thing. To help us determine whether we are doing the right thing, Smith suggested that we each have a conscience that informs us of how our behavior will be interpreted. This “impartial spectator,” as he called it, prevents us from being overly interested in our own affairs and causes us to do things that are worthy of society’s praise rather than its reproach.

① 우리는 양심의 판단으로 타인의 기대를 예측해야 한다.
② 우리는 양심의 판단보다 사회적 칭찬을 중시해야 한다.
③ 우리는 양심의 판단에 따라 도덕적으로 행동해야 한다.
④ 우리는 타인의 반응을 통해 비난받을 행동을 구별해야 한다.
⑤ 우리는 공감 능력을 바탕으로 개인적 열정을 조절해야 한다.

1. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true? People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports. But this ________ can easily create the impression that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency. The truth of the matter is that they are less common now than in the past; in fact, the murder rate in the United States has declined by almost 50 percent over the past 30 years. So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on accurate information?”

① factual standard
② selective lens
③ media exposure
④ crime pattern
⑤ social decline

2. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of ________ that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis.

① cultural immersion
② insider advocacy
③ detached scrutiny
④ corporate confidence
⑤ historical curiosity

3. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint. Contrary to expectation, such ________ will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas. The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products.

① disciplined direction
② consumer insight
③ unbounded latitude
④ technical mastery
⑤ managerial backing

4. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are ________ from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?). In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion. This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to fake.

① generated
② identifiable
③ isolated
④ protected
⑤ hidden

5. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain. However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are ________ associated with them. This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as "minting." This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license.

① ownership guarantees
② licensing burdens
③ legal vulnerabilities
④ authorship records
⑤ regulatory safeguards

6. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model built on Earth's ________ in the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later. It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun.

① rotation
② transparency
③ centrality
④ boundary
⑤ mobility

7. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures. He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called "music." That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds. For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce ________. The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of "silence," the audience would find that there was not silence at all; they would become aware of the ambient sounds around them that would typically be ignored. Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation.

① ambient noise
② intentional sound
③ harmonic order
④ rhythmic tension
⑤ complete silence

8. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly. Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time. Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has been applied to the good. But are these terms this simple? Why must “ugly” have a negative connotation? After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to ________: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing. By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece. They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is a key characteristic of compelling art anyway.

① moral labeling
② visual pleasure
③ cultural tradition
④ conceptual revision
⑤ technical mastery

9. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

That which is forgotten is not always lost. Research shows that memories remain stored even if we can’t readily retrieve them. Take the brain activity of numerous university students who were observed during memory formation and recall. When students were asked to remember as much as they could about a list of words they’d been given earlier in the study, fMRI scans showed that the brain activity throughout recall was the same as in the course of the learning process. Even when students had forgotten most of what they had learned, the original neurological patterns were still picked up, illustrating that the memories were still there despite being unattainable. Much is still unclear regarding how long memories persist, but evidence like this has shown that it might be longer than we think. Therefore, it would not be wrong to say that memories are just ________ in the less accessible parts of our brains.

① retrieved
② reconstructed
③ preserved
④ erased
⑤ distorted

10. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Assistive technologies allow disabled individuals to perform an array of tasks without the aid of another person, thereby increasing their level of independence. Although recent developments have improved the functionality of assistive technologies, the corresponding increase in complexity necessitates that sufficient training be offered to the people with disabilities who will use them. While some devices can be easily incorporated into a person’s life with a minimum of instruction, others are more sophisticated and require a significant amount of knowledge to be utilized effectively. In fact, a number of studies have shown that people who avoid new assistive technologies report feeling intimidated by the complex interfaces and many optional features, which leads them to believe that they are unqualified to operate them. Fortunately, individuals who are provided with ________ have an increased likelihood of overcoming this barrier and integrating new assistive technologies into their day-to-day routine, greatly enhancing the overall quality of their life.

① greater autonomy
② peer encouragement
③ continued guidance
④ interface complexity
⑤ limited training

11. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

In Adam Smith’s 1759 work The Theory of Moral Sentiments, he posited that, although everyone is driven to a certain extent by self-interest and personal passions, we act in accordance with others’ expectations. As members of society, we are keenly aware of what behaviors are considered objectionable to the majority and what are not based on the reactions we receive or witness. Because we have a natural ability to empathize and want others to see us as morally accountable, we are taught that we must do what is perceived as the right thing. To help us determine whether we are doing the right thing, Smith suggested that we each have a ________ that informs us of how our behavior will be interpreted. This “impartial spectator,” as he called it, prevents us from being overly interested in our own affairs and causes us to do things that are worthy of society’s praise rather than its reproach.

① social reward
② moral compass
③ private desire
④ legal command
⑤ public audience

1. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true? People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports. But this internal filter can easily create the impression that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency. The truth of the matter is that they are __________________________; in fact, the murder rate in the United States has declined by almost 50 percent over the past 30 years. So, it is important to always ask, "Are my beliefs based on accurate information?"

① scarcer because news stories about murders multiply
② scarcer than fear-tinted memory would predict
③ scarcer when public education improves risk awareness
④ more memorable than other kinds of reports
⑤ more widespread than public fear already assumes

2. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. Being an "objective" outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to __________________________ the societies that they themselves are a part of. Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that "risks were building in this strange, shadowy world." Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more "exotic" ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis.

① confirm the authority of outside accounts over
② gain a more detached grasp of
③ locate hidden market dangers within
④ test broad theories about daily life in
⑤ make their native communities the analysts of

3. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint. Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas. The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. All of this is necessary to ensure that __________________, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products.

① new proposals can generate management support independently
② new proposals can flourish through personal curiosity alone
③ new proposals can showcase developers’ technical excellence
④ new proposals can clear a commercial viability filter
⑤ new proposals can maximize consumers’ imaginative freedom

4. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend "Everything is great"? Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?). In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion. This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, __________________, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to fake.

① signals can profile their attentive human judges
② listeners can sense these culturally learned intentions
③ listeners can read these involuntary acoustic traces
④ researchers can classify these theatrical emotional displays
⑤ speakers can erase these revealing acoustic leaks

5. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain. However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.” This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to __________________________.

① treating public interest as proof of lawful access
② turning another’s protected expression into your own asset
③ marking a collector’s payment on a permanent ledger
④ allowing artists to issue certificates for their creations
⑤ making ownership records interchangeable across online markets

6. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and __________________________. It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun.

① remained dependent on Copernicus's later solar center
② remained credible through improved observational techniques
③ remained focused on stars in the outer sphere
④ remained virtually unchallenged for fourteen centuries
⑤ remained irrelevant immediately after its creation

7. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 알맞은 것은?

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures. He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called “music.” That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds. For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce a single note. The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of “silence,” the audience would find that __________________________; they would become aware of the ambient sounds around them that would typically be ignored. Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation.

① unnoticed noise had been created by the performers

② ordinary attention had been deepened by formal training

③ instrumental sound had been replaced by bodily circulation

④ absence itself had been filled by unnoticed noise

⑤ musical order had been secured by fixed structures

8. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

"Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly..." Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time. Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; "ugly" has denoted the bad while "beautiful" has been applied to the good. But are these terms this simple? Why must "ugly" have a negative connotation? After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can __________________________: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing. By using fine art techniques to make something look "ugly," an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece. They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is a key characteristic of compelling art anyway.

① make new ideas redefine artistic beauty
② cultivate empathy across unfamiliar cultural boundaries
③ display fine techniques beneath harsh appearances
④ unsettle viewers into revising inherited categories
⑤ seal viewers within conventional aesthetic comfort

9. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

That which is forgotten is not always lost. Research shows that memories __________________________. Take the brain activity of numerous university students who were observed during memory formation and recall. When students were asked to remember as much as they could about a list of words they’d been given earlier in the study, fMRI scans showed that the brain activity throughout recall was the same as in the course of the learning process. Even when students had forgotten most of what they had learned, the original neurological patterns were still picked up, illustrating that the memories were still there despite being unattainable. Much is still unclear regarding how long memories persist, but evidence like this has shown that it might be longer than we think. Therefore, it would not be wrong to say that memories are just archived in the less accessible parts of our brains.

① may survive because recall reproduces learning patterns
② may sit intact beyond the reach of recall
③ may deepen when students study many word lists
④ may improve as learners practice deliberate retrieval
⑤ may vanish whenever conscious access becomes difficult

10. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Assistive technologies allow disabled individuals to perform an array of tasks without the aid of another person, thereby increasing their level of independence. Although recent developments have improved the functionality of assistive technologies, the corresponding increase in complexity necessitates that sufficient training be offered to the people with disabilities who will use them. While some devices can be easily incorporated into a person’s life with a minimum of instruction, others are more sophisticated and require a significant amount of knowledge to be utilized effectively. In fact, a number of studies have shown that people who avoid new assistive technologies report feeling intimidated by the complex interfaces and many optional features, which leads them to believe that they are unqualified to operate them. Fortunately, individuals who are provided with access to ongoing support have an increased likelihood of __________________________, greatly enhancing the overall quality of their life.

① having optional features dissolve their sense of intimidation
② receiving personalized lessons from certified clinical specialists
③ mastering every sophisticated function before routine adoption
④ crossing the threshold from apprehension to regular practice
⑤ retreating from unfamiliar tools into dependent arrangements

11. 아래 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 알맞은 말은?

In Adam Smith’s 1759 work The Theory of Moral Sentiments, he posited that, although everyone is driven to a certain extent by self-interest and personal passions, we act in accordance with others’ expectations. As members of society, we are keenly aware of what behaviors are considered objectionable to the majority and what are not based on the reactions we receive or witness. Because we have a natural ability to empathize and __________________________, we are taught that we must do what is perceived as the right thing. To help us determine whether we are doing the right thing, Smith suggested that we each have a conscience that informs us of how our behavior will be interpreted. This “impartial spectator,” as he called it, prevents us from being overly interested in our own affairs and causes us to do things that are worthy of society’s praise rather than its reproach.

① make others’ expectations conform to our conduct
② treat majority reactions as fixed moral laws
③ seek a favorable reflection in the social mirror
④ expect shared feelings to erase private passions
⑤ ignore communal standards in moments of choice

1. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis.

(A) Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports.

(B) But this internal filter can easily create the impression that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency. The truth of the matter is that they are less common now than in the past; in fact, the murder rate in the United States has declined by almost 50 percent over the past 30 years. So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on accurate information?”

(C) But is this really true? People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions.

① (A) - (C) - (B)
② (B) - (A) - (C)
③ (C) - (A) - (B)
④ (C) - (B) - (A)
⑤ (A) - (B) - (C)

2. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens.

(A) Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of. (B) Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. Being an "objective" outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. (C) Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that "risks were building in this strange, shadowy world." Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more "exotic" ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis.

① (A) - (B) - (C)
② (A) - (C) - (B)
③ (B) - (A) - (C)
④ (B) - (C) - (A)
⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)

3. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

There is a common assumption that innovation in business is the result of extensive employee autonomy. (A) Contrary to expectation, granting this freedom will not necessarily stimulate their creativity or produce breakthrough ideas. (B) Imagine a software company that hopes to create groundbreaking applications that will capture the imagination of consumers. To achieve this goal, it may decide to release several of its best developers from their current projects and allow them to explore different ideas without restraint. (C) The key to meaningful innovation is structure — employees need clearly defined goals, extensive support from management, and systems to measure progress. All of this is necessary to ensure that the ideas being generated are practical and fit into the company’s business model, as well as to set up an infrastructure to effectively execute any concepts with the potential to develop into successful products.

① (A) - (B) - (C)
② (B) - (A) - (C)
③ (B) - (C) - (A)
④ (C) - (B) - (A)
⑤ (A) - (C) - (B)

4. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend "Everything is great"?

(A) They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?). In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. (B) Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. (C) All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion. This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to fake.

① (B) - (A) - (C)
② (B) - (C) - (A)
③ (A) - (B) - (C)
④ (A) - (C) - (B)
⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)

5. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork.

(A) However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.”

(B) NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain.

(C) This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license.

① (A) - (B) - (C)
② (A) - (C) - (B)
③ (B) - (A) - (C)
④ (B) - (C) - (A)
⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)

6. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe.

(A) According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe.

(B) This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later. It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun.

(C) Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system.

① (A) - (B) - (C)
② (A) - (C) - (B)
③ (C) - (A) - (B)
④ (C) - (B) - (A)
⑤ (B) - (A) - (C)

7. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. (A) That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds. For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce a single note. (B) He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures. He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called “music.” (C) The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of “silence,” the audience would find that there was not silence at all; they would become aware of the ambient sounds around them that would typically be ignored. Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation.

① (A) - (B) - (C)
② (A) - (C) - (B)
③ (B) - (C) - (A)
④ (B) - (A) - (C)
⑤ (C) - (A) - (B)

8. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

“Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly…” Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time.

(A) Why must “ugly” have a negative connotation? After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique.

(B) In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing. By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece. They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is a key characteristic of compelling art anyway.

(C) Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has been applied to the good. But are these terms this simple?

① (A) - (C) - (B)
② (B) - (A) - (C)
③ (C) - (A) - (B)
④ (C) - (B) - (A)
⑤ (A) - (B) - (C)

9. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

That which is forgotten is not always lost.

(A) When students were asked to remember as much as they could about a list of words they’d been given earlier in the study, fMRI scans showed that the brain activity throughout recall was the same as in the course of the learning process. Even when students had forgotten most of what they had learned, the original neurological patterns were still picked up, illustrating that the memories were still there despite being unattainable.

(B) Much is still unclear regarding how long memories persist, but evidence like this has shown that it might be longer than we think. Therefore, it would not be wrong to say that memories are just archived in the less accessible parts of our brains.

(C) Research shows that memories remain stored even if we can’t readily retrieve them. Take the brain activity of numerous university students who were observed during memory formation and recall.

① (A) - (B) - (C)
② (A) - (C) - (B)
③ (B) - (A) - (C)
④ (C) - (A) - (B)
⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)

10. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

Assistive technologies allow disabled individuals to perform an array of tasks without the aid of another person, thereby increasing their level of independence.

(A) Although recent developments have improved the functionality of assistive technologies, the corresponding increase in complexity necessitates that sufficient training be offered to the people with disabilities who will use them.

(B) While some devices can be easily incorporated into a person’s life with a minimum of instruction, others are more sophisticated and require a significant amount of knowledge to be utilized effectively. In fact, a number of studies have shown that people who avoid new assistive technologies report feeling intimidated by the complex interfaces and many optional features, which leads them to believe that they are unqualified to operate them.

(C) Fortunately, individuals who are provided with access to ongoing support have an increased likelihood of overcoming this barrier and integrating new assistive technologies into their day-to-day routine, greatly enhancing the overall quality of their life.

① (A) - (B) - (C)
② (A) - (C) - (B)
③ (B) - (A) - (C)
④ (B) - (C) - (A)
⑤ (C) - (A) - (B)

11. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

In Adam Smith’s 1759 work The Theory of Moral Sentiments, he posited that, although everyone is driven to a certain extent by self-interest and personal passions, we act in accordance with others’ expectations. (A) To help us determine whether we are doing the right thing, Smith suggested that we each have a conscience that informs us of how our behavior will be interpreted. This “impartial spectator,” as he called it, prevents us from being overly interested in our own affairs and causes us to do things that are worthy of society’s praise rather than its reproach. (B) As members of society, we are keenly aware of what behaviors are considered objectionable to the majority and what are not based on the reactions we receive or witness. (C) Because we have a natural ability to empathize and want others to see us as morally accountable, we are taught that we must do what is perceived as the right thing.

① (B) - (C) - (A)
② (B) - (A) - (C)
③ (C) - (B) - (A)
④ (A) - (B) - (C)
⑤ (C) - (A) - (B)

1. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

[주어진 문장] This is why people usually remember news stories about serious crimes such as murders much more easily than other types of reports.

When considering the current state of society, many individuals think that conditions are deteriorating and we are facing a crisis. But is this really true? ① People need to develop a more accurate perspective by relying solely on facts to form their opinions. ② Of course, it is a natural human instinct to focus on frightening events. ③ But this internal filter can easily create the impression that violent acts are occurring with increasing frequency. ④ The truth of the matter is that they are less common now than in the past; in fact, the murder rate in the United States has declined by almost 50 percent over the past 30 years. ⑤ So, it is important to always ask, “Are my beliefs based on accurate information?”

① ①번 위치
② ②번 위치
③ ③번 위치
④ ④번 위치
⑤ ⑤번 위치

2. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

Now, however, some researchers have begun to utilize anthropological techniques to increase their knowledge of the societies that they themselves are a part of.

In recent years, a number of anthropologists have decided to flip the lens. ① Throughout much of the history of this field, researchers from Western countries focused on the study of cultures that were beyond their own experiences. Being an “objective” outsider was thought to be the best way to draw accurate conclusions about the society being observed. ② Noted anthropologist Gillian Tett decided to apply the practices of this discipline to better understand corporations — she used the framework of anthropology to immerse herself in the banking sector and came to the conclusion that “risks were building in this strange, shadowy world.” ③ Because of her willingness to view an aspect of her own culture with the same level of neutrality that anthropologists traditionally strive for when studying more “exotic” ones, Tett was one of the few people to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis. ④ ⑤

①
②
③
④
⑤

3. 생성 불가

문장 수 부족: 원문은 총 6문장으로, 제시문 1개 및 ①~⑤ 위치 균형 배치를 위해 필요한 최소 7문장 조건을 충족하지 않습니다.

4. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

They can reveal complex emotions ranging from surprise (gasp) and realization (ohhh) to interest (ah?) and confusion (huh?).

Have you ever felt depressed but told a friend “Everything is great”? ① Chances are, the sound of your voice — and perhaps a sigh — gave you away and failed to convince your friend of the truthfulness of your statement. ② According to the results of research published in American Psychologist, up to 24 kinds of emotions are decipherable from the tone of our voice and our nonverbal exclamations, known as vocal bursts. ③ In the study, more than 2,000 vocal bursts were recorded by actors around the world and then evaluated by people recruited online. ④ All of the vocal bursts were then categorized as correlating with a recognizable emotion. ⑤ This shows that, whether we are aware of our own vocal bursts or not, others pick up on them and can identify them, suggesting that our feelings are difficult to fake.

① ①
② ②
③ ③
④ ④
⑤ ⑤

5. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

This is due to the fact that anyone — not just the copyright holder — can publish a token for a particular item on the blockchain and put that NFT on the market, a process also known as “minting.”

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are digital tokens that are purchased and sold online and represent real-world objects such as photos, videos, and artwork. ① NFTs function as certificates of ownership for those items, and these tokens cannot be duplicated, meaning that such a certificate is not interchangeable and there can only be one owner at a time. ② Although many NFTs are costly, buying them is quickly gaining popularity as doing so gives a collector a unique and special connection to the work, with their purchase being marked on a blockchain. ③ However, as there are currently no regulations governing the making and selling of NFTs, there are copyright threats associated with them. ④ This means there is a possibility artists might see an NFT created for their work without their permission, which is comparable to using copyrighted material in your work without securing a license. ⑤

① ①
② ②
③ ③
④ ④
⑤ ⑤

6. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

주어진 문장: This concept of spheres making up the universe with Earth at its center endured long after Ptolemy and wasn’t overturned until around 1400 years later.

The Ptolemaic System, devised by Ptolemy in the second century AD, is a mathematical model in which an immobile Earth is situated at the center of the universe. ① Other celestial bodies, including the planets, Moon, Sun, and stars, revolve around Earth in this system. ② According to Ptolemy, the universe is composed of fixed, transparent spheres, and heavenly bodies are attached to these spheres which have their own particular rotations. ③ The celestial sphere, which is the largest, exists to hold the stars and marks the boundary of this universe. ④ It was then that Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, meaning that Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun. ⑤

① ①의 위치
② ②의 위치
③ ③의 위치
④ ④의 위치
⑤ ⑤의 위치

7. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

That piece is 4’33”, so named because it lasts exactly four minutes and 33 seconds.

John Cage (1912–1992) was a composer known for defying tradition. He experimented with playing instruments in unconventional ways and piecing together tones and rhythms that did not follow established musical structures. ① He is best known for a controversial piece that, from a traditional perspective, can hardly be called “music.” ② For its duration, neither instruments nor vocalists produce a single note. ③ The idea for Cage was that, throughout the period of “silence,” the audience would find that there was not silence at all; they would become aware of the ambient sounds around them that would typically be ignored. ④ Cage had toyed with the idea of the piece for years, but he became convinced of its value after spending time in an anechoic chamber, where the silence was so overwhelming that he was able to hear his own blood circulation. ⑤

① ①의 위치
② ②의 위치
③ ③의 위치
④ ④의 위치
⑤ ⑤의 위치

8. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

[주어진 문장] Artistically speaking, those words have both had moral and aesthetic implications; “ugly” has denoted the bad while “beautiful” has been applied to the good.

[지문] “Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly…” Baruch Spinoza points out the socially constructed nature of beauty and ugliness through his theories, as ideas and definitions related to these concepts have shifted so often over time. ① But are these terms this simple? Why must “ugly” have a negative connotation? ② After all, ugly art can be interesting and unique. ③ In fact, pieces that we deem ugly can make those who gaze upon them think, and can trigger a state of being receptive to new ideas: something a typically beautiful piece of art could have a more difficult time accomplishing. ④ By using fine art techniques to make something look “ugly,” an artist can encourage more critical discourse between people as they view the piece. ⑤ They might question their previous assumptions about beauty and embrace new ideas, which is a key characteristic of compelling art anyway.

①
②
③
④
⑤

9. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

[주어진 문장] Even when students had forgotten most of what they had learned, the original neurological patterns were still picked up, illustrating that the memories were still there despite being unattainable.

That which is forgotten is not always lost. ① Research shows that memories remain stored even if we can’t readily retrieve them. ② Take the brain activity of numerous university students who were observed during memory formation and recall. ③ When students were asked to remember as much as they could about a list of words they’d been given earlier in the study, fMRI scans showed that the brain activity throughout recall was the same as in the course of the learning process. ④ Much is still unclear regarding how long memories persist, but evidence like this has shown that it might be longer than we think. ⑤ Therefore, it would not be wrong to say that memories are just archived in the less accessible parts of our brains.

① ①
② ②
③ ③
④ ④
⑤ ⑤